Third Edition

CHAPTER MECHANICS OF

5 MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf

Lecture Notes:
Analysis and Design
of Beams for Bending
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Analysis and Design of Beams for Bending

Introduction
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
Sample Problem 5.1
Sample Problem 5.2
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment
Sample Problem 5.3
Sample Problem 5.5
Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending
Sample Problem 5.8

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Introduction
• Objective - Analysis and design of beams

• Beams - structural members supporting loads at

various points along the member

• Transverse loadings of beams are classified as

concentrated loads or distributed loads

• Applied loads result in internal forces consisting

of a shear force (from the shear stress
distribution) and a bending couple (from the
normal stress distribution)

• Normal stress is often the critical design criteria

My Mc M
x m
I I S
Requires determination of the location and
magnitude of largest bending moment

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Introduction

Classification of Beam Supports

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Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

• Determination of maximum normal and
shearing stresses requires identification of
maximum internal shear force and bending
couple.

• Shear force and bending couple at a point are

determined by passing a section through the
beam and applying an equilibrium analysis on
the beam portions on either side of the
section.

• Sign conventions for shear forces V and V’

and bending couples M and M’

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Sample Problem 5.1

SOLUTION:
• Treating the entire beam as a rigid
body, determine the reaction forces

• Section the beam at points near

supports and load application points.
Apply equilibrium analyses on
resulting free-bodies to determine
For the timber beam and loading internal shear forces and bending
shown, draw the shear and bend- couples
moment diagrams and determine the
maximum normal stress due to • Identify the maximum shear and
bending. bending-moment from plots of their
distributions.

• Apply the elastic flexure formulas to

determine the corresponding
maximum normal stress.
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Sample Problem 5.1

SOLUTION:
• Treating the entire beam as a rigid body, determine
the reaction forces
from Fy 0 M B : RB 40 kN RD 14 kN

• Section the beam and apply equilibrium analyses

on resulting free-bodies
Fy 0 20 kN V1 0 V1 20 kN
M1 0 20 kN 0 m M1 0 M1 0

Fy 0 20 kN V2 0 V2 20 kN
M2 0 20 kN 2.5 m M2 0 M2 50 kN m

V3 26 kN M3 50 kN m
V4 26 kN M 4 28 kN m
V5 14 kN M5 28 kN m
V6 14 kN M 6 0

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Sample Problem 5.1

• Identify the maximum shear and bending-
moment from plots of their distributions.
Vm 26 kN M m MB 50 kN m

• Apply the elastic flexure formulas to

determine the corresponding
maximum normal stress.
S 1 b h2
6
1
6
0.080 m 0.250 m 2

833.33 10 6 m3

MB 50 103 N m
m
S 833.33 10 6 m3

m 60.0 106 Pa

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Sample Problem 5.2

SOLUTION:
• Replace the 10 kip load with an
equivalent force-couple system at D.
Find the reactions at B by considering
the beam as a rigid body.

• Section the beam at points near the

support and load application points.
The structure shown is constructed of a Apply equilibrium analyses on
W10x112 rolled-steel beam. (a) Draw resulting free-bodies to determine
the shear and bending-moment diagrams internal shear forces and bending
for the beam and the given loading. (b) couples.
determine normal stress in sections just
to the right and left of point D. • Apply the elastic flexure formulas to
determine the maximum normal
stress to the left and right of point D.

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Sample Problem 5.2

SOLUTION:
• Replace the 10 kip load with equivalent force-
couple system at D. Find reactions at B.
• Section the beam and apply equilibrium
analyses on resulting free-bodies.
From A to C :
Fy 0 3x V 0 V 3x kips
M1 0 3x 12 x M 0 M 1.5 x 2 kip ft

From C to D :
Fy 0 24 V 0 V 24 kips
M2 0 24 x 4 M 0 M 96 24 x kip ft

From D to B :
V 34 kips M 226 34 x kip ft

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Sample Problem 5.2

• Apply the elastic flexure formulas to
determine the maximum normal stress to
the left and right of point D.
From Appendix C for a W10x112 rolled
steel shape, S = 126 in3 about the X-X axis.
To the left of D :
M 2016 kip in
m m 16.0 ksi
S 3
126 in
To the right of D :
M 1776 kip in 14.1ksi
m m
S 3
126 in

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Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment

• Relationship between load and shear:
Fy 0: V V V w x 0
V w x
dV
w
dx
xD
VD VC w dx
xC

• Relationship between shear and bending

moment:
x
MC 0: M M M V x w x 0
2
M V x 12 w x2
dM
0
dx
xD
MD MC V dx
xC

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Sample Problem 5.3

SOLUTION:
• Taking the entire beam as a free body,
determine the reactions at A and D.

• Apply the relationship between shear and

load to develop the shear diagram.

Draw the shear and bending • Apply the relationship between bending
moment diagrams for the beam moment and shear to develop the bending
and loading shown. moment diagram.

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Sample Problem 5.3

SOLUTION:
• Taking the entire beam as a free body, determine the
reactions at A and D.
MA 0
0 D 24 ft 20 kips 6 ft 12 kips 14 ft 12 kips 28 ft
D 26 kips
Fy 0
0 Ay 20 kips 12 kips 26 kips 12 kips
Ay 18 kips

• Apply the relationship between shear and load to

develop the shear diagram.
dV
w dV w dx
dx
- zero slope between concentrated loads
- linear variation over uniform load segment

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Sample Problem 5.3

• Apply the relationship between bending
moment and shear to develop the bending
moment diagram.
dM
V dM V dx
dx
- bending moment at A and E is zero
- bending moment variation between A, B,
C and D is linear
- bending moment variation between D
and E is quadratic
- net change in bending moment is equal to
areas under shear distribution segments
- total of all bending moment changes across
the beam should be zero

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Sample Problem 5.5

SOLUTION:
• Taking the entire beam as a free body,
determine the reactions at C.

• Apply the relationship between shear

and load to develop the shear diagram.

Draw the shear and bending moment • Apply the relationship between
diagrams for the beam and loading bending moment and shear to develop
shown. the bending moment diagram.

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Sample Problem 5.5

SOLUTION:
• Taking the entire beam as a free body,
determine the reactions at C.
Fy 0 1w a RC RC 1w a
2 0 2 0
MC 0 1w a L a MC MC 1w a L
a
2 0 3 2 0 3
Results from integration of the load and shear
distributions should be equivalent.
• Apply the relationship between shear and load
to develop the shear diagram.
a
a 2
x x
VB V A w0 1 dx w0 x
0 a 2a
0
VB 1w a area under load curve
2 0
- No change in shear between B and C.
- Compatible with free body analysis
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 5.5

• Apply the relationship between bending moment
and shear to develop the bending moment
diagram.
a
a 2 2 3
x x x
MB MA w0 x dx w0
0 2a 2 6a
0
MB 1 w a2
3 0
L
MB MC 1w a dx 1w a L a
2 0 2 0
a
1w a a w0 a
MC 6 0
3L a L
2 3

Results at C are compatible with free-body

analysis

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending

• The largest normal stress is found at the surface where the
maximum bending moment occurs.
M max c M max
m
I S

• A safe design requires that the maximum normal stress be

less than the allowable stress for the material used. This
criteria leads to the determination of the minimum
acceptable section modulus.
m all
M max
S min
all

• Among beam section choices which have an acceptable

section modulus, the one with the smallest weight per unit
length or cross sectional area will be the least expensive
and the best choice.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 5.8

SOLUTION:
• Considering the entire beam as a free-
body, determine the reactions at A and
D.

• Develop the shear diagram for the

A simply supported steel beam is to beam and load distribution. From the
carry the distributed and concentrated diagram, determine the maximum
loads shown. Knowing that the bending moment.
allowable normal stress for the grade
of steel to be used is 160 MPa, select • Determine the minimum acceptable
the wide-flange shape that should be beam section modulus. Choose the
used. best standard section which meets this
criteria.

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Sample Problem 5.8

• Considering the entire beam as a free-body,
determine the reactions at A and D.
MA 0 D 5m 60 kN 1.5 m 50 kN 4 m
D 58.0 kN
Fy 0 Ay 58.0 kN 60 kN 50 kN
Ay 52.0 kN

• Develop the shear diagram and determine the

maximum bending moment.
VA Ay 52.0 kN
VB VA area under load curve 60 kN
VB 8 kN

• Maximum bending moment occurs at

V = 0 or x = 2.6 m.
M max area under shear curve, A to E
67.6 kN

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 5.8

• Determine the minimum acceptable beam
section modulus.
M max 67.6 kN m
S min
all 160 MPa
422.5 10 6 m3 422.5 103 mm 3

• Choose the best standard section which meets

this criteria.
Shape S , mm 3 W 360 32.9
W410 38.8 637
W360 32.9 474
W310 38.7 549
W250 44.8 535
W200 46.1 448

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