8/30/2007

Section 5

Add
w
G

d metres

Centre of Gravity
w
W

Turning moment = (w x d) t-m

about G

Add
w
G

G1

Add
w
G

G1

d metres

w
W+w

Turning moment = (w x d) t-m

Turning moment = GG1 x (W+w)
Both are 2 different ways of showing the same effect
W

W+w

Turning moment = GG1 x (W+w)

about G

GG1 x (W+w) = (w x d)
3

Effect of loading a weight, on G :

Effect of discharging a weight, on G :

When a wt is added to the ship, its G moves directly towards the

g of the wt added.
Distance it moves depends on the actual wt added, and how far it
is added form the G .
Distance GG1 can be found
using:
GG1 (in metres) =

GG1 = w x d
W+w

wxd
W+w

Note: W+w is the final

displacement of ship after
loading the weight w.

When a wt is discharged from ship, its G would move

directly away from the g of the wt discharged.
Distance can be found using:
GG1 (in metres) =

wxd
W-w

Note:
W-w is the final displacement
of ship after unloading the
weight w.

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Effect of shifting a weight, on G :

Effect of lifting weights using ships gear:

When a wt is shifted within the ship, its

(ships) G would move parallel to, and in
the same direction as, the wt shifted.

If a wt is freely suspended by ships crane then

that wt would act from the crane head.
Virtual g of wt

Distance GG1 can be

found using:
GG1 (in metres) =

wxd
W

Wt is free to swing

Note: d in this case is

the distance through
which the weight is
shifted.

Show the
movements of G
as the weight is
loaded from
position 1 to 2

GG1 =

w xd
Final Displ

10

Activities:

Activities:

(1). Displ = 3200t. Find GG1 if a wt of 200t is

(3). Displ = 2400t; KG = 10.8m.

added at a dist. of 60m from the original G.

(2). Displ = 6900t; KG=6.2m; A 50t wt on board

has a VCG of 2m. Find new KG if this wt is

removed.

Ans: (1) 3.53m (2). 6.231m

Find new KG if a wt of 10t already on board

is shifted 12m vertically upwards.

(4). Displ = 2000t; KG=4.5m; A 20t wt on board

has a VCG of 2m. This wt is raised 0.5m clear

of the deck by a derrick whose head is 14m
above the keel. Find new KG.

Ans: (3) 10.85m (4). 4.62m

11

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Removing a wt from the bottom:

(5). Displ = 6500t; KG = 5.0m;

END

Pumps out half of a DB tank which is full with

SW.
The tank is 7 x 10 x 2m. Base of tank is level
with keel.
Find the new GM; if KM for new displ is
5.8m.
13

14

Section 6

To determine the GM
GM = KM - KG

Vertical Moments
about the Keel

KM

Hydrostatic Table
(Changes with Displ)

GM

KM
KG

KG

Vertical moments of
all weights onboard
K

15

Moments

16

Vertical Moments

Moment of a force (weight) about a point of

reference is: the product of the force
(weight) and the distance to it from the
point of reference.

A Tool for Calculating

Vertical Centre of Gravity

Moment of a force = Force (wt) x Dist

It is a measure of the turning effect, the force
delivers at the point of reference.
If Weight is in Tonnes and Distance is in Metres,
then ... units of moments will be
tonne-metre or t-m

17

18

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Activity:
3 metal blocks are placed one on top of another
and welded together. Their individual wts and
v.c.g of each (from the base) are given as follows
:

Block A: wt = 2.3 t,
Block B: wt = 1.8 t,
Block C: wt = 1.5 t,

VCG = 1.2 m
VCG = 2.5 m
VCG = 3.0 m

Find:
(i). Combined wt
(ii). Total moments of 3 blocks about the base
(iii). Height of CG of the combined weights. 19

Taking Vertical Moments About the Keel

Vertical Centre of Gravity

(Known as VCG or KG)
As you load and discharge wts from
ship, position of G changes.
A convenient method of determining
the position of G is by taking vertical
moments about the Keel.

20

Activity: Sheet

KG of ship after adding or removing wts is referred to

as the Final KG.
FINAL KG =

FINAL VERTICAL MOMENTS

FINAL DISPLACEMENT

To find GM:
GM = KM - KG

where,
KM is the vertical height of Metacentre above the keel.
KM can be obtained from ship's hydrostatic particulars.
21

Activity:
A ship of 6000t displacement has KG 6m and KM
7.33m.
Following cargo is then loaded:

1000t at VCG 2.5m

500t at VCG 3.5m
750t at VCG 9.0m

22

MV Onesuch
Condition No 2
Page 25

Following cargo is discharged:

450t at VCG 0.6m

800t at VCG 3.0m

Find the final GM.

(Assume KM remains constant)
Ans: 1.0m

23

24

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Activity 2:

A ship with initial displacement of 3755t and a

KG 8.28m loads 30 containers each weighing 17t
on 1st tier on deck at a height of 13.32m.

END

How many containers of 12t each can be loaded

on 2nd tier at a ht of 15.91m, if the ship is to sail
with a GM of not less than 0.65m ?
KM in the loaded condition is 10.0m.
Ans: 303.9t / 25 containers
25

26

Remember?
Heeling by an External Force

Section 7
Horizontal Movement of
Centre of Gravity
&
Small Angle List (< 7)
27

G moves towards added weight

28

Equilibrium at List

Add w

Upright:
G & B are on
Centreline

GG1 = w x d
W
29

30

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Ship Heeled by an External Force

Ship Listed

31

Calculation of Small Angles of List

Activity 1:

Ships displacement = 11500 t, KM = 6.88, KG =

6.25m.

Angle is the list

GM must be adjusted for Weight changes
GG1 is the horizontal shift of CG

Find list, if 55 t of oil is transferred horizontally from

port to stbd over a distance of 15.1m.

From the triangle :

Tan

32

GG1
(New) GM

GG1 = w x d
W

is directly proportional to GG1

And inversely proportional to GM

Tan = GG1
GM
Ans: 6.53 Deg

33

Activity 2:
A ship lifts a 25t wt from wharf with its crane. The
crane head is 23.6m above the keel, and the wt is on
the wharf 5m from ships side. Find the list created as
the wt is lifted.
Initial particulars are as follows:

34

Using Ships gear for loading:

Displ = 6865t; KM = 5.338m;

KG = 4.78m; Beam = 18m.
KM remains constant.
Ship was initially upright.
Vertical GG1 = w x d
W
Horizontal GG1 = w x d
W
Tan =
GG1
New GM

35

36

Ans: 5.92

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Taking Horizontal Moments (Listing

Moments) about the Centreline

Taking Horizontal Moments

about the Centreline

To find the horizontal G :

Similar to taking vertical moments about the keel,

horizontal (transverse) moments can be taken about

the centreline.

Must be done when loading/discharging multiple

weights.

Moments must be taken to port and stbd, and must

include initial horizontal moments of ship (how??)

37

Activity 3:
A ship of displ 9250t, initially upright, loads 125t
cargo at 6.7m to Port, and 63t cargo at 8.25m to Stbd
of the centreline.
It further pumps out 30t ballast from a D.B. tank
which is 5.5m to port.

Activity 4:
A ship of displ 9250t, initially upright, loads 125t cargo
6.7m to Port, and 63t cargo 8.25m to Stbd of the
centreline.
How much ballast must be pumped out from a D.B.
tank which is 5.5m to port from centreline for the ship
to be upright ?

Find the final position of horizontal CG.

Take horizontal moments (listing moments) about the

centreline. Always include initial condition (similar to Lt

Ship condition in V.Moments)
GG1 = Final Listing Moments
Final Displ
Ans: 0.0162m to port

For a ship to be upright:

Port Listing Moments = Stbd Listing Moments38

Hint:
Take listing moments about centreline.
For ship to be upright:
Port moments = Stbd moments.
Ans: 57.8t

39

Activity 5:
A ship of Displ 13750t, GM=0.75m, initially listed 2
to Stbd, has yet to load 250t of cargo. There is space
available on both sides of underdeck at 6.1m from
centerline.

40

END

How much cargo must be loaded on each side, for the

ship to be upright at the completion of loading ?
Hints:
Assume we load x tonnes to port, and (250-x)t to
Stbd.
Must consider initial listing moments too
For ship to be upright:
Port moments = Stbd moments.
41

42

Ans: 161.97t to Port and 88.03t to Stbd.

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GM, GZ & GZ Curve

Section 8

Free Surface Effect

GZ (metres)
G
Z
BBB B

10

20

30

40

50 60

Heel (degrees)
43

Liquids in Tanks pressed up

Liquids in Tanks free surface

M

Gv
G

Z
B

Liquids in Tanks free surface

Z
Z
B

A Slack Tank

Fluid GfZ

Effects of Free Surface

Reduced GZ
Reduced GM

Gv

G
G

Z
Z
B

48

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Ship heeled.

If tank is fairly uniform in shape,

shift of 'g' is same no matter what the
actual weight of liquid is.

G shifts to G1.

Its the movement of surface that causes

shift of 'g' and not the entire volume.

49

50

Application of Free Surface Correction

Virtual rise of 'G' due to slack tanks is only upward.

Calculation of GGv
GGv =

Therefore:

Fluid KG = Solid KG + Virtual rise of G

due to slack tanks.
or
KGF = KGs + FSC
M
Virtual Rise of G =
= GGv
= Virtual Loss of GM
= FSC

GMfluid
GM solid

i x d1 x 1
V
d2
n2

i = Moment of inertia of the liquid surface about the

tank centreline
For a Rectangular
Surface Area
V = ships underwater volume

Gv or Gfluid

d1 = Density of tank liquid

Gsolid

d2 = Density of outside water

i =

l x b3
12

n = Number of transverse compartments in the tank.

51

GGv =

Activity (1)
A ship of underwater volume 1950 m3 floating in salt
water has an undivided tank of length 10m, width
18m. The tank is partly full of fuel oil of RD 0.91.

i x d1 x 1
V
d2
n2

For an individual Tank

n=1
GGv =

i x d1
V
d2

But ( V x d2 ) = Displ

52

Find the loss of GM.

i = 10 x 183
12

For an individual Tank

FSC (in m) =

= 4860 m4

i x d
Displ

GGv = 4860 x 0.91 x 1

1950 1.025 12
= 2.21 m

53

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(b) Find the loss of GM if this same tank is divided

into 3 equal compartments with longitudinal
divisions.

FS Considerations in Stability
Calculations:
FSC

= FSM (tank 1) + FSM (tank 2) + FSM

Final Displacement

GGv = 4860 x 0.91 x 1

1950
1.025 32
= 0.2458 m

55

Activity 2
MV Onesuch displacing 6192 tonnes, has following
slack tanks :
No. 2 DB P & S FO Tank (RD 0.94)
FW Tank P & S
FW Tank S
Feed Water Tank Cr
DB Diesel Oil Tank P (RD 0.86)
DB Diesel Oil Tank S (0.86)
L.O. Bottom Drain Tank Cr (0.91) Ans:
KGf = 6.65 m
Dirty Oil Coll. Tank P (0.95)
GfM = 1.23m
Vegetable Oil Tank P & S (0.91)

56

The FSM stated in Stability Booklet is the maximum for

a tank in upright and even keel condition.
But, the FS area will vary with heel, depending upon
tank height-to-breadth ratio.
Free Surface Area
of a Double Bottom
Tank
Upright

Heeled

Free Surface Area of a Side

Tank

Find the KGf , if the KG is 6.46 metres.

Also, find GM fluid.

57

58

Upright

Activity (3)
A ship of displ 8153.75t ; KM 8.0m ; KG 7.5m;
has a D.B tank 15m x 10m x 2m which is full of
SW ballast.

Heeled

END

Find the new GM if this tank is now pumped

out till half empty.
Hint: There are two shift of G: actual and virtual.
Ans: 0.225m
59

Upright

60

Heeled

10

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Section 9

MV Onesuch

Hydrostatic Particulars

Hydrostatic Particulars

61

62

KM = KB + BM

Ships Constant

Also, BM = I

Error between the known ships weights

and the weight found by draught.
Displ by draft > Displ by known weights

For a Box Shaped Vessel:

(i.e. Rectangular Waterplane area)
KB = 1 Draft
2

And

I = L x B3
12

BM =

L x B3
12 x L x B x Dr

BM = B2
63

Activity (1)
Find the KM of a boxshaped vessel of 60m
length, 12m beam and
4m draught.

12 D ( D = Draft )

64

Activity (2)
Find the GM of homogeneous
block of wood of 6m length
and 1.5m square crosssection. Density of wood is
0.2t/m3.

BM = B2

12 D ( D = Draft )

KG = 0.75m
Wt of block = 2.7t
Draft of Block = 0.2927m

KB = 1 Draft
2

BM = B2

= 0.64m

12 D ( D = Draft )

65

KB = 1 Draft
2
GM = 0.036m

66

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Activity (3):
A box-shaped vessel
75 m long
12m beam
7 m deep
floating on an even keel
at 6m draft.

END

(i). Calculate KM.

(ii). Find GM, if KG is 4.2m.
(iii). Find GZ at 5 heel
(Ans: 5 m; 0.8m)

67

68

Section 10

FS Considerations in Stability
Calculations:

Application of Free Surface Effect

&

FSC

Angle of Loll

= FSM (tank 1) + FSM (tank 2) + FSM

Final Displacement

Look at final figures of M.V Onesuch Condition No. 2

69

70

Causes of (-)ve Stability

Angel of Loll
Certainly Not!

Angle of Loll

71

Sudden rise of G due to FSE

Gradual loss of bottom wt
Added wts on deck (ice, water
absorption, entrapment of water etc.)
Loss of Buoyancy resulting in lowering
of M
Sudden rise of G due to other reasons

72

12

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Negative GM

Vessel inclining due to capsizing couple

73

74

Angle of loll

Capsizing moment

75

Stability at Angle of Loll

76

Angle of Loll
Angle can be obtained by drawing the GZ curve.
Curve drawn in the usual way except that the initial GZ
values are drawn below the zero axis.

(-)ve GM
77

78

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Angle of Loll

Angle of Loll

What should be done ?

List or Loll??

What should be
done ?

G must be lowered below M

Increase bottom wt
Reduce top wt
Reduce FSE
Ensure ship remains inclined
to same side
79

80

Section 11
GZ Curve

END

81

82

Pt of inflection
Of curve

Angle of Vanishing Stability 81

Range of stability = 81

83

84

14

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KN

Construction of GZ Curve

If G were to be at K;
Then
Righting Lever (GZ)
would be KN.

But our G is not at K,

hence
GZ = XN
= KN - KX

KN at different heel
angles for different
Displacements, is
given in Ship Stability
Booklet.

In triangle KGX :-

See Onesuch Page 14

Substituting KX above:

Sine
But

= KX
KG
KX = KG Sine

GZ = KN - KG Sine

85

Format for calculating GZ for every

10 o of heel:

86

Format for calculating GZ for every

15o of heel:

ANGLE
Of Heel

10o

20o

30o

40o

50o

60o

70o

80o

90o

ANGLE
Of Heel

SINE

0.1737

0.3420

0.5000

0.6428

0.7660

0.8660

0.9397

0.9848

1.0000

SINE

KN

KN

KGF
SINE

KGF
SINE

GZ

GZ

15o

87

30o

45o

60o

75o

90o

88

Angle of Loll

Using GM to draw GZ Curve

If ship is at an angle of loll, the angle can be obtained

by drawing the GZ curve.
Curve is drawn in the usual way except that the initial
values for GZ are drawn below the zero axis.

(-)ve GM
89

90

15

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IMO STABILITY CRITERIA

Activity 1:
Attempt Section 11 Qn. (1)

Stability Criteria all ships

In all conditions of loading, the following criteria are to be met:

(a) Area under the righting lever curve is to be not less than 3.15 metredegrees between the 0 and 30 degree angles of heel;

(b) Area under the righting lever curve is to be not less than 5.16 metre-

degrees between the 0 and 40 degree angles of heel, or 0 degrees and the
angle of flooding, if this is less than 40 degrees;

(For a good curve: take Vertical Scale about

half the length of the horizontal scale)

(c) Area under the righting lever curve is to be not less than 1.72 metredegrees between the 30 and 40 degree angles of heel, or 30 degrees and
the angle of flooding, if this is less than 40 degrees;

(d) Aighting lever ordinate is to be at least 0.20 metres at an angle of heel

equal to or greater than 30 degrees;

(e) Maximum righting lever ordinate is to occur at an angel of heel

preferably exceeding 30 degrees, but not less than 25 degrees; and

(f) Initial metacentric height, corrected for free surface, must be not less
than 0.15 metres for cargo ships, passenger ships and tugs, and 0.35
metres for fishing vessels.

91

92

END

93

16