INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL

TOXICOLOGY

HAZARDOUS WASTE
START DATE:______________

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HANDLE WITH CARE

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MK Toksikologi Industri
2014

History of Industrial Toxicology

Ca 400 BC Hippocrates
in ancient Greece first
noted illness in mercury
sulphide workers
Ca 1540 Paracelsus
(1493-1541) in Austria
described lung diseases
in mineworkers
Ca 1556 Agricola

History of Industrial Toxicology

1700 Ramazzini, the father of industrial medicine,
and Professor of Medicine in Padua, wrote De
Morbis Artificum Diatriba, the first formal study of
industrial diseases.
It was he who added an addition to Hippocrates list of

questions to patients when taking a history, namely

what is your occupation?

History of Industrial Toxicology

The Industrial revolution from the late 1700s through to the late
1800s led to increased urbanisation and industrialisation. Picture
of Manchester UK

History of Industrial Toxicology

1858 John Stenhouse introduces a charcoal impregnated mask
to control exposure to gases and vapours
1889 - Exposure limits are set for humidity and carbon

dioxide in cotton mills in the UK

History of Industrial Toxicology

1890s - Haldane undertakes work on the toxicity of Carbon Monoxide by
exposing rats mice and even himself to varying concentrations within an
exposure chamber.
He used these results to develop
dose v time plots for severity and
discomfort of health effects.
He introduces the use of small
animals and in particular Canaries
as the first way of monitoring to give
an indication of the levels of toxic
gas.

History of Industrial Toxicology

1910 Alice Hamilton works in the US as
the first Industrial toxicologist
pioneering the field of toxicology and
occupational hygiene.
1917 - During the first world war, the
urgency of the work in munitions
factories led to poor working conditions.
The work of the Health of Munitions
Workers Committee laid the ground for
many
subsequent
practices
in
ergonomics, psychology, welfare, and
shift-work regime

INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)

ALL THINGS ARE POISONS, OR

THERE IS NONE WHICH IS NOT A
POISON.
THE
RIGHT
DOSE
DIFFERENCIATES A POISON FROM
A REMEDY.

PARACELSUS
(1493 - 1541)

INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)

TOXIN -

Any of a group of poisonous, usually

unstable
compounds
generated
by
microorganisms, plants or animals.
Certain toxins are produced by specific
pathogenic microorganisms and are the
causative agents in various diseases,
such as tetanus, diphtheria, etc.

TOXICITY - The effect a specific quantity or dosage of

a specific toxin has on a living
microorganism. This is not an absolute!

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY

(Continued)

EVERYTHING IS TOXIC;
IT ALL DEPENDS ON THE DOSE
How Well the Body Accepts a Substance Depends on:

The Type of Substance.

The Amount (Dose) Absorbed.
The Period of Time Over Which It Is Absorbed.

The Susceptibility/Sensitivity of the Person Exposed.

TOXICANT CLASSIFICATION

Hepatotoxicant cause damage to the liver

Nephrotoxicant damage to kidney
Neurotoxicant damage to the nervous system
Immunotoxicant damage to the immune system
Hematotoxicant damage to the circulatory system
Dermatotoxicant damage to the skin
Pulmonotoxicant damage to the lung
Carcinogens agents that increase cancer risk

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY

(Continued)

FOUR PRIMARY ROUTES

INHALATION
INGESTION
ABSORPTION

INJECTION

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY

(Continued)

INHALATION

Breathing and smoking causes

us to inhale substances which
enter the lungs.
Substance
inhaled into the lungs are
readily absorbed into the blood
stream.

INHALATION
INGESTION
ABSORPTION
INJECTION

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY

(Continued)

INGESTION

Swallowing a substance causes

penetration into the blood
stream via the stomach and
small intestine.

INHALATION
INGESTION
ABSORPTION
INJECTION

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY

(Continued)

FOOD CHAIN EXPOSURE

We Could Potentially Eat Toxic Food

START
GROUND CONTAMINATION

BARLEY

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY

(Continued)

ABSORPTION

Entering the body through the

skin causes substances to enter
the blood stream at a slower rate
than by inhalation or absorption.
However, the resulting entry and
distribution within the body is
the same.
INHALATION
INGESTION
ABSORPTION
INJECTION

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY

(Continued)

INJECTION

Injection occurs when substances

are forced through this skin. This
can occur as a result of such
means as compressed air, or by
having the skin abraded by a
penetrating object.

INHALATION
INGESTION
ABSORPTION
INJECTION

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY

(Continued)

EXPOSURE LIMITS

SOURCES INCLUDE:
American Conference of Gov. Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY

(Continued)

EXPOSURE LIMITS
American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists:

Threshold Limit Values (TLV).

(Respiratory)

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI).

(Dermal)

8 Hour Time Weighted Averages (TWA).

- How Much a Worker Can Be Exposed to in an 8 Hr. Shift.
Published by ACGIH Annually, Provides Exposure Levels.
Legally Enforceable.

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY

(Continued)

EXPOSURE LIMITS
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA):

Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)

Found in 29 CFR 1910.1000 (The Z Tables)
Establishes OSHAs Exposure Levels
Legally Enforceable

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY

(Continued)

EXPOSURE LIMITS

National Institute for Occupational Safety And Health (NIOSH):

Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs)
Used to Develop New OSHA Standards
Found in: NIOSH Recommendations for Occupational
Health Standards

IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO
LIFE AND HEALTH - IDLH
An IDLH level represents a maximum concentration from
which one could escape within 30 minutes without
experiencing any escape-impairing symptoms or any
irreversible adverse health effects.
IDLH levels are typically published by OSHA and NIOSH.

In practice, when the concentration of a toxic substance in a

given area is known, IDLH levels may be used for
determining which type of breathing apparatus is needed
when entering the area.

THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE

TLV - Threshold Limit Value: One of three categories of
chemical exposure levels - TLV-TWA, TLV-STEL or TLV-C.
TLV-TWA - Threshold Limit Value Time-Weighted Average:
The time weighted average concentration for a normal 8hour workday and a 40 hour work week to which nearly all
workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effect.
Should be used as an exposure guide rather than an
absolute.

THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE

(Continued)

TLV-STEL - Threshold Limit Value - Short Term Exposure

Limit: A 15 minute time-weighted average exposure that
should not be exceeded at any time during the work day.
TLV-C - Threshold Limit Value- Ceiling: The concentration
that should not ever be exceeded, even instantaneously.

FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION

RATE OF ENTRY
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE
AGE OF INDIVIDUAL
STATE OF HEALTH

PREVIOUS EXPOSURE LEVELS

WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY AND HEREDITY

FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION

(Continued)

RATE OF ENTRY

An
IV
Injection
Can
Be
Administered
Instantaneously
Whereas, a Dose Absorbed
Through the Skin May Take
Several Minutes to an Hour to
Absorb Into the Bloodstream.
The Body Can Sometimes
Defend Itself Against Dosages
Where The Rate of Entry is Slow.

FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION

(Continued)

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

A Dose Absorbed Through the

Skin Will Be Deposited in the
Blood Much Slower Than a
Dose Inhaled Through the
Lungs and Transferred Directly
Into the Blood. Four Routes:
INHALATION
INGESTION
ABSORPTION

INJECTION

FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION

(Continued)

AGE OF INDIVIDUAL

Older Persons Are Often More

Sensitive to Toxic Action
Than Are Younger Adults.
With
Aging
Comes
a
Diminished Reserve Capacity
in the Face of Toxic Stress.

FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION

(Continued)

STATE OF HEALTH

Pre-Existing Disease or Other

Medical Conditions Can Result
in Greater Sensitivity to Toxic
Agents. An Individual With a
Pre-Existing Sensitivity to a
Known Material Should Not Be
Placed in a Work Environment
That Might Compound the
Condition.

FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION

(Continued)

PREVIOUS EXPOSURE

INDIVIDUAL
EXPOSURE
HISTORY

Previous Exposure to Work

Place Chemicals or Vapors
Can Sometimes Result in
Cumulative Effects Within
the Body.
In Addition,
Some People Can Develop
a Sensitivity to These
Materials Over Time.

FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION

(Continued)

WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS

CAUTION
ENSURE
EXHAUST
VENTILATION
IS OPERATING

In Industries Such As
Smelting or Steel Making,
High Temperatures Are
Encountered. As Well As
Air Contaminants That
Must Be Controlled.

FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION

(Continued)

INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY,
HEREDITY, AND GENDER

Males and Females may

respond differently to the
Same Material.
Hereditary
Factors Also Can Be of
Importance. Genetic Defects
May
Render
Certain
Individuals More Sensitive to
a Given Material.

EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY
Acute Exposure:

Usually Minutes, Hours or Several Days.

Chronic Exposure:

Regular Exposure Over Months, Years, or a Lifetime.

The Toxicity of the Chemical or Material Combined With
the Susceptibility of the Individual Determines Whether
the Exposure Is Acute or Chronic.

EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY
(Continued)

Latent Exposure: An injury or disease that

remains undeveloped until an incubation
period has elapsed. The period of time
could be hours, days, months or years.

The Toxicity of the Chemical or Material Combined With

the Susceptibility of the Individual Is a Key Factor.

EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY
(Continued)

Irritant: A chemical substance that injures

the tissues of the respiratory system and
lungs, thereby causing inflammation of the
respiratory passages.

The Toxicity of the Chemical or Material Combined With

the Susceptibility of the Individual Is a Key Factor.

FACTORS AFFECTING EXPOSURE

The Amount Entering the Body.
The Length of Time of Exposure.
The Rate of Absorption Into the Blood.
The Physical Nature of the Chemical.
The Chemical Nature of the Chemical.
The Age of the Individual.
The Health of the Individual.

MEASUREMENT OF TOXICITY

PARTS PER MILLION - ppm

PARTS PER BILLION - ppb
PARTS PER TRILLION - ppt
LETHAL DOSE - LD50
LETHAL CONCENTRATION - LC50
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE - TLV
IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO
LIFE AND HEALTH - IDLH

MEASUREMENT OF TOXICITY
(Continued)

PARTS PER MILLION - ppm

ONE PART IN ONE MILLION PARTS

MEASUREMENT OF TOXICITY
(Continued)

PARTS PER BILLION - ppb

ONE PART IN ONE BILLION PARTS

MEASUREMENT OF TOXICITY
(Continued)

PARTS PER TRILLION - ppt

ONE PART IN ONE TRILLION PARTS