CERTIFICATION SCHEME FOR PERSONNEL

DOCUMENT No. CSWIP-ISO-NDT-11/93-R

Requirements for the Certification of Personnel Engaged in NonDestructive Testing in accordance with the requirement of BS EN ISO
9712

APPENDIX 1

Examination Format and Syllabus for the Certification of Personnel

engaged in Non-Destructive Testing of Welded Joints and General
Engineering Components

PART 1b: Automated Ultrasonic Girth Weld Inspection and Phased

Array Ultrasonic Testing, Levels 1, 2 and 3

th

4 Edition, February 2016

Issued under the authority of the Governing Board for Certification

All correspondence should be addressed to:
TWI Certification Ltd
Granta Park, Great Abington,
Cambridge CB21 6AL, UK
Telephone:
+44 (0) 1223 899000
Fax:
+44 (0) 1223 894219.
Email:
[email protected]
Web:
www.cswip.com

CSWIP is administered by TWI Certification Ltd

The use of the UKAS Accreditation Mark indicates accreditation in respect of those activities covered by Accreditation
Certificate No 25

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These syllabi are applicable to candidates seeking certification in accordance with Document
CSWIP-ISO-NDT-11/93-R, 'Requirements for the Certification of Personnel engaged in NonDestructive Testing in accordance with the requirements of BS EN ISO 9712, (latest issue).

1.

Level 1 Automated Ultrasonic Girth Weld Inspector (AUT)

1.1.

General theory examination

1.2.

Specific theory examination

1.3.

40 multiple choice questions

Time allowed 60 minutes
Pass mark: 70%

20 multiple choice questions

Time allowed 30 minutes
Pass mark 70%

General practical examination

The candidate is required to optimise a calibration run on automated phased array ultrasonic
equipment to ensure correct functioning of the equipment and determine the velocity in a given
sample.

1.4.

Specific practical examination

2.

Time allowed 2 hours.

The candidate is required to:

a) carry out a calibration on a given calibration block, adjusting the ultrasonic inspection
(pitch and catch, pulse echo) channels, as required
b) Calibrate the TOFD channel
c) Calibrate the motor drive unit
d) Perform a full automated inspection on given girth weld samples and an acceptable
inspection data file is to be produced
Time allowed 3 hours
Pass mark 70%

Level 2 Automated Ultrasonic Data Interpreter (AUT DI)

The candidate shall Interpret and evaluate automated ultrasonic inspection data and the audit of
production data.

2.1.

General theory examination

2.2.

40 multiple-choice questions
Time allowed 60 minutes
Pass mark 70%

Specific theory examination

20 multiple-choice questions
Time allowed 30 minutes
Pass mark 70 %

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2.3.

General practical examination

The candidate is required to assess and evaluate automated ultrasonic data from a typical
production run for accuracy and completeness.

2.4.

Time allowed 60 minutes

Pass mark 70%

Specific practical examination

The candidate is required to assess and evaluate automated Phased array inspection data
selected by the examiner.

3.

Time allowed 2 hours

Pass mark 70%

Level 2 - Senior Automated Ultrasonic Girth Weld Inspector (AUT)

There is no examination for Senior Automated Ultrasonic Girth Weld Inspector, but refer to
the CSWIP-ISO-NDT-11-93-R general document for the requirements.

4.

Level 3 - Automated Ultrasonic Girth Weld Inspector

4.1

Basic examination (exempt if already holding a Level 3 ISO 9712 Certification)

Section A1 Material Science and Process Technology

25 multiple choice questions

Time allowed 40 minutes
Pass mark 70%

Section A2 Knowledge of the Certification Scheme

10 multiple choice questions

Time allowed 15 minutes
Pass mark 70%

This section of the examination shall be open book.

Section B - Level 2 Knowledge of other NDT Methods
This section tests the knowledge of the candidate in at least four methods of NDT at a Level 2
standard. The methods shall be chosen by the candidate and shall include at least one
volumetric method.

60 multiple choice questions

Time allowed 90 minutes
Pass mark 70%

N.B. Exemptions may apply, for this examination section to valid ISO 9712 Level 2 certificate
holders in the main NDT methods.
4.2

Main method examination

There is only one category of certification available:

AUT Girth Welds

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Section C1 - Knowledge of the Method General Theory

30 multiple choice questions

Time allowed 45 minutes
Pass mark 70%.

Section C2 Application of the NDT Method

This section of the examination may be open book in relation to codes, standards and
specifications.

20 multiple choice questions

Time allowed 30 minutes
Pass mark 70%

Section C3 - Procedure Writing

The candidate is required to draft an NDT procedure for a component selected by the
examiner.

Time allowed 4 hours

Pass mark 70%

Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing

5.

Level 1 Phased Array Ultrasonic Operator

5.1.

Specific theory examination

5.2.

20 multiple choice questions

Time allowed 30 minutes
Pass mark: 70%

General practical examination

The candidate is required to assemble, calibrate and function check the MEPAUT equipment.

5.3.

Time allowed 1 hour

Pass mark 70%

Specific practical examination

The candidate is required to produce two complete data files from samples selected by the
examiner. The candidate shall demonstrate beam steering encoding parameters, focusing,
DAC/TCG production and completeness of data against a given instruction, code or standard.

6.

Time allowed 2.5 hours per sample

Pass mark 70%.

Level 2 Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) - Welds

The examination shall comprise of the following parts:

6.1.

Specific theory examination

20 multiple choice questions

Time allowed 30 minutes
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6.2.

Pass mark 70%

Specific practical examination
a)

Assembly, and functional check of the MEPAUT equipment, including probe/s and
encoder. Probe element check, to be saved as data file and html report.

b)

Production of complete data files from three samples selected by the examiner, including
set up and preparation of the specimen and visual examination, scan plans, carrying out
tests, post test procedures, collecting and storing test data. The candidate shall
demonstrate beam steering, encoding parameters, focusing and DAC/TCG production
and, in addition, demonstrate completeness of data. Weld preparation should include
double-V and single-V configurations, with varying wall thicknesses.

c)

Time allowed 2 hours per sample.

Examination and assessment and analysis of the three data files from the above
samples,, using appropriate viewing software. Candidates shall complete a test report
with the results in a prescribed format which indicates defect location and size. The
report shall also include discontinuity characterisation (size and position of defects in
relation to a known datum/s) and evaluation,, echo dynamic characterisation. The report
shall include detection of mandatory discontinuities.

d)

Time allowed 60 minutes

Time allowed 2 hour per data file.

Develop an NDT instruction suitable for a Level 1 operator for one of the samples given
for paragraph (b) above to a provided code or specification. The instruction shall detail
the methods of scanning, file structure, collecting and storing data and the necessary
calculations to achieve this. The instruction shall include scope, status, authorisation,
personnel, apparatus and settings, product and test area, test conditions, preparation for
testing, application of test instructions, recording and classifying results and report the
results.

Time allowed 2 hours

The minimum pass mark for the practical overall is 70% and 70% minimum for each
sample scanned or data file interpreted. A failure to report a reportable defect in any
sample or data file will result in failure of that examination part.
6.3.

Critical Sizing Endorsement for Level 2 PAUT operators

This additional endorsement examination is available to Level 2 & 3 PAUT Operators who hold
current certification in compliance with ISO 9712 or equivalent.
Candidates for Level 2 PAUT Critical Sizing shall undertake the following:
a)

Size four defects in welds selected by the examiner.

b)

Report on the following parameters:

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

depth below a datum surface

through-wall extent
defect length
start point of defect from a datum
defect position in relation to weld centre-line

Time allowed: 4 hours

Pass mark: 70%
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Candidates must successfully size all four defects to gain certification.

Candidates will be given information on defect position. This examination is to test the
accuracy of sizing techniques and not the ability to detect defects.
6.4.

Corrosion & Erosion Monitoring Endorsement for Level 2 PAUT Operators

This additional endorsement examination is available to Level 2 and 3 PAUT Operators who
hold current certification in compliance with ISO 9712 or equivalent.
Candidates for Level 2 Corrosion & Erosion Monitoring shall undertake the following:

6.4.1.

Specific theory examination

6.4.2.

20 multiple choice questions

Time allowed 30 minutes
Pass mark 70%

Specific practical examination

a) Assembly, calibration and functional checking of the PAUT equipment.

Time allowed 60 minutes.

b) Production of four complete data files form samples selected by the examiner. The
candidate shall demonstrate beam formation, TCG, encoding and demonstrate
completeness of the data.

Time allowed 45 minutes per sample.

c) Analysis of four data files, as selected by the examiner, using appropriate viewing
software. Candidates shall record the results in a prescribed format which indicates
defect location in relation to datum, defect size, depth from surface and through-wall
extent. The report shall also include characterisation and datum references.

Time allowed 45 minutes per data file.

d) Draft an NDT instruction for one of the samples given for paragraph (b) above. The
instruction shall detail equipment to be used, the method/s of scanning, file structure,
acquisition set-up, and storing of acquired data, including the necessary calculations to
achieve this.

Time allowed 2 hours.

The minimum pass mark for the practical overall is 70% and 70% minimum for any
sample scanned or data file interpreted. A failure to report a reportable defect in any
sample or data file will result in failure of that examination part.
6.5.

Composite Testing and Monitoring Endorsement for PAUT L2 Operators

This additional endorsement examination is available to Level 2 and 3 MPAUT Operators who
hold current certification in compliance with ISO 9712 or equivalent.
Candidates for Level 2 Composite Testing and Monitoring shall undertake the following:

6.5.1.

Specific theory examination

20 multiple choice questions

Time allowed 30 minutes
Pass mark 70%
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6.5.2.

Specific practical examination

a) Assembly, calibration and functional checking of the PAUT equipment.

Time allowed 60 minutes

b) Production of four complete data files form samples selected by the examiner. The
candidate shall demonstrate beam formation, TCG, encoding and demonstrate
completeness of the data.

Time allowed 45 minutes per sample.

c) Analysis of four data files, as selected by the examiner, using appropriate viewing
software. Candidates shall record the results in a prescribed format which indicates
defect location in relation to datum, defect size, depth from surface and through-wall
extent. The report shall also include characterisation and datum references.

Time allowed 45 minutes per data file.

d) Draft an NDT instruction for one of the samples given for paragraph (b) above. The
instruction shall detail equipment to be used, the method/s of scanning, file structure,
acquisition set-up, and storing of acquired data, including the necessary calculations to
achieve this.

Time allowed 2 hours.

The minimum pass mark for the practical overall is 70% and 70% minimum for ach
sample scanned or data file interpreted. A failure to report a reportable defect in any
sample or data file will result in failure of that examination part.

7.

Level 2 PAUT Ultrasonic Data Analysis

Interpretation and evaluation of the PAUT data.

7.1.

General theory examination

7.2.

Specific theory examination

7.3.

40 multiple choice questions

Time allowed 60 minutes
Pass mark 70%

20 multiple choice questions

Time allowed 30 minutes
Pass mark 70%

Specific practical examination

The candidate is required to assess and evaluate four data files form the categories required;
these shall be selected by the examiner, the candidate shall report the results therein.

8.

Time allowed 2 hours

Pass mark 70%

Level 2 Phased Array Ultrasonic Data Interpreter (PAUT- DInt)

The candidate shall Interpret and evaluate PAUT ultrasonic inspection data and the audit of
production data.

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8.1.

General theory examination

8.2.

Specific theory examination

8.3.

40 multiple choice questions

Time allowed 60 minutes
Pass mark 70%

20 multiple choice questions

Time allowed 30 minutes
Pass mark 70 %

General practical examination

The candidate is required to assess and evaluate automated ultrasonic data from a typical
production run for accuracy and completeness.

8.4.

Time allowed 60 minutes

Specific practical examination

The candidate is required to assess and evaluate automated Phased array inspection data
selected by the examiner.

Time allowed 2 hours

Pass mark 70%

9.

Level 3 Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT)

9.1.

Basic Examination (exempt if already holding a Level 3 ISO 9712 Certification)

Section A1 Materials Science and Process Technology

25 multiple choice questions

Time allowed 40 minutes
Pass mark 70%

Section A2 Knowledge of the Certification Scheme

10 multiple choice questions

Time allowed 15 minutes
Pass mark 70%

This section of the examination shall be open book.

Section B Level 2 Knowledge of other NDT Methods
This section tests the knowledge of the candidate in at least four methods of NDT at a Level 2
standard. The methods shall be chosen by the candidate and shall include at least one
volumetric method.

60 multiple choice questions

Time allowed 90 minutes
Pass mark 70%

N.B. Exemption may apply, for this examination section to valid ISO 9712 Level 2 certificate
holders in the main NDT method.

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9.2.

Main Method Examination

This written examination shall assess the candidates knowledge of the main method subject
using the examination sections detailed below. Sector examinations available in the ultrasonic
main method are:

Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT)

Section C1 Knowledge of the Method General Theory

30 multiple choice questions

Time allowed 45 minutes
Pass mark 70%

Section C2 - Application of the NDT Method

This section of the examination may be open book with respect to codes, standards and
specifications.

20 multiple choice questions

Time allowed 30 minutes
Pass mark 70%

Section C3
The candidate is required to draft an NDT procedure for a component selected by the
examiner.

10.

Time allowed 4 hours

Pass mark 70%

Ten Year Recertification Examination

Level 1 and Level 2 candidates whose certificates expire at the end of the maximum ten year
period of validity will be required to undertake a recertification examination comprising practical
tests only as detailed below.
Level 3 candidates should refer to CSWIP-ISO-NDT-11/93R, Section 7.5.3.

10.1.

Level 1 Automated Ultrasonic (AUT) Girth Weld Operator

The candidate is required to optimise a calibration run on automated phased array ultrasonic
equipment to ensure correct functioning of the equipment. Determine the velocity in a given
sample.

Time allowed 2 hours.

The candidate is required to carry out a calibration on a given calibration block, adjusting the
ultrasonic inspection (pitch and catch, pulse echo) channels, as required.
a) Calibrate the TOFD channel.
b) Calibrate the motor drive unit.
c) A full automated inspection is performed on a given girth weld samples and an
acceptable inspection data file to be produced.

Time allowed 3 hours

Pass mark 70%

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10.2.

Level 1 Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) Operator

The candidate is required to assemble, calibrate and function check the PAUT equipment.

Time allowed 1 hour

Pass mark 70%

The candidate is required to produce two complete data files from samples selected by the
examiner. The candidate shall demonstrate beam steering, encoding parameters, focusing,
DAC/TCG production and completeness of data against a given instruction, code or standard.

10.3.

Time allowed 2.5 hours per sample

Pass mark 70%

Level 2 Automated Ultrasonic Data Interpreter (AUT DI)

The candidate is required to assess and evaluate automated ultrasonic data from a typical
production run for accuracy and completeness.

10.4.

Time allowed 60 minutes

Pass mark 70%

Level 2 Senior Automated Ultrasonic Girth Weld (AUT) Inspector

Optimisation of a calibration run

Determination of the velocity in a given sample of material
Time allowed 4 hours

Complete an examination of girth welds selected by the examiner and include an end calibration.
Interpret the results of the girth weld tested and the end calibration and report the results of the
inspections.
The candidate is in addition required to draft a NDT instruction for a girth weld selected by the
examiner.

10.5.

Time allowed 4 hours

Pass mark 70%

Level 2 Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) Operator

Inspectors whose certificates expire at the end of the maximum ten year period of validity will be
required to undertake a recertification examination comprising practical tests only. A written
examination is not required.
a)

Assembly, calibration and function checking of the PAUT equipment.

b)

Production of two complete data files from samples selected by the examination. The
candidate shall demonstrate beam steering, encoding parameters, focusing and DAC/TCG
production and, in addition, demonstrate completeness of data.

c)

Time allowed 1 hour

Time allowed 2.5 hours per sample.

Analysis the two data files produced in (b) using appropriate viewing software. Candidates
shall record the results in a prescribe format which indicates defect location and size. The
report shall also include echo dynamic characterisation and datum references.

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d)

Time allowed 1 hour per data file.

Develop an NDT instruction for one of the samples given for paragraph b) above. The
instruction shall detail the methods of scanning, file structure, collecting and storing data
and the necessary calculations to achieve this.

Time allowed 2 hours

The minimum pass mark for the practical overall is 70% and 70% minimum for each sample
scanned or data file interpreted. A failure to report a reportable defect in any sample or data
file will result in failure of that examination part.
10.6.

Level 2 Phased Array Ultrasonic Data Interpreter (PAUT DI)

The candidate is required to assess and evaluate PAUT ultrasonic data from a typical production
run for accuracy and completeness.

10.7.

Time allowed 60 minutes

Pass mark 70%

Level 2 Phased Array Data Analyst

The candidate is required to assess and evaluate four data files from the categories required;
these shall be selected by the examiner, the candidate shall report the results therein.

Time allowed 2 hours

Pass mark 70%

11.

Examination Syllabus

11.1.

Level 1 - Automated Ultrasonic Girth Weld (AUT) Operator

11.1.1. General Theory

a)

Brief history of development of ultrasonic testing theory.

b)

Ultrasonic capabilities in relation to other NDT methods.

c)

Physical principles of sound

Nature of sound, relationship between wavelength, frequency and velocity. Wave motions
and particle vibrations, velocities of sound in common materials.

d)

Behaviour of ultrasonic waves

Reflection, refraction, diffraction. Snell's laws, attenuation, acoustic impedance, mode
conversion, resonance, scattering from defects.

e)

Production of ultrasonic waves

Piezo-electric effect. Types and properties of transducers pulse width, near and far fields,
effect of frequency and sound velocity on near field, far field and beam divergence. Dead
zone, production of compression, shear and surface waves, critical angles, construction of
single and twin crystal probes. Couplants.

f)

Ultrasonic equipment
Block diagrams of flaw detector, functions of controls, amplifier and equipment
performance characteristics. A-scan, B-scan and C-scan displays.

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g)

Calibration and equipment checks

Calibration and reference blocks, check for dead zone, penetrative power, resolution,
sensitivity, probe index, angle of refraction, linearity of time base and amplifier. Plotting
beam spread diagrams. Calibration of time base ranges. Comparison of probe
sensitivities. Setting sensitivity levels for scanning.

h)

Practical applications - parent material and weld examination

Information required prior to examination. Parent material examination, attenuation
measurements, methods of flaw sizing 20dB, 6dB, DGS, maximum amplitude, use of flaw
location slide, reporting methods. Brief knowledge of component surface finish and its
measurement.

11.1.2. Specific Theory

a)

Mechanical set up requirements of Phased array equipment.

Set up procedures for the scanner, adjustment of the tractor according to the width of the
welding band of the weld. Installation requirements for adjusting Phased array modules.
Knowledge of automated instrumentation set up and computer users software.

b)

Calibration of Phased Arrays.

Zone discrimination in relation to weld calibration.
Automated ultrasonic calibration of the customised calibration blocks. Knowledge of the
weld definition software, computer boot up, modifying the setup, adding ultrasonic
channels and gates. Data handling. Computer view configuration and the loading of panes.
Calibration of Time of flight Diffraction (TOFD) channels. Encoder calibration.

c)

Inspection using Phased arrays

Inspection Philosophy. Scanning procedures for the detection of flaws in girth welded
joints. Advantages and disadvantages of ultrasonic Phased arrays. Zone discrimination in
relation to weld inspection, ultrasonic overlap requirements from one zone to another. Use
of twin gates for channel amplitude and time of flight.

d)

Welding Technology
Terminology for welds, welded joints, welding procedures, types of defects in welds and
parent metals detectable by ultrasonics. Defect parameters, which influence detectability,
e.g. size, geometry, distance from surface, orientation, reflectivity and opacity.

11.2.

Level 1 Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) Operator

This syllabus applies only to manual and encoded phased array ultrasonic testing. The syllabus
for manual ultrasonic testing is published in CSWIP-ISO-NDT-11/93-R Appendix 1, Part 1a as a
separate item.

11.2.1. Phased array instrumentation

a) Set-up and function of instrument controls
b) Basic software details
c) Internal circuitry processing
11.2.2. Phased array transducer/probes
a) Principles of design and performance
b) Typical arrays
c) Focal laws
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d) Beam shape and steering

e) Element checks and effects of dead elements
11.2.3. Scan types
a)
b)
c)
d)

Sectoral scans
Linear scans
Axial scans
Scan limitations

11.2.4. Distance amplitude correction and sensitivity

a) Reference reflectors and blocks for DAC and/or TCG settings.
11.2.5. Calibration and checks
a) Depth calibration
b) Offsets and wedge characteristics
c) Exit points
11.2.6. Data collection software
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
11.3.

File structures and naming

Data acquisition control
Probe, aperture data
Encoder parameters and set-up
In-machine storage
Real time scans

Level 2 Automated Ultrasonic Data (AUT D.I) Interpreter

11.3.1. General Theory

As for Level 1 Inspector.
11.3.2. Specific Theory
As for Level 1 Inspector, with the addition of:
11.3.3. Analysis of data
System set up, ultrasonic gates, amplitude thresholds and audit of production scans. Chart
evaluation, image classification, characterisation and marking of defects.
11.4.

Level 2 Senior Automated Ultrasonic Girth Weld (AUT) Inspector

11.4.1. General Theory

As for Level 1 Inspector / interpreter.
11.4.2. Specific Theory
As for Level 1 Inspector / interpreter, with the addition of:

In-depth knowledge of applicable standards

Welding technology relating to pipeline welding and the associated flaws for each
method
Instruction writing for samples provided by the examiner

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11.5.

Level 2 Phased Array (PAUT) Inspector

This syllabus applies only to manual and encoded phased array ultrasonic testing. The syllabus
for manual ultrasonic testing is published in CSWIP-ISO-NDT-11/93R Appendix 1, Part 1a as a
separate item.

11.5.1. Phased array instrumentation

a) Set-up and function of instrument controls
b) Basic software details
c) Internal circuitry processing
11.5.2. Phased array transducer/probes
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Principles of design and performance

Typical arrays
Focal laws
Beam shape and steering
Element checks and effects of dead elements

11.5.3. Scan types

a)
b)
c)
d)

Sectoral scans
Linear scans
Axial scans
Scan limitations

11.5.4. Distance amplitude correction and sensitivity

a) Reference reflectors and blocks for DAC and/or TCG settings.
11.5.5. Calibration and checks
a) Depth calibration
b) Offsets and wedge characteristics
c) Exit points
11.5.6. Data collection software
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

File structures and naming

Data acquisition control
Probe, aperture data
Encoder parameters and set-up
In-machine storage
Real-time scans

11.5.7. Data Analysis

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)

Data transfer protocols

Analysis tools
A, B, C, D scan formats
Cursors and analysis box selection
Soft gain and its uses
Saving files
Report generation
Flaw verification procedures

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11.6.

Level 2 Phased Array Ultrasonic Data Interpreter (PAUT-DInt)

11.6.1. General Theory

As for Level 1 Inspector.
11.6.2. Specific Theory
As for Level 1 Inspector, with the addition of:
11.6.3. Analysis of data
System set up, ultrasonic gates, amplitude thresholds and audit of production scans. Chart
evaluation, image classification, characterisation and marking of defects.
11.7.

Level 2 Phased Array Data Analysis

11.7.1. Phased array instrumentation

d) Set-up and function of instrument controls
e) Basic software details
f) Internal circuitry processing.
11.7.2. Phased array transducer/probes
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)

Principles of design and performance

Typical arrays
Focal laws
Beam shape and steering
Element checks and effects of dead elements.

11.7.3. Scan types

e)
f)
g)
h)

Sectoral scans
Linear scans
Axial scans
Scan limitations.

11.7.4. Distance amplitude correction and sensitivity

b) Reference reflectors and blocks for DAC and/or TCG settings.
11.7.5. Calibration and checks
d) Depth calibration
e) Offsets and wedge characteristics
f) Exit points.
11.8.

Level 3 Phased Array (PAUT) Inspector

As for Level 2 and:

11.8.1. Phased array probes and wedges

a)
b)
c)
d)

Relationship of element pitch to wavelength

Focusing, focal range, depth of field
Limits of scanning and resolution
Grating lobes and the limitation.

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11.8.2. Calibration and sensitivity

a)
b)
c)
d)

Effects of squint, skew and tilt on calibration

Velocity effects and wedge influences
Reference blocks
Setting gain with grain interference techniques.

11.8.3. Phased array scans

a) Relationship between aperture and thickness tested
b) Scan design.
11.8.4. Procedure design
Scope of inspection, array use, resolution, sampling rates, focalisation used, sensitivity, reporting
thresholds, sizing, data control, analysis requirements, levels of personnel, reports.
11.8.5. Simulation tools
Principles and use of modelling tools.
11.8.6. Weld inspection applications

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Reference Literature

Product Technology Classroom Training Handbook The British Institute of NonDestructive Testing.

Procedures and Recommendations for Ultrasonic Testing of Butt Welds, 2

Welding Institute.

Guide to the Preparation of a Quality Manual. The Institute of Quality Assurance.

Ultrasonic Testing of Materials by J and H Krautkramer. George Allen & Unwin Limited,
London. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg New York.

Principles and practice of non-destructive testing edited by Dr J H Lamble. Heywood and

Company, London.

Non-Destructive Testing (second edition, 1991) by R Halmshaw. Edward Arnold.

Ultrasonic Flaw Detection for Technicians by J C Drury. Obtainable from the British
Institute of Non-destructive Testing.

ASNT Classroom Training Handbook originally published by General Dynamics.

ASNT Self Study Handbook originally published by General Dynamics.

ASNT Question and Answer Book.

ASNT Level III Study Guide.

NDT Handbook, second edition, volume 7 (1991).

ASNT Student Package.

ASNT Instructor Package (overheads for training).

Phased Arrays and Mechanised Ultrasonic Testing by E. Ginzel.

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nd

edition. The

Automated Ultrasonic Inspection of Welds Obtainable from BINDT.

E 1961 2011 Standard Practice for the Mechanised Ultrasonic Examination of Girth Welds
using Zonal Discrimination with Focused Search Units.

(The above practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-7 on Non-destructive
Testing).

E 164 Practice for the Ultrasonic Contact Examination of Weldments.

E 317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Pulse-Echo Testing

Systems Without the use of Electronic Measurement Instruments.

E 1316 Terminology for Non-destructive Examinations.

(The ASNT documents are obtainable from the current publication of the Annual Book of
ASTM Standards).

BS 7706 (1993) Guide to calibration and setting-up of the ultrasonic time-of-flight

diffraction (TOFD) technique for detection, location, and sizing of flaws.

BS EN EN 583-6 (2008) Non-destructive testing ultrasonic examination Part 6:

Time-of-flight diffraction technique for defect detection and sizing.

API 1104 Welding of Pipeline and Related Facilities (Available form American
Petroleum Institute).

CSA Z-662 Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems.

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