CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

Mathematics Assessment Project

CLASSROOM CHALLENGES
A Formative Assessment Lesson

Representing
Quadratic Functions
Graphically

Mathematics Assessment Resource Service

University of Nottingham & UC Berkeley

For more details, visit: http://map.mathshell.org

2015 MARS, Shell Center, University of Nottingham
May be reproduced, unmodified, for non-commercial purposes under the Creative Commons license
detailed at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ - all other rights reserved

Representing Quadratic Functions Graphically

MATHEMATICAL GOALS
This lesson unit is intended to help you assess how well students are able to understand what the
different algebraic forms of a quadratic function reveal about the properties of its graphical
representation. In particular, the lesson will help you identify and help students who have the
following difficulties:

Understanding how the factored form of the function can identify a graphs roots.

Understanding how the completed square form of the function can identify a graphs maximum or
minimum point.

Understanding how the standard form of the function can identify a graphs intercept.

COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS

This lesson relates to the following Standards for Mathematical Content in the Common Core State
Standards for Mathematics:
A-SSE: Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems.
F-IF:
Analyze functions using different representations.
This lesson also relates to the following Standards for Mathematical Practice in the Common Core
State Standards for Mathematics, with a particular emphasis on Practices 1, 7, and 8:
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

Reason abstractly and quantitatively.
Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.
Use appropriate tools strategically.
Attend to precision.
Look for and make use of structure.
Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

INTRODUCTION

Before the lesson, students work individually on an assessment task that is designed to reveal
their current understandings and difficulties. You then review their work and create questions for
students to answer in order to improve their solutions.

After a whole-class interactive introduction, students work in pairs on a collaborative discussion

task in which they match quadratic graphs to their algebraic representation. As they do this, they
begin to link different algebraic forms of a quadratic function to particular properties of its graph.

At the end of the lesson there is a whole-class discussion.

In a follow-up lesson students attempt to improve their original response to the assessment task.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Each individual student will need two copies of the Quadratic Functions assessment task and a
mini-whiteboard, pen, and eraser.

Each pair of students will need Domino Cards 1 and Domino Cards 2, cut into ten dominoes.

TIME NEEDED
15 minutes before the lesson, a 95-minute lesson (or two shorter lessons), and 10 minutes in a followup lesson. Timings are approximate and will depend on the needs of the class.
Teacher guide

Representing Quadratic Functions Graphically

T-1

BEFORE THE LESSON

Assessment task: Quadratic Functions (15 minutes)
Have the students do this task in class or for
Quadratic Functions
1. Here are 4 equations of quadratic functions and 4 sketches of the graphs of quadratic functions.
homework, a day or more before the formative
B. y = (x " 6)(x + 8)
D. y = "(x + 8)(x " 6)
A. y = x " 6x + 8
C. y = (x " 6) + 8
assessment lesson. This will give you an
opportunity to assess the work and to find out
1.
2.
3.
4.
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
the kinds of difficulties students have with it.
"
You should then be able to target your help
"
more effectively in the next lesson.
!
Forming Quadratics

Student Materials

Alpha version 12 Jan 2011

"""#

Give each student a copy of Quadratic

Functions and briefly introduce the task:

a.

Match the equation to its graph and explain your decision.

Equation A matches Graph ....., because

Read through the task and try to answer it

as carefully as you can.

Equation B matches Graph ....., because

Equation C matches Graph ....., because

Show all your work so that I can

understand your reasoning.
It is important that as far as possible, students
are allowed to answer the questions without
your assistance.

"

Equation D matches Graph ....., because

b.

Write the co ordinates of the points: P (....,....)

Q(....,....)

R (....,....)

S (....,....)

2. The graph of a quadratic function has a y intercept at (0,5) and a minimum at (3, !4).
a.

Write the equation of its curve.

Students should not worry too much if they

b. Write the coordinates of the root(s) of this quadratic function.
cannot understand or do everything, because in
the next lesson they will engage in a similar
task, which should help them. Explain to students that by the end of the next lesson, they should
expect to be able to answer questions such as these confidently. This is their goal.
2011 Shell Center/MARS University of Nottingham UK

S-1

Assessing students responses

Collect students responses to the task. Make some notes on what their work reveals about their
current levels of understanding and their different problem solving approaches.
We suggest that you do not score students work. The research shows that this will be
counterproductive as it will encourage students to compare their scores and will distract their
attention from what they can do to improve their mathematics.
Instead, help students to make further progress by summarizing their difficulties as a series of
questions. Some suggestions for these are given on the next page. These have been drawn from
common difficulties observed in trials of this unit. We suggest you make a list of questions, based on
your students work. We recommend you either:

write one or two questions on each students work, or

give each student a printed version of your list of questions and highlight the questions for each
individual student.
If you do not have time to do this, you could select a few questions that will be of help to the majority
of students and write these questions on the board when you return the work to the students in the
follow-up lesson.

Teacher guide

Representing Quadratic Functions Graphically

T-2

Common issues

Suggested questions and prompts

Q1. Difficulty getting started

You are given two pieces of information.

Which form of a quadratic equation can you
match this information to?

Q2. Incorrect assumptions made about what

the different forms of the equation reveal
about the properties of its parabola

What does an equation in standard form tell

you about the graph? Please explain.
What does an equation in completed square
form tell you about the graph? Please explain.

Q2. Inefficient method used

For example: For each quadratic function, the
student figures out the coordinates of several
points by substituting x-values into the equation.

Your method is quite complicated. Can you

think of an easier method?
Think about the information each equation
tells you about its graph.
Think about the information each graph tells
you about its equation.

Technical error made

Check your answer.

For example: The student makes an error when

manipulating an equation.
All answers are correct
The student needs an extension task.

Teacher guide

Q2. Can you think of any more coordinates for

the key features of the Graphs 1, 2, 3, and 4?
Explain your answers.
Another quadratic has the same coordinates for
the minimum, but the y-intercept is (0,14).
What is the equation of this curve?
[ y = 2x2 12x + 14.]

Representing Quadratic Functions Graphically

T-3

SUGGESTED LESSON OUTLINE

If you have a short lesson, or you find the lesson is progressing at a slower pace than anticipated, then
we suggest you end the lesson after the first collaborative activity and continue in a second lesson.
Whole-class interactive introduction: key features of quadratics (10 minutes)
Give each student a mini-whiteboard, pen and eraser.
Introduce the lesson:
Today, we are going to look at the key features of a quadratic curve.
On your mini-whiteboards, draw the x- and y-axis and sketch two quadratic curves that look quite
different from each other.
Allow students to work for a few minutes on their own and then ask them to show you their
whiteboards.
Be selective as to which student you ask to explain his or her graphs. Look for two sets of curves in
particular:

one of which has a maximum point, the other a minimum;

one of which one has two roots, the other one or none;

that are not parabolas.

What makes your two graphs different?

What are the common features of your graphs?
Elicit responses from the class and try to keep your own interventions to a minimum. Encourage
students to use mathematical terms such as roots, y-intercepts, turning points, maximum, minimum.
As students suggest key features, write them as a list on the board under the heading Key Features of
a Graph of a Quadratic.
Ask about turning points:
How many turning points does each of your graphs have?
Is this turning point a maximum or minimum?
Can the curve of a quadratic function have more than one turning point/no turning points?
Show me.
If all students have drawn graphs with minimums, ask students to draw one with a maximum.
Ask about roots:
How many roots does each of your graphs have?
Where are these roots on your curve?
Does anyone have a graph with a different number of roots?
How many roots can a quadratic have?
If all students have drawn graphs with two roots, ask a student to draw one with one or no roots.
Ask about y-intercepts:
Has anyone drawn a graph with different y-intercepts?
Do all quadratic curves have a y-intercept?
Can a quadratic have more than one y-intercept?
Teacher guide

Representing Quadratic Functions Graphically

T-4

Write on the board these three equations of quadratic functions:

Standard Form:

Factored Form:

Completed Square Form:

1. y = x2 10x + 24

2. y = (x 4)(x 6)

3. y = (x 5)2 1

Here are the equations of three quadratic functions.

Without performing any algebraic manipulations, write the coordinates of a key feature of each
of their graphs.
For each equation, select a different key feature.
Explain to students they should use key features from the list on the board.
For example, students may answer:
Equation 1.

The y-intercept is at the point (0,24). The graph has a minimum, because the
coefficient of x is positive.

Equation 2.

The graph has a minimum and has roots at (4,0) and (6,0).

Equation 3.

The graph has a minimum turning point at (5, 1).

If students struggle to write anything about Equation 3, ask:

How can we obtain the coordinates of the minimum from Equation 3?
To obtain the minimum value for y, what must be the value of x? How do you know?
Equation 3 shows that the graph has a minimum when x = 5. This is because (x 5)2 is always greater
than or equal to zero and it takes a minimum value of 0 when x = 5.
What do the equations have in common? [They are different representations of the same
function.]
Completed square form can also be referred to as vertex form.
Now write these two equations on the board:
4. y = (x + 4)(x 5)

5. y = 2(x + 4)(x 5)

What is the same and what is different about the graphs of these two equations? How do you
know?
For example, students may answer:

Both parabolas have roots at (4,0) and (5,0).

Both parabolas have a maximum turning point.

Equation 2 will be steeper than Equation 1 (for the same x value Equation 2s y value will be
double that of Equation 1).

Whole-class introduction to Dominos (10 minutes)

Organize the class into pairs. Give each pair of students cut-up dominos A, E, and H from Domino
Cards 1 and Domino Cards 2.
Explain to the class that they are about to match graphs of quadratics with their equations, in the same
way that two dominoes are matched. If students are unsure how to play dominos, spend a couple of
minutes explaining the game.
The graph on one domino is linked to its equations, which is on another domino.
Teacher guide

Representing Quadratic Functions Graphically

T-5

Place Card H on your desk. Figure out, which of the two remaining cards should be placed to the
right of card H and which should be placed to its left.
A

y = x + 2x 35
............................
............................

15

(-3,25) y

y = x 8x + 15
y = (x 3)(x 5)
3

y = (x 4) 2 1

y = x 6x + 16
y = (x + 8)(x 2)
-8

-4

y = (x + 3) 2 + 25

(0,-16)

Encourage students to explainwhy each form of the equation matches

the curve:
Dwaine, explain to me how you matched the cards.
Alex, please repeat Dwaines explanation in your own words.
Which form of the function makes it easy to determine the coordinates of the roots/y-intercept/
turning point of the parabola?
Are the three different forms of the function equivalent? How can you tell?
The parabola on Domino A is missing the coordinates of its minimum. The parabola on Domino H is
missing the coordinates of its y-intercept. Ask students to use the information in the equations to add
these coordinates.
What are the coordinates of the minimum of the parabola on Card A? What equation did you use
to work it out? [(4, 1).]
What are the coordinates of the y-intercept of the parabola on Card H? What equation did you
use to work it out? [(0,16).]
At this stage, students may find it helpful to write what each form of the function reveals about the
key features of its graph.
If you think students need further work on understanding the relationship between a graph and its
equations, then ask students to make up three different algebraic functions, the first in standard form,
the second in factored form, and the third in completed square form. Students are then to take these
equations to a neighboring pair and ask them to explain to each other what each equation reveals
about its curve.
Collaborative work: matching the dominos (20 minutes)
Give each pair of students all the remaining cut up Domino Cards.
Explain to students that the aim is to produce a closed loop of dominos, with the last graph connecting
to the equations on domino A. Students may find it easier to begin by laying the dominos out in a
long column or row rather than in a loop.
You may want to use Slide P-1 of the projector resource to display the instructions on how students
should work together:

Teacher guide

Representing Quadratic Functions Graphically

T-6

Matching Dominos
1. Take turns at matching pairs of dominos that you think belong
together.
2. Each time you do this, explain your thinking clearly and carefully to
your partner.
3. It is important that you both understand the matches. If you don't
agree or understand, ask your partner to explain their reasoning.
You are both responsible for each other s learning.
4. On some cards an equation or part of an equation is missing. Do
not worry about this, as you can carry out this task without this
information.

You have two tasks during small-group work: to make a note of student approaches to the task and
support student problem solving.
Projector resources

Forming Quadratics

P-1

Make a note of student approaches to the task

Notice how students make a start on the task, where they get stuck and how they respond if they do
come to a halt. You can use this information to focus a whole-class discussion at the end of the
lesson.
Support student problem solving
Try not to make suggestions that move students towards a particular approach to this task. Instead,
ask questions to help students clarify their thinking. If several students in the class are struggling with
the same issue, write a relevant question on the board. You might also ask a student who has
performed well on a particular part of the task to help a struggling student.
The following questions and prompts may be helpful:
Which form of the function makes it easy to determine the coordinates of the roots/y-intercept
/turning point of the parabola?
How many roots does this function have? How do you know? How are these shown on the graph?
Will this function be shaped like a hill or a valley? How do you know?
Sharing work (15 minutes)
As students finish matching the cards, ask one student from each group to visit another groups desk.
You may want to use Slide P-2 of the projector resource to display the following instructions:

Sharing Work
1. One student from each group is to visit another group's poster.
2. If you are staying at your desk, be ready to explain the reasons for your
group's matches.
3. If you are visiting another group:
Write your card matches on a piece of paper.
Go to another group's desk and check to see which matches are
different from your own.
If there are differences, ask for an explanation. If you still don't agree,
explain your own thinking.
When you return to your own desk, you need to consider as a pair
whether to make any changes to your own work.
Projector resources

Teacher guide

Forming Quadratics

Representing Quadratic Functions Graphically

P-2

T-7

Collaborative work: completing the equations (15 minutes)

Now you have matched all the domino cards, I would like you to use the information on the
graphs to fill in the missing equations and parts of equations.
You shouldnt need to do any algebraic manipulation!
Support the students as in the first collaborative activity.
For students who are struggling ask:
This equation is in standard form but the final number is missing. Looking at its graph, what is
the value for y when x is zero? How can you use this to complete the standard form equation?
You need to add the factored form equation. Looking at its graph, what is the value for x when y
is zero? How can you use this to complete the factored form equation?
Sharing work (10 minutes)
When students have completed the task, ask the student who has not already visited another pair to
check their answers against those of another pair of students. Students are to share their reasoning as
they did earlier in the lesson unit.
Extension work
If a pair of students successfully completes the task then they could create their own dominos using
the reverse side of the existing ones. To do this students will need to use algebraic manipulation to
figure out all three forms of the function. Once students have written on all the dominos they are to
give them to another pair to match up. This is a demanding task so you may want to limit the number
of dominos students use.
Whole-class discussion: overcoming misconceptions (15 minutes)
Organize a discussion about what has been learned. The intention is to focus on the relationships
between the different representations of quadratic functions, not checking that everyone gets the right
answers.
Ella, where did you place this card? How did you decide?
Ben, can you put that into your own words?
What are the missing equations for this graph? How did you work them out?
Did anyone use a different method?
How many coordinates do you need to figure out the equation of a parabola?
Show me. Does anyone agree/disagree?
Of the different forms of the equation of a parabola, is there anyone you prefer? Why?
What have you learnt about the key characteristics of parabolas and their equations.
Follow-up lesson: Reviewing the assessment task (10 minutes)
Return to the students their original assessment Quadratic Functions, as well as a second blank copy
of the task. If you have not added questions to individual pieces of work or printed a list of questions,
then write your list of questions on the board. Students should select from this list only those
questions they think are appropriate to their own work.
Look at your original responses and the questions (on the board/written on your script).
Answer these questions and revise your response.
Teacher guide

Representing Quadratic Functions Graphically

T-8

SOLUTIONS
Assessment task: Quadratic Functions
1.
a. A matches 3, because it has two positive roots and a positive y-intercept.
B matches 4, because it has one positive and one negative root.
C matches 1, because it is the only function with no roots.
D matches 2 because it is the only function with a maximum value.

2.

b.

P (6,8); Q (8,0); R(4,0); S(0, 48).

a.

y = (x 3)2 4 or y = x2 6x + 5

b.

y = (x 5)(x 1). The function crosses the x-axis at (5,0) and (1,0).

Collaborative work: Matching the dominos

Cards should be placed in this order:
y

A
15

y = x 2 + 2x 35
y = (x 5)(x + 7)
y = (x +1) 2 36

3
(-3,25) y

y = x 2 8x +15
y = (x 3)(x 5)
y = (x 4) 2 1

y = x 2 6x +16
y = (x + 8)(x 2)

-4

y = (x + 3) 2 + 25

y
15

y = x 2 16
y = (x 4)(x + 4)
y = (x 0) 2 16

-5

-3
(-4,-1)

y = x 2 + 8x +15
y = (x + 5)(x + 3)

17

y = (x + 4) 2 1

Teacher guide

(0,-16)

-8

Representing Quadratic Functions Graphically

(4,1)

T-9

y = x 2 8x +17
No roots
y = (x 4) 2 +1

x
y

16

y = x2
y = (x 0)(x 0)
y = (x 0) 2 + 0
y

(4,1)

y = x 2 8x +16
y = (x 4)(x 4)

y = (x 4) 2 + 0

-15

(4,0.5)

y = x 2 + 8x -15
y = (x 3)(x 5)
y = (x 4) 2 +1

-7.5

1
y = x 2 + 4 x 7.5
2
(x 3)(x 5)
y=
2
(x 4) 2 1
y=
+
2
2

y
-7

(-1,-36)

-35

Teacher guide

Representing Quadratic Functions Graphically

T-10

Quadratic Functions
1. Here are 4 equations of quadratic functions and 4 sketches of the graphs of quadratic functions.

A. y = x 2 - 6x + 8

1.

a.

B. y = (x - 6)(x + 8)

2.

D. y = -(x + 8)(x - 6)

C. y = (x - 6) 2 + 8

3.

4.

Match the equation to its graph and explain your decision.

Equation A matches Graph ....., because

Equation B matches Graph ....., because

Equation C matches Graph ....., because

Equation D matches Graph ....., because

b.

Write the co ordinates of the points: P (....,....)

Q(....,....)

R (....,....)

S (....,....)

2. The graph of a quadratic function has a y intercept at (0,5) and a minimum at (3, 4).
a.

Write the equation of its curve.

b.

Write the coordinates of the root(s) of this quadratic function.

Student materials

Representing Quadratic Functions Graphically

2015 MARS, Shell Center, University of Nottingham

S-1

Domino Cards: 1
A

y = x 2 + 2x - 35
y = .......................
y = .......................
B

y = x 2 + 8x..........
y = ......................
y = (x + 4)2 -1
C

y = x 2 - 8x..........
y = (x - 4)(x - 4)
y = .......................
D

y = -x 2 + 8x..........
y = .........................
y = -(x - 4)2 +1

y = -x 2 - 6x + 16
y = -(x + 8)(x - 2)
y = -(x + 3)2 + 25
Student materials

Representing Quadratic Functions Graphically

2015 MARS, Shell Center, University of Nottingham

S-2

Domino Cards: 2
F

y = x 2 ..................
y = (x - 4)(x + 4)
y = ......................
G

y = x 2 - 8x........
No roots
y = ......................
H

y = x 2 - 8x +15
y = (x - 3)(x - 5)
y = (x - 4)2 - 1
I

1
y = - x 2 + 4x..........
2
( x - 3)( x - 5)
y=2
y = ............................

y = x2
y = .....................
y = .....................

Student materials

Representing Quadratic Functions Graphically

2015 MARS, Shell Center, University of Nottingham

S-3

Matching Dominos
1. Take turns at matching pairs of dominos that you think belong
together.
2. Each time you do this, explain your thinking clearly and carefully to
your partner.
3. It is important that you both understand the matches. If you don't
agree or understand, ask your partner to explain their reasoning.
You are both responsible for each others learning.
4. On some cards an equation or part of an equation is missing. Do
not worry about this, as you can carry out this task without this
information.

Projector resources

Representing Quadratic Functions Graphically

P-1

Sharing Work
1. One student from each group is to visit another group's poster.
2. If you are staying at your desk, be ready to explain the reasons for your
group's matches.
3. If you are visiting another group:
Write your card matches on a piece of paper.
Go to another group's desk and check to see which matches are
different from your own.
If there are differences, ask for an explanation. If you still don't agree,
explain your own thinking.
When you return to your own desk, you need to consider as a pair
whether to make any changes to your own work.
Projector resources

Representing Quadratic Functions Graphically

P-2

Mathematics Assessment Project

Classroom Challenges
These materials were designed and developed by the
Shell Center Team at the Center for Research in Mathematical Education
University of Nottingham, England:
Malcolm Swan,
Nichola Clarke, Clare Dawson, Sheila Evans, Colin Foster, and Marie Joubert
with
Hugh Burkhardt, Rita Crust, Andy Noyes, and Daniel Pead

We are grateful to the many teachers and students, in the UK and the US,
who took part in the classroom trials that played a critical role in developing these materials
The classroom observation teams in the US were led by
David Foster, Mary Bouck, and Diane Schaefer

This project was conceived and directed for

The Mathematics Assessment Resource Service (MARS) by
Alan Schoenfeld at the University of California, Berkeley, and
Hugh Burkhardt, Daniel Pead, and Malcolm Swan at the University of Nottingham

Thanks also to Mat Crosier, Anne Floyde, Michael Galan, Judith Mills, Nick Orchard, and Alvaro
Villanueva who contributed to the design and production of these materials

This development would not have been possible without the support of
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
We are particularly grateful to
Carina Wong, Melissa Chabran, and Jamie McKee

The full collection of Mathematics Assessment Project materials is available from

http://map.mathshell.org

2015 MARS, Shell Center, University of Nottingham

This material may be reproduced and distributed, without modification, for non-commercial purposes,
under the Creative Commons License detailed at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/
All other rights reserved.
Please contact [email protected] if this license does not meet your needs.