USERS GUIDE

for Windows

19862000 Haestad Methods, Inc. All rights reserved.

WaterCAD v4 Users Guide (First Printing)

This book is published by Haestad Methods, Inc. and is intended for civil engineers and hydraulic
modelers (including professional engineers, technicians, and students). This book may not be
copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated, or converted to any electronic or machine-readable
form in whole or in part without prior written approval of Haestad Methods, Inc.
Trademarks

The following are registered trademarks of Haestad Methods, Inc.:

CulvertMaster, Cybernet, FlowMaster, PondPack, SewerCAD, StormCAD, and WaterCAD.
The following are trademarks of Haestad Methods, Inc.:
HECPack, POND-2, Graphical HEC-1, Graphical HEC-Pack.
Haestad Methods is a registered tradename of Haestad Methods, Inc.
AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk, Inc.
ESRI is a registered trademark of Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.
All other brands, company or product names, or trademarks belong to their respective holders.

37 Brookside Rd.
Waterbury, CT 06708-1499
Voice: (203) 755-1666
FAX: (203) 597-1488
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: http://www.haestad.com

Table of Contents


7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV
Table of Contents

Preface

xi

Chapter 1 - Orientation

1.1

What Is WaterCAD?

1.2

What is New in WaterCAD v4?

1.3

Installation, Upgrades, and Updates

1.3.1
Minimum System Requirements
1.3.2
Installing Haestad Methods Products
1.3.3
Uninstalling Haestad Methods Products
1.3.4
Troubleshooting Setup or Uninstall
1.3.5
Software Registration
1.3.6
Upgrades
1.3.7
Globe Button

2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5

1.4

Learning WaterCAD
1.4.1
WaterCAD Documentation
1.4.2
How to Use Help
1.4.3
How Do I?
1.4.4
Help Command
1.4.5
Glossary
1.4.6
Tutorials
1.4.7
Sample Projects
1.4.8
Haestad Methods Workshops

5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7

1.5

Contacting Haestad Methods

1.5.1
Sales
1.5.2
Technical Support
1.5.3
Your Suggestions Count
1.5.4
How to Contact Us

7
7
8
8
9

Chapter 2 - WaterCAD Main Window

11

2.1

Main Window Components

2.1.1
Stand-Alone Mode, AutoCAD Mode
2.1.2
WaterCAD Main Windows
2.1.3
Drawing Pane
2.1.4
Status Bar
2.1.5
Menus, Toolbars, and Shortcut Keys
2.1.6
Command Line

11
11
12
13
13
14
14

2.2

WaterCAD Menus
2.2.1
File Menu
2.2.2
Edit Menu

15
15
17

ii

Table of Contents
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
2.2.6
2.2.7
2.2.8

Analysis Menu
View Menu
Tools Menu
Draw Menu (in AutoCAD Mode Only)
Report Menu
Help Menu

19
20
21
22
22
23

2.3

WaterCAD Toolbars
2.3.1
Tool Pane Summary
2.3.2
The Tool Palette
2.3.3
Analysis Toolbar
2.3.4
Other Toolbar Buttons

23
24
25
25
25

2.4

The Status Bar

2.4.1
General Status Information
2.4.2
DXF Background Status
2.4.3
Cursor Location
2.4.4
Calculation Results Status
2.4.5
File Status

26
27
27
27
27
27

Chapter 3 - Quick Start Lessons

29

3.1

Lesson 1 Constructing a Network, Steady State Analysis

3.1.1
Part 1 Creating a New Project File
3.1.2
Part 2 Laying Out the Network
3.1.3
Part 3 Entering Data
3.1.4
Part 4 Entering Data through Dialogs
3.1.5
Part 5 Entering Data through FlexTables
3.1.6
Part 6 Performing a Steady State Analysis

29
30
31
32
33
36
37

3.2

Lesson 2 Extended Period Simulation

3.2.1
Part 1 Creating Demand Patterns
3.2.2
Part 2 Running an Extended Period Simulation

38
39
41

3.3

Lesson 3 Scenario Management

3.3.1
Part 1 Creating a New Alternative
3.3.2
Part 2 Editing and Creating Scenarios
3.3.3
Part 3 Calculate and Compare
3.3.4
Part 4 Physical Alternative

42
43
44
45
47

3.4

Lesson 4 Reporting Results

3.4.1
Part 1 Reports
3.4.2
Part 2 Tabular Reports (FlexTables)
3.4.3
Part 3 Create a Plan and Profile
3.4.4
Part 4 Contouring
3.4.5
Part 5 Element Annotation
3.4.6
Part 6 Color Coding

48
48
50
52
53
54
55

3.5

Lesson 5 Automated Fire Flow Analysis

3.5.1
Part 1 Inputting Fire Flow Data
3.5.2
Part 2 Calculating a Fire Flow Analysis
3.5.3
Part 3 Viewing Fire Flow Results

57
58
59
59

3.6

Lesson 6 Water Quality Analysis

3.6.1
Part 1 Computing Water Age
3.6.2
Part 2 Analyzing Constituent Concentrations
3.6.3
Part 3 Performing a Trace Analysis

60
61
62
64

3.7

Lesson 7 Data from External Sources

3.7.1
Part 1 Importing Shapefile Data
3.7.2
Part 2 Importing Data from a Database

64
65
72

Table of Contents

iii
3.7.3

Part 3 Converting CAD Drawing Entities

Chapter 4 - Starting a WaterCAD Project

81

87

4.1

File Management
4.1.1
Import Command
4.1.2
Multiple Sessions

87
88
88

4.2

Project Management
4.2.1
Project Setup Wizard
4.2.2
Creating a New Project
4.2.3
Opening an Existing Project
4.2.4
Saving a Project
4.2.5
Project Summary

88
88
89
89
90
90

4.3

Options
4.3.1
Global Options
4.3.2
Project Options
4.3.3
Drawing Options

90
90
92
93

4.4

FlexUnits
4.4.1
Set Field Options
4.4.2
Units
4.4.3
Display Precision
4.4.4
Scientific Notation
4.4.5
Minimum and Maximum Allowed Value
4.4.6
Flex Unit Table

95
95
96
96
96
97
97

Chapter 5 - Layout and Editing Tools

99

5.1

Graphical Editor
5.1.1
Working with Network Elements Within the Graphical Editor
5.1.2
Creating New Elements
5.1.3
Changing the Pipe Layout Tool to Insert a Different Type of Node
5.1.4
Morphing Elements
5.1.5
Splitting Pipes
5.1.6
Selecting Elements
5.1.7
Editing Elements
5.1.8
Moving Elements
5.1.9
Deleting Elements
5.1.10
Other Tools

99
99
99
100
100
101
101
102
102
103
103

5.2

Selection Sets
5.2.1
Selection Set Manager

103
103

5.3

Find Element

104

5.4

Zooming
5.4.1
Zoom Center
5.4.2
Aerial View

104
105
106

5.5

Drawing Review
5.5.1
Selection Tolerance

106
107

5.6

Relabel Elements
5.6.1
Relabel Elements Dialog
5.6.2
Relabel Operations
5.6.3
Elements Selected

107
107
108
108

5.7

Element Labeling

109

5.8

Quick View

110

iv

Table of Contents

Chapter 6 - Hydraulic Element Editors

111

6.1

Element Editors
6.1.1
Pressure Pipe Editor
6.1.2
Pressure Junction Editor
6.1.3
Tank Editor
6.1.4
Reservoir Editor
6.1.5
Pump Editor
6.1.6
Valve Editor

112
112
112
113
113
114
114

6.2

Element Editors Tabs

6.2.1
General Tab
6.2.2
Demand Tab
6.2.3
Section Tab
6.2.4
Controls Tab
6.2.5
Quality Tab
6.2.6
Fire Flow Tab
6.2.7
Cost Tab
6.2.8
User Data Tab
6.2.9
Messages Tab

115
115
124
124
125
127
128
130
131
132

6.3

Prototypes

132

6.4

User Data Extension

6.4.1
User Data Extension Dialog

133
133

6.5

Zone Manager
6.5.1
Zone Dialog

136
136

Chapter 7 - FlexTables

139

7.1

Tables

139

7.2

Table Manager
7.2.1
Creating New Tables
7.2.2
Editing Tables
7.2.3
Duplicating Tables
7.2.4
Deleting Tables
7.2.5
Renaming Tables
7.2.6
Resetting Tables

139
140
140
140
140
140
141

7.3

Table Setup Dialog

7.3.1
Table Type
7.3.2
Available Table Columns
7.3.3
Selected Table Columns
7.3.4
Table Manipulation Buttons
7.3.5
Allow Duplicate Columns

141
141
141
142
142
142

7.4

Table Window
7.4.1
Editing Tables
7.4.2
Sorting/Filtering Tables
7.4.3
Table Customization
7.4.4
Table Output

142
143
144
145
147

Chapter 8 - Scenarios and Alternatives

8.1

Alternatives
8.1.1
Alternatives Manager
8.1.2
Alternatives Editor
8.1.3
Physical Alternative
8.1.4
Demand Alternative

149
149
150
151
152
154

Table of Contents

v
8.1.5
8.1.6
8.1.7
8.1.8
8.1.9
8.1.10
8.1.11
8.1.12
8.2

Initial Settings Alternative

Operational Alternative
Age Alternative
Constituent Alternative
Trace Alternative
Fire Flow Alternative
Cost Alternative
User Data Alternative

Scenarios
8.2.1
Scenario Selection
8.2.2
Editing Scenarios
8.2.3
Scenario Manager
8.2.4
Scenario Wizard
8.2.5
Scenario Editor

Chapter 9 - Modeling Capabilities

154
155
156
156
156
156
158
159
159
159
160
160
162
164

167

9.1

Steady-State/Extended Period Simulation

167

9.2

Optional Analysis

168

9.3

Calibration

169

9.4

Check Data/Validate

170

9.5

Calculate Network

171

9.6

Fire Flow Analysis

9.6.1
Fire Flow Results
9.6.2
Not getting Fire Flow at a Junction Node

172
172
172

9.7

Water Quality Analysis

9.7.1
Age Analysis
9.7.2
Constituent Analysis
9.7.3
Trace Analysis

173
173
173
174

9.8

Calculation Options
9.8.1
Hydraulic Analysis Options
9.8.2
Water Quality Analysis Options

174
175
175

9.9

Patterns
9.9.1
Pattern Manager
9.9.2
Pattern Editor

175
176
177

Chapter 10 - Cost Estimating

10.1

Cost Manager
10.1.1
Cost Alternatives Manager
10.1.2
Unit Cost Functions
10.1.3
Cost Scenario Editor
10.1.4
Cost Scenario Batch Run

Chapter 11 - Presenting your Results

179
180
181
181
184
185

187

11.1

Element Annotation
11.1.1
Attribute Annotation Dialog
11.1.2
The Annotation Wizard

187
187
188

11.2

Color Coding
11.2.1
Color Coding Dialog

189
189

11.3

Reports

190

vi

Table of Contents

11.4

11.5

11.6

11.3.1
11.3.2
11.3.3
11.3.4
11.3.5
11.3.6
11.3.7
11.3.8
11.3.9
11.3.10

Predefined Reports
Element Details Report
Element Results Report
Tabular Report
Scenario Summary Report
Project Inventory Report
Calculation Results Table
Plan View Report
Calculation/Problem Summary Report
Contour Plan View

190
190
191
191
192
192
192
192
192
193

Graphs
11.4.1
11.4.2
11.4.3
11.4.4
11.4.5

Pump Curve
Tank Storage Curve
Junction Demand Graph
Pattern Graph and Report
Plotting a Variable vs Time

193
193
193
193
193
193

Contours
11.5.1
11.5.2
11.5.3
11.5.4
11.5.5

Contour Map Manager

Contour Plot
Contour Smoothing
Enhanced Pressure Contours
Spot Elevations

194
194
195
195
195
195

Profile
11.6.1
11.6.2
11.6.3
11.6.4
11.6.5

Profile Setup
Profile Plot
Export Profiles (in AutoCAD Mode)
Walk
Walk Selection

197
197
197
198
198
198

11.7

Scenario Comparison
11.7.1
Annotation Comparison Wizard
11.7.2
Scenario Comparison Window

198
198
199

11.8

Graphic Annotation
11.8.1
Legend

200
200

11.9

Preview Windows
11.9.1
Plot Window
11.9.2
Print Preview Window
11.9.3
Graph Options

201
201
201
201

11.10 Status Log

Chapter 12 - Engineering Libraries

12.1

Engineering Library Manager

12.1.1
Engineering Library Editor
12.1.2
Material Properties
12.1.3
Minor Loss Properties
12.1.4
Liquid Properties
12.1.5
Constituent Properties

Chapter 13 - GIS and Database Connections

13.1

Database Connections
13.1.1
Database Connection Manager
13.1.2
Standard Database Import/Export

203

205
205
206
207
207
208
208

211
213
213
213

Table of Contents

vii
Database Connection Editor
ODBC
Sharing Database Connections between Projects
Database Connection Example

215
218
219
220

Shapefile Connections
13.2.1
Shapefile Connection Manager
13.2.2
Shapefile Connection Editor
13.2.3
Shapefile Link Wizard
13.2.4
Import Shapefile Wizard
13.2.5
Export Shapefile Wizard
13.2.6
Sharing Shapefile Connections between Projects
13.2.7
Shapefile Format
13.2.8
Shapefile Connection Example

221
221
222
223
223
226
227
228
228

13.1.3
13.1.4
13.1.5
13.1.6
13.2

Chapter 14 - Exchanging Data with CAD Software

231

14.1

AutoCAD Polyline to Pipe Conversion

14.1.1
Polyline to Pipe Conversion Overview
14.1.2
Converting your Drawing in Multiple Passes
14.1.3
Polyline to Pipe Wizard

231
231
232
232

14.2

Import/Export of DXF Files

14.2.1
Import a DXF from AutoCAD or MicroStation
14.2.2
Exporting a DXF file
14.2.3
Redefining WaterCAD Blocks in AutoCAD
14.2.4
Advanced DXF Import Techniques

234
234
235
235
235

Chapter 15 - Additional Features of the AutoCAD Version

237

15.1

AutoCAD Environment
15.1.1
AutoCAD Mode Graphical Layout
15.1.2
Toolbars
15.1.3
Drawing Setup
15.1.4
Symbol Visibility
15.1.5
Rebuild Figure Labels

238
238
238
238
238
239

15.2

AutoCAD Project Files

15.2.1
Drawing Synchronization
15.2.2
Saving the Drawing as Drawing*.dwg

239
239
240

15.3

WaterCAD Element Properties

15.3.1
Select Layer
15.3.2
Select Text Style

240
240
240

15.4

Working with Elements

15.4.1
Edit Element
15.4.2
Deleting Elements
15.4.3
Modifying Elements

241
241
241
241

15.5

Working with Elements Using AutoCAD Commands

15.5.1
WaterCAD Custom AutoCAD Entities
15.5.2
AutoCAD Commands
15.5.3
Explode Elements
15.5.4
Moving Elements
15.5.5
Moving Element Labels
15.5.6
Snap Menu

242
242
242
242
242
243
243

15.6

Undo / Redo

243

15.7

Converting Native AutoCAD Entities to WaterCAD Elements

244

viii

Table of Contents
15.7.1
15.7.2
15.7.3
15.8

Converting Native AutoCAD Entities

Layout Pipe Using Entity
Change AutoCAD Entities to Pipes

Special Considerations
15.8.1
Import WaterCAD
15.8.2
Working with Proxies

Appendix A - Frequently Asked Questions

244
244
244
245
245
245

247

A.1

Import/Export Tips
A.1.1
Importing Data from Previous WaterCAD/Cybernet Versions
A.1.2
Transitioning from Cybernet v2
A.1.3
Importing EPANET Files
A.1.4
Importing KYpipe Data
A.1.5
Importing Spot Elevations
A.1.6
Exporting Spot Elevations
A.1.7
Importing Database and Shapefile data created with WaterCAD v3

247
248
249
252
252
252
252
253

A.2

Modeling Tips
A.2.1
Modeling a Hydropneumatic Tank
A.2.2
Modeling a Pumped Groundwater Well
A.2.3
Modeling Parallel Pipes
A.2.4
Modeling Pumps in Parallel and Series
A.2.5
Modeling Hydraulically Close Tanks
A.2.6
Modeling Fire Hydrants
A.2.7
Modeling a Connection to an Existing Water Main
A.2.8
Creating a System Head Curve
A.2.9
Top Feed/Bottom Gravity Discharge Tank
A.2.10
Pump Maintaining a Constant Downstream Pressure

253
253
254
255
255
256
256
256
258
259
260

A.3

Display Tips
A.3.1
Changing Units in a Column
A.3.2
Controlling Element and Label Sizing
A.3.3
Color Coding Elements
A.3.4
Reusing Deleted Element Labels

260
260
261
261
261

A.4

Editing Tips
A.4.1
Mouse Tips
A.4.2
Laying out a Pipe as a Multi-segmented Polyline
A.4.3
Changing a Pipe into a Multi-segmented Polyline

261
262
262
262

Appendix B - WaterCAD Theory

265

B.1

Pressure Network Hydraulics

B.1.1
Network Hydraulics Theory
B.1.2
The Energy Principle
B.1.3
The Energy Equation
B.1.4
Hydraulic and Energy Grades
B.1.5
Conservation of Mass and Energy
B.1.6
The Gradient Algorithm
B.1.7
Derivation of the Gradient Algorithm
B.1.8
The Linear System Equation Solver
B.1.9
Pump Theory
B.1.10
Pump Type
B.1.11
Valve Theory

265
265
266
267
267
268
269
269
271
272
274
275

B.2

Friction and Minor Losses

B.2.1
Friction Method Theory

275
275

Table of Contents

ix
B.2.2
B.2.3

Friction Loss Methods

Minor Losses

276
279

B.3

Water Quality Analysis

B.3.1
First-Order Reaction Rate Function
B.3.2
Reaction Rate Model
B.3.3
Mass Transfer Coefficient
B.3.4
Accuracy Issues in Water Quality Simulation with this Software
B.3.5
Age and Source Trace Analyses
B.3.6
Constituent Transport Equations
B.3.7
Water Quality Modeling Approaches
B.3.8
Discrete Volume Element Method (DVEM) Algorithm

280
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
286

B.4

Engineers Reference
B.4.1
Roughness Values, Mannings Equation
B.4.2
Roughness Values, Darcy-Weisbach Equation (Colebrook-White)
B.4.3
Roughness Values, Hazen-Williams Formula
B.4.4
Typical Roughness Values for Pressure Pipes
B.4.5
Fitting Loss Coefficients

287
288
289
290
291
292

Appendix C - Scenario Management Guide

293

C.1

About this Guide

293

C.2

Before Haestad Methods: Manual Scenarios

294

C.3

With Haestad Methods: Self-Contained Scenarios

295

C.4

The Scenario Cycle

295

C.5

Scenario Anatomy: Attributes and Alternatives

296

C.6

A Familiar Parallel

296

C.7

Scenario Behavior: Inheritance

297

C.8

Overriding Inheritance

298

C.9

Dynamic Inheritance

298

C.10 When are values local, and when are they inherited?

298

C.11 Minimizing Effort through Attribute Inheritance

299

C.12 Minimizing Effort through Scenario Inheritance

300

C.13 A Water Distribution Example

300

C.14 Building the Model (Average Day Conditions)

301

C.15 Analyzing Different Demands (Maximum Day Conditions)

301

C.16 Another Set of Demands (Peak Hour Conditions)

302

C.17 Correcting an Error

302

C.18 Analyzing Improvement Suggestions

303

C.19 Finalizing the Project

303

C.20 Conclusion

304

Appendix D - Haestad Methods Software

305

D.1

WaterCAD

305

D.2

SewerCAD

305

D.3

StormCAD

306

D.4

PondPack

306

Table of Contents
D.5

CulvertMaster

306

D.6

FlowMaster

307

References

309

Glossary

311

Index

319

Preface

xi



3UHIDFH

Thank you for purchasing WaterCAD. At Haestad Methods we pride ourselves in providing the
very best engineering software available. Our goal is to make software that is easy to install and
use, yet so powerful and intuitive that it anticipates your needs without getting in your way.
WaterCAD is a feature-rich program with extensive on-line documentation that is able to provide
a level of instruction appropriate to your needs. Do not be fooled by the existence of this users
guide. You do not need to read anything to get started!
When you first use the program, WaterCADs intuitive interface and interactive dialogs will guide
you. If you need more information, go to our comprehensive, context-sensitive, on-line help by
either pressing the Help button present in each dialog box, pressing the F1 key, or right-clicking
anywhere in a dialog. Help text regarding the area of the program in which you are working will
be displayed.
We are betting that you will be able to use our product right out of the package. If you know how
to run Setup within Windows, then go ahead and get right to work. Install WaterCAD, and enjoy!

Notes

Chapter 1 Orientation

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WaterCAD is a powerful yet easy to use program that helps engineers design and analyze complex
pressurized piping systems. WaterCADs powerful graphical interface (both in Stand-Alone and
AutoCAD mode) makes it easy to quickly lay out a complex network of pipes, tanks, pumps, and
more. You can use WaterCAD to:
Perform steady-state analyses of water distribution systems with pumps, tanks, and control
valves.
Perform extended period simulations to analyze the piping system's response to varying supply
and demand schedules.
Perform water quality simulations to determine the water source and age, or track the growth
or decay of a chemical constituent throughout the network.
Perform Fire Flow Analyses on your system to determine how your system will behave under
extreme conditions.
Use the powerful Scenario Management features to mix and match a variety of "What If?"
alternatives on your system. Create multiple sets of hydraulic, physical property, operational,
initial setting, fire flow, cost, and water quality alternatives. Create and run any number of
scenarios by mixing and matching alternatives, then view and compare the results quickly and
easily with WaterCAD's flexible scenario management feature.
The best introduction to WaterCAD is the One-Minute Tutorial. Explore WaterCAD
freely and remember that there is a lot of valuable information in on-line help.

 :KDWLV1HZLQ:DWHU&$'Y"
WaterCAD v4 includes a variety of new and enhanced features, including:
AutoCAD 2000 Support WaterCAD in AutoCAD mode (which is the upgrade for Cybernet
v3) can now run inside both AutoCAD 2000 and AutoCAD R14.
Microsoft Office 2000 Support Now supports Microsoft Excel 2000, and Access 2000.

Chapter 1 Orientation
Windows 2000 Support Now works with Windows 95, 98, NT 4.0, and Windows 2000.
Network Licensing Support Now gives you the option to purchase a license for multiple
concurrent users, managed by a network based administrator software.
User Data Extension User-defined attributes can now be added to supplement WaterCAD
with your own custom features. This data can then be used like any other WaterCAD data in
FlexTables, annotating, color coding, Database Connections, etc.
Polyline to Pipe Conversion Convert existing AutoCAD drawings directly to WaterCAD
models.
Element Relabeling Edit selected element labels to automatically renumber, replace or
append a prefix/suffix.
Aerial View Optional separate window used to facilitate zooming, panning, and locating a
small viewing area in the main window.
Aligning Pipe Labels Automatically aligns pipe labels and annotations with the associated
pipe.
Cost Estimating Calculate a planning level estimate of the capital cost associated with an
entire system or any portion of a system. This makes it easy to compare the costs associated
with the various scenarios, thus helping to ensure that the most cost-effective design is chosen.
Contouring by Selection Set Generate contours for any subset of elements.
Drawing Review Quickly review your network data for potential problems resulting from
data entry errors or data discrepancies in the source (database, Shapefile, or CAD drawing)
from which a model was imported.

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Below are the minimum and recommended system requirements for running WaterCAD without
significant delays. Note that some of the requirements for AutoCAD Mode, such as RAM, are
fairly high, due to the demands of AutoCAD and operating system demands, not WaterCAD itself.
6WDQG$ORQH0RGH
Processor:

Pentium-166

RAM:

32 Megabytes

Hard Disk:

25 Megabytes of free storage space, with additional room for data files

Operating System:

Windows 95 or later, or Windows NT 4.0

Display:

800 x 600 resolution, 256 colors

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Processor:

Pentium-166

RAM:

64 Megabytes

Hard Disk:

25 Megabytes of free storage space, with additional room for data files

Display:

800 x 600 resolution, 256 colors

Chapter 1 Orientation

5HFRPPHQGHG
While Haestad Methods software will perform adequately given the minimum system
requirements, performance will only improve with a faster system. Our products are designed to
perform at optimal levels with a fast CPU and ample amounts of RAM and free disk space. We
highly recommend running our software on the best system possible to maximize its potential,
especially for larger models containing thousands of pipes. We understand that an engineers time
is a valuable commodity, and we have designed our software to help make the most of that time.

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3URGXFWV
For Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT 4.0, and Windows 2000, follow these easy steps, for
installing a single user license copy of the program:
1.

If you have not done so, turn on your computer.

2.

Place the diskette labeled Disk 1 in the floppy disk drive (commonly the a: or b: drive).

3.

Place the CD in your CD-ROM drive (commonly the d: or e: drive).

4a. If the Autorun feature of the operating system is enabled, setup will begin automatically.
Proceed to step six.
4b. If Autorun is disabled, click the Start button on the task bar, select Run from the menu, and
type d:\setup (use the actual drive letter of the CD-ROM drive if it is not the d: drive), and
then click OK.
5.

Follow the instructions of the Setup Wizard.

If you own a network license version of the software, please refer to the accompanying
Network License Document. If you still have questions, consult our online
KnowledgeBase on our web site www.haestad.com or contact Haestad Methods technical
support.

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3URGXFWV
Haestad Methods products come with an uninstall option. After a single user license copy of a
Haestad Methods product is installed onto a computer, it must be uninstalled before a new
installation can occur.
To uninstall the program:
Click Start\Programs\Haestad Methods\Product_Name\Uninstall Product_Name. The original
floppy disk labeled Disk 1 that came with the product must be in the floppy drive at the time of
uninstalling.
If you own a network license version of the software, please refer to the accompanying
Network License Document.
If you still have questions, consult our online
KnowledgeBase on our web site www.haestad.com or contact Haestad Methods technical
support.

Chapter 1 Orientation

 7URXEOHVKRRWLQJ6HWXSRU8QLQVWDOO
Because of the multi-tasking capabilities of Windows 95, 98, 2000 and NT, you may have
applications running in the background that make it difficult for the setup routines to determine the
configuration of your current system. If you have difficulties during the install (setup) or uninstall
process, please try these steps before contacting our technical support staff:
1.

Restart your machine.

2.

Verify that there are no other programs running. You can see applications currently in use by
pressing Ctrl-Alt-Del in Windows 95, Windows 98 or 2000, or Ctrl-Shift-Esc in Windows
NT. Exit any applications that are running.

3.

Run setup or uninstall again without running any other program first.

If these steps fail to successfully install or uninstall the product, contact our support staff
immediately.

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During the installation of the program, a dialog will appear asking you to register the software.
Please note the label with your registration information is on the inside back cover of the manual.
Although this software is not copy protected, registration is required to unlock the software
capabilities for the hydraulic network size that you have licensed. All registration information
must be entered into the Registration dialog exactly as it appears on the label.
Company
City
State/Country
Registration Number
After you have registered the software, you can check your current registration status by opening
the registration dialog in the software itself.
To open the Registration dialog:
1.

Select Help\About Product_Name from the pull-down menu.

2.

Click the Registration button in the About Product_Name dialog.

The current registration status (number of licenses, expiration date, feature level, etc) will be
displayed.
Use the Print button to print a copy of the information shown in the Registration Form dialog.
Use the Copy button to place the registration information in the Windows Clipboard so that you
can paste it into another Windows application.
If you own a network license version of the software, please refer to the accompanying
Network License Document. If you still have questions, consult our online
KnowledgeBase on our web site www.haestad.com or contact Haestad Methods technical
support.

Chapter 1 Orientation

 8SJUDGHV
When you click the Registration button on the Help\About Product Name dialog, the current
registration status (number of licenses, expiration date, feature level, etc) is displayed. To upgrade
to more pipes or inlets, higher feature levels, or additional licenses, call Haestad Methods (see
Contacting Haestad Methods) to obtain a new registration number. We will have you up and
running in no time!

 *OREH%XWWRQ
Haestad Methods makes it easy to stay up-to-date with the latest advances in our software.
Software maintenance releases can be downloaded from the Haestad Methods web site quickly
and easily if you are a subscriber to our ClientCare Program. Just click the Globe icon on the tool
palette to launch your preferred web browser and open the Haestad Methods Program Update
web site. The web site will automatically check to see if your installed version is the latest
available, and if not, it will provide you with the opportunity to download the correct upgrade to
bring it up-to-date.
The ClientCare Program also gives you access to our extensive KnowledgeBase for answers to all
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). Contact our sales team for more information on our
ClientCare Program.

Use the Globe button

to keep your investment current.

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WaterCADs on-line documentation delivers extensive detail. Simply click the Help button, press
the F1 key, or right-click anywhere in the program to access context-sensitive help.
The WaterCAD Users Guide is provided to you as a means to read and learn about WaterCAD
while you are away from your computer. The topics you find in the Users Guide will also be
found in the on-line help.
The on-line help is typically more complete and up-to-date than the manual, as it is
refined with each new software update.
WaterCAD also contains on-line tutorials, lessons, and sample files to help you become familiar
with the softwares features and capabilities. The tutorials can be accessed by clicking
Help\Tutorials from the pull-down menu. The lessons can be found in the printed documentation
as well as in the on-line help. The sample files are located in your Haestad\Wtrc\Sample
directory.

 +RZWR8VH+HOS
All of our products feature extensive context-sensitive help. There are several ways to obtain help
on topics:

Chapter 1 Orientation

To get help for the window in which you are working, press the F1 key or click the Help
button.

To get help for a specific item, right-click the desired object and select Help from the pulldown menu.

To navigate within Help:

When you click text that is underlined, Help "jumps" to a related topic or definition. If the
text is dashed underlined, a pop-up window will appear.

To return to the previous topic, click the Back button at the top of the Help window.

To print a Help topic, click the Print button at the top of the Help window.

To make Help stay on top of other windows, open the main Help window and select
Options\Keep Help On Top\On Top from the pull-down menu.

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Suppose that a primary aspect of your project is to exchange data with ESRI (Environmental
Systems Research Institute, Inc.) Shapefiles. To obtain a detailed description on how to import
your shapefiles:
1.

Click Help\Contents to open the main Help window.

2.

On the left side of the Help window, select the Index tab. In the box where the cursor is
flashing, enter the word Shapefile

3.

This will automatically scroll through the topics and display a list of topics concerning
shapefiles. For instance, you can select Shapefile\Import. A sublist will pop up where you
can select Shapefile Import Example. A detailed Help topic will appear on the right.

 +RZ'R,"
"How Do I" is an easily referenced topic in WaterCADs on-line documentation. It is a listing of
commonly asked questions about WaterCAD. Follow these steps to find your way to How Do I:
1.

Click Help\How Do I from the pull-down menu.

2.

The listing of "How Do I" topics will appear. Click on the topic of your choice for a detailed
explanation.

3.

To return to the listing of "How Do I" questions, click the Back button.

 +HOS&RPPDQG
Access the Help menu. Using the Help command is the same as selecting
Help from the pull-down menu.

 *ORVVDU\
The glossary contains many terms used throughout the dialogs and the on-line Help.
To use the Glossary:
1.

Click Help\Contents... to open the main Help window.

2.

Click the Contents tab, then double-click the Glossary book.

Chapter 1 Orientation

3.

Click the Glossary page and the Glossary topic will appear.

4.

Click the first letter of the word for which you are looking for more information.

5.

Click the term and a pop-up box will appear with a definition of the selected word.

 7XWRULDOV
The tutorials, along with the lessons located in Chapter 3, quickly introduce you to specific
features of the program. To access the tutorials click Help\Tutorials from the pull-down menus.
Run a tutorial by selecting one of the entries in the list and clicking the OK button. End a tutorial
at any time by either pressing the Esc key (in Stand-Alone mode), or by clicking the cross in the
upper right-hand corner of any tutorial dialog. If you need further information, access our on-line
help by pressing the F1 key.

 6DPSOH3URMHFWV
1.

Select the File\Open command from the pull-down menu to access the Open Project File
dialog.

2.

Choose EXAMPLE?.WCD (or EXAMPLE?.DWG, if using WaterCAD in AutoCAD mode)

from the Sample directory, and click Open.

These are working network models, so you can explore the systems and see how different
elements are modeled. First, calculate the system by using the GO button on the main toolbar.
Then use Quick View, Graphs, Profiles, Tabular views, Detailed Reports, Color Coding, and
Contouring to see how the system behaves. To get the best introduction to a new feature, try
running some of the tutorials.

 +DHVWDG0HWKRGV
:RUNVKRSV
Haestad Methods offers a variety of workshops dealing with topics ranging from urban stormwater
management to water distribution modeling, alternating theory, modeling insights and hands-on
practice with software instruction. These workshops are held at various locations, and include
discounted pricing when purchasing Haestad Methods software.
For more information on our workshops (such as instructors, schedules, pricing, and locations),
please contact our sales department, or visit our web site at www.haestad.com for current
workshop schedules and locations. We will be glad to answer any questions you may have
regarding the workshops and our other products and services.
Haestad Methods offers a range of other training services including on-site training and on-line
training.
For detailed information on the availability of these options, visit
www.haestad.com/education.

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 6DOHV
Haestad Methods professional staff is ready to answer your questions Monday through Friday
during Haestad Methods normal operating hours.

Chapter 1 Orientation
Please contact your sales representative for any questions regarding Haestad Methods latest
products and prices.
Fax:

+1-203-597-1488

Phone:

+1-203-755-1666

Email:

[email protected]

 7HFKQLFDO6XSSRUW
We hope that everything runs smoothly and you never have a need for our technical support staff.
However, if you do need support our highly skilled staff offers their services seven days a week,
and may be contacted by phone, fax, and the Internet. For information on the various levels of
support that we offer, contact our sales team today and request information on our ClientCare
Program.
When calling for support, in order to assist our technicians in troubleshooting your problem,
please be in front of your computer and have the following information available:
Operating system your computer is running (Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, etc.)
Name and version number of the Haestad Methods software you are calling about
Version of AutoCAD you are running (if applicable)
Any error messages or other information that was generated
A note of exactly what you were doing when you encountered the problem
When e-mailing or faxing for support, please provide the following additional details to
enable us to provide a timely and accurate response:
Company name, address, and phone number
A detailed explanation of your concerns
Hours:
Monday - Friday:

9:00 AM to 8:00 PM EST

Saturday and Sunday:

9:00 AM to 5:00 PM EST

You can contact our technical support team at:

Phone: +1-203-755-1666
Fax:

+1-203-597-1488

e-mail: [email protected]

 <RXU6XJJHVWLRQV&RXQW
At Haestad Methods, we strive to continually provide you with sophisticated software and
documentation. We are very interested in hearing your suggestions for improving our products,
our on-line Help system, and our printed manuals. Your feedback will guide us in developing
products that will make you more productive.
Please let us hear from you!

Chapter 1 Orientation

 +RZWR&RQWDFW8V
Internet:

http://www.haestad.com

Email:

[email protected]
[email protected]

Fax:

+1-203-597-1488

Phone:

+1-203-755-1666

Mail:

Haestad Methods
37 Brookside Road
Waterbury, CT 06708-1499
USA

Notes

Chapter 2 WaterCAD Main Window

11

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:DWHU&$'0DLQ:LQGRZ

If you are already familiar with standard Windows interfaces, you will find WaterCAD to be
intuitive and comfortable. Even if you are not accustomed to Windows standards, just a few
minutes of exploring WaterCAD should be enough to acquaint you with the flexibility and power
that this program offers.
In this chapter, we will examine the programs main window, menus, and toolbars. After reading
this chapter, you should be able to interact with this software in a quick and efficient manner.
Additional tools for layout, annotating, and editing are described in the chapter "Layout and
Editing Tools".

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Both the Stand-Alone graphical editor and the AutoCAD interface perform actions through the
WaterCAD model server.
This use of a common central model enables both modes to perform the same functions with the
same behaviors. For example, graphical layout and model management are virtually identical
between the two modes.
Because of the common WaterCAD model server, model data is easily shared between
AutoCAD and Stand-Alone modes.
One advantage of Stand-Alone mode is that your interaction is more streamlined and dynamic by
virtue of the fact that the editing environment is a dedicated network editor. Also, since AutoCAD
is not needed to run in Stand-Alone mode, less system resources and memory are required.
A significant advantage of the AutoCAD mode is that you can create and model your network
directly within your primary drafting environment. This gives you access to all of AutoCADs
powerful drafting and presentation tools, while still enabling you to perform WaterCAD modeling
tasks like editing, solving, and data management. This relationship between WaterCAD and
AutoCAD enables extremely detailed and accurate mapping of model features, and provides the
full array of output and presentation features available in AutoCAD. This facility provides the
most flexibility and the highest degree of compatibility with other CAD-based applications and
drawing data maintained at your organization.

12

Chapter 2 WaterCAD Main Window

AutoCAD mode is an available feature level. Contact us to upgrade your WaterCAD

Stand-Alone version to include the AutoCAD integration feature level.

 :DWHU&$'0DLQ:LQGRZV
Both the WaterCAD Stand-Alone interface and the AutoCAD interface have many components
common to Windows-based programs. The following figures illustrate some of the important
areas that make up the WaterCAD Stand-Alone and AutoCAD 2000 interfaces (the WaterCAD
main window looks fairly similar in AutoCAD R14 and AutoCAD 2000):

WaterCAD Stand-Alone Interface

Chapter 2 WaterCAD Main Window

13
WaterCAD AutoCAD 2000 Interface

Notice that many of the window components (such as the menus and toolbars) are very similar for
the Stand-Alone editor and AutoCAD. Other features (such as the command line) are only
available in AutoCAD.
For more information regarding the various functions and behaviors of AutoCAD, please refer to
AutoDesks documentation.

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The drawing pane, the center of WaterCADs graphical activity is where the water network
elements are displayed. It is the main interactive area for creating elements, editing data, and even
displaying results.
In Stand-Alone mode, the drawing pane can also display a background DXF image. This
background can be helpful for aligning and positioning elements, as well as adding additional
drafting elements for printing plan views.
In AutoCAD, the drawing pane is where all graphical elements, not just WaterCAD entities, are
displayed and manipulated. Lines, arcs, text, and many other drafting elements can be created and
modified within the drawing pane.

 6WDWXV%DU
The status bar, located at the bottom of the window, provides relevant messages about the current
state of the model and information about the drawing pane. This information includes things such
as cursor location, calculation status, and drawing mode.

14

Chapter 2 WaterCAD Main Window

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Anyone who has ever watched someone else use a computer should realize that not all people use
computers in the same way. Some prefer to primarily use the mouse, some the keyboard, and
others use a mixture of both.
For this reason, Haestad Methods programs provide access to the most common features through
several means, including:
Pull-Down Menus
Toolbars
Shortcut Keys
Command Line (AutoCAD Only)

3XOOGRZQ0HQXV
As with any Windows-based program, the menu system provides easy access to many features.
Items can be accessed by clicking the desired menu text, or by pressing the Alt key to activate the
menus and then pressing the key for the underlined letter of the menu item you wish to access.
For example, to open an existing file you can use the mouse to select File\Open or you can press
the Alt and F keys (Alt + F), then O on the keyboard.

7RROEDUV
The toolbar buttons offer one-click access to some of the most commonly used features, giving
you even quicker passage to the most frequent actions.
For example, to open an existing file (the equivalent of selecting File\Open from the pull-down
menus), simply click the File Open Button

6KRUWFXW.H\V
Shortcut keys are the keyboard equivalent of toolbars. Key combinations usually a simultaneous
application of the Ctrl (Control) key and a letter key can provide instant access to common
features. If a shortcut is available for a menu item, it will be indicated in the menu itself.
For example, to open an existing file (the equivalent of selecting File\Open from the menus) you
can simply press the Ctrl and O keys (Ctrl + O) at the same time.

 &RPPDQG/LQH
The command line is a special area that is not available in Stand-Alone mode. This area enables
you to type commands directly, rather than using the menus, toolbars, or shortcut keys.
For example, to open an existing AutoCAD file (the equivalent of selecting File\Open from the
pull-down menus) you can simply type the command OPEN at the AutoCAD command line.
Many of AutoCADs commands are easy to enter at the command line, including accessing
drafting tools (like LINE and CIRCLE) and editing tools (like MOVE and ERASE). Note that

Chapter 2 WaterCAD Main Window

modeling elements can also be manipulated through the AutoCAD command line, just as they can
be manipulated via the menus or toolbars.
For more information on the AutoCAD command line, please see the AutoCAD documentation.

 :DWHU&$'0HQXV
Although the toolbars and shortcut keys provide quick and easy access to commonly used features,
the pull-down menu system provides much more comprehensive access to WaterCADs properties
and behaviors. Since toolbar buttons and shortcut keys do not exist for all of these features, the
menus are a logical choice for exploring all areas of WaterCAD. This section will introduce you
to many of the things you can do with the menus in WaterCAD and show you how you can access
these features, including the toolbar buttons and shortcut keys that are available.
Commands are grouped under several menus, which are nearly identical between Haestad
Methods products. This makes any Haestad Methods product look very familiar once you already
know one. The menu system for WaterCAD consists of the following selections:
File
Edit
Analysis
View
Tools
Report
Help

 )LOH0HQX
The File menu contains many of the items dealing with project management. It provides features
to create, read, write, and print project files, as well as features for sharing data with databases and
GIS systems.
New Create a new project. When you choose this item, a dialog will appear so that you can
enter a drive, directory, and filename for your new project file. The Project Setup Wizard will
then help you set up your new project.
Toolbar Button:
Shortcut Key: Ctrl + N
Open Load an existing project file from disk. When you select this item, a dialog will
appear so that you can choose the name and location of the project you want to open.
Toolbar Button:
Shortcut Key: Ctrl + O

15

16

Chapter 2 WaterCAD Main Window

Save Save the current project file to disk. While saving the project file, the status pane will
briefly display a message to show you the progress of the save command.
Toolbar Button:
Shortcut Key: Ctrl + S
Save As Save the current project to disk under a different filename. When you use this
command, a dialog will appear prompting you to enter the drive, directory, and a new file
name for your project.
Project Summary Access the Project Summary information, such as the project title and the
project engineer.
Import\Database Import data from a Microsoft Access database (*.mdb) using one of the
standard database import connections.
Import\Shapefile Build network elements from ESRI shapefiles. This command will start
the Shapefile Wizard, which will help you bring the GIS elements and their associated data
into your project.
Import\Polyline to Pipe (Stand-Alone mode only) Build network elements from a DXF
file. This command will start the Polyline to Pipe Wizard, which will help you convert
polyline data representing geographical data into your project as pipes and nodes.
A similar command called Change Entities to Pipes is available in the AutoCAD
version under the Edit menu.
Import\Network Import data from KYpipe v1, v2 or v3, EPANet v1 and v2, or Cybernet v1
and v2 file.
WaterCAD v3 projects should simply be opened in WaterCAD v4 (as any WaterCAD v4
project), without using the Import command. However, once you save the project in
WaterCAD v4, the project files cannot be opened in WaterCAD v3 any longer.
Import\Spot Elevations Bring spot elevation data from a space or comma delimited ASCII
file in a variety of formats.
Import\DXF Background (Stand-Alone mode only) Bring a DXF drawing file into your
project as a background map. This command will open a dialog that prompts you to select the
name and location of the desired DXF file.
Import\WaterCAD (AutoCAD mode only) Import a Stand-Alone WaterCAD file (*.wcd)
into WaterCAD in AutoCAD mode.
Export\Database Export data to a new Microsoft Access database (*.mdb) using one of the
standard database connections.
Export\Shapefile Export your project to shapefile format in GIS applications. This
command will start the Shapefile Wizard, which will help you create shapefiles with the
desired project elements and associated data.
Export\Spot Elevations Export spot elevation data to a space or comma delimited ASCII
file in a variety of formats.

Chapter 2 WaterCAD Main Window

Export\DXF File Export the entire network drawing to a DXF format, which can be read by
all popular CAD programs. This command will open a dialog prompting you to enter the
name and location for the DXF file you would like to create.
Synchronize\Database Connections Access the Database Connection Manager, which
allows you to share WaterCAD data with external databases, spreadsheets, and other ODBC
compliant files. Details of this comprehensive feature are explained in the section entitled
"GIS and Database Connections".
Synchronize\Shapefile Connections Access the Shapefile Connection Manager, which
allows you to share WaterCAD data with external GIS systems. Details of this feature are
explained in the section entitled "GIS and Database Connections".
Print Print the current view of the project drawing to a printer. Profiles and tabular reports
are printed from their respective windows. The print command invokes the standard Print
dialog, which allows you to select the printer and set up properties to be used.
Shortcut Key: Ctrl + P
Print Preview Open the Print Preview dialog for the current view of the project drawing.
This feature allows you to see the drawing as it will be printed before sending it to the printer.
Toolbar Button:
Printer Setup Select the default printer for WaterCAD to use. You can also use this
command to change options related to the printer driver, such as resolution, portrait or
landscape orientation, and other printer details.
1, 2, etc. The most recently opened project files appear at the bottom of the File menu.
Using this file list, you can quickly select and open a recently used file without locating its
drive and directory.
Exit Close the current project and exit WaterCAD. If you made any changes to the current
project, you will be asked if you want to save the project before you exit WaterCAD.
Shortcut Key: Alt + F4

 (GLW0HQX
The Edit menu provides access to basic commands for controlling WaterCAD elements, including
element navigation, selection, deletion, and undo and redo.
,Q6WDQG$ORQHPRGH
Undo [Last Action Performed] Reverse the last reversible action performed. Reversible
actions include things such as element creation, deletion, editing, and moves. The Undo
command cannot reverse the effects of some model actions, such as calculation, database
synchronization, scenario creation, and tabular edits. Additionally, to ensure that the model is
maintained in a consistent state, the undo/redo history will be flushed whenever an irreversible
menu or button command is issued.
Shortcut Key: Ctrl + Z
Redo [Last Action Undone] Reverse the effects of the last undone action. Any action that
can be undone can be redone.
Shortcut Key: Ctrl + Y

17

18

Chapter 2 WaterCAD Main Window

Delete Erase selected elements. Deleting an element removes it from all aspects of the
project, including all scenarios.
Shortcut Key: Delete
Select\All Select all of the elements in the current project.
Shortcut Key: Ctrl + A
Select\By Element\[Element Type] Select all elements of a certain type such as all pipes or
all junctions.
Select\By Selection Set Select the elements contained in a predefined selection set.
Select\Clear Selection Reset (empty) the current selection set.
Find Element open the Find Element dialog, which allows you to locate an element and
bring it to the center of the drawing pane. This element search is based on the element label
(note that this is not case sensitive).
Shortcut Key: Ctrl + F
Drawing Review Open the Drawing Review window to isolate elements that may need to
be scrutinized for potential problems (orphaned nodes, elements with messages, superposed
nodes, etc).
,Q$XWR&$'PRGH
(WaterCAD) Undo [Last Action Performed] Reverse the last reversible action performed.
Reversible actions include such things as element creation, deletion, editing, and moves. The
effects of some model actions cannot be reversed, such as calculation, database
synchronization, scenario creation, and tabular edits. Additionally, to ensure that the model is
maintained in a consistent state the undo/redo history will be flushed whenever an irreversible
menu or button command is issued.
(WaterCAD) Redo [Last Action Undone] Reverse the effects of the last undone action.
Any action that can be undone can be redone.
Cut Delete the selected entities and place them on the Windows clipboard. These items can
be pasted into other Windows programs, or back into AutoCAD.
Shortcut Key: Ctrl+X
Copy Place the selected entities from the current AutoCAD drawing on the Windows
clipboard.
Shortcut Key: Ctrl+C
Paste Place the items on the Windows clipboard into the current AutoCAD drawing.
Shortcut Key: Ctrl+V
Paste Special Place special items located on the Windows clipboard, such as Excel
Spreadsheets and Word documents, into the current AutoCAD drawing.
Select\All Select all of the elements in the current project.
Select\By Element\[Element Type] Select all elements of a certain type, such as all pipes or
all junctions.
Select\By Selection Set Select the elements contained in a predefined selection set.
Select\Clear Selection Reset (empty) the current selection set.

Chapter 2 WaterCAD Main Window

Edit Element Open an elements dialog. Select this item from the pull-down menu and
click the element you wish to edit.
Edit Elements Edit a group of elements. Select this item from the pull-down menu, then
select a group of elements using the crosshairs or by windowing an area. After the elements
have been selected, right-click and the Table Manager dialog will appear. The selected
elements will be reported in the tables.
Modify Elements\Scale Elements Scale the symbols representing the elements in the
current selection set.
Modify Elements\Rotate Labels Rotate the labels of the elements in the current selection
set.
Modify Pipes\Insert Bend Insert a bend along a selected Pressure Pipe Element.
Modify Pipes\Remove Bend Delete a bend along a selected Pressure Pipe Element.
Modify Pipes\Remove All Bends Delete all the bends along a selected Pressure Pipe
Element.
Modify Pipes\Change Widths Change the Width of the lines representing pipes.
Change Entities to Pipes Build network elements from AutoCAD entities. This command
will start the Polyline to Pipe Wizard, which will help you convert the desired polylines
representing geographical data into pipes.
A similar command called Import Polyline to Pipe is available in the Stand-Alone
version (under the File pull-down menu).
Find Element Open the Find Element dialog, which allows you to locate an element and
bring it to the center of the drawing pane. This element search is based on the element label
and is not case sensitive.
Review Drawing Open the Drawing Review window, which is used to isolate elements that
need to be scrutinized for potential problems (orphaned nodes, elements with messages,
superimposed nodes, etc).

 $QDO\VLV0HQX
The Analysis menu contains items useful for managing calculations. These include the scenario
and alternative managers and the calculation commands.
Scenarios Access the Scenario Manager, allowing you to analyze and recall an unlimited
number of "What If?" alternative calculations for your model.
Alternatives Access the Alternative Manager, allowing you to organize your data into
building blocks to be combined to form scenarios.
Patterns Access the Hydraulic and Constituent load managers, allowing you to define
automatic time-variable changes within the system.
Zones- Define zones in which to place network elements.
Cost Computing Open the Cost Manager in order to view, edit, or perform Cost Estimating
calculations.
Toolbar Button:

19

20

Chapter 2 WaterCAD Main Window

Calculation Open the Calculation dialog, which gives you access to items such as
calculation options and referenced alternatives.
Toolbar Button:

 9LHZ0HQX
In both AutoCAD and Stand-Alone mode, the View menu provides access to tools dealing with
the drawing pane, toolbar visibility, and so forth. Note that the Stand-Alone menu items do not
include panning, since it can be accomplished simply by using the scroll bars adjacent to the
drawing pane.
,Q6WDQG$ORQHPRGH\RXDUHSURYLGHGZLWKWKHIROORZLQJWRROV
Zoom In Enlarge the current view of the drawing.
Toolbar Button:
Shortcut Key: + (Keypad)
Zoom Out Reduce the current view of the drawing.
Toolbar Button:
Shortcut Key: - (Keypad)
Zoom Window Activate the user-defined zoom tool. This tool enables you to select the
corners of the area within the drawing pane that you wish to enlarge.
Toolbar Button:
Zoom Extents Reset the drawing zoom factor such that all elements are displayed in the
drawing pane.
Toolbar Button:
Zoom Previous Return the drawing pane to the most recent view.
Toolbar Button:
Zoom Center Open the Zoom Center dialog, which enables you to specify the central
coordinates and zoom factor to change the view in the drawing pane.
Aerial View Enable or disable the Aerial View window. This window allows you to display
a second view of the drawing at a larger scale.
Quick View Enable or disable the Quick View window, which allows you to quickly view
input and output data for any element.
Toolbar Button:
Toolbars\Standard Toggle the display of the Standard toolbar at the top of the window,
which provides shortcuts to the most commonly used commands.

Chapter 2 WaterCAD Main Window

Toolbars\Analysis Toolbar Toggle the display of the Analysis toolbar, which includes the
scenario selection list and buttons to access the Scenario Manager and Cost Manager.
Status Pane Toggle the display of information at the bottom of the window regarding your
current project.
Background Toggle the visibility of the projects DXF background. Note that if there is no
DXF background specified for the current project, this menu item will be disabled.
In AutoCAD mode, refer to the AutoCAD on-line help.

 7RROV0HQX
The Tools menu provides general tools for placing or modifying graphical elements, annotating,
color coding, contouring, changing the projects options, etc.
Selection Sets Access the Selection Set dialog, which allows you to create selection sets of
elements based on element labels, element types, filters, and other means.
Color Coding Open the Color Coding dialog, which allows you to control the display of
elements based on value ranges such as pipe diameter, hydraulic grade, and so forth.
Toolbar Button:
Element Annotation Access the Element Annotation dialog, which allows you to display
element attribute labeling, such as pipe diameter and pipe flow.
Toolbar Button:
Profiling Open the Profile Setup dialog, which allows you to generate a profile of your
piping system along a specified path.
Toolbar Button:
Contouring Access the Contour Map Manager to create and view contours.
Toolbar Button:
Relabel Elements Open the Relabel Elements dialog, which enables you to renumber some
or all of your project elements.
Element Labeling Set the format for the labels applied to elements as they are added to the
drawing.
Prototypes Specify the default values for new network elements.
Engineering Libraries Declare the paths to and edit the libraries used in this project.
User Data Extension Open the User Data Extension dialog, where you can add and define
custom data fields. For instance, you can add new fields such as the pipe installation date.
FlexUnits Open the FlexUnits dialog, where you can control units and display precision for
any parameter. Note that you can also change the unit and display precision of variables from
several other areas within the program.

21

22

Chapter 2 WaterCAD Main Window

Layout\Select Activate the selection tool used to highlight elements. Once elements are
selected, they may be moved or edited.
Toolbar Button:
Layout\[Element Type] Activate the corresponding element tool to place elements in the
graphical editor.
Tool Palette:
Layout\Spot Elevation Activate the spot elevation tool, used to add spot elevations.
Toolbar Button:
Layout\Graphic Annotation (Stand-Alone mode only). Activate various annotation tools,
which enable you to add lines, borders, and text elements to the project drawing.
Toolbar Button:
Layout\Legend Activate the legend tool used to add a key for the current drawing color
coding for links and nodes.
Toolbar Button:
Options Specify settings for the current project, such as the friction method, coordinate
system, unit system, and auto-prompting.
Element Properties (AutoCAD mode only). Control on which layer each type of object and
its associated text is placed. Also controls the text style for labels and annotations.
Preferences (AutoCAD mode only). Activate the AutoCAD Preferences command in order
to edit general AutoCAD settings.

 'UDZ0HQXLQ$XWR&$'0RGH2QO\

This is only available in the AutoCAD mode. The Draw menu provides access to a variety of
AutoCAD commands. Refer to the standard AutoCAD help system for more information.

 5HSRUW0HQX
The Report menu provides access to a collection of preformatted textual and graphical reports.
Furthermore, the report menu provides access to FlexTables, which enable you to create your own
custom reports.
Report\Element Details Open the Detailed Reports dialog, which enables you to print
detailed reports for any set of elements.
Report\Element Results Open the Analysis Results dialog, which enables you to print
reports of the results for any set of elements.
Tables Access the Table Manager, which enables you to open predefined tables or generate
your own custom tables.
Toolbar Button:

Chapter 2 WaterCAD Main Window

Scenario Summary Generate a report for the current scenario, including an alternative
summary, calculation options, and so forth.
Project Inventory Generate a report summarizing the project elements, including the
number and breakdown of pipes, the number of manholes, and so forth.
Plan View Generate plan view printable reports of the network for either the current drawing
display (Current View) or the entire drawing extents (Full View).

 +HOS0HQX
The Help menu contains items that relate to on-line documentation for WaterCAD (which
includes the information contained in the printed documentation, as well as updated information
and built-in tutorials).
Help menu items can also be accessed from the Help button:
Contents Open the Table of Contents for the on-line Help.
Toolbar Button:
How to Use Help Access instructions for using the Help system.
AutoCAD Help Topics Access the AutoCAD on-line Help.
Release Notes Provide the latest information on the current version of WaterCAD. This
topic, which takes the place of a ReadMe file, includes information about new features, tips,
performance tuning, and other general information.
Services The services menu items will open an Internet browser on Haestad Methods
internet site or a local page that provides an overview of the services and products offered by
Haestad Methods. In the local page, accessed by selecting Content, there are links to Haestad
Methods Internet sites, which are updated frequently.
Welcome Dialog (In Stand-Alone mode only). Open the Welcome dialog, which is also
shown at program startup.
Tutorials Access the interactive tutorials, which guide you through many of the programs
features. Tutorials are a great way to become familiar with new features.
Using WaterCAD Open a Help topic with an Introduction to WaterCAD and related
elementary information.
How Do I Provide instructions for tasks commonly performed within the program, as well as
frequently asked questions.
About WaterCAD Open a dialog displaying product and registration information.

 :DWHU&$'7RROEDUV
The toolbar buttons are grouped based on functionality, so element creation tools are all together
in the tool palette, results tools are all together on the tool pane, and so forth.
In AutoCAD mode, some tools are provided by AutoCAD itself (such as file, open and
save, zoom, and so forth), so these tools are not included on the WaterCAD toolbars.

23

24

Chapter 2 WaterCAD Main Window

 7RRO3DQH6XPPDU\
The tool pane contains buttons for project management, data management, and results
presentation.
)LOH7RROV6WDQG$ORQH2QO\
New Create a new project.
Open Open an existing project.
Save Save the current project.
Print Preview View a print preview of the current view.
=RRP7RROV6WDQG$ORQH2QO\
Zoom Extents Zoom to the full extents of the drawing.
Zoom In
Zoom Out
Zoom Window Zoom to an area selected by you.
Zoom Previous Zoom to the previous view.
&DOFXODWLRQDQG'DWD0DQDJHPHQW7RROV
GO Open the Calculation dialog for the current scenario.
Tabular Reports- Open the Table Manager dialog.
5HSRUWLQJ7RROV
Color Coding Color code the network.
Annotation Annotate elements with input or output data.
Profile Open the Profile wizard to develop a network profile.
Contours Open the Contours window to generate countours of various atributes.
Quick View Open the Quick View window for easy data viewing.

Chapter 2 WaterCAD Main Window

25

8SGDWHVDQG+HOS7RROV
Globe If you are connected to the Internet, this will take you to Haestad
Methods web site for product updates and other services.
Help Access the on-line help system.

 7KH7RRO3DOHWWH

The tool palette contains a Select tool, Network Element tools, and Annotation tools.
The Select tool allows you to select elements for group editing, detailed reporting, deleting, or
moving elements.
The Network Element tools allow you to add elements to your network. These tools can also
be used to split pipes, morph nodes, and add spot elevation elements.
The Annotation tools can be used to add legends to your drawing. In Stand-Alone mode, you
can also add polylines, borders, and text to your drawing.
Click a tool to select it as the active tool. In Stand-Alone mode, when a tool is selected it
will be highlighted, and the cursor appearance will change to reflect the active tool.

In Stand-Alone mode, right-click the tool palette to access the Prototype Manager for
setting the default data for each type of network element.

 $QDO\VLV7RROEDU
The analysis toolbar displays the active scenario and provides a means for changing the current
scenario and accessing the scenario manager. All input and output information displayed in the
tables, profiles, element dialogs, and annotation will be related to the active scenario shown in the
analysis toolbar.

You can change the current scenario from the list box. You can access the Scenario Manager by
clicking the Scenario Manager button
Manager button

and the Cost Manager by clicking the Cost

 2WKHU7RROEDU%XWWRQV
Some of the following toolbar buttons appear on secondary windows (such as the Print Preview
window and the Profile window) available throughout the program:
Print Preview Command
Page Up/Down
File

26

Chapter 2 WaterCAD Main Window

Copy to Clipboard
Print
Options
Close
Help

3ULQW3UHYLHZ&RPPDQG
Open a Print Preview on the contents of the current window.

3DJH8S'RZQ
Navigate between pages of a multi-page report.

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Export the data in the current window to a file format that can be used by other
applications (such as DXF and ASCII text files).

&RS\WR&OLSERDUG
Copy data to the clipboard, where it can be pasted into most Windows based
spreadsheets, databases, and word processors.

3ULQW
Print the contents of the current window.

2SWLRQV
Options vary depending on the context. They may include things such as layer
control or background color for the current window.

&ORVH
Close the current window.

 7KH6WDWXV%DU
The status bar (located along the bottom of the main application window) provides relevant
information about the current state of the model and information about the drawing pane. The
data displayed in the status bar includes:
General Status Information
DXF Background Status
Cursor Location

Chapter 2 WaterCAD Main Window

Calculation Results Status
File Status
The AutoCAD status bar also contains relevant messages, but deals with your AutoCAD drawing
status rather than your hydraulic project. For more information about AutoCADs status bar,
please refer to AutoDesks documentation.

 *HQHUDO6WDWXV,QIRUPDWLRQ
General status information includes any messages that relate to the users current activities. These
messages include information such as pull-down menu command descriptions, currently selected
elements, and indications regarding the progress of an executing command.

 ';)%DFNJURXQG6WDWXV
This area of the status bar simply indicates whether or not a DXF background is currently visible
for the active project.

 &XUVRU/RFDWLRQ
The status bar displays the current X and Y (or Northing and Easting) coordinates for the cursors
position within the drawing pane.

 &DOFXODWLRQ5HVXOWV6WDWXV
In Stand-Alone mode, if the current calculation results are out-of-date or otherwise invalid, an
indicator will appear in the status bar that signifies that the results no longer match the state of
your input data. If the results are currently valid, no such indicator will appear.

 )LOH6WDWXV
If changes have been made since the last time the project file was saved, an image of a diskette
appears in the status bar. If the file is currently in a saved state, no such image will appear.

27

Notes

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

29

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4XLFN6WDUW/HVVRQV

The purpose of Chapter 3 is to provide step-by-step lessons, in order to give you hands-on
experience with many of the features and capabilities of WaterCAD. These detailed lessons will
assist you in getting started with the exploration and use of the software. Before proceeding with
the lessons, however, it is a good idea to run through the brief online tutorials, accessed from the
Help menu. These interactive tutorials will take you rapidly through overviews of key program
features.
Another way to become acquainted with WaterCAD is to run and experiment with the included
sample files, located in the Haestad\Wtrc\Sample directory. Remember, you can right-click or
press the F1 key to access the context-sensitive online Help at any time.
In order to follow these lessons, you can either do them in sequence, since each lesson
uses the results of the previous ones, or do the lessons in any order, using the catch up
files located in Haestad\Wtrc\Lesson.

 /HVVRQ&RQVWUXFWLQJD1HWZRUN6WHDG\6WDWH
$QDO\VLV
WaterCAD is an extremely efficient tool for laying out a water distribution network. It is easy to
prepare a schematic or scaled model and let WaterCAD take care of the link-node connectivity.
In constructing a distribution network for this lesson, you do not need to be concerned with
assigning labels to pipes and nodes, because WaterCAD will assign labels automatically. When
creating a schematic drawing, pipe lengths are entered manually. In a scaled drawing, pipe lengths
are automatically calculated from the position of the pipes bends and start and stop nodes on the
drawing pane.
In this lesson, you will create and analyze the network shown below. You will use a scaled
background drawing for most of the network; however, four of the pipes are not to scale, and will
have user-defined lengths.

30

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

Water Distribution Network

In this network, the modeling of a reservoir connected to a pump simulates a connection

to the main water distribution system. Simplifying the network in this way can
approximate the pressures supplied to the system at the connection under a range of
demands. This type of approximation is not always applicable, and care should be taken
when modeling a network in this way. It is more accurate to trace the network back to
the source.
If at any time during this lesson the program prompts, "Do you wish to reset all
calculated results to N/A?," click NO.

 3DUW&UHDWLQJD1HZ3URMHFW)LOH

AutoCAD specific instructions

Stand-Alone specific instructions

1.

Double-click the WaterCAD desktop icon to start WaterCAD Stand-Alone. If the

Welcome to WaterCAD dialog appears, select the Close button.

2.

Open the Global Options tab, accessed from the Tools\Options pull-down menu.
Since we will be working in metric units, click the Unit System selection box, and
select System International. Click OK.

3.

In the pull-down menus, select File\New. Click No when asked if you want to
save the current project.

4.

In the Create Project File As dialog, double-click the Lesson folder, enter the
file name MyLesson1.wcd for your project, and click Save. The Project Setup
Wizard will open.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

1.

Double-click the WaterCAD desktop icon to start WaterCAD for AutoCAD. Open
the Global Options tab, accessed from the Tools\Options pull-down menu. Since
we will be working in metric units, click the Unit System selection box, and
select System International. Click OK.

2.

Choose Open on the File pull-down menu. When prompted, do not save changes
to the current drawing. If the Select File dialog opens, move to step 3.
Otherwise, do the following:
Press the Esc key. At the command prompt, type filedia, press the Enter key to
enter the command, and then enter a new value of 1. Choose Open from the File
pull-down menu again, and do not save changes to the current drawing. Note that
the fieldia variable controls whether some AutoCAD commands appear as dialogs
or simply at the command prompt.

3.

Select the existing AutoCAD file Lesson1.dwg from the Wtrc\Lesson folder.
With the drawing open, select File\Save As from the pull-down menu. In the
Save Drawing As dialog, double-click the Lesson folder, enter the filename as
MyLesson1.dwg and click Save to save the file in your \Wtrc\Lesson directory.

4.

Now, select the Layout Elements tool

in the WaterCAD toolbar. Then,
move the cursor onto the drawing pane and right-click to select Reservoir from
the pop-up menu. Left-click once on the approximate location of reservoir R-1
(see diagram above). You will be prompted to set up the project. Click Yes to
open the Project Setup Wizard.

The remaining commands are for both Stand-Alone and AutoCAD modes. You would
proceed with these instructions after completing the instructions above for either the AutoCAD
specific instructions or the Stand-Alone specific instructions.
1.

In the Project Setup Wizard, title the project Lesson 1 Steady State Analysis and click the
Next button.

2.

Choose your desired settings. For this lesson, use the program default values. Click the
Next button.

3.

Select the Scaled radio button located under the Drawing Scale option. Set the horizontal
scale to 1 mm = 4000 mm, and the vertical scale to 1 mm = 400 mm. Stand-Alone users
only: Select the Browse button next to the Background Filename box. Select Lesson1.dxf
from the Lesson folder and click Open. All users: Click the Next button to continue.

4.

The element prototype buttons allow you to set default values for each element type. We
will use the default prototype values in this lesson, so click the Finished button.

 3DUW/D\LQJ2XWWKH1HWZRUN
Users in AutoCAD mode have already completed the first step below, and should proceed to
step (2).
1.

To draw the skeletonized water distribution network shown previously, select the Layout
Elements tool
from the toolbar. Then, move the cursor onto the drawing pane and
right-click to select Reservoir from the pop-up menu. Left-click once on the approximate
location of reservoir R-1 (see the preceding Water Distribution Network diagram).

31

32

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

2.

Next, move the cursor to the location of pump P-1. Right-click and select Pump from the
pop-up menu. Left-click once to place it. Place junction J-1 by right-clicking, selecting
Junction from the pop-up menu, and left-clicking on the appropriate location.

3.

Proceed with laying out the network by placing junctions J-2, J-3, and J-4. Close the loop by
selecting junction J-1. Right-click and select Done from the pop-up menu.
To construct a pipe with bends in the Stand-Alone version, hold down the Ctrl key and
left-click on the location of the bend. Then, release the Ctrl key to enter the next
element. In the AutoCAD version, right-click and select Bend from the pop-up menu,
then insert the bend.
You can insert bends after a pipe is constructed by right clicking the pipe in Stand-Alone
mode and selecting Bend\Add Bend. Then, drag the new vertex to the appropriate
location. In AutoCAD mode, select Edit\Modify Pipes\Insert Bend, click the pipe, and
click to place the new vertex.

4.

Select the Layout Elements tool again, and left-click on junction J-3. Move the cursor to the
location of J-5, and left-click to insert the element. Right-click and select Done.

5.

Insert the PRV (Valve\PRV on the pop-up menu), junction J-6, and the tank by selecting the
Layout Elements tool and placing the elements in their appropriate locations. Be sure to lay
out the pipes in numerical order (P-7 through P-9), so that their labels correspond to the labels
in the diagram. Right-click and select Done from the pop-up menu to terminate the Layout
Elements command.

6.

Insert the tank, T-1, and the pipe connecting it to node J-3. Right-click and select Done. The
network layout is now complete.

7.

Save the WaterCAD network by clicking the Disk icon on the toolbar or by choosing
File\Save.

 3DUW(QWHULQJ'DWD
There are four ways to enter and modify element data in WaterCAD:
Dialogs You can use the Select tool and double-click an element to bring up its editor dialog.
In AutoCAD, click the element once with the Select tool to open the elements editor dialog.
to bring up dynamic tables
FlexTables You can click on the Tabular Reports button
that allow you to edit and display the model data in a tabular format. You can edit the data as
you would in a spreadsheet.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

33

Database Connections The database connection feature allows you to import and export
element data directly from external sources such as Excel spreadsheets, GIS, Jet Databases like
Microsoft Access, or any other ODBC database. This process is further explained in the
chapter on Database Connections, in the Database Connections tutorial, and in Lesson 7.
Alternative Editors Alternatives are used to enter data for different "what-if" situations used
in Scenario Management. This topic is covered extensively in the Scenario Management
chapter, in the Scenario tutorial, and in Lesson 3.

 3DUW(QWHULQJ'DWDWKURXJK'LDORJV
To access an elements dialog in Stand-Alone mode, simply double-click the element with the
cursor. In AutoCAD, first click the Select tool on the toolbar, then click the element whose
attributes you wish to modify.
1.

Open the Editor dialog of the reservoir, R-1, and select the General tab. Enter the hydraulic
grade line elevation from the following Reservoir Data table.

Reservoir Data
Ge ne ra l Ta b
Re se rvoir

Ele va tion
(m )

Zone

R-1

198

Connection Zone

2.

Click on the ellipses () button next to the Zone field. This action opens the Zone
Manager. Click Add, then enter a label for the new pressure zone, Connection Zone. Click
OK, and OK again to exit the Zone Manager.

3.

Finally, select the zone you just created from the Zone list box, and then click OK to close
the Reservoir editor.

34

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

4.

Open the element editor for the tank, T-1. Enter the data from the table below. Leave the
other parameters set to their default values. Click OK to exit the dialog.

Tank Data
Ge ne ral Ta b

5.

Ta nk

Zone

Se ction

T-1

Zone-1

Constant Area

Se ction Ta b
Ma x . Initial
Min.
Ele v.
Ele v.
Ele v.
(m)
(m )
(m)
226
225
220

Ba se
Ele v.
(m)
200

Dia m ete r
(m)
8

Open the element editor for the pump, PMP-1. Select Standard (3 Point) from the Pump
Type list box. Enter the pump elevation and the discharge curve as given in the Pump Data
tables below; however, before entering the first discharge value (3800 l/min), make sure to
change the discharge units from m3/min to l/min. Do this by right clicking in the Design
Discharge box, selecting Design Properties, and selecting l/min from the Units list box.
Also, notice the pump has an upstream pipe and a downstream pipe to define the direction. If
the pump is ever going in the wrong direction, simply click the Reverse button to change it.
In this example, the upstream pipe should be P-1, and the downstream pipe should be P-2.
Click OK to exit the dialog.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

35
Pump Data
Ge ne ra l Ta b

Ge ne ra l Ta b
Pum p
PMP-1

6.

Ele va tion
(m )
193

Pum p
Type
3 Point

Shutoff:
De sign:
Ma x . Ope ra ting

He a d
(m )
30.0
27.4
24.8

Discha rge
(l/m in)
0
3800
7500

Enter the element editor for the valve, PRV-1. Use the information given in the PRV Data
table below. Leave the other parameters set to their default values. Click OK to exit the
dialog.

PRV Data
Ele va tion
(m )
165

Va lve
PRV-1

7.

Ge ne ra l Ta b
Dia m e te r
Pre ssure
Sta tus
Se ttings
(m m )
(kPa )
150
Active
Pressure
390

Enter the data for the junctions as outlined in the following Junction Node data table.
However, before entering the demand data, right-click in the Demand column, and select
Demand Properties from the pop-up menu. From the Units list box, select l/min and click
OK. Leave all other fields set to their default values.
Use the procedure described in steps 2 and 3 above to create the new Zone, Zone-2.

Junction Node Data

Junction
J-1
J-2
J-3
J-4
J-5
J-6

8.

Ge ne ra l
Ground
Ele va tion
(m )
184
185
184
183
185.5
165

Ta b

De ma nd Ta b

Zone

De m a nd
(l/m in)

Zone-1
Zone-1
Zone-1
Zone-1
Zone-1
Zone-2

38
31
34
38
350
356

Finally, you need to specify user-defined lengths for pipes P-1, P-7, P-8, P-9 and P-10, since
the reservoir, tank, PRV, and nodes J-5 and J-6 are only shown in approximate locations.
Select pipe P-1 to open the Pipe dialog. Click the box labeled User Defined Length to
activate this feature. Then, enter a value of .01 m in the Length field. Because you are using
the reservoir and pump to simulate the connection to the main distribution system, you want
headloss through this pipe to be negligible. Therefore, the length is very small and the

36

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

diameter will be large. Repeat this procedure for pipes P-7, P-8, P-9 and P-10, using the userdefined lengths in the table below.

Pipe Data

Pipe

Material

Diameter
(mm)

User-Defined
Length
(m)

P-1
P-2
P-3
P-4
P-5
P-6
P-7
P-8
P-9
P-10

Ductile Iron
Ductile Iron
Ductile Iron
PVC
Ductile Iron
Ductile Iron
PVC
Ductile Iron
Ductile Iron
Ductile Iron

1000
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150

0.01
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
400
500
31
100

 3DUW(QWHULQJ'DWDWKURXJK)OH[7DEOHV
It is often more convenient to enter data for similar elements in tabular form, rather than to
individually open a dialog for an element, enter the data into the dialog, and then select the next
element. Using tabular reports, you can enter the data as you would enter data into a spreadsheet.
in the toolbar.

1.

To access the tabular report, click the Tabular Reports button

2.

Left-click the Pipe Report and click OK to access the report. Note that the white fields are
editable, but the yellow fields are not. The pipes may not be in alpha-numeric order in the
table. To sort the table by pipe label, right-click the Label column heading. Select
Sort\Ascending from the pop-up menu that appears.

3.

For each of the ten pipes, enter the section size and the pipe material as outlined in the Pipe
Data table above. Notice that the C values for the pipes will be automatically assigned to
preset values based on the material; however, these values could be modified if a different
coefficient were required.

4.

Leave other data set to their default values. Click the Close button to exit the table when you
are finished.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

37

 3DUW3HUIRUPLQJD6WHDG\6WDWH$QDO\VLV
1.

Click the GO button to bring up the Calculation dialog.

Type is marked as Steady State.

Make sure that the Calculation

2.

Click the GO button on the dialog to analyze the model. When calculations are completed, a
Results report is displayed.

3.

The Results tab displays a summary of model results. Scroll through the summary to get an
idea of the results that are given. There should be a green light displayed on the Results tab
of the dialog. You can quickly tell if there were warnings or failures with a glance at the

38

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

light. A green light indicates no warnings or failures, a yellow light indicates warnings, while
a red light indicates problems.

4.

Click Close when you are done. After a model run, all the calculated fields in dialogs and
tabular reports will display results. See Lesson 4 for an overview of the output options
available.
Before proceeding to the next lesson, save this project (for instance as MyLesson1.wcd
in Stand-Alone mode or MyLesson1.dwg in AutoCAD mode).

 /HVVRQ([WHQGHG3HULRG6LPXODWLRQ
This lesson will illustrate how WaterCAD can model the behavior of a water distribution system
through time using an extended period simulation (EPS). An EPS can be conducted for any
duration specified by the user. System conditions are computed over the given duration at a
specified time increment. Some of the types of system behaviors that can be analyzed using an
EPS include how tank levels fluctuate, when pumps are running, whether valves are open or
closed, and how demands change throughout the day.
If, at any time during this lesson, the program asks "Do you wish to reset all calculated
results to N/A?" click NO.
This lesson is based on the project created in Lesson 1. If you have not completed Lesson 1, then
open the project Lesson2.wcd (Lesson2.dwg in the AutoCAD version) from the Wtrc\Lesson
directory. If you did complete Lesson 1, then you can use the MyLesson1 file you created.
After you have opened the file, select File\Save As from the pull-down menu. Type the filename
MyLesson2 and click Save. Select File\Project Summary, and change the Project Title to
Lesson 2 Extended Period Simulation. Click OK.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

 3DUW&UHDWLQJ'HPDQG3DWWHUQV
Water demand in a distribution system fluctuates over time. For example, residential water use on
a typical weekday is higher than average in the morning before people go to work, and is usually
highest in the evening when residents are preparing dinner, washing clothes, etc. This variation in
demand over time can be modeled using demand patterns. Demand patterns are simply multipliers
that vary with time and are applied to a given base demand, most typically the average daily
demand.
In this lesson, you will be dividing the single Fixed demands for each junction node in Lesson 1
into two individual demands with different demand patterns. One demand pattern will be created
for residential use, and another for commercial use. You will enter demand patterns at the
junction nodes through the junction editor dialogs.
1.

Open the editor for Junction J-1 and select the Demand tab. By default, the demand pattern is
set to Fixed. In the Demands table, leave the first row set to Demand, and set the baseline
load to 23 l/min. Click the corresponding cell in the Pattern column, and select the ellipses
() button that appears. This action opens the Pattern Manager. Click the Add button to
create a new pattern for this model.

2.

In the Pattern dialog, enter the name Residential in the Label field. Leave the Start Time to
0.0 (midnight) and set the Starting Multiplier to 0.5. Under Format, select the radio button
labeled Stepwise. The resulting demand pattern will have multipliers that remain constant
until the next pattern time increment is reached.

3.

In the Pattern table, enter the times and multipliers from the table below. Click OK when
you are finished to return to the Pattern Manager.

39

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Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

Residential Pattern Data

Time
from
Start
(hr)
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24

Multiplier
0.4
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.6
0.8
0.5

Note that the multiplier for the last time given (24 hr) must be the same as the Starting
Multiplier (0.5). These values are equal because the demand curve represents a
complete cycle, with the last point the same as the first.
4.

While we are in the Pattern Manager, we will go ahead and create a pattern for commercial
demands. Select the Add button, and create a pattern labeled Commercial, having a Start
Time of 0.0 and a Starting Multiplier of 0.4. Enter the data below into the Pattern table.
This pattern will also be stepwise. Click OK when you are finished to return to the Pattern
Manager.

Commercial Pattern Data

Tim e
from
Sta rt
(hr)
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24

Multiplie r
0.6
0.8
1.6
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4

5.

Click OK to return to the Junction J-1 Editor. In the Pattern list box for the first row, select
Residential from the drop-down list. In the second row, enter a demand of 15 l/min. Select
Commercial as the pattern for this row. Click OK to exit the junction J-1 editor.

6.

Go into the Demands table in the editor dialogs for junctions J-2, J-3, J-4, J-5 and J-6 and
enter the demand data from the table below. We will use the Residential and Commercial
demand patterns already created, so just select the appropriate pattern from the list box.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

41

Demand Tab
Junction
J-2
J-3
J-4
J-5
J-6

Residential Commercial
Demand
Demand
(l/min)
(l/min)
23
8
23
11
23
15
350
N/A
280
76

7.

Now, we will set up an additional demand pattern to simulate a three-hour fire at node J-6. In
the Demand tab of the junction J-6 Editor, insert an additional demand of 2000 l/min in row 3
of the Demands table.

8.

Click in the Pattern column for row 3 and select the ellipses () button to open the Pattern
Manager. Select the Add button to add a new demand pattern. In the Pattern dialog, enter a
Label of 3-Hour Fire, a Start Time of 0.00 hr, and a Starting Multiplier of 0.00. Select
the radio button for Stepwise format.

9.

Enter the information given below into the pattern table.

3-Hour Fire Pattern Data

Tim e from
Sta rt
(hr)

Multiplie r

18
21
24

1.00
0.00
0.00

10. After you have filled in the table, select the Report button at the bottom of the dialog box.
Choose Graph from the menu to display a graph of the demand pattern. Notice that the value
of the multiplier is zero, except for the period between 18 and 21 hours, when it is 1.0. Since
we input the demand as 2000 l/min, the result will be a 2000 l/min fire flow at junction J-6
between hours 18 and 21.
11. Click Close to exit the graph, OK to exit the Pattern dialog and OK again to exit the Pattern
Manager. Finally, select your new pattern, 3-Hour Fire, from the Pattern selection box in
row 3 of the Demands table, and click OK to exit the Junction Editor.

 3DUW5XQQLQJDQ([WHQGHG3HULRG6LPXODWLRQ
1.

To run the Extended Period Simulation, click on the GO button on the toolbar. Select the
radio button for Extended Period. Accept the defaults of a Start Time of 0.0, a Duration of
24 hours, and a Hydraulic Time Step of 1 hour. Then, click the GO button to run the
analysis.

2.

After the model runs, the green light on the Results tab indicates that there are not any
warnings for the analysis and WaterCAD was able to compute a balanced solution for the
distribution network. Click the Close button.

42

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

3.

You can view results by opening individual element dialog boxes, clicking the Report button
to generate detailed reports and graphs for the individual elements, as well as through output
tables, color-coding, profiling, contouring, and annotation. For example, open the editor for
the PRV and click the Report button. Select Detailed Report from the menu. Scroll and page
through the report to view the Calculated Results Summary. Notice that the PRV is throttling,
except for hours 18 to 20, when the fire occurs and the downstream pressure setting can no
longer be maintained. See Lesson 5 on reporting results for more information.

4.

Save this project before proceeding to Lesson 3.

 /HVVRQ6FHQDULR0DQDJHPHQW
One of WaterCADs many powerful and versatile project tools is Scenario Management.
Scenarios allow you to calculate multiple "what-if" situations in a single project file. You may
wish to try several designs and compare the results, or analyze an existing system using several
different demand alternatives and compare the resulting system pressures. A scenario is a set of
alternatives, while alternatives are groups of actual model data. Both scenarios and alternatives
are based on a parent/child relationship where a child scenario or alternative inherits data from the
parent scenario or alternative.
In Lessons 1 and 2, you constructed the water distribution network, defined the characteristics of
the various elements, entered demands and demand patterns, and performed steady-state and
extended period simulations. In this lesson, you will set up the scenarios needed to test four "what
if" situations for our water distribution system. These "what-if" situations will involve changing
demands and pipe sizes. At the end of the lesson, you will compare all of the results using the
Scenario Comparison tool.
If at any time during this lesson the program asks, "Do you wish to reset all calculated
results to N/A?" click NO.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

This lesson is based on the project created in Lesson 2. If you completed Lesson 2, open the
project you created previously, MyLesson2 in the Wtrc\Lesson directory. Otherwise, open the
file called lesson3.wcd (lesson3.dwg in the AutoCAD version).
After you have opened the file, select File\Save As from the pull-down menu. Type the filename
MyLesson3 and click Save. Select File\Project Summary, and change the Project Title to
Lesson 3 Scenario Management. Click OK.

 3DUW&UHDWLQJD1HZ$OWHUQDWLYH
First, you need to set up the required data sets, or Alternatives. An Alternative is a group of data
that describes a specific part of the model. There are ten Alternative types: Physical, Demand,
Initial Settings, Operational, Age, Constituent, Trace, Fire Flow, Cost and User Data. In this
example, you need to set up a different Physical or Demand Alternative for each design trial you
want to evaluate. Each Alternative will contain different pipe size or demand data.
In WaterCAD, we create families of Alternatives from Base Alternatives. Base Alternatives are
Alternatives that do not inherit data from any other Alternative. Child Alternatives can be created
from the Base Alternative. A Child Alternative inherits the characteristics of its Parent, but
specific data can be overridden to be local to the Child. A Child Alternative can, in turn, be the
Parent of another Alternative.
1.

Select Analysis\Alternatives from the pull-down menu. Select the Demand tab from the top
of the dialog. Currently, there is only one Demand Alternative listed. The Base-Demand
Alternative contains the demands for the current distribution system.

2.

You can change the default Base-Average Daily demand name to be something more
descriptive of our data. Click on the Rename button, and enter the new name, Average
Daily with 2000 l/min Fire Flow.

3.

You would like to add a Child of the Base-Demands Alternative because the new Alternative
will inherit most data. Then, you can locally change the data that you want to modify. You
will modify the existing demand data by increasing the fire flow component at node J-6 from
2000 l/min to 4000 l/min. Click the Add Child button and enter the name 4000 l/min Fire
Flow for the new Alternative, and then click OK.

4.

The Demand Alternative editor for the new Alternative will appear showing you the data that
was inherited from the Parent Alternative. Notice the key at the bottom describing the check
boxes. As the key indicates, all of your data is inherited. If you change any piece of data, the
check box will become checked because that record is now local to this Alternative and not
inherited from the Parent.

43

44

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

5.

Click in the Demand Summary column for node J-6. A button appears. Click this button to
open the Demand table for this node. Change the 2000 l/min fire demand to 4000 l/min, and
click OK. Click Close to exit the Alternative Editor and return to the Alternative
Manager, and Close again to exit back to the drawing pane.

 3DUW(GLWLQJDQG&UHDWLQJ6FHQDULRV
Alternatives are the building blocks of a Scenario. A Scenario is a set of one of each of the ten
types of Alternatives, plus all of the calculation information needed to solve a model.
As there are Base, Parent, and Child Alternatives, there are also Base, Parent, and Child Scenarios.
The difference is that instead of inheriting model data, Scenarios inherit sets of Alternatives. To
change the new Scenario, change one or more of the new Scenarios Alternatives. For this lesson,
we will create a new Scenario for each different set of conditions we need to evaluate.
1.

Select Analysis\Scenarios from the pull-down menus. You are now in the Scenario
Manager. There is always a default Base Scenario that is comprised of the ten base
Alternatives listed in the right pane. The left pane of the Scenario Manager contains a list of
the Scenarios. Only the Base is available initially, because we have not created any new
Scenarios.

2.

You should first rename the Base Scenario as something more descriptive. Click the
Scenario Management button and select Rename from the pull-down menu. The Scenario
name in the left pane will become editable. Type in a descriptive name for the Scenario, such
as 2000 l/min, 3-hour Fire Flow at J-6 (EPS) and then press the Enter key.

3.

Now, you will create a Child Scenario from our existing Base Scenario, to incorporate our
new Demand Alternative. Click the Scenario Management menu button, and select
Add\Child Scenario from the menu. Type in a Scenario name of 4000 l/min Fire Flow at J6 (EPS) and click OK. A dialog box for the new Scenario appears listing the Alternatives as
inherited from the Base Scenario.

4.

Your new Child Scenario initially consists of the same Alternatives as its Parent Scenario,
except the Demand Alternative should be the new Alternative you created, 4000 l/min Fire
Flow. Check the box next to Demand. A selection box for this Alternative appears. Click

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

on the box, and select the new Alternative from the list. The new Alternative is no longer
inherited from the Parent, but is local to this Scenario. Click Close to exit the Scenario.

 3DUW&DOFXODWHDQG&RPSDUH
1.

You are going to calculate both of the Scenarios at the same time using the Batch Run tool.
Click the Batch Run button on the left side of the Scenario Management dialog. Check the
boxes next to both Scenarios, and then click the Batch button. Click Yes at the prompt to run
the batch for two Scenarios. When they have finished computing, click OK.

2.

You can see the results for each Scenario by highlighting it in the Scenario list. Click the
Results tab at the top right in the dialog box to see the selected Scenarios results. We can
see that the Scenarios are different, but what exactly is different about them? We will use the
Scenario Comparison tool to compare the results. Click the Scenario Comparison button
to start the Annotation Comparison Wizard. Select the 2000 l/min, 3-hour Fire Flow at J-6
(EPS) Scenario in the first list box and the 4000 l/min Fire Flow at J-6 (EPS) in the second
list box. Click the Next button.

3.

We will compare the results for pressures at the junctions and velocities in the pipes, so click
the check boxes next to Pressure Junction and Pressure Pipe, and then click Next.

45

46

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

4.

Select Pressure from the list box under the Attributes column for Pressure Junction
Annotation. Edit the entry in the Mask column by deleting the label name, so that only the
pressure and unit variables (%v %u) remain. Click Next.

5.

Select Velocity from the list box under the Attributes column for Pressure Pipe
Annotation. Again, you can edit the label in the Mask column. Click Next. Check to make
sure your annotation is correct, and then click Finished.

6.

A plan view of the system with annotation displaying the difference between the two
Scenarios will appear. To better view the data, maximize the window and use the zoom
buttons from the upper toolbar to look at different areas of the model. The difference between
the two is found by subtracting Scenario 1 from Scenario 2. For example, say Scenario 1 has
a pressure of 50 kPa at a junction, and Scenario 2, which represents a future scenario, has a
pressure of 45 kPa at the same junction. Comparing these pressures for Scenario 1 and
Scenario 2 would result in annotation stating a difference of -5 kPa. When you have more
than two scenarios, you can select different combinations of the scenarios from the two list
boxes and click the Update button to view the differences between the two. You could also
click the Auto Update check box and the differences will automatically update every time
you change the combination of scenarios and time increments in the list boxes.

7.

Check the Auto Update box and use the VCR-style buttons to scroll through different
increments. Look at the difference in pressures at junction J-6 during the fire flow (between
18 and 21 hours). There is a very large pressure drop due to the substantial increase in
demand. In the next part of this lesson, we will look at scenarios to reduce this decrease in
pressure.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

 3DUW3K\VLFDO$OWHUQDWLYH
You need to further examine what is going on in the system as a result of the fire flow, and find
solutions to any problems that might have arisen in the network as a result. You can review output
tables to quickly see what the pressures and velocities are within the system, and create new
Alternatives and Scenarios to capture your modifications.
1.

Click the Close button to exit the Scenario Comparison Window. Click Close again to exit
the Scenario Manager and return to the drawing pane.

2.

Select the Tabular Reports button from the toolbar. Highlight Junction Report in the list,
and click OK. Select 4000 l/min Fire Flow at J-6 (EPS) in the Scenario list box, and set the
Time to 18.00 hr. Most of the system pressures look acceptable at this time increment;
however, the pressure at J-6 is actually negative.

3.

Click the Options button and select Table Manager from the menu. Highlight Pipe Report,
and click OK. In the Pipe Report table, notice that the headloss gradient for pipes P-8 and P9 are significantly higher than in the rest of the system. We can reduce the headloss gradient
by increasing the sizes of these pipes. The pressure at J-6 should increase as a consequence.

4.

Click Close to exit the table. We will create a new Scenario having a new Physical
Alternative with the pipe sizes for P-8 and P-9 increased to 200 mm. From the pull-down
menus, select Analysis\Scenarios. Highlight 4000 l/min Fire Flow at J-6 (EPS) in the list
of Scenarios, click the Scenario Management button, and select Add\Child Scenario from
the menu.

5.

Name the new Scenario P-8 and P-9 Set to 200 mm, and click OK.

6.

Under the Alternatives tab of the Scenario dialog, check the box for Physical. Click the
ellipses () button to open the Physical Properties Alternatives dialog. Click the Add
Child button, and name the new Alternative P-8 and P-9 Set to 200 mm. Click OK.

7.

Under the Pipe tab for this Alternative, change the pipe sizes in the table for pipes P-8 and P9 from 150 mm to 200 mm. Click the Close button to exit the editor, and click Close again to
exit the Physical Properties Alternatives dialog.

47

48

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

8.

Select the new Physical Alternative from the list box for the scenario, and click Close to
return to the Scenario Manager. Select Batch Run to run the model. Turn off the check
boxes for the first two scenarios, and turn on the check box for Pipes P-8 and P-9 Set to 200
mm. Click Batch and select Yes to confirm and run the Scenario. Click OK when the run is
complete.

9.

Close the Scenario Manager and return to the drawing pane. Select the Tabular Reports
button from the toolbar, and open the Junction Report. In the Scenario list box, select the
new Scenario, and examine the pressures at J-6 for 18, 19, and 20 hours. The pressures for
this node are now at acceptable levels.

If you would like to learn more about the various results presentation methods available in
WaterCAD, see Lesson 4.
Close the open dialogs and save this project before proceeding with Lesson 4, Reporting Results.

 /HVVRQ5HSRUWLQJ5HVXOWV
An important feature in all water distribution modeling software is the ability to present results
clearly. This lesson outlines several of WaterCADs reporting features, including:
Reports, which display and print information on any or all elements in the system.
Tabular Reports (FlexTables), for viewing, editing, and presentation of selected data and
elements in a tabular format.
Profiles, to graphically show, in a profile view, how a selected attribute, such as hydraulic
grade, varies along an interconnected series of pipes.
Contouring, to show how a selected attribute, such as pressure, varies throughout the
distribution system.
Element Annotation, for dynamic presentation of the values of user-selected variables in the
plan view.
Color Coding, which assigns colors based on ranges of values to elements in the plan view.
Color coding is useful in performing quick diagnostics on the network.
If at any time during this lesson the program asks, "Do you wish to reset all calculated
results to N/A?" click NO.
For this lesson, you will use the system from Lesson 3, saved as MyLesson3 in the Wtrc\Lesson
directory. If you did not complete Lesson 3, you may use the file lesson4.wcd (lesson4.dwg in
AutoCAD). After you have opened the file, select File\Save As from the pull-down menu. Type
the filename MyLesson4 and click Save. Select File\Project Summary, and change the Project
Title to Lesson 4 Reporting Results.

 3DUW5HSRUWV
1.

Select the 2000 l/min, 3 hour fire flow at J-6 (EPS) Scenario from the Scenario toolbar.
Click the GO button to open the run dialog, and click GO to analyze this Scenario.

2.

When the Results dialog appears, notice that the Results report can be saved to a file or
printed using the buttons in the top left corner. This report displays key system characteristics
on a formatted page. In an EPS analysis such as this one, these characteristics are displayed

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

for each time increment. If there were any warnings or problems, they would also appear
here.
3.

Click Close. Note that the results for the current Scenario (the Scenario appearing in the list
box in the toolbar) can be accessed at any time by clicking the GO button in the toolbar, and
then clicking on the Results tab.

4.

Select the Tank, T-1, and open its Editor dialog. Click on the Report button at the bottom of
the dialog and select Detailed Report from the pull-down menu to view a formatted summary
report for the tank. On page 2, notice that you can see the tanks status (draining or filling) at
each time increment.

5.

Every element can generate a report in the same general format, which includes the name of
the calculated scenario and a series of tables describing the elements properties and results in
detail. You can print this report or copy it to the clipboard using the buttons at the top of the
dialog. The report is "What you see is what you get" (WYSIWYG), so it will print or paste
into a word processor in the exact format seen on the screen. Click the Close button on the
report, and then click OK to exit the tank dialog.

6.

You can also print detailed reports for several elements at one time. In the stand-alone
version, use the Select tool to draw a window around the elements you want to report, or hold
down the shift key while selecting the elements individually. Then, select Report\Element
Details from the pull-down menus to bring up the Detailed Reports dialog. In the AutoCAD
version, start by selecting Report\Element Details from the pull-down menus. The
crosshairs change into a pickbox. Using the pickbox, select elements from the drawing space

49

50

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

that you want to report (individually or using a window), and then right-click once to bring up
the Detailed Reports dialog.
7.

When the Detailed Reports dialog opens, the elements selected from the layout view are
already highlighted for output. From this dialog, you can edit the element selection set (hold
down the Ctrl key to select multiple elements from the list), and then print the reports. Click
the Select button to go to the Selection Set dialog. If you wished to select multiple elements
based on some criteria, you could do that here. Click Cancel to return to the Detailed
Reports dialog. You can click the Print button to print all of the reports for the selected
elements. Click Cancel to exit the dialog.

8.

Another type of report available is the Element Results Report. The elements to be included
in this report are selected the same way as the elements for the Detailed Report, except that
Elements Results is selected from the Report pull-down menu. The result is a single report
containing calculated analysis results for each of the elements selected. From the Elements
Results Report dialog, you can print or copy/paste the report for any element(s). The
Elements Results Report contains all of the results calculated for the selected element(s). Go
ahead and select elements to be included in this report, and click Preview to view the
resulting output. Click Close when you are finished to exit the preview and the Analysis
Results Report dialog.

9.

Select Scenario Summary from the Reports pull-down menu. This report summarizes the
alternatives and options selected in the current scenario. Click Close.

10. Click the Report pull-down menu again and select the Project Inventory option. This report
will tell you the total number of each type of element and the total length of pipe in the
system. Click Close.
11. Finally, click the Cost Manager button
in the toolbar. Assuming Cost Estimating
calculations had already been run, clicking on the Report button located above the Scenario
Costs tree view would generate a Capital Cost Analysis Report. Click Close.

 3DUW7DEXODU5HSRUWV)OH[7DEOHV

Tabular Reports are an extremely powerful tool in WaterCAD. These reports are not only good
presentation tools, they are also very helpful in data entry and analysis. When data must be
entered for a large number of elements, clicking each element and entering the data can be tedious
and time consuming. Using the tabular reports, elements can be changed using the global edit
tool, or filtered to display only the desired elements. Values that are entered into the table will be
automatically updated in the model. The tables can also be customized to contain only the desired
data. Columns can be added or removed, or you can display duplicates of the same column with
different units. The tabular reports can save you an enormous amount of time and effort.
Tabular reports are dynamic tables of input values and calculated results. White columns are
editable input values, and yellow columns are calculated values (not editable). These tables can be
printed or copied into a spreadsheet program.
Two very powerful features in these tables are Global Edit and Filtering. Suppose we decide to
evaluate how our network might operate in five years. Assume that the C factor for 5-year old
ductile iron pipe reduces from 130 to 120. It would be repetitive to go through and edit the pipe
roughness through the individual pipe dialogs, particularly when dealing with a large system.
Instead, you will use the filter tool in this example to filter out the PVC pipes, and then use global
edit tool to change the pipe roughness on the ductile iron pipes only.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

51

1.

Begin by setting up a new Alternative and Scenario to capture the changes to the C values.
Select Analysis\Scenarios from the drop-down menus. Highlight the Scenario P-8 and P-9
Set to 200 mm and click the Scenario Management button. Add a Child for this Scenario
called 5-yr-old D.I.P.

2.

Because we want to create a new Physical Alternative, check the box labeled Physical and
click the New button. Name the new Alternative 5-yr-old D.I.P. and click OK. Click Close
to exit the Alternative editor, and again to exit the Scenario Manager and return to the
drawing pane.

3.

To open a tabular report, select the Tables option from the Report pull-down menu or click
the Tabular Report
click OK.

button on the toolbar. Select the Pipe Report from the list and

4.

Click the Scenario list box and select the new Scenario from the list. Right-click on the
Material column and choose Filter\Quick Filter from the pop-up menu. You want to
display only ductile iron pipes in the table. To do so, set the Column field to Material, set
the Operator to =, and set the Value field to Ductile Iron. Click OK.

5.

Now, you will use the Global Edit tool to modify all of the roughness values in the table.
Right-click on the Hazen-Williams C column and select Global Edit. Select Set from the
Operation list and enter 120 into the Global Edit box. Click OK. All of the values are now
set to 120.

6.

To deactivate the filter, right-click anywhere in the dialog and select Filter\Reset from the
pop-up menu. Click Yes to reset the filter.

7.

You may also wish to edit a table by adding or removing columns using the Table Manager.
Click the Options button at the top of the table dialog box and select Table Manager. Select
the Junction Report from the list, then click the Table Management button. Notice in the
Table Management pull-down menu there is a New option that would allow you to create
your own table from scratch. Any tables you add will be saved for use with other projects.
For now, click the Edit option to edit the existing Junction Report.

52

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

8.

Scroll through the list on the left side to see the types of data available for placement in the
table. You can highlight a particular item, then use the [ < ] and [ > ] buttons to add or
remove that column from your table. For this example, we can display junction elevations in
both meters and feet by checking the Allow Duplicate Columns box, highlighting Elevation
(shown in gray) in the list of available columns, and clicking the [ > ] button. Elevation now
appears twice under Selected Columns. You can adjust the order in which the columns will
be displayed using the arrows below the right hand list, or simply drag items up and down.
Click OK, and OK again to exit the Table Manager.

9.

The revised table appears with two Elevation columns, both in meters. Drag and drop the
new column heading to relocate it next to the original Elevation column. To apply separate
units to the two columns, click the Options button and select Use Local Units. This option
allows the tabular report to have units independent of the project and local to the table. In
other words, without this option switched on, changing the units from meters to feet in the
table would change the unit for pressure throughout the project. The Use Local Units option
is ideal for displaying the same variable with multiple units within the same tabular report.
Click Yes in the warning box that appears indicating that you wish to switch to local units.
To assign units of feet to one of the columns, right-click on the column heading and select
Elevation Properties from the pop-up menu. In the Set Field Options dialog, select ft from
the Units list box. Click OK to return to the updated table.

10. Click Close to exit the table when you are finished. Click GO to open the run dialog, and
click GO to compute the network for 5-yr-old D.I.P., and then click Close.

 3DUW&UHDWHD3ODQDQG3URILOH
1.

To create a plan view of the distribution system, click the Report pull-down menu and select
Plan View\Full View. The Full View option will create a plan of the entire system regardless
of what the screen shows, while the Current View option will create a plan of exactly what is
displayed in the window at that moment.

2.

The Plan View will be put into a separate window, which can then be printed or copied to the
clipboard. If you click the Copy button, you can then paste the plan view into a word
processor. Click Close.

3.

You can also create a plan view in the Stand-Alone version for export to AutoCAD or other
compatible software. Simply click on the File menu and select Export\DXF File. This action
will create a DXF file of your network that you can then import into AutoCAD. In AutoCAD,
use plan views as a quick way to develop simple scaled views of your primary network.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

4.

To create a profile view, select the Profiling option from the Tools pull-down menu, or click
the Profile button
in the toolbar. The Profile Setup opens. From the dialog, choose
the attribute you wish to profile from the Attribute list box. For this example, choose
Calculated Hydraulic Grade.

5.

Next, click the Select From Drawing button. The dialog disappears, and the crosshairs
change to a pick box in AutoCAD. Click on pipes P-1, P-2, P-6, P-8 and P-9, selecting a
continuous path, or "walk", through the network. Right-click when you are finished (and
select Done in Stand-Alone). The Profile Setup dialog reappears, with the selected elements
appearing, in order, in the list. Click the Profile button to view the profile.

6.

Once the profile is created, you can make adjustments to its appearance, if desired, by
clicking the Options button and selecting Graph Options. A dialog opens in which you can
change the titles, fonts, scaling, and line types used in the graph. Leave everything set to the
defaults for this example, and click Cancel to exit the dialog.

7.

When you have finished setting up the graph, it can be printed or copied to the clipboard
using the buttons at the top of the Plot window.

8.

Click Close to exit the Plot window when you are finished, and close again to exit the Profile
Setup dialog.

 3DUW&RQWRXULQJ
The contouring feature in WaterCAD enables you to generate contours for reporting attributes
such as elevation, pressure, and hydraulic grade. You can specify the contour interval, as well as
color code the contours by index values or ranges of values. In this lesson, we will contour based
on hydraulic grade elevations.
1.

To create a plan view of the water distribution system with contours, click the Contour button
from the toolbar. Within the Contour Manager, choose Calculated Hydraulic Grade from
the Contour list box.

53

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Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

2.

Create a Selection Set of elements you will use in contouring by clicking the ellipses button
next to the Selection Set list box. Click Add, name the set Contour by HGL, and click OK.

3.

Define your selection set so that it consists of all junctions in Zone-1. Click Select\By
Filter\Pressure Junctions. Under Column, select Zone; for Operator, select [ = ]; and for
Value, select Zone-1. Click OK to return to the Selection Set dialog.

4.

Notice that the selected elements are now highlighted under Available Items. Click [ > ] to
move the elements to the Selected Items list, and click OK. Click OK again to exit the
Selection Set Manager.

5.

Select Contour by HGL in the Selection Set list box, and click Initialize to update the
Minimum and Maximum HGL elevations. Enter an Increment of 0.1 m, and an Index
Increment of 0.2 m. Make sure the radio button for Color by Index is selected, and click
OK.

6.

A plan view of the water distribution model is opened in a separate window, along with
contours that interpolate between the elevations of the selected network components.

7.

To improve the appearance of the contouring, press the Options button and choose Smooth
Contours.

8.

Click Close to return to the drawing pane.

 3DUW(OHPHQW$QQRWDWLRQ
When you want to label network attributes in the plan view, use the Annotation feature. With it,
you can control which values are displayed, how they are labeled, and how units are expressed.
For this example, we will annotate demands at the junctions, and flow and velocity in the pipes.
1.

Click the Element Annotation option located in the Tools pull-down menu or click the
Annotation

2.

button on the toolbar to open the Annotation Wizard.

Select the elements you wish to annotate. In this example, we will add annotation to the
pressure junctions and pipes. Select these elements from the list and click Next.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

3.

The next dialog allows you to choose the attributes you wish to annotate for the specified
element type. The Attributes column is used for selecting the attribute you would like to
annotate. The Mask is a template of how the annotation will appear on the screen. The %v
and %u options are added to display and control the value and units associated with the
attribute. The Preview column shows an example of the annotation with values for the
variables. For this example, we will add annotation for the demand summary at each
junction.

4.

In the first row of the attribute column select Demand (Calculated) from the list and click
Next. Add Discharge and Velocity annotations for the pipes in the same manner and click
Next.

5.

The final dialog of the Annotation Wizard contains a summary where you can check your
annotations. If there are any errors, click the Back button to go backwards in the wizard and
make any necessary changes. Click Finished.

6.

The drawing will now display all of the annotations. You can try changing the properties of an
element and recalculating. The annotations will update automatically to reflect any changes
in the system.

7.

If the annotation is crowded, you can click and drag the annotation to move it. In the
AutoCAD version, click on the annotation and then click the grip to move it, or use an
AutoCAD command such as Move or Stretch. Alternatively, you could go back into the
Annotation Wizard, and abbreviate or remove the Mask labels. A third option is to decrease
the Annotation Height. This option is found under the Drawing tab in the Tools\Options
menu.

8.

If you wish to delete the annotations, click the Annotation toolbar button, and uncheck any
checked boxes. Click Next, and then Finished.

 3DUW&RORU&RGLQJ
You can also review results in the plan view by color coding the elements based on attributes or
ranges of values.

55

56

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

1.

Select the Color Coding option under the Tools pull-down menu or click the Color Coding
button

on the toolbar.

2.

The Color Coding dialog allows you to set the color coding for links, nodes, or both. We
will color code by diameter (link attribute) and pressure (node attribute) in this example.
Click on the Link tab, and from the Color Coding list box, select the Diameter attribute. In
the table, enter values of 150, 200 and 1000 mm with colors of red, blue, and green,
respectively.

3.

Next, click on the node tab, and select Pressure from the list box. Click the Calculate Range
button to get the minimum and maximum values for the variable displayed at the top of the
dialog. Then, click the Initialize button and the model will select the color coding ranges in
the table automatically. Finally, click OK to generate the Color Coding.

4.

We can add a legends to the drawing by clicking the Insert Legend

button, choosing
the Link Legend or Node Legend option, and clicking anywhere on the drawing space to
place the legend. In AutoCAD, accept the defaults when prompted about scale and legend.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

5.

Color coding is dynamic; that is, it updates automatically as you change time increment or
Scenario using the list boxes above the drawing pane. Notice that as you switch from the first
Scenario to P-8 and P-9 set to 200 mm, the color of these pipes changes from red to blue.

6.

To turn the color coding off, simply open the Color Coding dialog and set the Attribute to
<None> on both the Link and Node tabs. To delete a legend, select it by clicking once, and
hit the Delete key.

Close the open dialogs and save this project before proceeding with Lesson 5.
From these four lessons, you have had a brief introduction to the capabilities of WaterCAD. Feel
free to continue to play with the program. Use this model to explore and become familiar with all
of the features. If you do not know what a button does, just try it.

 /HVVRQ$XWRPDWHG)LUH)ORZ$QDO\VLV
One of the primary goals of a water distribution system is to provide adequate capacity to fight
fires. WaterCADs automated fire flow analysis can be used to determine if the system can meet
the fire flow demands while maintaining minimum pressure constraints. Fire flows can be
computed for all nodes in the system, or you can create a selection set consisting of specific nodes
where you wish to test available flow.
Fire flows are computed by iteratively assigning demands and computing system pressures. The
model assigns the fire flow demand to a node and checks the model, checking to see if all pressure
constraints are met at that demand. It will assign a new demand and automatically re-check the
system pressures if a constraint is violated. Iterations continue until the constraints are met, or
until the maximum number of iterations is reached.
The purpose of this example is to walk you through the steps to create, calculate, and analyze a
fire flow scenario. This lesson again uses the distribution system from the previous lessons.

57

58

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

 3DUW,QSXWWLQJ)LUH)ORZ'DWD
1.

Start WaterCAD and open the file Lesson5, found in the \Haestad\Wtrc\Lesson folder. Or,
if you have previously completed Lesson 3 or 4, you can use your MyLesson3 or
MyLesson4 file. Select Project Summary from the File menu, and change the title of the
project to Lesson 5Fire Flow Analysis. Click OK.

2.

Previously, we ran an analysis with a fire flow at node J-6 by manually adding a large demand
to the individual node. Before running the automated fire flow analysis, we will create a new
Demand Alternative, removing that demand. Select Analysis\Alternatives from the pulldown menus and click the Demand tab. Highlight Average Daily with 2000 l/min Fire
Flow, and click Duplicate.

3.

In the Demand Summary column for node J-6 (row 6), click the word Composite, and it
changes to a button. Click the Composite button to open the editor for the composite
demand. Click the 2000 l/min demand, and click Delete. Select Yes to confirm, OK to close
the editor, and Close to exit the Demand Alternative.

4.

You will now see the Demand Alternative Copy of Average Daily with 2000 l/min Fire
Flow in the list. Highlight it and click the Rename button. Rename this Alternative BaseAverage Daily'.

5.

You are going to analyze the fire flows by adding to the Maximum Day Demands, which are
1.5 times the Average Day Demands. Set up the Maximum Day Demand Alternative by
highlighting the Base Average Daily Alternative and selecting Duplicate. Right click the
Demand column, and select Global Edit. Set the Operation to multiply, and enter a value of
1.5. Click OK.

6.

Click Close to exit the new Demand Alternative, and Rename this Alternative Max. Day.
Then, click the Fire Flow tab in the Alternative Manager.

7.

Click the Edit button to set up the Base-Fire Flow Alternative. Enter a Needed Fire Flow of
3,000 l/min, a Fire Flow Upper Limit of 6,000 l/min, and Apply Fire Flows By Adding to
Baseline Demand. This selection means that in performing the analysis, the fire flow will be
added to any demands already assigned to the junction. Alternatively, you could have
selected to replace these demands, so that the fire flow would represent the total demand at
the node.

8.

For Pressure Constraints, set both the Residual Pressure and Minimum Zone Pressure to
150 kPa. Leave the box for Use Minimum System Pressure Constraint unchecked, so that
the minimum pressure will only be checked for the zone a particular node is in. Note that if
you had multiple zones within your project and wanted to insure that a minimum system-wide
pressure constraint was met, you could check the Use Minimum System Pressure
Constraint box and type it in the box provided. This box is grayed out until the check box is
activated.

9.

Using the Selection Set list box, you can choose to apply the fire flow to All Junctions or a
Subset of Junctions. For this example, choose the Subset of Junctions option. Then, click
the ellipses () button to open the Selection Set dialog.

10. For this example, a fire flow analysis is only needed for the junctions at the four street corners
in our drawing. Choose the Select From Drawing button and click on nodes J-1, J-2, J-3,
and J-4 (in Stand-Alone, you must hold down the Shift key while making multiple
selections). When you are finished, right-click (and select Done in Stand-Alone).
11. The nodes you selected are now in the Selected Items list. Click OK to exit the Selection Set
dialog. Note that the Selection Set table is now filled with your Selection Set. Click the
Close button to exit the Fire Flow Alternative dialog, and Close again to exit the
Alternative Manager dialog.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

 3DUW&DOFXODWLQJD)LUH)ORZ$QDO\VLV
1.

You must now set up a new Scenario to utilize the appropriate alternatives and set up the
calculation options. Select Analysis\Scenarios to open the Scenario Manager, and choose
Scenario Management\Add\Base Scenario. Name your new Scenario Automated Fire
Flow Analysis and click OK.

2.

In the Alternatives tab of the Scenario dialog, change the Physical Alternative to P-8 and P9 Set to 200 mm. Change the Demand to Max. Day and leave all other Alternatives set to
their defaults.

3.

Click the Calculation tab, make sure that Steady State is selected, and check the Fire Flow
Analysis box. Note that all fire flow calculations must be performed under steady-state
conditions. Click Close to exit the Scenario dialog.

4.

To run the Scenario, click GO Batch Run. Check the box for Automated Fire Flow
Analysis, and uncheck the other Scenarios. Click Batch to run the analysis, and Yes at the
confirmation prompt. When the calculation is complete, click OK and Close to exit the
Scenario Manager.

 3DUW9LHZLQJ)LUH)ORZ5HVXOWV
1.

Click the Tabular Reports button, located to the right of the GO button on the WaterCAD
toolbar, to open the Table Manager. Highlight the Fire Flow Report and click the OK
button to view the report. Make sure that Automated Fire Flow Analysis is selected in the
Scenario list box.

59

60

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

2.

In the Satisfies Fire Flow Constraints column, all of the boxes are checked, except for the
nodes that you did not analyze, because the specified needed flow of 3,000 l/min was
available and minimum pressures were exceeded. For nodes J-1 and J-3, pressures were
computed for the Fire Flow Upper Limit of 6,000 l/min, because none ever dropped below
specified minimum pressures. Nodes J-2 and J-4 reached their minimum residual pressures at
flows slightly below the maximum of 6,000 l/min. Notice also that the report contains the
Minimum System Pressure (excluding the current node being flowed) and its location.

3.

When you are finished reviewing the report, click Close in the WaterCAD Fire Flow Report
dialog and save your file as Mylesson5.
Another good way to review an automated fire flow analysis is to use color coding. If
you have a situation where all nodes do not meet the pressure constraints for the needed
fire flow, you can color code these nodes in the plan view for easy identification. See
Lesson 4, Part 6 in this chapter for more information on color coding.

 /HVVRQ:DWHU4XDOLW\$QDO\VLV
In conjunction with Extended Period simulations, WaterCAD is capable of performing a water
quality analysis to compute water age, constituent concentration, or percentage of water from a
given node (trace analysis). Using these features, you can look at factors such as residence time in
tanks, chlorine residuals throughout the system, and which tank or reservoir is the primary water
source for different areas in your system.
This lesson uses the file called Lesson6.wcd (Lesson6.dwg in the AutoCAD version), located
in the \Haestad\Wtrc\Lesson directory. Open this file, and then select File\Save As from the pulldown menu. Type the filename MyLesson6 and click Save.
The water distribution system has already been set up for you. It has one reservoir and one tank.
The system serves primarily residential areas, with some commercial water use as well. There are
two pumps connected to the reservoir; however, under normal conditions, only one pump will be
in use. A background drawing has been included for reference. If you would like to turn off the
dxf background in the Stand-Alone version, select Tools\Options from the menus, click the
Drawing tab, and uncheck the Show Background box. In the AutoCAD version, you can simply
turn off the desired layers.
If at any time during this lesson the program asks, "Do you wish to reset all calculated
results to N/A?" click NO.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

 3DUW&RPSXWLQJ:DWHU$JH
You will begin by running an age analysis for water in the system, assuming an initial age of 0 for
all nodes. The water from the reservoir will be an infinite supply of new water, so the age of water
elsewhere in the system will be a reflection of time from the start of the run and how long ago the
water left the reservoir. The analysis will be run for a 2-week period (336 hours), in order to
determine the equilibrium point of the system.
1.

Start by adding a new Alternative for the age analysis. Select Analysis\Alternatives from the
pull-down menus, and click the Age tab to access the Age Alternatives. Click the Add button
to add a new Alternative, and name it Initial Age = 0. Since you are assuming an initial age
of 0 everywhere in the system, you do not need to enter any initial ages. Close out of the
table and the Alternative Manager.

2.

Next, set up a new Scenario to run an Extended Period Simulation incorporating the new
Alternative. Select Analysis\Scenarios from the pull-down menus. You will see that there is
one Scenario already set up called Existing Avg Day'. Highlight this Scenario and click
Scenario Management\Add\Child Scenario. Type in Age Analysis as the new Scenario
name, and click OK. Under the Alternatives tab, click to check the box labeled Age, and
select the Alternative you just created, Initial Age = 0, from the list box.

3.

Click the Calculation tab to view the calculation settings for this Scenario. Extended Period
Analysis should already be selected. Enter a Start Time of 0, Duration of 336 hours, and
Hydraulic Time Step of 1 hour. Check the Water Quality Analysis box, and select the Age
radio button.

4.

Click the Options button. In this dialog, you will find options for Maximum Pipe Segments
(the largest number of pipe segments a pipe can be broken into during a water quality
analysis), Minimum Pipe Travel Time, and a place to enter a user-defined Water Quality
Time Step. You will leave these options set to their default values, so click Cancel to exit the
dialog box, and Close to exit the Scenario Editor.

5.

You are now ready to run the Scenario. Click the Batch Run button and check the box for
Age Analysis. Click Batch, and then Yes at the verification prompt. When the run is
complete, click Close to exit the Scenario Manager. Select Age Analysis from the
Scenario toolbar list box.

61

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Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

6.

A good way to view changes in water quality attributes over time is to use color coding.
Click the Color Coding button on the toolbar. Under the Link tab, set the Attribute list box
to Calculated Age, and then click the Initialize button to set up a default color scheme.
Accept this default scheme, and repeat this procedure for the Node tab. When you are
finished, click OK.

7.

Once back in the drawing pane, click the Legend button on the toolbar, and select either the
Node Legend or Link Legend (in this case, the color coding should be the same for both).
Click in your drawing to place the legend. If you dont place it correctly the first time, you
can always drag it and drop it in a new location.

8.

Set the time increment in the toolbar to 4 hours. Use the VCR-style buttons to scroll through
time in your analysis, and observe the color changes in your network reflecting water age.

9.

A good way to check if your network has had sufficient time to reach an equilibrium point is
to look at Age vs. Time graphs for your elements. Open the editor dialog for Tank T-1, click
the Report button at the bottom of the editor, and select Graph. Set up the Independent
Variable as Time, and the Dependent Variable as Calculated Age. Make sure Age Analysis
is checked in the Available Scenarios box and click OK.

10. From the graph, you can see that once a repeating pattern is reached, the age of the water
fluctuates between approximately 34 and 49 hours in 24-hour periods. Looking at these
equilibrium ranges for various nodes can help guide you in setting up initial water age values
in subsequent runs.

 3DUW$QDO\]LQJ&RQVWLWXHQW&RQFHQWUDWLRQV
In this portion of the lesson, you will look at chlorine residuals in the system over time.
WaterCAD stores information on constituent characteristics in a file called a constituent library.
You will add information for chlorine to this library, set up initial concentrations in the system,
and run the simulation.
1.

Select Analysis\Alternatives from the pull-down menus. Select the Constituent tab, and
click the Add button. Name the new Alternative Chlorine Injection and click OK.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

2.

63

Click the ellipses () button next to the Constituent list box to open the Constituent
Library, and click the Insert button. An entry for Unlabeled appears in the table. Click the
Edit button, and enter the data below into the dialog.
La be l:
Bulk Re a ction:
W a ll Re a ction:
Diffusivity:

Chlorine
-0.10/day
-0.08 m/day
1.2e-9 m 2/s

3.

Leave the Unlimited Concentration box checked, click OK, and then click Close to exit the
Constituent Library. You should now be back in the editor for the Constituent Alternative.

4.

Select Chlorine from the Constituent list box. Notice that the Bulk Reaction in the table is
automatically updated. For the Pump and Valve, set the pumps and valves to an initial
concentration of 1 mg/l. Click the Junction tab, and initialize the chlorine concentrations by
entering a value of 1 mg/l at each junction node. Under the Reservoir tab, enter a value of
2.0 mg/L for the reservoir, and for the Tank, enter a value of 0.5 mg/l.
To quickly enter the initial concentrations for an element type, use the Global Edit
feature.

5.

Close out of the Editor and the Alternative Manager. Now, open the Scenario Manager and
set up a new Scenario in order to run the Constituent Analysis. Create a new Child off of the
Age Analysis Scenario by highlighting it and clicking Scenario Management\Add\Child
Scenario. Type in Chlorine Analysis as the new Scenario name, and click OK. Under the
Alternatives tab, click to check the box labeled Constituent, and select the Chlorine
Injection Alternative from the list box.

6.

Click the Calculation tab, select the Constituent radio button in the Analysis section, and
leave everything else set to the inherited values. Click Close to exit the dialog, click GO
Batch Run, uncheck 'Age Analysis', check 'Chlorine Analysis', then click Batch to run the
model.

7.

Make sure Chlorine Analysis is visible as the current Scenario and set up color coding using
the procedure from Part 1, but color code by Calculated Concentration instead of Calculated
Age. Scroll through the time steps to view how the concentrations change throughout the
network. When you look at your results using color coding, tables and graphs, try to discover
what better initial values for chlorine concentration might be.

64

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

 3DUW3HUIRUPLQJD7UDFH$QDO\VLV
A trace analysis determines the percentage of water at all nodes and links in the system from a
specific source node (the trace node). In systems with more than one source, it is common to
perform multiple trace analyses using the various source nodes as the trace nodes in successive
analyses. For this run, we will perform a trace analysis to determine the percentages of water
coming from the tank.
1.

Select Analysis\Alternatives from the pull-down menus. Select the Trace tab, and click the
Add button. Name the new Alternative Trace Analysis for Tank and click OK. In the
Trace Node list box, select the tank, T-1. Leave the initial percentages set to zero, and close
the editor and the Alternative Manager.

2.

Next, set up a new Scenario to run an Extended Period Simulation incorporating the new
Alternative. Select Analysis\Scenarios from the pull-down menus. Create a new Child off of
the Age Analysis Scenario by highlighting it and clicking Scenario
Management\Add\Child Scenario. Type in Trace Analysis as the new Scenario name, and
click OK. Under the Alternatives tab, click to check the box labeled Trace, and select the
Trace Analysis for Tank Alternative from the list box.

3.

In the calculation tab, select the Trace radio button in the Analysis section, and leave
everything else set to the inherited values. Click Close to exit the dialog, click GO Batch
Run, and run the analysis for the new Scenario.

4.

Use color coding (by Calculated Trace), tables, and graphs to view the results of this run. As
you scroll through the time periods, notice how the colors spread outward from the tank
during periods when the tank is draining, and recede when the tank begins to fill. For more
information on reporting features, see Lesson 4.

Close the open dialogs and save this project before proceeding with Lesson 7.

 /HVVRQ'DWDIURP([WHUQDO6RXUFHV
WaterCAD supports several methods of exchanging data with external applications, preventing
duplication of effort and allowing you to save time by reusing data already present in other
locations. For instance, you can exchange data with databases or a GIS system, or you can convert
existing CAD linework to a pipe network.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

65

There are multiple ways of importing data from outside sources into WaterCAD. You can set up
one or more database connections to bring in information stored in many standard database and
spreadsheet formats. GIS information can be brought in through connections to ESRI Shapefiles.
If you have existing drawings of your network in a DXF format (DWG format in the AutoCAD
version), you can have WaterCAD convert your lines and/or blocks into distribution system
elements, setting up preferences for handling situations such as T-intersections and line endpoints,
and creating tolerances to allow for drawing imperfections. Or, you can display a DXF file as a
background drawing for use in laying out a scaled network (stand-alone version only). Finally,
WaterCAD will automatically import networks created in EPANet, KYPipe, and previous versions
of Cybernet/WaterCAD.
WaterCAD again utilizes database and Shapefile connections to export data from the model for
use externally. You can also copy tables, reports, and graphs and paste them into other Windows
applications, or save plan and profile views in DXF format for use when creating construction
documents in CAD.
This lesson covers the three main methods of building your network using external data,
summarized in the following table.
Method

Description

Advantages

Disadvantages

Database
Connection

Create
connections to
import and
export model
data using
common
database and
spreadsheet
formats.

Extremely versatile. Allows

exchange of most any model data
with a wide variety of applications,
including anything with an ODBC
format. A topographic
representation of the network can be
created by using node coordinates
and assigning "to" and "from" nodes
to pipes. Once a connection is
established, it can be saved for later
use, and multiple connections can be
created and synchronized
simultaneously.

Pipes will be depicted

as straight lines
connecting the "to" and
"from" nodes, so pipe
bends will not be
displayed.

Shapefile
Connection

Create
connections to
import and
export model
data in ESRI
Shapefile format.

Advantages are similar to those of

Database Connections, except the
topographic data exchange is
automatic and pipe bends are
accounted for.

More proprietary. You

have to have software
that supports ESRI
Shapefiles in order to
utilize the data.

Polyline to
Pipe
Conversion

Convert existing
lines, polylines,
and blocks in
DXF/DWG
format into pipes
and other
network
elements.

Enables you to use legacy CAD

drawings to build your network. You
can set up tolerances to allow for
drawing imperfections, and
preferences for how nodes will be
created.

Elements are assigned

default labels as they
are created. Only
topographic data can be
brought in, not model
values. Requires user to
carefully review the
drawing for accuracy.

 3DUW,PSRUWLQJ6KDSHILOH'DWD
In this part of the lesson, you will import ESRI Shapefiles to construct the distribution network in
WaterCAD from existing GIS data. If you have ArcView, ArcInfo, or other application that can
open a Shapefile, then you can, if you choose, view the files externally prior to importing them.
However, you will still be able to perform the workshop problem even if you dont have one of
these applications. This lesson uses the network from Lesson 6.

66

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

The ESRI Shapefile actually consists of three separate files that combine to define the spatial and
non-spatial attributes of a map feature. The three required files are as follows:
Main File The main file is a binary file with an extension of SHP. It contains the spatial
attributes associated with the map features. For example, a polyline record contains a series of
points, and a point record contains x and y coordinates.
Index File The index file is a binary file with an extension of SHX. It contains the byte
position of each record in the main file.
Database File The database file is a dBase III file with an extension of DBF. It contains the
non-spatial data associated with the map features.
All three files must have the same file name with the exception of the extension, and be located in
the same directory.
Listed below are the files you will be importing.
corresponding SHX and DBF are present as well.

Only the main files are listed; however,

PresJunc.shp
PresPipe.shp
PRV.shp
Pump.shp
Reservoi.shp
Tank.shp
If you have a program such as ArcView that allows you to view Shapefiles, begin by setting up a
View with all of the Shapefiles (Themes) listed above turned on. If you completed Lesson 6, you
should recognize the layout from that lesson. You can look at the data table for each of the
Themes to see what we will be importing. When you have finished reviewing the Shapefiles,
close the application.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

1.

Double-click the WaterCAD desktop icon to start WaterCAD Stand-Alone. If the

Welcome to WaterCAD dialog appears, select the Close button.

2.

Open the Global Options tab, accessed from the Tools\Options pull-down menu.
Since we will be working in metric units, click the Unit System selection box, and
select System International. Click OK.

3.

In the pull-down menus, select File\New. Click No when asked if you want to
save the current project. In the Create Project File As dialog, double-click the
Lesson folder, enter the file name gisprob.wcd for your project, and click Save.
The Project Setup Wizard will open.

4.

In the Project Setup Wizard, title the project Lesson 7, Part 1 Importing GIS
Data. Click Next. Click the Next button again to leave this dialog set to its
default values. In this dialog, set up the drawing as Scaled, with a horizontal scale
of 1:5000 and a vertical scale of 1:500. Change the three Annotation Multipliers
(Symbol Size, Text Height and Annotation Height) to 2.8. Click Next, leave
the Prototypes set to their default values, and click Finished.

1.

Double-click the desktop icon to start WaterCAD for AutoCAD. Open the Global
tab, accessed from the Tools\Options pull-down menu. Since we will be working
in metric units, click the Unit System selection box, and select System
International. Click OK.

2.

Choose New on the File pull-down menu and select No when prompted to save
the existing drawing. If the Create New Drawing dialog opens, move to step 4;
otherwise, do the following:

3.

Click the Esc key. Then, type filedia at the command prompt and press Enter.
Type the value 1 and press Enter. Then, choose New on the File pull-down menu
again, and dont save changes to the existing drawing.

67

68

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

4.

When the Create New Drawing dialog appears, make sure that Metric is selected,
and click OK. Answer Yes when asked if you want to set up the project. In the
Project Setup Wizard, title the project Lesson 7, Part 1 Importing GIS Data
and click Next. Click Next again to accept the defaults on the second screen.

5.

In this dialog, set up the drawing as Scaled, with a horizontal scale of 1:5000 and
a vertical scale of 1:500. Change the three Annotation Multipliers (Symbol
Size, Text Height and Annotation Height) to 2.8. Click Next, leave the
Prototypes set to their default values, and click Finished.

The remaining commands are for both Stand-Alone and AutoCAD modes.
1.

Select File\Synchronize\Shapefile Connections from the pull-down menus. If you have not
defined any Shapefile connections in WaterCAD yet, you will be asked if you want to create a
Shapefile connection; answer Yes to start the Shapefile Connection Wizard. Or, if you have
already defined Shapefile Connections in any other WaterCAD project, start the Shapefile
Connection Wizard by clicking Add in the Shapefile Connection Manager that appears.
Enter the Connection Label Lesson 7, Part 1 for this connection, and click the Next button.

2.

Now, you need to check the boxes for the types of elements you will be importing. For this
connections, check the boxes for Pressure Junction, Pressure Pipe, PRV, Pump,
Reservoir, and Tank. Click Next.

3.

Leave the Shapefile Unit set to m, and check the box to establish missing connectivity data
from spatial data, and then click Next again.

4.

Click the ellipses () button next to the Shapefile field. Browse and select the file
PresJunc.shp from the \Wtrc\Lesson directory, then click Open. Set the Key/Label Field to
LABEL. This item designates the field that WaterCAD matches with its own element labels,
so that data will be assigned to the correct place.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

69

5.

Using the Field Links table, you must now match the data types available in WaterCAD to
the data types you will be bringing in from the Shapefile. In row 1, select Elevation from the
WaterCAD column, and ELEV from the Database column. Set the Unit to m to let
WaterCAD know that the coordinate it is reading from the Shapefile is in meters. If the units
in your Shapefile were different than the units set up in WaterCAD, the program would
automatically make the necessary conversions.

6.

Fill in the next row, so that your entries correspond to the table below. Click Next when you
are finished.

Pressure Junction Shapefile Connection

WaterCAD
Elevation
Demand

7.

Database
ELEV
DEMAND

Unit
m
l/min

The wizard now takes you to the dialog for setting up the Pressure Pipe connections.
Continue by filling in the information below for the Pressure Pipe and clicking Next to
proceed to the next dialog. The Shapefile for each type of element will be located in the
\Haestad\wtrc\lesson directory (for instance, select the prespipe.shp file for the pressure pipe
connection), and the entry for Key\Label Field will always be LABEL. Your Field Links
tables should look like the tables that follow.

70

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

Pressure Pipe Shapefile Connection

WaterCAD
Diameter
Material
Hazen-Williams C

Database
D
MATERIAL
C

Unit
mm

PRV Shapefile Connection

WaterCAD
Elevation
Diameter
Initial HGL
Initial Valve Status

Database
ELEV
D
HGL
INITIAL_ST

Unit
m
mm
m

Pump Shapefile Connection

WaterCAD
Elevation
Shutoff Head
Design Head
Design Discharge
Maximum
Operating Head
Maximum Operating Discharge
Initial Pump Status

Database
ELEV
SHUT_H
DES_H
DES_Q

Unit
m
m
m
l/min

MAX_H

MAX_Q

l/min

INITIAL_ST

Reservoir Shapefile Connection

WaterCAD
Elevation

Database
ELEV

Unit
m

Tank Shapefile Connection

WaterCAD
Tank Diameter
Base Elevation
Minimum Elevation
Initial HGL
Maximum Elevation

Database
TANK_D
BASE_ELEV
MIN_ELEV
INITIAL_HG
MAX_ELEV

Unit
m
m
m
m
m

8.

When you are finished setting up the Shapefile connections, click Next to proceed. The
Synchronize Now? box will appear. The Synchronize Shapefile Connection box should be
checked, and In selected because we will be reading data from the Shapefiles.

9.

Click Finished, and Yes when prompted if you want to proceed.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

10. A Status Log is generated showing the elements as data is read into the model. When the
import is complete, you should get a yellow light in this window, indicating that the
synchronization was successful, but that there are warnings. If there were no warnings, you
would get a green light, and if there were errors, a red light. In this case, the warnings are due
to the fact that we instructed WaterCAD to generate our network connectivity from the GIS
spatial data. The log indicates where connectivity is being established, which is fine. Close
the Status Log and click OK to return to the drawing pane.

11. Now, examine the network that you imported. Notice that it looks like the network from
Lesson 6, and many of the pipes have bends and curves in them. Since you have topographic

71

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Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

information stored in the Shapefile, these bends can be imported. Because we created a
scaled drawing, the pipe lengths will be read from the layout.
12. Notice also that the default Scenario, Base, is currently displayed as the current Scenario.
Whenever data is brought in through a database or Shapefile connection, it is automatically
written into the Alternatives referenced by the current Scenario. Similarly, whenever data is
exported, the data associated with the current Scenario will be used.
13. To run the model, click the GO button in the toolbar, and then click GO in the dialog. Now
that you have calculated data, you could export the new data to your GIS database by going
into the database and creating a new label for it. In Part 2 of this lesson, we will use an almost
identical procedure to export pressures using database connections.
14. When you are finished, close the Scenario Editor. Proceed to Part 2 of this lesson or save
your file as MyLesson7 and exit WaterCAD.

 3DUW,PSRUWLQJ'DWDIURPD'DWDEDVH
This portion of the lesson will take you through the steps to set up a connection to a database, in
order to create a new water distribution network from existing data.
The necessary data has been included as a Microsoft Excel 5.0 spreadsheet. If you do not have
software that can read this file type, you will still be able to perform the workshop, but you wont
be able to open the data to view it externally.

This lesson uses the network from Lesson 6.

1.

Open the spreadsheet file Lesson7.xls and take a look at it. As you can see from the
worksheet tabs, the data is organized into six worksheets, one for each type of element in the
network. When setting up a spreadsheet yourself, you may organize and group data however
you like. Just make sure that the different types of data are sorted into columns, with a
descriptive heading in the topmost cell, and include a column for your labels.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

1.

Double-click the WaterCAD desktop icon to start WaterCAD Stand-Alone. If the

Welcome to WaterCAD dialog appears, select the Close button.

2.

Open the Global Options tab, accessed from the Tools\Options pull-down menu.
Since we will be working in metric units, click the Unit System selection box, and
select System International. Click OK.

3.

In the pull-down menus, select File\New. Click No when asked if you want to
save the current project. In the Create Project File As dialog, double-click the
Lesson folder, enter the file name dbprob.wcd for your project, and click Save.
The Project Setup Wizard will open.

4.

In the Project Setup Wizard, title the project Lesson 7, Part 2 Importing Data
from a Database. Click Next. Click the Next button again to leave this dialog set
to its default values. In this dialog, set up the drawing as Schematic, and change
the three Annotation Multipliers (Symbol Size, Text Height and Annotation
Height) to 25. Click Next, leave the Prototypes set to their default values, and
click Finished.

1.

Double-click the WaterCAD desktop icon to start WaterCAD for AutoCAD. Open
the Global Options tab, accessed from the Tools\Options pull-down menu. Since
we will be working in metric units, click the Unit System selection box, and
select System International. Click OK.

2.

Choose New on the File pull-down menu and select No when prompted to save
the existing drawing. If the Create New Drawing dialog opens, move to step 3;
otherwise, do the following:
Click the Esc key. Then, type filedia at the command prompt and press Enter.
Type the value 1 and press Enter. Then, choose New on the File pull-down menu
again, and dont save changes to the existing drawing. Note that the filedia
variable controls whether some AutoCAD commands appear as dialogs or simply
at the command prompt.

3.

When the Create New Drawing dialog appears, make sure that Metric is selected,
and click OK. Answer Yes when asked if you want to set up the project. In the
Project Setup Wizard, title the project Lesson 7, Part 2 Importing Data from a
Database and click Next. Click Next again to accept the defaults on the second
screen.

4.

In this dialog, set up the drawing as Schematic, and change the three Annotation
Multipliers (Symbol Size, Text Height and Annotation Height) to 25. Click
Next, leave the Prototypes set to their default values, and click Finished.

The remaining commands are for both Stand-Alone and AutoCAD modes.
1.

Select File\Synchronize\Database Connections from the pull-down menus. Click Add.

73

74

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

2.

Enter the Connection Label Lesson 7, Part 2 for this connection, and click the Add button.

3.

Set the Database Type to Excel 5.0. Click the ellipses button next to the Database File field,
and browse to select the Lesson7.xls file from the \Haestad\Wtrc\Lesson directory.

4.

Click the Database Table list box. Notice that the items in the list correspond to the different
worksheet tabs in your spreadsheet file. Select Junction$ from the list, and Pressure
Junction for the Table Type. Set the Key/Label field to Label. This item designates the
field that WaterCAD matches with its own element labels, so that data will be assigned to the
correct place.

5.

Using the Field Links table, you must now match the data types available in WaterCAD to
the data types you will be bringing in from the spreadsheet. In row 1, select X from the
WaterCAD column, and X (m) from the Database column. Set the Unit to m to let
WaterCAD know that the coordinate it is reading from the spreadsheet is in meters. If the
units in your database were different than the units set up in WaterCAD, the program would
automatically make the necessary conversions.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

6.

75

Fill in the remaining rows, so that your entries correspond to the table below. Click OK when
you are finished.

Junction Database Connection

WaterCAD
X
Y
Elevation
Demand

7.

Database
X (m)
Y (m)
Elevation (m)
Demand (l/min)

Unit
m
m
m
l/min

You should now be back in the Database Connection dialog. Click the Add button, and set
up your database connection for pipe data. Use the same spreadsheet file you used for the
junction data, but set the Database Table and Table Type to Pipe$ and Pressure Pipe,
respectively. Your Key/Label Field is again Label. Then, set up the following Pipe
Database connection.

76

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

Pipe Database Connection

W a te rCAD
+Start Node
+Stop Node
Diameter
Material
Hazen-W illiams C
Length

8.

Da ta ba se
Start Node
End Node
Diameter (mm)
Material
Roughness
Length (m)

Unit

mm

Repeat the above procedure to set up connections for Pump, Reservoir, Tank and Valve
connections, using information from the following tables.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

77
Pump Database Connection

WaterCAD
X
Y
Elevation
Shutoff Head
Design Head
Design Discharge
Maximum Operating
Head
Maximum Operating
Discharge
Initial Pump Status

Database
X (m)
Y (m)
Elevation (m)
Shutoff Head (m)
Design Head (m)
Design Q (l/min)

Unit
m
m
m
m
m
l/min

Max# Head (m)

Max# Q (l/min)

l/min

Initial Status

Reservoir Database Connection

WaterCAD
X
Y
Elevation

Database
X (m)
Y (m)
Elev# (m)

Unit
m
m
m

Tank Database Connection

WaterCAD
X
Y
Tank Diameter
Base Elevation
Minimum Elevation
Initial HGL
Maximum Elevation

Database
Unit
X (m)
m
Y (m)
m
Tank Diameter (m)
m
Base Elev# (m)
m
Minimum Elev# (m)
m
Initial Elev# (m)
m
Maximum Elev# (m) m

PRV Database Connection

W a te rCAD
X
Y
Elevation
Diameter
Initial HGL
Initial Valve Status

Da ta ba se
X (m)
Y (m)
Elevation (m)
Diameter (mm)
Initial Grade
Setting (m)
Initial Status

The Table Type for this connection is PRV.

Unit
m
m
m
mm
m

78

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

9.

When you are finished setting up the database connections, click OK to close the Database
Connection editor, and then click the Synchronize In button. WaterCAD will give you a
confirmation prompt. Click Yes to proceed. You will then get a message asking if you want
to add an element. Click Yes to All.

10. A Status Log is generated showing the elements as data is read into the model. When the
import is complete, you should get a green light in this window. If there were warnings or
errors you would get a yellow light or red light, respectively. You could then scroll through
the log to see where any problems might be occurring. Click Close to exit the Status Log, and
OK to exit the Database Connection Manager.

11. You should now be able to see the imported network in the drawing pane, but the symbol and
label sizes are very small. Select Tools\Options from the pulldown menus, and then click the
Drawing tab. Set all three Annotation Multipliers to 25, and click OK.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

12. Now, examine the network that you imported. Notice that it is different in appearance from
the same network imported using a shapefile in Part 1 of this lesson. The difference stems
from the fact that in a database connection, a pipes layout is defined only by the location of
its end nodes. Therefore, pipes appear without bends, making a straight line connection
between nodes. Hydraulically, your model will not be affected, since the pipe lengths are
user-defined, not scaled from the layout.
13. Notice also that the default Scenario, Base, is currently displayed as the current Scenario.
Whenever data is brought in through a database or Shapefile connection, it is automatically
written into the Alternatives referenced by the current Scenario. Similarly, whenever data is
exported, the data associated with the current Scenario will be used.
14. Click the GO button, and then click GO again to run the model. Now that you have
calculated data, we can export it back to our database. For this example, we will only export
pressures at the junction nodes. Go ahead and close the Scenario Editor.
15. Use Excel to open Lesson7.xls in another window. Click on the tab for the Junction
worksheet, and add a new column heading in cell F1 called Pressure. Save and Close the
file.

79

80

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

16. Go back to the WaterCAD window, and choose File\Synchronize\Database Connections

from the menu. Highlight Lesson 7, Part 2, and click the Edit button. Select the junction
table from the list, and click Edit again.
17. In Row 5 of the Field Links table, link WaterCADs Pressure to the Databases Pressure.
The Unit should be set to kPa. Click OK and OK again to get back to the Database
Connection Manager. Click the Synchronize Out button to send the information back to the
spreadsheet.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

18. Finally, if you reopen the Lesson7.xls file in Excel, you will see that the pressure values
have now been added.

 3DUW&RQYHUWLQJ&$''UDZLQJ(QWLWLHV
The Polyline to Pipe tool enables you to take existing CAD entities and use them to quickly
construct a water distribution network. Although this feature is called Polyline to Pipe, Line and
Block entities can be converted as well (Polylines and Lines can be converted to pipes; Blocks can
be converted to any available node type).
Building a model based on graphical elements can be an error-prone process. Difficulties can
arise due to the fact that a drawing may appear to be correct visually, but may contain problems
that are not readily apparent. For example, what appears to be a single line in a drawing could in
fact be made up of many line segments or it could be made up of 2 lines, one directly on top of
another.
The Polyline to Pipe Wizard will guide you through the conversion process, enabling you to set up
options relating to tolerances, node creation, and handling T-intersections. To help alleviate some
of the problems that you may encounter during the import process, a comprehensive drawing
review is also performed. During conversion, the network is analyzed, and potential problems are
flagged for review. After performing the conversion, the Drawing Review window will allow you
to navigate to and fix any problems that may be encountered.

81

82

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

For users in Stand-Alone mode only:
1.

Open WaterCAD and choose Tools\Options from the pulldown menus. In the Global
Options tab, make sure that the Unit System is set to System International, and then click
OK. Next, select File\Import\Polyline to Pipe. You will be asked if you want to set up the
project. Click Yes to start the Project Setup Wizard.

For users in AutoCAD mode only:

1.

Start WaterCAD for AutoCAD and open the file Lesson7.dwg in the \Haestad\Wtrc\Lesson
directory. Select Edit\Change Entities to Pipes from the menus. The AutoCAD command
line will prompt you to Select objects. Draw a selection window around all of the objects in
the drawing by clicking the upper left and lower right corners, then click the right mouse
button. Click Yes when asked if you wish to set up the project.

The following commands are for both Stand-Alone and AutoCAD modes.
1.

In the Wizard, enter Lesson 7 -- Polyline to Pipe as the project title, click Next, and Next
again to accept the default settings. Make sure that you are set up for a Scaled drawing, with
a horizontal scale of 1:5000 and a vertical scale of 1:500. Set the three Annotation
Multipliers to 2.8. Click Next again.

2.

In order to minimize your data input later, create prototypes for common element
characteristics. The most common type of pipe in the model you will be creating is 150 mm
ductile iron with a C of 130. Make sure these characteristics coincide with the prototype
values, and click OK.

3.

Since you have two identical pumps, go ahead and set up a prototype for them, using the data
below. Be sure to change the units to l/min before entering the discharge values. Click OK
when you are finished.

Pump Data

Elevation
(m)
148
4.

Pump
Type
3 Point

Shutoff:
Design:
Max. Operating

Head
(m)
70.0
50
35

Discharge
(l/min)
0
1200
2000

Create one more prototype, this time for the PRVs. They both have an elevation of 129 m
and an HGL setting of 185.2 m. Click OK, and then Finished. The Polyline to Pipe Wizard
now opens.

For users in Stand-Alone mode only:

1.

Browse to open the file Lesson7.dxf, located in the Haestad\Wtrc\Lesson directory. Leave
the DXF unit set to meters, and click Next.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

For all users:

1.

Now, set up the options WaterCAD will use when performing the conversion. Change the
Tolerance to 1 m, so that pipe endpoints that come within a meter of one another will be
assumed to be connected. Select the radio button for Convert Polylines and Lines to pipes,
and tell WaterCAD create a Pressure Junction if no node is found at a polyline endpoint.
Click Next.

2.

Select the option to join pipes at T-intersections within the specified tolerance, and click
Next.

83

84

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

3.

Select Yes when asked if you have blocks that you would like to convert to nodes, and fill in
the table by matching the AutoCAD Blocks JUNCTION, PRV, PUMP, RESERVOIR, and
TANK with the corresponding WaterCAD elements (Pressure Junction, PRV, Pump,
Reservoir, and Tank). Click Next.

4.

You will be given the option to alter the prototype settings. This option is useful if you want
to import in multiple passes, grouping like data together to make the data entry process more
automated. For instance, we could have chosen to import all of the 100 mm pipes, then the
150 mm pipes, etc., changing the prototype each time. For this example, we will leave the
prototypes as we set them in the Project Setup Wizard. Click Next.

5.

Make sure that the layers HMI_NODE and HMI_PIPE are both checked, and click Finished
to perform the conversion. When it is completed, Close the statistics window.

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

6.

A Drawing Review dialog element opens, with junctions listed. The purpose of the Drawing
Review is to alert you to problems or assumptions made during the import. Find any one of
these junctions by highlighting it in the list and clicking Go To. The drawing pane will center
on the junction and select it. If you have difficulty seeing the selected element, increase the
zoom factor in the Drawing Review dialog.

7.

Open the element, and click the Messages tab. There will be a message telling you that the
node was added during the Polyline to Pipe conversion. The junction had to be added because
there was no node at that location in your DXF drawing, but there was a polyline endpoint. In
the Polyline to Pipe Wizard, you instructed WaterCAD to add junctions to endpoints.
Even though you now have your drawing converted to a pipe network, it is still not ready to
be run, because you can only bring in element types and network connectivity using this type
of import. Before you could run this model, you would have to input data for elevations,
demands, pipe sizes, etc., either directly into WaterCAD or through database connections.

85

86

Chapter 3 Quick Start Lessons

For users in AutoCAD mode only:
1.

The WaterCAD elements are now on layer 0, since that layer was current when you
performed the conversion. If you turn off layers HMI_PIPE and HMI_NODE, only the actual
WaterCAD elements will be visible.

Chapter 4 Starting a WaterCAD Project

&KDSWHU

6WDUWLQJD:DWHU&$'3URMHFW

This chapter describes how to start a new project as well as the files that WaterCAD creates to
save your projects data. At the beginning of a project, you need to set some global settings. In the
Global Options and Project Options dialogs, you can specify the unit system, the friction
formula(s) used, and whether you want to use Auto Prompting. In the Drawing Options, you can
specify settings such as the drawing scale and the size of the symbols and annotations.
These options can also be viewed or edited by selecting the Options menu item from the
Tools pull-down menu.
You can also access the FlexUnit dialog in order to globally specify the units and number of
decimals to be displayed for each type of data.

 )LOH0DQDJHPHQW
WaterCAD uses the .WCD extension to store all model input data (including element inputs,
alternatives and scenarios, etc.) both for Stand-Alone and AutoCAD modes.
When WaterCAD runs within AutoCAD, two important files are used. The .WCD file is still used
to hold all model data, and a .DWG file contains all of the AutoCAD entities. This means that
even a complete AutoCAD drawing corruption (or loss) will not endanger your hydraulic model
data in fact, you can even regenerate the AutoCAD modeling elements from the .WCD file!
:DWHU&$'%DFNXS)LOHV
When a .WCD file is overwritten by a save action, a backup file of the .WCD file is created with a
.WCK extension. Note that AutoCAD also generates a backup drawing file, with a .BAK
extension.
6KDSHILOH'DWDEDVH&RQQHFWLRQ)LOHV
If you use the Shapefile or Database Connections Managers to exchange data with external data
sources, the connection files you create/use have the .HSC and .HDC extension respectively. By
default they are named WTRC.HSC and WTRC.HDC and are located in your haestad\wtrc
directory. In this case, these connections are shared between all your projects. You are also given
the option to keep these connections local to your project. In this case, these files are placed in
your current project directory, with the same name as your .WCD file but with the .HSC and
.HDC file extensions, respectively. See the "Sharing Shapefile Connections between Projects"
and "Sharing Database Connections between Projects" topics in the "GIS and Database
Connections" chapter for more information.

87

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Chapter 4 Starting a WaterCAD Project

/LEUDULHV
Libraries are saved in separate files so they can be shared between projects. The paths are
specified in the Engineering Library Manager. They have a .HLB extension, and are located by
default in your haestad\wtrc directory.
$GGLWLRQDO)LOHV
WaterCAD creates additional files in the same directory as your .WCD file to save the calculation
results. Since recalculating the scenarios can regenerate these results, these files do not
necessarily need to be included when backing up your important files. However, if you are
unsure, simply copy all files present in your project directory.
It is recommended to use a separate directory for every WaterCAD project on your
computer to facilitate project management and backup.

 ,PSRUW&RPPDQG
The Import command allows you to import data from KYpipe v1, v2 or v3; EPANet v1 or v2;
and Cybernet v1 or v2. You will then be able to save this project as a WaterCAD v4 project. The
data is imported into an empty project, therefore, before the data is imported, you will be
prompted to save your current project if it contains WaterCAD elements.
The current project remains in schematic mode when importing data.
We've made every effort to prevent the loss of data during these imports. However, all
imported data should be checked for accuracy.
WaterCAD v3 projects should simply be opened in WaterCAD v4 (as any WaterCAD v4
project), without using the Import command. However, once you save the project in
WaterCAD v4, the project files cannot be opened in WaterCAD v3 any longer.
To access the Import dialog, select Import\Network from the File pull-down menu.

 0XOWLSOH6HVVLRQV
WaterCAD does not support multiple sessions. WaterCAD uses a single document model and
support for multiple views has not been implemented. Therefore, do not try to open more than one
session of WaterCAD at the same time or data loss and data corruption could occur.

 3URMHFW0DQDJHPHQW
 3URMHFW6HWXS:L]DUG
The Project Setup Wizard dialog can only be accessed at the start of a new project (File\New
from the pull-down menus, or from the Beginners Welcome dialog). All of the options that are
edited from the wizard, however, can be changed individually from other pull-down menus.
The Project Setup Wizard assists you in the creation of a new project by stepping you through
many of the project-wide options allowing you to set most of your notes and defaults before you
even create the first pipe.

Chapter 4 Starting a WaterCAD Project

The areas covered by this wizard include:
Project Summary Includes information about the project, such as the project title, the
project engineer, and general comments.
Project Options Include information regarding global options, such as the desired friction
method and coordinate system.
Drawing Options Include information regarding the drawing pane, such as the drawing
scale, annotation multipliers, and background drawing data (for Stand-Alone mode only).
Prototypes Enable you to set default values for elements, which are used to initialize values
for any new elements that are added to the project.

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To create a new project in Stand-Alone:
1.

At the Welcome dialog, click Create New Project and click OK. Or, select File\New from
the pull-down menu. The Create Project File As window appears so that you can enter a
new file name for your project.

2.

Select the appropriate drive and directory where you want to save the project.

3.

Enter the file name. Then click OK.

4.

Follow the Project Setup Wizard.

To create a new project in AutoCAD:

1.

Select File\New from the pull-down menu.

2.

The Create Project File As window appears so that you can enter a new file name for your
project.

3.

Select the drive and directory where you want to save the project.

4.

Enter the file name. Then click OK.

5.

Follow the Project Setup Wizard.

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To open an existing project:
1.

Do one of the following:

From the toolbar, click the Open button
- or At the Welcome dialog, click Open Existing Project, then click OK.
- or Choose File\Open from the pull-down menus. The Open File window appears.

2.

Select the appropriate drive and directory where the project is located. The program displays
all the projects stored in that directory.

3.

Select the desired file name and click Open or OK.

89

90

Chapter 4 Starting a WaterCAD Project

 6DYLQJD3URMHFW
To save an existing project to disk:
1.

Select File\Save from the pull-down menus. The Save Project File As dialog will appear. If
the project has been previously saved, the command will execute. Otherwise, the next two
steps must be completed.

2.

Select the drive and directory where you want the project located. The program displays all
the projects stored in that directory.

3.

Enter the file name under which you wish to save the file.

 3URMHFW6XPPDU\
The Summary dialog provides a way to enter a Project Title, the name of the Project Engineer,
and any significant Comments (for example, the project revision history). The Date field defaults
to the current day. To change any portion of the date, click the item to change (i.e: month field),
then use the up and down arrows to set the date.
The Project Title and Project Engineer will print in the footer of the Reports.
To access the Project Summary dialog select File\Project Summary from the pull-down menu.

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The Global Options dialog allows you to customize the following options for this application:
Welcome dialog (Stand-Alone mode only)
Unit System
Enter Key Behavior
Background/Foreground Color (Stand-Alone mode only)
Sticky Tool Palette (Stand-Alone mode only)
Auto Prompting
Right-Click Context Menu (This toggle exists only in AutoCAD R14; that option is
automatically On in AutoCAD 2000)
To access the Global Options tab, select Tools\Options from the pull-down menus.

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The Welcome dialog appears when the program is started, and provides easy access to common
tasks you may want to perform when you first start using the program. The following options are
available:
Tutorials
Create New Project
Open Existing Project
Exit Program

Chapter 4 Starting a WaterCAD Project

8QLW6\VWHP
Although individual units can be controlled throughout the program, you may find it useful to
change your entire unit system at once to either the System International (Metric) unit system or
the US Customary (English) system.
When you switch to a different unit system, you will be asked to confirm this action. If you
choose YES, all data will be displayed in the default unit for the selected system.
If the file that you are editing in Stand-Alone mode is already associated with an AutoCAD
drawing, be careful not to change the unit systems. Otherwise, the .DWG and the .WCD files may
become irreversibly out of sync.

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This controls which standard the Enter key follows during editing:
CUA Enter Key With this setting, the Enter key acts as it normally does for Windows
applications. It is conforming to Common User Access (CUA) standards. This means that
when you press the Enter key, it is as though you pressed the default button on the dialog.
CUA Enter Key is the recommended setting.
Tabbing Enter Key With this setting, the Enter key behaves the same as the Tab key for
editable fields (not buttons). This means that when you press the Enter key, the cursor will
move to the next field in the dialog.

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You can specify the background and foreground colors of the main graphical window in StandAlone mode. The foreground color is the default color that is applied to all elements symbols,
pipes, labels, and annotations when no color coding is defined. These color settings also apply to
the Scenario Comparison window, but do not apply to the Profile or Graph Plot windows.

6WLFN\7RROV
Available in Stand-Alone mode. With Sticky Tools disabled, the drawing pane cursor will return
to the Select tool after creating a node or finishing a pipe run. With Sticky Tools enabled, the tool
does not reset to the Select tool, allowing you to continue dropping new elements into the drawing
without reselecting the tool.
The Sticky Tool Palette can be turned on or off to meet your needs and preferences.

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Auto Prompting allows you to immediately enter data as elements are added to the drawing,
without interrupting the layout process.
When Auto Prompting is active, the Auto Prompting dialog will immediately appear when you
add an element to the drawing. From the Auto Prompting dialog, you can modify the element's
default label, and you can access the remaining input data by clicking the associated Edit button.
Auto Prompting can also be toggled off in this dialog.

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If the Right-Click Context Menu option is enabled, a right mouse click on a WaterCAD entity in
AutoCAD R14 will pop-up a context menu for editing or modifying the element (this functionality
emulates the ability that is available in WaterCAD Stand-Alone mode). Right-clicking over any
other entity in the drawing will invoke standard AutoCAD right-click behavior.

91

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Chapter 4 Starting a WaterCAD Project

In AutoCAD 2000, this option is always available. Simply select the element in the
AutoCAD drawing and right-click to obtain a pop-up menu, from which you can select
Edit.

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The Project Options dialog allows you to set essential information about your project, grouped
into the following:
Friction Method
Liquid
Input Modes
Pipe Length Rounding
To access the Project Options tab, select Tools\Options from the pull-down menus.

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The friction method option enables you to select the methodology for determining flow resistance
and friction losses during calculations.
Available methodologies include:
Darcy-Weisbach: Colebrook-White Equation
Hazen -Williams Formula
Mannings Formula
If you change the friction method after pipes have been entered into the network, the program will
ask if you want to update the roughness values of those pipes. If you select Yes, the program will
assign all pipes a new roughness that corresponds to the default roughness of the pipe material.

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You can specify the type of liquid transported by the network, the characteristics of which
(kinematic viscosity and specific gravity) are defined in the Liquid Library.
The kinematic viscosity is used in determining the friction coefficient in the DarcyWeisbach Friction Method.

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WaterCAD supports several input modes to adjust data entry to your style or the needs of a
particular project.
Coordinates Coordinates can be displayed either in X and Y format or as Northing and
Easting. Whichever coordinate input mode is chosen will be active everywhere within the
program (element editors, FlexTables, etc.).

Chapter 4 Starting a WaterCAD Project

Settings This drop-down list allows you to set whether values on control conditions will be
input in terms of hydraulic grade or pressure. Note that regardless of the mode you choose, the
program will always display values in both hydraulic grade and pressure.
Tank Levels This drop-down list allows you to set whether tank operating ranges will be
input in terms of elevations (height above a datum elevation of 0) or levels (height above the
wet wells base elevation).

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Pipe length rounding is used to determine the level of precision desired for scaled pipe lengths.
Pipe lengths will automatically be rounded according to the pipe length rounding value.
For example, consider a pipe with an actual scaled length of 35.8 meters. If the pipe length
rounding value is 1.0 meters, the program will assume the pipe length to be 36.0 meters.
This only affects the value as it appears in elemental editors, FlexTables, and so on. The
actual length of the pipe figure in the drawing pane is not physically adjusted to force the
pipe to a rounded length.
A change to the pipe rounding length is not retroactive. Therefore, it will not affect
existing pipes unless the user-defined length is toggled on and then off again.

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The Drawing Options dialog allows you to specify information regarding the graphical display of
elements in the drawing pane, including:
Drawing Scale
Annotation Multipliers
Pipe Text
Background Drawing
Symbol Visibility
To access the Drawing Options tab, select Tools\Options from the pull-down menus.

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You can set the scale that you want to use as the finished drawing scale for the plan view output.
Drawing scale is determined based upon engineering judgement and the destination sheet sizes to
be used in the final presentations.
You may choose either Schematic mode or Scaled mode to define the horizontal and vertical
distance scales.
Schematic Pipe lengths are not automatically initialized from their lengths in the drawing
pane, but must be manually entered for each pipe.
Scaled Pipe lengths are determined from the lengths of the pipe elements in the drawing
pane.
HOR Horizontal scale controls the scale of the plan view.
VER Vertical scale controls the default elevation scale (for use in profiles, for example).

93

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Chapter 4 Starting a WaterCAD Project

Scaled and schematic mode can be set on a pipe-by-pipe basis. This is useful when scaled mode is
preferred, but an exaggerated scale is needed for layout of detailed piping arrangements.
Whether the drawing is set in scaled or schematic mode automatically reflects the setting of the
pipe prototype. While in schematic mode, Gravity Pipe Prototypes and Pressure Pipe Prototypes
can be assigned a default length. When the drawing mode is scaled, pipe lengths do not need to be
initialized from the prototype. Note that switching between scaled and schematic in either the
Project Options or Pipe Prototype dialogs has no effect on existing pipes.

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Annotation multipliers allow you to change the size of symbols, labels, and annotation text
relative to the drawing scale. There is not a single annotation size that is going to work well with
all projects and scales, so these values should be adjusted based on your judgment and the desired
look of the finished drawings.
Symbol Size The number entered in this field will either increase or decrease the size of your
symbols by the factor indicated. For example, a multiplier of 2 would result in the symbols
being doubled in size. The program selects a default symbol height that corresponds to 4.0 ft
(approximately 1.2 m) in actual-world units, regardless of scale. Unlike text, this symbol
height will not automatically change as you modify the drawing scale. So, if you are
generating drawings in smaller dimensions you may want to increase the graphical display size
of your symbols.
Text Height The text height multiplier increases or decreases the default size of the labeling
text associated with element labeling by the factor indicated. The program automatically
selects a default text height that displays at approximately 2.5 mm (0.1 in) high at the user
defined drawing scale. A scale of 1.0 mm = 0.5 m, for example, would result in a text height
of approximately 1.25 m. Likewise, a 1 in = 40 ft scale equates to a text height of around 4.0
ft.
Annotation Height The annotation height multiplier increases or decreases the default size
of the element annotation by the factor indicated. The program automatically selects a default
text height that displays at approximately 2.5 mm (0.1 in) high at the user defined drawing
scale. A scale of 1.0 mm = 0.5 m, for example, would result in a text height (to scale) of
approximately 1.25 m. Likewise, a 1 in = 40 ft scale equates to a text height of around 4.0 ft.

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The Align Text with Pipes toggle lets you specify whether you want the pipe labeling and
annotations to be parallel to the pipe or horizontal.

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In Stand-Alone mode, a DXF file may be used as a background image for the drawing pane.
Show Background If the background DXF file is turned off, it will not be read from a disk
or displayed in the drawing pane. If the background is not turned off, it will be read from a
disk and displayed.
DXF Unit The DXF drawing unit conversion is used when importing DXF background files,
and also when exporting a DXF file from the project. Note that the value in this field governs
the DXF file import behavior for DXF files saved in scientific, decimal, or fractional units, but
not for DXF files saved in architectural or engineering units.
DXF Background Filename This field enables you to specify a DXF file to be used as the
background for your project. Enter the drive, directory, and file name, or click the Browse
button to select a file interactively.

Chapter 4 Starting a WaterCAD Project

DXF file import behavior is governed by specific factors within the DXF file. If a file does not
import as you expect, check the options used to generate it carefully. For example, try importing
the DXF back into the original program, or into another program that supports the DXF format
(such as AutoCAD, MicroStation, etc.). If the DXF does not import into other applications, there
may be an invalid or missing header, invalid elements, or other errors.

6\PERO9LVLELOLW\
Symbol visibility allows you to customize the drawing by turning specific layers on or off. Each
drawing layer holds a particular type of graphical element, such as labels and annotation. To
remove the graphical elements of a particular layer from the drawing view, simply uncheck the
associated box.
Show Labels The label layer holds the labels for all network elements.
Show Graphic Annotations Graphic annotation includes lines, borders, and text (in StandAlone mode only).
Show Element Annotations Element annotation includes any dynamic annotation that is
added to the project (by the Annotation Wizard).
Show Source Symbols For a water quality analysis, a symbol may be displayed next to
nodes that are defined as a Constituent Source.
Show Control Symbols A symbol may be displayed next to pump, valve, and pipe elements
with one or more controls, as defined in the Controls tab of the element editors.
Show Flow Arrows Arrows indicating the flow direction may be displayed after calculations
have been run.

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Unit flexibility is available from almost anywhere within Haestad Methods software, including
elemental dialogs, FlexTables, and the FlexUnits Manager.

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Most dialogs allow you access to FlexUnits, to set such options as the units, rounding, and
scientific notation for any field in the dialog.
To set the display options for a unitized attribute:
1.

Right-click the field and select Properties from the pop-up context menu. The Set Field
Options dialog will appear.

2.

Set the options you want for your units.

3.

Click OK to set the options for the field, or Cancel to leave without making changes.

You will be able to change the following characteristics:

Units
Display Precision
Scientific Notation
Minimum and Maximum Allowable Values

95

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Chapter 4 Starting a WaterCAD Project

Some attributes do not have theoretical minimum or maximum values, and others may have an
acceptable range governed by calculation restrictions or physical impossibilities. For these
attributes, minimum and maximum allowable values may not be applicable.
You can see the results of your changes in the preview at the top of the dialog.

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Units are the method of measurement displayed for the attribute. To change units, click the dropdown list, then click the desired unit. The list is not limited to SI or US customary units, allowing
you to mix unit system within the same project.
Note that FlexUnits are intelligent the units actually have meaning. When you change units, the
displayed value is converted to the new unit, so the underlying magnitude of the attribute remains
the same.
For example, a length of 100.0 feet is not converted to a length of 100.0 m or 100.0 in. It is
correctly converted to 30.49 m or 1200.0".

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The precision setting can be used to control the number of digits displayed after the decimal point,
or the rounding of numbers.
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Enter 0 or a positive number to specify the number of digits after the decimal point.
For example, if the display precision is set to 3 then a value of 123.456789 would display as
123.457. This works the same regardless of whether or not scientific notation is active.
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Enter a negative number to specify rounding to the nearest power of 10; -1 rounds to the nearest
10, -2 rounds to the nearest 100, and so on.
For example, if the display precision is set to -3 then a value of 1,234,567.89 would display as
1,235,000.
Display precision is for numeric formatting only and will not affect calculation accuracy.

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Scientific notation displays the number as a real number beginning with an integer or real value,
followed by the letter "e" and an integer (possibly preceded by a sign). Click the field to turn
scientific notation on or off. A check will appear in the box to indicate that this setting is turned
on.
Scientific Notation is for numeric formatting only and will not affect calculation
accuracy.

Chapter 4 Starting a WaterCAD Project

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Minimum and maximum values are used to control the allowable range for an attribute, and are
used for validation of user input. For example, some coefficient values might typically range
between 0.09 and 0.20. A frequent user input error is to misplace the decimal point when entering
a value. If you enter a number that is less than the minimum allowed value, a warning message
will be displayed. This helps reduce the number of input errors.
You may change this number in cases where you find the default limits too restrictive.
These allowable minimums and maximums are only available for certain parameters.

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The flexUnits table, which can be accessed by selecting Tools\FlexUnits, allows you to set the
parameters for all the units used. The dialog consists of the following five columns:
Attribute Type Attribute measured by the unit.
Unit Type of measurement displayed. To change the unit of an attribute type, click the dropdown menu, and click the unit you want. This option also allows you to use both US
customary and SI units in the same worksheet.
System Set the system of units. Click the system column for the desired unit, and a button
should appear. Click the button, and set the unit system to the US or SI system.
Display Precision Rounding of numbers and number of digits displayed after the decimal
point. Enter a negative number for rounding to the nearest power of 10; (-1) rounds to 10, (-2)
rounds to 100, (-3) rounds to 1000, and so on. Enter a number from 0 to 8 to indicate the
number of digits after the decimal point. This feature works the same whether scientific
notation is on or off.
Scientific Notation Display numbers in scientific notation. Click the field to turn scientific
notation on or off. If it is turned on, a checkmark appears in the box.
Use Defaults Clicking this button resets all the units to default US customary or metric units,
based on the project global unit system. This is specified on the Global Options tab, accessed
from the Tools\Options menu from the main menu.
The display units can also be changed from several other areas in the program, with any
changes being project-wide. For example, if length is changed from units of feet to
meters, all pipe dialogs will display length in meters. If you change the units in the pipe
dialog from meters to yards, the FlexUnits Manager will indicate that length is in yards.
FlexTables have the ability to use localized units, which are maintained separately from
the current project settings. This allows you to create reports using units that differ
from the currently active ones.

97

Notes

Chapter 5 Layout and Editing Tools

99

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This chapter describes the various tools that are available to simplify the process of graphically or
manually entering network data. These tools allow you to select elements to perform various
graphical or editing operations, locate particular elements, review the network for potential
connection problems, label or relabel elements, review your data, or define any new type of data.

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One of the most powerful features of the graphical editor, both in Stand-Alone and AutoCAD
mode, is the ability to create, move, edit, and delete network elements graphically. With these
capabilities, modeling becomes a simple point-and-click exercise. The on-line tutorials have stepby-step instructions for performing common tasks in the graphical editor, and Lesson 1 also offers
assistance.

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Most network editing tasks can be performed using only your mouse. The pull-down menus and
AutoCAD command line also offer the ability to perform many of these tasks, but by simply
pointing-and-clicking with the mouse you will be able to:
Create New Elements
Select Elements
Edit Elements
Move Elements
Delete Elements
Annotate the Drawing
As you move your mouse over each element, a tool-tip is displayed informing you of the
elements label and annotations.

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The tool palette contains all of the tools necessary for adding network elements to the drawing.
These element tools include:

100

Chapter 5 Layout and Editing Tools

Pipe Layout Tool Pipes are link elements that connect junction nodes, pumps, valves,
tanks, and reservoirs.
Pressure Junction Tool Junctions are non-storage nodes where water can leave the
network to satisfy consumer demands or enter the network as an inflow. Junctions are also
where chemical constituents can enter the network.
Tank Tool Tanks are a type of storage node. The water surface elevation of a tank will
change as water flows into or out of it during an extended period simulation.
Reservoir Tool Reservoirs are a type of storage node. The water surface elevation of a
reservoir does not change as water flows into or out of it during an extended period
simulation.
Pump Tool Pumps are elements that add head to the system as water passes through. A
Pump is represented as a node.
Valve Tool Valves are elements that open, throttle, or close to satisfy a condition you
specify. A valve is represented as a node.
Spot Elevation Tool In addition to the elevations at junction nodes and other network
elements, supplemental spot elevations can be entered throughout the model without adding
unnecessary model nodes.
Although elements can be inserted individually, the most rapid method of network creation is
through the Pipe Layout tool. The Pipe Layout tool enables you to connect existing nodes with
new pipes, but also allows you to create new nodes as you lay out the pipes.
For example, when the Pipe Layout tool is active, clicking within the drawing pane will insert a
node. Clicking again at another location will insert another node and connect the two with a pipe.
Use the on-line tutorials to experience it interactively.

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While laying out the network, you may need to change the type of node that the pipe layout tool
inserts. This can be done very easily and quickly by following the steps outlined below.
1.

Right-click in a blank area of the graphical editor.

2.

A context menu will pop up with a list of available element types.

3.

Select an element type from the context menu.

The cursor appearance will change to reflect the type of node to be inserted.

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Occasionally, you may find that you need to replace a node with a different type of node. You can
change the elements type without deleting it through a process called morphing.
Morphing enables you to change the type of an existing network node, without having to delete
and re-create the node and all of its connecting links. Information that is common between the
existing and new element will be copied into the new element. To morph an existing element into
a different type of element:
1.

From the Tool Palette, select the new element type.

Chapter 5 Layout and Editing Tools

101

2.

In the drawing pane, place the cursor over the old element and click.

3.

You will be prompted to verify that you want to morph the old element simply as a security
measure to ensure that an element is not accidentally morphed. In the event that you do
accidentally morph an element, this action can be undone.

 6SOLWWLQJ3LSHV
You may encounter a situation where you need to add a new node in the middle of an existing
pipe. For example, you may need to insert a new inlet to capture excessive surface flow in
StormCAD or a new manhole in SewerCAD.
You can split existing pipes simply by inserting a node along the pipe.
1.

From the Tool Palette, select the node type.

2.

In the Drawing Pane, place the cursor over the pipe and click.

3.

You will be prompted to confirm that you wish to split the pipe. If you choose to split the
pipe, the node will be inserted and two new pipes will be created with the same characteristics
as the original pipe (lengths are split proportionally).

4.

If you choose not to split the pipe, the new element will be placed on top of the pipe without
connecting to anything.

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You can select one element or a group of elements in the graphical editor on which you can then
perform various operations such as moving, deleting, and editing.

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In Stand-Alone mode, first activate the Select tool

To select a single element, simply click it. To select a group of elements, click in the drawing
pane and drag the mouse to form a rectangle around the elements you want to select; then click
again to choose the other corner of the rectangle. All elements that are fully enclosed within the
selection rectangle will be selected.
To select or deselect other elements or groups of elements, you can follow the same instructions as
above, while holding down the Shift key. Note that there are also many other ways to select
elements through the Edit menu.
When an element is selected in the Stand-Alone drawing pane, it will be displayed with at least
one grip. A grip is a black box, as shown below, that indicates the figures insertion point. The
label of a selected item, or the number of selected items, will be displayed in the status bar.

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Within AutoCAD, the Select tool does not need to be active when making a selection. In fact, no
tools need to be active. Many of the standard Windows selection techniques can be used in
AutoCAD, similar to the selection method in Stand-Alone mode.
AutoCAD also offers a variety of other selection methods, which are outlined in AutoDesks
documentation.

102

Chapter 5 Layout and Editing Tools

When an element is selected in AutoCAD, it may be displayed in a dashed linetype and the grips
may become visible, as shown below. The exact display depends on how the element was
selected, and the value of the AutoCAD variable GRIPS.

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Not all network elements have the same input data. There are several methods for editing network
elements' data, including Database Connections, FlexTables, and the Alternative Manager.
Perhaps the most common method of changing element data, however, is from an individual
elements editor. To edit a single element, use the Selection tool, in Stand-Alone mode or in
AutoCAD mode.
In Stand-Alone mode, editing a single element is very easy. Simply double-click the element, and
the editor dialog will open. Alternatively, you can right-click the element and select Edit from
the pop-up context menu.

In AutoCAD mode, the process is slightly different but still very easy. With the Select tool active,
simply click the element. If you have Right Mouse Context Menu checked in the Global
Options dialog, you can also right-click to bring up the pop-up context menu.
Right-click context menus can provide easy access to common functions and actions.

 0RYLQJ(OHPHQWV
You can change the location of elements easily, whether you are in Stand-Alone or AutoCAD
mode.
The first step is to select the element(s) to be moved. With grips displayed, simply drag a grip and
drop it at the new location. When a node is moved to a new location, pipe lengths are
automatically updated according to the set scale.
In AutoCAD this is the equivalent of the STRETCH command, not the MOVE
command. There are also several other methods of moving items within AutoCAD. For
more information regarding moving elements within AutoCAD, please refer to your
AutoDesk documentation.
In the same fashion, you can also graphically change the location of element labels and annotation
relative to the element.
Additionally, a node element can be moved by editing its coordinates in the elements editor, in
FlexTables, or through database connections.

Chapter 5 Layout and Editing Tools

 'HOHWLQJ(OHPHQWV
Deleting elements is quite easy. Simply select the element(s) to be deleted, and press the Delete
key on the keyboard. Note that the integrity of the network is automatically maintained when
deletions are performed. This means that when a node is deleted, any connecting pipes are also
deleted to prevent "dangling" pipes that would otherwise cause the network to be invalid.
There are also several other methods of deleting elements, including selecting Edit\Delete from
the pull-down menu, or typing ERASE at AutoCADs command line.

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Although this product is primarily a modeling application, some additional drafting tools can be
helpful for intermediate calculations and drawing annotation. AutoCAD, of course, provides a
tremendous number of drafting tools.
In Stand-Alone mode, drafting and annotation tools allow you to add polylines
(multi-segmented lines), rectangles, and text to the drawing pane.

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In the Stand-Alone drawing pane, you can calculate the enclosed area of any closed polyline. This
feature can be especially helpful for determining catchment areas or residential areas.
Simply right-click the closed polyline, and select Enclosed Area from the pop-up context menu.
The Area dialog will open, displaying the calculated area of the polyline enclosure.
This tool is only available for closed polylines. To close an open-ended polyline, rightclick it and select Close from the context menu.
Although this feature is not provided in AutoCAD mode, you can determine the area of any
AutoCAD polyline by performing a LIST command on it.

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Selection sets are user-defined groups of network elements. They allow you to predefine a group
of network elements that you want to manipulate together. Selection sets are defined through the
Selection Set Manager in the Tools menu.

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The Selection Set Manager is used to create, edit, and duplicate selection sets.
Add Add a new selection set.
Edit Edit an existing selection set.
Duplicate Copy an existing selection set.
Delete Delete an existing selection set.
Rename Rename an existing selection set.
Notes Add a note regarding the selection set.

103

104

Chapter 5 Layout and Editing Tools

1HZ6HOHFWLRQ6HW
After clicking Add in the Selection Set Manager, a dialog appears. Simply enter the name of
your new selection set in the dialog. Click OK to name the selection set or Cancel to exit the
dialog without creating a selection set.

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In this dialog, you will notice two panes. A listing of all the elements in the network is displayed
in the Available Items pane. To add items to the Selected Items pane, select elements using the
mouse and click the [ > ] button under Add. To add all the elements to your selection set, click
the [ >> ] button.
Additionally, you can click the Select button to highlight those items in the Available Items pane
using sorts, filters, or the actual drawing itself. It will also allow you to invert the selection set,
thereby unselecting the ones already selected and selecting the ones not already selected. You can
also clear the selected items using the Select button.
The features mentioned above are also available to remove items from the Selected Items pane.

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Allows you to make a copy of the highlighted selection set.

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This dialog allows you to change the name of the highlighted selection set.

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The memo field on the Notes dialog allows you to input free-form paragraph text that will be
associated with the highlighted selection set. Use it to write detailed notes.

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This is a powerful feature that allows you to quickly locate any element in the drawing by its label
alone. It performs a case insensitive search. The Find Element feature is available from the Edit
menu on the main window.
To find an element:
1.

Choose Edit\Find Element.

2.

Type the label of the element you wish to find, or you can click in the list box to choose from
a sorted list of elements in the system.

3.

You may wish to choose a Zoom Factor from the list provided. 100% is the default zoom
factor. If you wish to magnify the view of the drawing, then choose a zoom factor greater
than 100%. To decrease the view of the drawing, choose a zoom factor less than 100%.

4.

Click the OK button.

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Zooming controls how large or small a drawing appears on the screen. Zooming is helpful when
you want to enlarge the display to see the drawings details, or to reduce the display to see an

Chapter 5 Layout and Editing Tools

entire drawing. Zooming does not change the actual size of the drawing; only the size of the
current view.
You can zoom by doing one of the following:
1.

From the View pull-down menu choose:

Zoom In Enlarge the view of the drawing.

Zoom Out Decrease the view of the drawing.

2.

Zoom Window Choose the portion of the drawing to fit in the window by drawing
a box around it.

Zoom Extents Bring all elements in the drawing into view.

Zoom Previous Return to the most recent view of the drawing.

Zoom Center Center the location of specific coordinates within the drawing pane.

Use the toolbar buttons:

Zoom Extents
Zoom In
Zoom Out
Zoom Window
Zoom Previous
You can use the Plus key (+) and the Minus key (-) on the numeric keyboard as a
shortcut for zooming in and out respectively (only in Stand-Alone mode).
The previous zooms are maintained in a stack, so it is possible to zoom and pan to
different portions of the drawing in sequence, then recall those zooms in reverse
sequence.

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The Zoom Center dialog provides you with a quick way to zoom to any area of your drawing.
This feature is useful if you want to start laying out a network around a certain coordinate, or if
you know the coordinate of an existing element that you would like to locate.
To use Zoom Center:
1.

Select the View\Zoom Center menu item.

2.

In the Zoom Center dialog, enter the coordinate to which you would like to zoom.

3.

Select a zoom factor if you would like to increase or decrease the magnification.

4.

Click OK, and the specified coordinate will be located at the center of the drawing.

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Chapter 5 Layout and Editing Tools

 $HULDO9LHZ
This feature displays a second view of the drawing at a larger scale in a separate window, in order
to facilitate zooming, panning and locating a small viewing area in the main drawing window. It
is enabled and disabled from the View menu.
In Stand-Alone mode:
With Aerial View window enabled (by selecting the View\Aerial View menu item), click and
drag to draw a rectangular view box in the aerial view. The area inside this view box is displayed
in the main drawing window. Alternately, any zooming or panning action performed directly in
the main window updates the size and location of the view box in the Aerial View window.
The Aerial View window contains the following buttons:
Zoom Extent Display the entire drawing in the Aerial View window.
Zoom In Decrease the area displayed in the Aerial View window.
Zoom Out Increase the area displayed in the Aerial View window.
To resize the view box directly in the Aerial View window, simply draw a new rectangular view
box. To change the location of the view box directly in the Aerial View window, you can either
drag the view box frame, or create a new view box.
In AutoCAD mode:
Refer to the AutoCAD on-line Help for a detailed explanation.

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The Drawing Review window allows you to quickly review and navigate to any group of
elements. This tool is particularly useful for finding potential problems in a network. These
problems may result from data entry errors or data discrepancies in the source (database,
Shapefile, or CAD drawing) from which a model was imported.
By default, when the Drawing Review window opens, all elements will appear in the list. You
can work with any subset of elements choosing one of the following items:
Select\Custom This option allows you to choose any set of elements to review using the
Selection Set dialog.
Select\All Elements This option automatically selects all available elements.
Select\Nodes in Close Proximity This option allows you to select all nodes that are within a
user-defined tolerance of a pipe, but are not connected to that pipe. The tolerance is defined in
the Nodes in Close Proximity dialog, which opens when this option is selected. This tool is
useful for finding and correcting connectivity problems.
Select\Pipe-Split Candidates This option allows you to find nodes that are closer to a pipe
than a user-defined tolerance but are not connected. The tolerance is defined in the Pipe-Split
Candidates dialog, which opens when this option is selected. This option is useful for finding
and correcting connectivity problems.
Select\Orphaned Nodes This option allows you to select all orphaned nodes in your
network. A node is an orphan when it is not connected to any pipe.
Select\Elements with Messages This option allows you to select all the elements that have
warnings or error messages which appear in the Messages tab of an element editor dialog.
This is useful for correcting data entry errors.

Chapter 5 Layout and Editing Tools

Select\Clear Drawing Review Messages This option allows you to reset Drawing Review
messages for all elements in the list. Drawing Review messages are automatically added
during various Import operations such as Polyline to Pipe Import, Land Development Desktop
Import (in SewerCAD or StormCAD), etc. After you review and fix these problems, you may
want to clear the review messages. If you want to retain some of the drawing review
messages, simply remove those elements from the list prior to performing this operation.
The elements you select will appear in the primary list located along the left side of the Drawing
Review window.
Go To To navigate to an element, select the desired element in the list and press the Go To
button.
Next/Prev To navigate to the elements sequentially, use the Next or Prev buttons.
Zoom You can control the degree to which the drawing review zooms into the selected
element by choosing a zoom factor from the field labeled Zoom, located in the lower right
corner of the dialog.
You can double-click an element in the list to quickly navigate to that element.
If you know the name of the element to which you wish to navigate, type the label in the
field located above the element list and click the Go To button.
The Drawing Review window is modeless, so all menus and toolbars will remain
available even when the window is open. This will allow you to navigate to and fix any
problems that you find.
Use the Drawing Review window in conjunction with the Quick View window to review the data
for the selected elements.
To access the Drawing Review dialog select Edit\Review Drawing from the main menu.

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Some select operations require you to specify a tolerance for defining which nodes will be selected
for the Drawing Review window.
Elements in Close proximity If the distance between the elements in the drawing is within
the specified tolerance, those elements will be selected for display in the Drawing Review
window.
Pipe Split Candidates If the distance between a node and a pipe is within the specified
tolerance, it will be selected for display in the Drawing Review window.

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Element relabeling allows you to modify the labels of a selected set of elements. An instance
where this is especially useful is with a model built from a database that uses numeric ID's to
identify elements. The element labels will be numeric identifiers when they are imported through
a database connection, making it difficult to distinguish between the different types of elements in
the system. With the element relabeling tool you can quickly append a prefix such as 'P-' to all the
pipes in your system so that it is obvious which labels belong to elements representing pipes.

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Chapter 5 Layout and Editing Tools

The Relabel Elements dialog contains two sections:
Relabel Operations Allows you to select and define the operations you want to perform.
Elements Selected Allows you to select which elements in your project you want to relabel.
To access the Relabel Element dialog select Tools\Relabel Elements from the main menu.

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The element relabeling tool allows you to perform three types of operations on a set of element
labels: Append, Replace, and Renumber. The active relabel operation is chosen from the list box
in the Relabel Operations section of the Relabel Elements dialog. The entry fields for entering
the information appropriate for the active relabel operation appear below the Relabel Operations
section. The following list presents a description of the available element relabel operations.
Replace This operation allows you to replace all instances of a character or series of
characters in the selected element labels with another piece of text. For instance, if you
selected elements with labels P-1, P-2, P-12, and J-5, you could to replace all the P's with the
word Pipe by entering 'P' in the Find field, 'Pipe' in the Replace With field and clicking the
Apply button. The resulting labels would be Pipe-1, Pipe-2, Pipe-12, and J-5. You can also
use this operation to delete portions of a label. Suppose you now want to go back to the
original labels, you can enter 'ipe' in the Find field and leave the Replace With field blank to
reproduce the labels P-1, P-2, P-12, and J-5. There is also the option to match the case of the
characters when searching for the characters to replace. This option can be activated by
checking the box next to the Match Case field.
Renumber This operation allows you to generate a new label, including suffix, prefix, and
ID number for each selected element. For example, if you had the following labels P-1, P-4,
P-10, and Pipe-12 you could use this feature to renumber the elements in increments of five,
starting at five, with a minimum number of two digits for the ID number field. You could
specify a prefix P- and a suffix -Z1 in the Prefix and Suffix fields respectively. The prefix
and suffix are appended to the front and back of the automatically generated ID number. The
value of the ID number for the first element relabeled, five, is entered in the Next field. The
value by which the numeric base of each consecutive element is incremented, five, is entered
in the Increment field. The minimum number of digits in the ID number, two, is entered in
the Digits field. If the number of digits in the ID number is less then this value it is padded
with zeros. Click the Apply button to produce the following labels P-05-Z1, P-10-Z1, P-15Z1, and P-20-Z1.
Append This operation allows you to append a prefix, suffix, or both to the selected element
labels. Suppose that you have selected the labels 5, 10, 15, and 20, and you wish to signify
that these elements are actually pipes in zone 1 of your system. You can use the append
operation to add an appropriate prefix and suffix, such as 'P-' and '-Z1', by specifying these
values in the Prefix and Suffix fields and clicking the Apply button. Performing this
operation would yield the labels P-5-Z1, P-10-Z1, P-15-Z1, and P-20-Z1. You can append
only a prefix or suffix by leaving one of the entry fields empty. However, in order for the
operation to be valid, one of the entry fields must be filled in.
The selection of elements on which the relabel operation is to be performed can be selected in the
Elements section of the Relabel Elements dialog.
To access the Relabel Elements dialog, select Tools\Relabel Elements from the main menu.

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The Elements section contains a text pane that lists the elements to be relabeled. You can select
the set of elements that appears in this text pane by clicking the Select button. This accesses the

Chapter 5 Layout and Editing Tools

Selection Set dialog, where you can pick a set of elements from all the elements currently in the
project.
For the Append and Replace operations, the order that the elements appear in the text pane does
not affect the results of the operation. However, for the Renumber operation, the order in which
the elements appear in the text pane determines the order in which they will be renumbered. The
default order in which the elements appear in the text pane is in the alphanumeric order of the
element labels called ascending order. If you wish to change this order you can click the Sort
button and select Network Order to put the elements in the order they appear in the network,
Descending Order to put them in reverse alphanumeric order, or Ascending Order to put them
back in alphanumeric order.

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The Element Labeling dialog is used to specify the automatic numbering format of new elements
as they are added to the network.
Element A non-editable field, indicating the type of element the label applies to.
Next Enter the integer you want to use as the starting value for the ID number portion of the
label. The program will generate labels beginning with this number, and will choose the first
available unique label.
Increment Enter the integer that will be added to the ID number after each element is
created to yield the number for the next element.
Prefix Enter the letters or numbers that will appear in front of the ID number for the
elements in your network.
Digits Enter the total number of digits the ID number will have.
Suffix Enter the letters or numbers that will appear after the ID number for the elements in
your network.
Preview An example of what the label will look like based on the information you have
entered in the previous fields.
Changes to the element labeling specifications will only affect the numbering of new elements.
Existing elements will not be affected. In order to adjust the numbering of existing elements,
utilize the Relabel Elements option accessible from the Tools menu.
Pipe labeling can be aligned with the pipes or be displayed horizontally, depending on
the Pipe Text setting specified in the Drawing Options dialog.
You can control the angle at which the text flips from one side of the pipe to the other (reading in
the opposite direction) to maintain readability, when the pipe direction on a plot is nearly vertical.
By default, the text flips direction when the pipe direction is 1.5 degrees, measured counterclockwise from the vertical. You may modify this value by inserting a TextFlipAngle variable in
the Haestad.ini file located in your \Haestad directory, under the [WTRC] section and specifying
the angle at which the text should flip. That angle is measured in degrees counter-clockwise from
the vertical. For instance, if you want the text to flip when the pipe direction is vertical, you
should add the following line to the Haestad.ini file:
TextFlipAngle=0
Reasonable values would fall in the range 15.0 deg to -15.0 deg.

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 4XLFN9LHZ
The Quick View window provides you with a fast way to view the data associated with any
element in the network without having to open the element dialog. It is a floating window that
includes input and output information for any element that you have selected. It also includes a
convenient color coding legend. Three tabs are provided on the window:
Input Input data for the selected element.
Output Output data for the selected element.
Legend Ranges of the active color coding.
When the Quick View window is active, the data for a selected entity will immediately be
displayed.
You can change the size of the Label, Value, and Unit columns on the Input/Output tabs
by using the resizing bar at the top of the Quick View window.
You can highlight an Input or Output attribute (e.g. Demand), by clicking the label of
that attribute in the Quick View window. This provides for better visual feedback, for
example, when monitoring the pressures at several nodes.

Use the Quick View button

in the toolbar to toggle the Quick View window on and off.

Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

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This chapter presents a detailed look at the input and output data for each type of element used in a
WaterCAD project and the way it is organized in the graphical user interface. First, a description
of the elements used to model the water distribution network is provided, including prototypes as a
way to initialize new model elements with default values. Then the chapter addresses the user
data extension, which allows you to add your own attributes to any element and the zone manager
that allows you to group modeling elements into zones, used for fire flow analysis.
The primary component of a WaterCAD project is the network model. The element types that are
used to form a network are:
Pressure Pipes Pipes are link elements that connect junction nodes, pumps, valves, tanks,
and reservoirs to each other. The only way for water to travel from one node to another is by
following a path through one or more pipes.
Pressure Junctions Junctions are non-storage nodes where water can leave the network to
satisfy consumer demands, water can enter the network as an inflow, or chemical constituents
can enter the network.
Tanks Tanks are a type of storage node. The water surface elevation of a tank will change as
water flows into or out of it during an extended period simulation. Tanks can have either a
circular or non-circular cross section.
Reservoirs A reservoir is a type of storage node. The water surface elevation of a reservoir
does not change as water flows into or out of it during an extended period simulation.
Reservoirs can be used to model external water sources such as lakes, streams, and wells.
Pumps A pump is an element which adds head to the system as water passes through. It is
typically defined by a pump curve and control elevations, which turn the pump on or off. It is
represented as a node.
Valves A valve is an element that opens, throttles, or closes to satisfy a condition you
specify. It is represented as a node.
A water distribution model will not be considered valid for calculation if the number of
pipes exceeds the licensed size. To determine how many pipes you are licensed for,
choose the Help\About WaterCAD menu item. Click the Registration button to view the
size that has been licensed. If the total number of pipes exceeds the licensed size, the
project will not calculate.

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Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

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The element editors allow you to edit all input data and view all output data defining a single
network element.
Element data may also be viewed/edited more efficiently through FlexTables, which
display all the data in customizable tabular format, allowing you to perform sorting,
filtering, global editing, etc. The data may also be quickly reviewed through the Quick
View window.
To access an element editor, follow the directions below for the mode you are using:
Stand-Alone:

Double-click the element you wish to edit, or right-click the element and
select Edit from the drop-down menu.

AutoCAD R14:

Pick the Select tool and click the element you wish to edit. If the RightClick Context Menu is selected, you can also right-click the element and
select Edit from the drop-down menu.

AutoCAD 2000:

Pick the Select tool and click the element you wish to edit, or select the
element and choose Edit from the drop-down menu.

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Pipes are link elements that connect junction nodes, pumps, valves, tanks, and reservoirs to each
other. The only way for water to travel from one node to another is by following a path through
one or more pipes. The pressure pipe editor organizes the related input data and calculated results
into the following tabs:
General General pipe information including dimension and physical characteristics data, as
well as hydraulic results.
Controls Control data used to specify whether the pipe is open or closed at a specified time
or based on the HGL or pressure at any node in the system.
Quality Input parameters used when performing a Water Quality Analysis as specified in the
Scenario Calculation dialog.
Cost Cost Analysis input/output data used when performing Cost Analysis calculations.
User Data Additional data as defined by the user. New fields can be added, such as the pipe
installation date or the pipe condition.
Messages Calculation messages, such as warnings or error messages, and user-entered notes
and descriptions.
For more information on the data, refer to the topics describing each tab.

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Junctions are non-storage nodes where water can leave the network to satisfy consumer demands,
water can enter the network as an inflow, or chemical constituents can enter the network. The
pressure junction editor organizes the related input data and calculated results into the following
tabs:
General General junction information including geographical data and hydraulic results.

Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

Demand Assignment of demands or inflows to junction elements in order to simulate water
leaving or entering the network. Inflows and demands consist of a baseline flow rate and an
associated Fixed or Extended Period Simulation (EPS) Pattern.
Quality Input parameters used when performing a Water Quality Analysis, as specified in
the Scenario Calculation dialog.
Fire Flow Contains fire flow input and output data.
Cost Cost Analysis input/output data used when performing Cost Analysis calculations.
User Data Additional data as defined by the user. New fields can be added
Messages Calculation messages, such as warnings or error messages, and user-defined notes
and descriptions.
For more information on the data, refer to the topics describing each tab.

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Tanks are a type of storage node. The water surface elevation of a tank will change as water flows
into or out of it during an extended period simulation. Tanks can have either a circular or noncircular cross section. WaterCAD allows you to define tanks with either fixed or variable
sections.
For steady-state simulations, a tank is considered to have a constant water surface
elevation, similar to a reservoir.
The tank editor organizes the related input data and calculated results into the following tabs:
General General tank information including geographical data and hydraulic results.
Section Data defining the geometric characteristics of the tank and its operating level range.
Quality Input parameters used when performing a Water Quality Analysis, as specified in
the Scenario Calculation dialog.
Cost Cost Analysis input/output data used when performing Cost Analysis calculations.
User Data Additional data as defined by the user. New fields can be added, such as the tank
installation date or the tank condition.
Messages Calculation messages, such as warnings or error messages, and user-defined notes
and descriptions.
For more information on the data, refer to the topics describing each tab.

 5HVHUYRLU(GLWRU
A reservoir is a type of storage node. The water surface elevation of a reservoir does not change as
water flows into or out of it during an extended period simulation. Reservoirs can be used to
model external water sources such as lakes, streams, and wells. The reservoir editor organizes the
related input data and calculated results into the following tabs:
General General reservoir information including geographical data and hydraulic results.
Quality Input parameters used when performing a Water Quality Analysis, as specified in
the Scenario Calculation dialog.
Cost Cost Analysis input/output data used when performing Cost Analysis calculations.

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Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

User Data Additional data as defined by the user. New fields can be added.
Messages Calculation messages, such as warnings or error messages, and user-defined notes
and descriptions.
For more information on the data, refer to the topics describing each tab.

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A pump is an element that adds head to the system as water passes through it. This software can
currently be used to model six different pump types:
Constant Power
Design Point (One-Point)
Standard (Three-Point)
Standard Extended
Custom Extended
Multiple Point
Avoid using constant power or design point pumps. They are often enticing because they
require less work on behalf of the engineer, but they are much less accurate than a pump
curve based on several representative points.

It is not necessary to place a check valve on the pipe immediately downstream of a

pump, because pumps have built in check valves that prevent reverse flow.
The pump editor organizes the related input data and calculated results into the following tabs:
General General pump information including geographical data, pump curve data, initial
settings, and hydraulic results.
Controls Data specifying the on/off elevation settings of the pump, as well as relative speed
factor settings in the case of a variable speed pump.
Quality Input parameters used when performing a Water Quality Analysis as specified in the
Scenario Calculation dialog.
Cost Cost Analysis input/output data used when performing Cost Analysis calculations.
User Data Additional data as defined by the user. New fields can be added.
Messages Calculation messages, such as warnings or error messages, and user-defined notes
and descriptions.
For more information on the data, refer to the topics describing each tab.

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A valve is an element that opens, throttles, or closes to satisfy a condition you specify. This
software can model several different types of valves. The behavior of a valve is determined by the
upstream (From Pipe) and downstream (To Pipe) conditions. The valve types include:

Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

Pressure Reducer Valve (PRV) PRVs throttle to prevent the downstream hydraulic grade
from exceeding a set value. If the downstream grade rises above the set value, the PRV will
close. If the head upstream is lower than the valve setting, the valve will open fully.
Pressure Sustaining Valve (PSV) PSVs throttle to prevent the upstream hydraulic grade
from dropping below a set value. If the upstream grade is lower than the set grade, the valve
will close completely.
Pressure Breaker Valve (PBV) PBVs are used to force a specified pressure (head) drop
across the valve. These valves do not automatically check flow, and will actually boost the
pressure in the direction of reverse flow to achieve a downstream grade that is lower than the
upstream grade by a set amount.
Flow Control Valve (FCV) FCVs are used to limit the maximum flow rate through the
valve from upstream to downstream. FCVs do not limit the minimum flow rate or negative
flow rate (flow from the To Pipe to the From Pipe).
Throttle Control Valve (TCV) TCVs are used as controlled minor losses. A TCV is simply
a valve that has a minor loss associated with it, where the minor loss can change in magnitude
according to the controls that are implemented for the valve.
You can change a valve from one type to another by a process called "morphing". Just
click the new valve type on the toolbar, and drag the new valve on top of the old one.
If you are using a valve that does not normally check flow, but you would like it to,
simply set one of the pipes connecting to the valve with a check valve.
The valve editor organizes the related input data and calculated results into the following tabs:
General General valve information including geographical data and hydraulic results.
Controls Data specifying how the valve is controlled, as a function of the time or the
hydraulic condition at any node in the system.
Quality Input parameters used when performing a Water Quality Analysis, as specified in
the Scenario Calculation dialog.
Cost Cost Analysis input/output data used when performing Cost Analysis calculations.
User Data Additional data as defined by the user. New fields can be added.
Messages Calculation messages, such as warnings or error messages, and user-defined notes
and descriptions.
For more information on the data, refer to the topics describing each tab.

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The General tab for pressure pipes is organized into the following groups:
Pipe General pipe data.
Initial Status Specify whether the pipe is initially open or closed.

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Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

User-Defined Length Specify whether the pipe length is calculated automatically or userdefined.
Nodes Define a positive direction for the flow in the pipe. This is used for check valves or
flow results. A reported negative flow indicates that the water is flowing from the To Node to
the From Node.
Hydraulic Results Calculated hydraulic data.
Water Quality Results of the water quality computations in the pipe, reported when a Water
Quality Analysis has been performed.
For more information on the data, see the topic on each data section below.
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In this section you enter all of the pipe general characteristics:
Label Unique "name" referencing the pipe in reports, error messages, and tables.
Material Pipe material, with its associated roughness value, selected from the material
library.
Diameter Diameter of the pipe.
Roughness Coefficient Pipe roughness coefficient or value associated with the roughness
method selected during the project setup (Mannings n, Hazen-Williams C, or Darcy-Weisbach
roughness height) for the selected material. You can keep the roughness value associated with
the selected material, as defined in the material library, or override the roughness value for that
specific pipe.
Minor Loss Coefficient Coefficient K used in the minor loss equation, as defined in the
Minor Loss section in the "WaterCAD Theory" Appendix. This is the equation most
commonly used for determining the headloss in a fitting, valve, meter, or other localized
component.
Check Valve When this box is checked, flow can only travel from the From Node to the To
Node in a pressure pipe.
By clicking the ellipsis (...) button located next to the Material or the Minor Loss
Coefficient field, you can access the engineering library to create and customize
materials and composite minor loss coefficients, respectively.
Set the minor loss coefficient value to 0.0 if there is no minor loss in the pipe.

Composite Minor Loss

Pressure pipes can have an unlimited number of minor loss elements associated with them. This
program provides an easy-to-use table for editing these minor losses. The composite minor loss
table consists of four columns: Quantity, Minor Loss, K Each, and K Total. Each row
represents a group of similar minor losses:
Quantity The number of minor losses of the same type to be added to the composite minor
loss for the pipe.
Minor Loss The type of minor loss element.
K Each The headloss coefficient for a single minor loss element of the specified type.

Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

K Total The total minor loss coefficient for the row. It is the Quantity multiplied by K
Each.
The composite minor loss dialog also has three command buttons:
Insert Insert a row in the table.
Duplicate Create a new row in the table with the same values as the selected row.
Delete Delete the selected row of the table.
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The Initial Status of the pipe can be either Open or Closed. The status can possibly change when
calculations are performed based on the presence of controls for that pipe.
In Steady-State Analysis mode (in WaterCAD), the Initial Status is used as the
permanent status. However, it can be overruled by the presence of controls, if the Use
Controls in Steady-State Analysis check box in the Calculation Options dialog is
checked. The Calculation Options dialog is accessed by clicking the GO button in the
main view to display the Calculation tab of the Scenario Editor, and then clicking the
Options button.
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If the User-Defined Length box is checked, you can enter a pipe length. Otherwise, the program
will compute a pipe length from node center to node center, accounting for bends if there are any.
Creating user-defined lengths is useful for drawing quick schematics to accelerate your design
process.
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This section allows you to identify the calculated flow direction. A reported positive flow value
indicates that the flow is in the direction of the From Node to the To Node. It is also useful for
check valves, which allow flow only in the From Node to To Node direction.
The Reverse button allows you to change the direction of a pipe, switching the From Node and
the To Node.
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This section reports the following hydraulic results:
Discharge Calculated total flow in the pipe.
Velocity Calculated velocity in the pipe.
Headloss Gradient Headloss in the pipe represented as a slope, or gradient.
Pressure Pipe Headloss Loss of energy in the pipe due to friction and minor losses.
Control Status Open or Closed status of the pipe. Open means that flow occurs in the pipe
and Closed means that there is no flow.
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This section reports the results of the water quality computations at this location, assuming that a
Water Quality Analysis was performed. The water quality parameter displayed depends on the
type of water quality analysis being performed. This parameter is one of the three types:
Age Report how long the water has been in the system at this node or link.

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Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

Trace Report the percentage of water at this node or link that originated at another chosen
node (tank, reservoir, or junction).
Constituent Report the concentration of a given constituent at this node or link.

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The General tab for junctions is organized into the following sections:
General General information about the junction.
Calculated Hydraulics Calculated demand, hydraulic grade and pressure at the junction.
Water Quality Result of the water quality computations at this node reported when a Water
Quality Analysis has been performed.
For more information on the data, see the topic on each section. The Water Quality section is
identical for all elements and is described in the "Pressure Pipe General Tab" section.
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This section allows you to enter general information about the junction, such as:
Label Unique "name" referencing the junction in reports, error messages, and tables.
X (Easting) The location of the junction may be represented by an X-value or an Easting
value, depending on individual preferences.
Y (Northing) The location of the junction may be represented by a Y-value or an Northing
value, depending on individual preferences.
Elevation Elevation of the junction.
Zone Specify the zone the junction belongs to. You may click the ellipsis () button to
access the Zone Manager, which allows you to edit or add zones.
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This section reports the following results:
Demand (Calculated) Total demand leaving (or entering) the pipe network at the junction at
the current time.
Calculated Hydraulic Grade Hydraulic grade at the junction.
Pressure Pressure at the junction.

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The General tab for tanks is organized into the following sections:
General General geographic information about the tank.
Hydraulics Calculated flow entering/leaving the tank and the calculated hydraulic grade in
the tank.
Water Quality Result of the water quality computations at this node reported when a Water
Quality Analysis has been performed.
For more information on the data, see the topic on each section. The Water Quality section is
identical for all elements and is described in the "Pressure Pipe General Tab" section.

Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

*HQHUDO6HFWLRQ
This section allows you to enter general information about the tank such as:
Label Unique "name" referencing the tank in reports, error messages, and tables.
X (Easting) The location of the tank may be represented by an X-value or an Easting value,
depending on individual preferences.
Y (Northing) The location of the tank may be represented by a Y-value or an Northing value,
depending on individual preferences.
Elevation Ground elevation of the tank.
Zone Specify the zone the tank belongs to. You may click the ellipsis () button to access
the Zone Manager, which allows you to edit or add zones.
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This section reports the hydraulic data of the tank:
Hydraulic Grade Calculated hydraulic grade in the tank.
Inflow/Outflow Flow entering/leaving the tank (the field label changes accordingly).

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The General tab for reservoirs is organized into the following sections:
General General geographic information about the reservoir.
Reservoir Calculated Hydraulics Calculated flow entering or leaving the reservoir.
Water Quality Result of the water quality computations at this node reported when a Water
Quality Analysis has been performed.
For more information on the data, see the topic on each section. The Water Quality section is
identical for all elements and is described in the "Pressure Pipe General Tab" section.
*HQHUDO6HFWLRQ
This section allows you to enter general information about the reservoir, such as:
Label Unique "name" referencing the reservoir in reports, error messages, and tables.
X (Easting) The location of the reservoir may be represented by an X-value or an Easting
value, depending on individual preferences.
Y (Northing) The location of the reservoir may be represented by a Y-value or a Northing
value, depending on individual preferences.
Elevation Elevation of the water surface in the reservoir, which is assumed to remain
constant through time.
Zone Specify the zone in which the reservoir belongs. Click the ellipsis () button to
access the Zone Manager, which allows you to edit or add zones.
5HVHUYRLU&DOFXODWHG+\GUDXOLFV6HFWLRQ
This section reports the hydraulic data of the reservoir:
Inflow/Outflow Flow entering/leaving the reservoir (the field label changes accordingly).

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Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

3XPSV*HQHUDO7DE
The General tab for pumps is organized into the following groups:
General General data about the pump.
Pump Type of pump curve and related data.
Initial Setting Initial conditions for a pump describing the pump's behavior at the start of the
analysis in EPS mode, or its permanent setting in Steady-State mode.
Pipes Direction the pump is operating (i.e. from upstream to downstream node). The
direction of pumping can be reversed by clicking the Reverse button.
Operating Point Values of pump head and discharge, which are computed by the program
to balance with the remaining system heads and flow rates.
Water Quality Result of the water quality computations at this pump reported when a Water
Quality Analysis has been performed.
For more information on the data, see the topic on each section. The Water Quality section is
identical for all elements and is described in the "Pressure Pipe General Tab" section.
*HQHUDO6HFWLRQ
This section allows you to enter general information about the pump such as:
Label Unique "name" referencing the pump in reports, error messages, and tables.
X (Easting) The location of the pump may be represented by an X-value or an Easting value,
depending on individual preferences.
Y (Northing) The location of the pump may be represented by a Y-value or an Northing
value, depending on individual preferences.
Elevation Elevation of the pump.
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The information required for the pump varies depending on the type of pump which was selected.
The possible information presented is as follows:
Pump Type Select one of the six available types of pump curve definitions.
Pump Power Represents the horsepower that is actually transferred from the pump into the
water. Depending on the pump's efficiency, the actual power consumed (brake horsepower)
may vary.
Shutoff Point Point at which the pump will have zero discharge.
maximum head point on a pump curve.

It is typically the

Design Point Point at which the pump was originally intended to operate. It is typically the
best efficiency point (BEP) of the pump. At discharges above or below this point, the pump is
not operating under optimum conditions.
Maximum Operating (Point) Highest discharge for which the pump is actually intended to
run. At discharges above this point, the pump may behave unpredictably, or its performance
may decline rapidly.
Maximum Extended (Point) Absolute maximum discharge at which the pump can operate,
adding zero head to the system. This value may be computed by the program, or entered as a
custom extended point.

Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

All defined pump curve points have an associated head and discharge.
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The initial conditions for a pump describe the pumps behavior at the start of the analysis. These
conditions include:
Status One of two available status conditions: On (normal operation), Off (no flow under
any condition).
Relative Speed Factor Characteristics of the pump relative to the speed for which the pump
curve was entered, in accordance with the affinity laws. A speed factor of 1.00 would indicate
pump characteristics identical to those of the original pump curve.
In Steady-State Analysis mode (in WaterCAD), the Initial Status is used as the
permanent status. However, it can be overruled by the presence of controls, if the Use
Controls in Steady-State Analysis check box in the Calculation Options dialog is
checked. The Calculation Options dialog is accessed by clicking the GO button in the
main view to display the Calculation tab of the Scenario Editor, and then clicking the
Options button.
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This indicates the direction in which the pump is operating (from upstream node to downstream
node).
You can switch the Upstream and Downstream Pipes by clicking the Reverse button.
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The pump's operating point represents the values for pump head and discharge which are
computed by the program to balance with the remaining system heads and flow rates.
The calculated parameters are:
Pump Head Head generated by the pump at the operating point.
Discharge Discharge produced by the pump at the operating point.
Pump Intake Grade Calculated hydraulic grade line at the intake of the pump.
Pump Discharge Grade Calculated hydraulic grade line at the downstream end of the
pump.
For a constant power pump, the calculated operating point may be outside of the range
for which the pump is representative of a real pump. Be very cautious and check all
results carefully.

For more information about the theory behind the pump operating point, see the Pump
Theory chapter.

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9DOYHV*HQHUDO7DE
The General tab for valves is organized into the following sections:
General General information about the valve.
Valve Characteristics Diameter and minor loss coefficient of the valve.
Initial Setting Behavior of the valve at the start of the analysis.
Pipes Direction in which the valve is controlling the flow. You can reverse that direction by
clicking the Reverse button.
Calculated Hydraulics Calculated hydraulic data upstream, downstream, and through the
valve.
Water Quality Result of the water quality computations at the valve when a Water Quality
Analysis has been performed.
For more information on the data, see the topic on each section. The Water Quality section is
identical for all elements and is described in the "Pressure Pipe General Tab" section.
*HQHUDO6HFWLRQ
This section allows you to enter general information about the valve such as:
Label Unique "name" referencing the valve in reports, error messages,and tables.
X-Coordinate (Easting) The location of the valve may be represented by an X-value or an
Easting value, depending on individual preferences.
Y-Coordinate (Northing) The location of the valve may be represented by a Y-value or an
Northing value, depending on individual preferences.
Elevation Elevation of the valve.
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The Valve Characteristics section defines the following parameters:
Element Type Indicates whether the valve type is PRV, PSV, PBV, FCV or TCV.
Diameter Inside diameter of the valve. Used to calculate the velocity through the valve and
a corresponding minor loss, when a minor loss coefficient is entered.
Minor Loss Coefficient Coefficient used to model any minor loss associated with the valve
for the specified valve diameter, when the valve is fully open. Click the ellipsis () button to
define composite minor losses. The valve is fully open in the following two cases:

The valve status is set to Inactive.

The valve status is set to Active and the hydraulic conditions are such that the valve
is fully open.

Minor loss data is not required for Throttle Control Valves (TCVs) because the minor
losses are already accounted for by the valve's primary purpose.

To change the type of a valve, use the element morphing feature of WaterCAD.

Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

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The initial conditions describe the valves behavior at the start of the analysis. These conditions
include:
Valve Status A valve can have several different status conditions:

Active (throttling, opening, or closing depending on system pressures and flows)

Closed (no flow under any conditions)

Inactive (wide open, with no regulation)

Settings/Hydraulic Grade/Pressure For Pressure Reducing, Pressure Sustaining and

Pressure Breaker Valves, specify either the initial hydraulic grade or the pressure setting
associated with the valve.
You only need to specify either the pressure setting or the hydraulic grade setting. The
other will be automatically calculated based on the valves elevation.
Discharge For Flow Control Valves, specify the initial discharge to maintain through the
valve.
Headloss Coefficient For Throttle Control Valves, specify the initial minor losses associated
with the valve.
In Steady-State Analysis mode (in WaterCAD), the Initial Status is used as the
permanent status. However, it can be overruled by the presence of controls, if the Use
Controls in Steady-State Analysis check box in the Calculation Options dialog is
checked. The Calculation Options dialog is accessed by clicking the GO button in the
main view to display the Calculation tab of the Scenario Editor, and then clicking the
Options button.
3LSHV6HFWLRQ
This section allows you to specify the Upstream Pipe and Downstream Pipe.
The valve direction, along with the flow direction, affects the behavior of the valve, as
explained in the Valve Editor topic at the beginning of this Chapter.

You can switch the Upstream Pipe and Downstream Pipe by clicking the Reverse button.
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This section reports the following calculated hydraulic parameters for a valve:
Discharge Calculated flow rate passing through the valve.
Velocity Calculated velocity inside the valve, based on the valve diameter.
Headloss Calculated headloss through the valve.
From HGL Calculated hydraulic grade immediately upstream of the valve.
To HGL Calculated hydraulic grade immediately downstream of the valve.

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Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

 'HPDQG7DE
This program provides the ability to define a hydraulic load connsisting of multiple demands and
inflows for each junction node in the network. Each individual hydraulic demand or inflow
consists of a baseline flow rate and a pattern that is applied when performing an Extended Period
Simulation (EPS). This software provides a table for editing hydraulic loads. Each row represents
an individual hydraulic demand or inflow. The table has three columns: Type, Demand, and
Pattern:
Type Choose the type of load. Demand represents a withdrawal of liquid from the network
system (if the value entered is negative, then the liquid is entering network). Inflow represents
the addition of liquid to the system (negative inflow represents flow leaving the system).
Demand Enter the baseline flowrate for the load. This number will always be positive. If you
need to define an inflow, change the load type. The units are volume per unit time (typically l/s
or gpm).
Pattern Choose the EPS pattern that will apply to this load. Each load in the table can have a
different EPS pattern. The multipliers defined in the pattern will be applied against the baseline
load.
The Demand dialog has the following command buttons:
Insert Insert a row in the table.
Duplicate Create a new row in the table with the same values as the selected row.
Delete Delete the selected row of the table. The selected demand or inflow is removed from
the list.
Graph Generate a graph of the total demand over time at this junction.

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Tank section data includes the information necessary to describe the storage characteristics of the
tank. They have been factored into the following logical groups:
Section The type of cross-section and the basic storage parameters.
Operating Range The minimum, initial, and maximum operating elevations.
Cross Section Parameters describing the cross-sectional geometry.

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The general information for tank section consists of the following:
Section Choose the type of cross section for this storage tank. There are two types of cross
sections to choose from: Constant Area and Variable Area.
Inactive Volume Enter the inactive volume for this storage tank. This data is used when
performing water quality analysis.
Total Active Volume If this storage tank is a Constant Area Tank, the total active volume
will be computed from the other tank data and this field will not be editable. If this is a
Variable Area Tank, then enter the total storage volume for the tank.

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This section allows you to set the absolute limits for the water levels in the tank. Elevations are
relative to the same datum as the rest of your system, while levels refer to heights of water above
the tank's base elevation. The operating range fields prompt you for the following values:

Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

Elevations/Levels Select whether you want to enter the data in terms of absolute elevation
(typically based on the sea level) or in terms of levels (relative to an arbitrary base elevation of
the tank you specify).
Maximum Highest allowable water surface elevation or level. If the tank fills above this
point, it will automatically shut off from the system.
Initial Value used as the water surface elevation or level when performing steady-state
calculations, or as the beginning condition when performing an extended period simulation.
Minimum Lowest allowable water surface elevation or level. If the tank drains below this
point, it will automatically shut off from the system.
Base Elevation Elevation of the storage tank base used as a reference when entering water
surface elevations in the tank in terms of levels.

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There are two basic types of storage tanks, as described below:
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The cross sectional geometry of the tank is constant between the minimum and maximum
operating elevations. Two parameters are needed to fully describe a constant area tank section:
Cross Section Choose whether the cross section is circular or non-circular.
Average Area/Diameter Enter the average area of the non-circular cross-section, or the
diameter of the circular cross-section.
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The cross-sectional geometry varies between the minimum and maximum operating elevations.
Depth/Volume Ratio Table Enter a series of points describing the storage characteristics of the
tank. For example, at 0.1 the total depth (depth ratio = 0.1) the tank stores 0.028 the total active
volume (volume ratio = 0.028). At 0.2 the total depth that tank stores 0.104 the total active volume
(0.2, 0.104), etc.
The storage characteristics of the tank can be plotted. Choose Tank Curve from the
Report Button at the bottom of the Tank Dialog.

 &RQWUROV7DE
Controls allow you to configure the hydraulic model to change the status or settings of a pump,
valve, or pipe at a specific time or when specific junction pressures or tank water levels occur in
the network.
To add a control Click the Add button. This will open the Control dialog where the
specifics of the control can be edited.
To edit an existing control Select the description of the control you wish to edit and click
the Edit button.
To duplicate an existing control Select the description of the control you wish to duplicate
and click the Duplicate button.
To delete an existing control Select the description of the control you wish to delete and
click the Delete button.

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Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

Pipes with check valves cannot have controls.

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Several types of information are required to define a control for a pressure pipe, pump, or valve.
This data is grouped into the following sections:
Preview Textual description of the control being edited.
Control Specify the type of control, either Status or Setting.
Control Condition Specify whether the control is based on a time condition or a nodal
condition and then specify the control setting.
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The control preview provides a textual description of the control being edited. The control
preview is continuously updated while you edit a control, providing constant feedback as to the
state of your control.
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This software supports two types of controls:
Status Controls the Open/Closed (pipes), inactive/closed (valves), or On/Off (pumps) status.
Setting Controls the relative speed factor of a pump and the parameters for a valve.
Only status controls are available for pipes. Setting controls are not appropriate. When
pumps are turned on by a control, their relative speed factor is set to 1.00.

To activate a closed or inactive valve, use a setting control. Similarly, to turn a pump on
at a relative speed setting other than 1.00, use a setting control.
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A node condition dictates that the control will be triggered when the hydraulic condition of a
specified tank or pressure junction is reached.
The comparison component allows the following:
Above Trigger the control when the junction or tanks hydraulic parameter is above the node
condition's hydraulic parameter.
Below Trigger the control when the junction or tanks hydraulic parameter is below the node
condition's hydraulic parameter.
You can express the conditions at the control node in terms of Pressure or Hydraulic Grade.
Example:
"Closed if node J-2 below 10 psi" means that the controlled pipe will close when the pressure at
junction J-2 goes below 10 psi.

Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

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A time condition dictates that the control will be triggered when the specified amount of time has
elapsed.
Examples
"Closed at time 2.00 hr" At 2.00 hours into the analysis, this link will be closed.
"Set hydraulic grade to 440 ft at time 5.50 hr" At 5.5 hours into the analysis, the hydraulic
grade of this pressure regulating valve will be set to 440 feet.

 4XDOLW\7DE
The Quality tab of an element allows you to edit the input data related to water quality. Three
types of water quality analyses can be performed, as defined in the Scenario Editor dialog
accessed by clicking the GO button in the main WaterCAD window. These are Water Age,
Constituent Concentration and Source Tracing. There are two basic parts to an element's water
quality input data:
Water Quality Display the active water quality alternative for the current scenario, as well
as initial water quality conditions or component reaction rates, depending on the type of water
quality analysis being performed.
Constituent Source For nodes only. Allows you to define this node as a source for a
chemical constituent (if a constituent analysis is to be done) and to specify the corresponding
constituent concentration at this node over time.
A constituent source may be a tank, reservoir, or junction (but not a pump or valve).
The Water Quality data is only used when performing a Water Quality analysis, which
can only be done in Extended Period Simulation mode.

When performing a Constituent or Trace Analysis, the constituent and source trace node
are defined in the Constituent and Age Alternative Editor respectively.

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The general water quality information consists of several parameters, some of which vary slightly
for different types of water quality analysis (Water Age, Constituent Concentration or Source
Tracing):
Alternative Read-only field showing which water quality alternative is active for the current
scenario.
Initial Age, Constituent, or Trace Specify the initial water age, constituent concentration or
source trace at the current location, depending on which type of water quality analysis is
currently selected in the Scenario Editor dialog. This does not apply to pipes.
When performing Constituent analysis, reaction coefficients are needed, as defined below:
Bulk Reaction Coefficient Coefficient defining how rapidly a constituent grows or decays
over time. This applies to Tank and Pipes only.
Wall Reaction Coefficient Coefficient defining the rate at which a substance reacts with the
wall of a pipe.

127

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Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

For age and trace analyses, pipe velocity and flow rate are the only related data needed
for computations. Therefore, these reaction coefficient fields are greyed out or not
displayed. For constituent analyses, however, the bulk and pipe reaction coefficients are
needed to define the reactions that occur within the pipes (in the water and between the
water and pipe wall) and in the tanks.

The bulk and wall reaction coefficient fields are initialized with the values defined in the
constituent library, but may also be edited individually. In order to select the constituent
being modeled, and its corresponding parameters, or revert to default values, use the
Constituent Alternative Editor.

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Any node element (i.e. tank, reservoir, or junction) can serve as a source for a chemical
constituent.
To turn a node into a constituent source:

Click the check box in the Constituent Source group title.

Enter values for:

Constituent Baseline Load Concentration of the constituent to be modeled, used in

conjunction with the constituent pattern to represent the concentration over time.

Constituent Pattern EPS Pattern that will apply to this load. The multipliers defined in
the pattern will be applied against the baseline constituent load.

The behavior of the source during the course of a water quality calculation varies depending on the
type of element, as follows:
Junction The concentration is the source concentration and varies with time according to the
constituent pattern.
Tank Concentration is always calculated. If the tank is tagged as a source, the discharge
from the tank will have the source concentration. It will vary with time according to the source
pattern.
Reservoir Constituent concentration does not vary from the initial value with time, unless
the reservoir is tagged as a source for the constituent. The concentration at the reservoir will
vary with time according to the selected pattern.
Any water leaving a constituent source has a concentration in accordance with the
baseline concentration and the chosen pattern.

 )LUH)ORZ7DE
The Fire Flow tab of the junction editor offers the ability to adjust an individual junction's
required fire flows and pressures. If these values are not specifically entered for a given junction,
the values will be based on the default fire flow data as entered in the Fire Flow Alternative
Editor, accessed by selecting the Analysis\Alternatives menu item, and clicking the Edit button
on the Fire Flow tab.
Fire Flow Input Minimum required fire flow at this junction and minimum pressures to be
maintained.

Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

Fire Flow Calculation Results After performing a fire flow analysis, results are available
for the junction node assuming it is part of the fire flow selection set.
Edit the following things exclusively in the Fire Flow Alternative Editor: whether a fire
flow analysis is to be performed at a node, whether the needed fire flow is to replace or
be added to current demands, whether a minimum pressure is required for the entire
system, and default fire flow input values.

Results of fire flow calculations, which are obtained from calculations performed
separately for an automatic batch run are only reported in the Fire Flow tab and in the
Fire Flow Tabular Report (accessed from Report\Tables\Fire Flow Report or the
FlexTable icon). Results reported in the other Element Editor tabs do not take into
account any fire flow, unless you explicitly entered this fire flow as a demand at a
specific junction.

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The fire flow input data for a junction are as follows:
Needed Fire Flow The flow rate required at the junction to meet fire flow demands. This
value will be added to or replace the junctions baseline demand, depending on the default
setting for applying fire flows as specified in the Fire Flow Alternative dialog.
Fire Flow Upper Limit Similar to the Target fire flow described above, this defines the
maximum allowable fire flow that a junction can provide and the maximum allowable fire flow
that can occur at any single withdrawal location. This is a user-specified practical limit that
will prevent this program from computing unrealistically high fire flows at locations such as
primary system mains, which have a large diameter and high service pressures. Remember that
a systems ability to deliver fire flows is ultimately limited by the size of the hydrant opening
and service line, as well as the number of hydrants available to combat a fire at a specific
location.
Residual Pressure Minimum residual pressure to occur at the junction node. The program
determines the amount of fire flow available such that the residual pressure at the junction
node does not fall below this target pressure.
Minimum Zone Pressure Minimum pressure to occur at all junction nodes within the Zone
you are testing. The model determines the available fire flow such that the minimum zone
pressures do not fall below this target pressure. Each junction has a zone associated with it,
which can be located in the junctions input data. If you do not want a junction node to be
analyzed as part of another junction nodes fire flow analysis, move it to another Zone.
Minimum System Pressure Minimum pressure allowed at any junction in the entire system
as a result of the fire flow withdrawal. If a nodes pressure anywhere in the system falls below
this constraint while withdrawing fire flow, fire flow will not be satisfied. A fire flow analysis
may be configured to ignore this constraint.

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After performing a fire flow analysis, the following calculation results are available for each
junction node in the fire flow selection set:
Satisfies Fire Flow Constraints Whether or not this junction node meets the fire flow
constraints.

129

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Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

Available Fire Flow Amount of flow available for fire protection while maintaining all fire
flow pressure constraints.
Calculated Residual Pressure Calculated pressure at the junction node during the fire flow
withdrawal.
Calculated Minimum Zone Pressure Minimum calculated pressure of all junctions in the
same zone as this junction.
Minimum Zone Junction Label of the junction corresponding to the minimum zone
pressure.
Calculated Minimum System Pressure Minimum calculated pressure of all junctions in the
system.
Minimum System Junction Label of the junction corresponding to the minimum system
pressure.

 &RVW7DE
3UHVVXUH3LSH&RVW7DE
This tab allows you to specify the costs associated with a pipe, which can be divided into unit
costs per pipe length, and fixed costs. It is divided into the following sections:
Fixed Cost Table Specify the fixed cost of this pipe.
Unit Costs The cost of the pipe can be calculated as a cost per unit length. That cost per unit
length can itself be a function of a pipe variable (such as pipe diameter or material), and be a
value specific to a pipe.
Total Costs Display the calculated total cost of this pipe.
You can specify if the total cost of this pipe is to be included in the Total System Cost Tabular
Report by checking the Include Element in Cost Calculation.
3UHVVXUH3LSH)L[HG&RVW7DEOH
This table allows you to define any pipe cost that is not proportional to the pipe length, such as
bends, valves, etc.
Label Description of a fixed cost item associated with the pipe.
Quantity Number of identical cost item associated with the pipe.
Unit Cost Cost of one such fixed cost item.
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This section allows you to define costs that are proportional to the length of a pipe:
Unit Cost Function Allows you to associate a unit cost function selected from the Unit Cost
Function scroll-down list. Click the ellipsis () button to access the Unit Cost Functions
Manager. This allows you to edit or add unit cost functions in a tabular or formula format
based on a pipe attribute such as pipe diameter.
Unit Cost Display the Unit Cost for this pipe calculated by using the selected Unit Cost
Function, assuming you selected one.
Additional Unit Cost Define or add a unit cost specific to this pipe.

Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

3UHVVXUH3LSH7RWDO&RVWV6HFWLRQ
This section reports the calculated costs associated with this pipe, as follows:
Total Fixed Cost Cost of this pipe resulting from any fixed cost, as defined in the Fixed
Cost section of this tab.
Extended Cost Cost of this pipe resulting from the unit cost function, as defined in the Unit
Cost section of this tab.
Additional Cost Cost of this pipe resulting from any additional unit cost, as defined in the
Unit Cost section of this tab.
Total Cost Sum of the Extended Cost, Additional Cost, and Total Fixed Cost described
above.

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This tab allows you to specify the costs associated with a nodal structure, expressed as fixed costs.
It is divided into the following sections:
Fixed Cost Specify the fixed costs of the element.
Total Fixed Cost Displays the calculated total cost of the element.
You can specify if the total cost of the node is to be included in the Total System Cost Tabular
Report by checking the Include Element in Cost Calculation.
1RGDO(OHPHQW)L[HG&RVW7DEOH
This table allows you to define any cost associated with a nodal structure (junction, tank,
reservoir, pump, valve), as follows:
Label Description of a fixed cost item associated with the structure.
Quantity Number of identical cost item associated with the structure.
Unit Cost Cost of one cost item.
7RWDO)L[HG&RVW6HFWLRQ
Total Fixed Cost Cost of the nodal structure, as defined in the Cost Table on this tab.

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The User Data tab allows you to view and edit the customizable user data for each element. This
tab is composed of two sections:
User Data Any Date/Time, Number, Text, and Yes/No data defined by the user.
User Memos Any memo data fields defined by the user.
For information on how to add new fields or edit an existing field format, see the Help on the User
Data Extension dialog.
Default user-defined attributes are provided. These can easily be deleted or modified.

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Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

User Data Extensions are a powerful way to add your own data to the project. This data
will not affect the hydraulic calculations in any way, but can be used as any other data
for things such as sorting, annotating, reporting, and importing/exporting.

8VHU'DWD6HFWLRQ
This section contains a list of Date/Time, Number, Text, and Yes/No user data fields, displayed as
single line fields. User data fields are defined in the User Data Extension dialog which is
accessed from the Tools menu.

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This section contains a list of any memo fields, displayed as multiple line scrolling text panes.
User Memos are defined in the User Data Extension dialog, which is accessed from the Tools
menu.

 0HVVDJHV7DE
All element dialogs have a Messages tab which contains three parts:
Message List Contains information that is generated during the calculation of the model,
such as warnings, errors, and status updates.
Description An informative statement that you may enter about the element.
Notes Contains notes that you enter, and may include a description of the element, a
summary of your data sources, or any other information of interest.
Messages, descriptions, and notes will be printed in any element report.

 3URWRW\SHV
Prototypes allow you to enter default values for the elements in your network. These values are
used while laying out the network. Prototypes can reduce data entry requirements dramatically if
a group of network elements share common data. For example, if a section of the network
contains all PVC pipes, use the pipe prototype to set the Material field to PVC. When a new pipe
is created, its material attribute will default to PVC.
Changes to the prototypes are not retroactive and will not affect any elements created
prior to the change.

If a section of your system has distinctly different characteristics than the rest of the
system, adjust your prototypes before laying out that section. This will save time when
you edit the properties later.
You can configure the element prototypes at the beginning of a new project during the Project
Setup Wizard. You can also select Tools\Prototypes to edit the prototypes for the project at any
time.

Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

 8VHU'DWD([WHQVLRQ
The User Data Extension feature allows you to add your own data fields to the project. For
instance, you could add a field for keeping track of the date of installation for an element, or the
type of area serviced by a particular element. User Data Extensions exhibit the same
characteristics as the data used in and produced by the model calculations. This means that User
Data Extensions can be imported or exported through database and Shapefile connections,
viewed/edited in FlexTables, included in tabular reports or element detailed reports, annotated in
the drawing, color coded, reported in the detailed element reports, and accessed on the User Data
tab of each Element Editor dialog.
None of the user data affects the hydraulic model calculations. However, their behavior
concerning capabilities like editing, annotating, sorting and database connections is
identical to any of the other standard attributes.

 8VHU'DWD([WHQVLRQ'LDORJ
The User Data Extension dialog holds a summary of the user data extensions currently defined in
the project. In this dialog, there is a tab for each type of element. By clicking a particular tab you
can access the user data extensions currently defined for that type of element. The software
initially contains default user data extensions, but these can be deleted or edited. Each tab in the
User Data Extension dialog is composed of a table listing characteristics of the user data
extensions defined for that type of element. In addition, there are a series of buttons that can be
used to add, edit, delete, and share individual user data extensions. The table listing the user data
extensions consists of the following four columns:
Label This is the description that will appear next to the field for the user data extension, or
as the column heading if the data extension is selected to appear in a FlexTable.
Type This column lists the type of data that is valid for the data extension. The available
data types are Date/Time, Number, Text, Memo, and Yes/No.
Unit/Picture This column contains the unit of each numeric data extension, and a picture of
the format of the date and time for Date/Time data extensions. Both the unit and the date and
time picture are selected when you create the data extension. They can always be modified by
editing the data extension.
Shared If an asterisk appears in this column, it indicates that the user data extension is
shared among two or more types of elements. See explanations on the Existing Fields to
Share With dialog for more details.
The following list describes the four buttons that appear on the right side of the table:
Add You can open the User Field Specification dialog by clicking this button. Here, you
can define the properties of the user data extension that you are adding.
Edit You can edit an existing user data extension by highlighting the data extension you
wish to edit and clicking this button. This will open the User Field Specification dialog
where you can change the properties for that item.
Delete You can delete a data extension by highlighting it and clicking this button. If the data
extension you are deleting is shared among multiple types of elements, it will only be removed
from the element type that you are currently editing. If you remove a user data extension all
the information contained in that field will be permanently removed.

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Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

Share You can open the Existing Fields to Share With dialog by clicking this button.
Here, you can pick which of the attributes already defined for other types of elements you
would like to share with the current type of element.
At the bottom of the User Data Extension dialog is a File button that allows you to import or save
a set of user-defined data extensions. You can save the current configuration of user data
extensions for later use by selecting File\Save, and specifying a file location and name. The file
extension for the files holding the user data extension configurations is '.udx'. Select File\Import
to merge the data extension configurations defined in these files into the current project.
Importing a '*.udx' file will not remove any of the other data extensions defined in your project.
User data extensions that have the same name as those already defined in your project will not be
imported.
To access the User Data Extension dialog click Tools\User Data Extension from the main
menu.

8VHU)LHOG6SHFLILFDWLRQ'LDORJ
The properties defining a user data extension can be viewed and edited in the User Field
Specification dialog. This dialog is composed of two tabs:
Type Enter the user data specification.
Notes Enter any notes.
7\SH7DE
The Type tab is composed of two sections:
Type Contain fields for entering the label for the user data extension and the data type.
Format Contain fields for entering information defining the specification for the type of user
data extension selected in the Type section.
Type Section
The Type section contains fields for entering the label and data type for the user data extension.
The name entered in the Label field corresponds with the user data extension field in the User
Data tab of the element editor dialog. It is also used as the column heading when the user data
extension is selected to be reported in a FlexTable.
If you want the label to be displayed on multiple rows when it is used as a column heading, you
can use forward slashes to specify the location of line breaks. When the label is used as a field
label in a dialog, the forward slashes will be converted to spaces. In the FlexTables, there is an
option to use abbreviated labels for the column headings. If you want an alternative label to be
displayed, you can specify an abbreviated label after the original label and separate them by the
bar symbol, '|'. When the option to display abbreviated labels is enabled in the FlexTables, this is
the text that will be used as the column heading. For instance, if you specified the label,
'Date/Installed | Date/Inst.' it would be displayed in one of the following three ways depending on
the location and options selected.

Field Label

Column
Heading

Column heading with the short

label option selected

Date Installed:

Date
Installed

Date
Inst.

Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

You can select from five different types of data for your user data extension from the drop-down
list in the field labeled Type. An explanation of each is presented in the list below:
Date/Time Use this data type when you want the values you are entering to be in a standard
date and time format. This format can be more useful than storing date information in a simple
text field because it will allow the dates to be sorted correctly when they appear in a FlexTable.
Memo If a user data extension is defined to be a memo, it will appear as a scrolling text pane
in the User Memos section of the User Data tab in the element editor dialog.
Number Use this data type for fields that contain numeric values. You can specify a unit for
the information in this field. The values contained in this field will then be automatically
converted if you change the unit for this field.
Text Use this data type to create a single-line text field.
Yes/No Use this data type to display the attribute as a check box to represent the affirmative
or negative state of the information.
Format Section
This section is enabled only if you select Date/Time or Number in the Type section, letting you
define the properties governing the type of data selected.
Number Format If the type of data you selected was numeric, you can select a unit type
(length, volume, intensity, etc.), a unit, a display precision, and whether or not to use scientific
notation. There are not any format options for memo, text, and Yes/No data types.
Date/Time Type Format If you selected the Date/Time type, you can specify whether you
expect the date or time to be displayed first in the input field and the format of the date and time
information. The format in which the date and time information will be displayed can either be
selected from the drop-down lists, or you can type your own custom format directly into the Date
Picture and Time Picture fields. If one of these fields is left blank, the corresponding
information will not be displayed.
The Date/Time data type consists of an input and an output format. The input format is a fixed
format that is determined by the regional settings on your computer. Whenever you enter
information into a Date/Time field, the information must be entered in the input format. If the
date or time information is not entered according to the input format, then the value will simply
revert to the original value.
The output format is simply a mask that defines the manner in which the date and time
information will be displayed. It does not affect the way that the date and time information can be
entered into a Date/Time field. The output format can be edited as follows:
To create numbers with no leading zeros for single-digit days, years, or months, use lowercase
d, lowercase y, or uppercase M.
To create numbers with leading zeros for single-digit days, years, or months, use lowercase dd,
lowercase yy, or uppercase MM.
To create abbreviations for the day, year, or month, use lowercase ddd, lowercase yyy or
uppercase MMM.
To create the full name of the day, year, or month, use lowercase dddd, lowercase yyyy or
uppercase MMMM.
If there are characters in the output format that do not map to valid date or time information, then
the actual value of the character will be displayed. For example, if you wanted the date to be
displayed as June 15, 1998, then you would define the format as MMMM d, yyyy. Since the
spaces and comma do not map to any of the date information, their actual values are displayed. To

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Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

include a piece of text that contains a character that maps to the date or time information, use
single quotation marks () around the text.
1RWHV7DE
This tab contains a text pane for entering notes about the current data extension. The text entered
here is not displayed anywhere in the model, but allows you to keep records for a particular data
extension.

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This dialog allows you to choose which of the attributes already defined for other types of
elements you want to share with the current type of element (corresponding to the User Data
Extension tab currently opened).
Available Items Lists attributes defined for other element types that are not already shared. In
order to add attributes to the current element type, highlight them and click the Add button to
transfer them to the Selected Items list.
Selected Items The attributes in the Selected Items list will be added to the current element
after you click the OK button.
All the characteristics such as data type, format, unit, and display precision for a particular user
data extension are the same for all the elements that share it. This is useful when the attribute you
are adding needs to be the same for all the element types for which it is defined. For instance, if
you have a "date installed" field for every element, sharing guarantees that the date format is the
same for every element and will appear in a single FlexTable column. If at a later point you
decide the date should be in a different format, you can change the format for one type of element.
That change will filter through to all the elements that share that attribute.

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The zone manager allows you to manipulate zones quickly and easily. Zones listed in the Zone
Manager can be associated with each nodal element using the Element Editors, Prototypes, or
FlexTables. This manager includes a list of all of the available zones and standard manager
features, such as:
Add Add a new zone to the zone list.
Edit Make changes to an existing zone.
Duplicate Create a copy of an existing zone.
Delete Delete an existing zone.
A Zone cannot be deleted if it is referenced by any element.
To open the Zone Manager dialog, choose Zones from the Analysis menu.

 =RQH'LDORJ
The zone dialog allows you to name the zone label. When a zone is named, the junctions are
automatically assigned the new name. The zone dialog contains pertinent information, including:
Label Required name to identify the zone.
Notes Optional input describing the zone.

Chapter 6 Hydraulic Element Editors

In addition to this information, there are also buttons that enable you to make changes to the
collection of elements in the zone, such as adding elements to the zone.
Only one zone can reference an element. If you add an element to a zone, the element is
automatically removed from the zone that it was previously in.

137

Notes

Chapter 7 FlexTables

139

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)OH[7DEOHV

 7DEOHV
FlexTables provide you with a powerful data management tool that can be used to edit input data
and present output data in a quick, efficient manner. Haestad Methods provides you with some
basic element tables. However, these tables can be customized to fit your particular needs. You
can create your own tables combining various input and output data from different model
elements. You can use FlexTables to view all elements in the network, all elements of a specific
type (e.g. all pipes), or any subset of elements. Additionally, tables can be filtered, globally
edited, and sorted to ease data input and present output data for specific elements.
FlexTables may also be used for creating results reports that can be sent to a printer, a file, or the
Windows clipboard.

 7DEOH0DQDJHU
The Table Manager provides support for creating, opening, and managing tables. The Table
Manager dialog provides a list of all available tables. Although the predefined tables provide
access to most of the network element information, it is sometimes practical to present model
results and input data through user-defined tables. The Table Management menu button provides
the following tools for manipulating user-defined tables:
OK Open the selected table.
Close Exit the Table Manager dialog without opening a table.
Table Management\New Create a new table using the Create New Table and Table Setup
dialogs.
Table Management\Edit Modify the layout of the selected table using the Table Setup
dialog.
Table Management\Rename Rename the selected table.
Table Management\Duplicate Duplicate the selected table for additional customizing. This
is a very useful feature when you need to change a predefined table.
Table Management\Delete Delete the selected table.
Table Management\Reset Reset a tables units to the current unit system or reset a
predefined table to factory defaults.

140

Chapter 7 FlexTables

You cannot rename or delete the predefined Tables that come with this software.
When you choose to print a table, the table name will be used as the title for the printed
report. You can change the report title by renaming the table.

To access the Table Manager, click the Tabular Reports button

choose Report\Tables from the main menu.

on the main toolbar, or

 &UHDWLQJ1HZ7DEOHV
To create a new table, open the Table Manager by clicking the Tabular Reports button
on
the main toolbar, or by choosing Report\Tables from the main menu. In the Table Manager
dialog, click the Table Management button and select New.
1.

Specify the Table Type to indicate the type of network elements you want to display in your
table.

2.

Specify either a one or two row display for your table (in SewerCAD or StormCAD).

3.

Enter the name of your new table in the field labeled "Enter the description for this table:".
This name will also be used as the report title when this table is printed.

4.

Click OK to accept these settings and proceed to the Table Setup dialog where you can
define your table.

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The Edit option allows you to specify the columns that will appear in your table.

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The Duplicate option allows you to create a new table based on an existing table.

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The Delete option allows you to delete any table that you have defined. You cannot delete any of
the predefined tables.

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The Rename option allows you to change the name of any table that you have defined.
The table name will be used as the title in printed reports. You cannot rename any of
the predefined tables. If you need to rename a predefined table, duplicate it first and
then rename it.

Chapter 7 FlexTables

 5HVHWWLQJ7DEOHV
Reset Units to the Current Unit System This option is only available for tables that are in
Local Units mode. Local Units mode allows the table to maintain its own "local" set of column
properties (units, precision, etc.). You can use this option to reset all units in the selected table to
the defaults for the current unit system, which refers to the units used in the current project. You
will be prompted to confirm before this action is performed.
Reset to Factory Defaults You can reset any of the predefined tables to the factory defaults
(this option is not available for tables that you create).

 7DEOH6HWXS'LDORJ
The Table Setup dialog allows you to customize any table, through the following options:
Table Type This field allows you to specify the type of network elements that will appear in
the table (e.g. only pipes will appear in a "pipe" table).
Available Columns This list contains all the attributes that are available for your table
design, and will change based on the Table Type field.
Selected Columns This list contains attributes that will appear in your custom designed
table. When you open the table, the selected attributes will appear as columns in the table in
the same order that they appear in the list.
Allow Duplicate Columns This is an advanced feature that allows you to place two identical
columns in the same table and set them to different unit systems.
Column manipulation buttons These buttons allow you to select or deselect columns to be
used in the table, as well as to arrange the order in which the columns will appear.
The number next to the Selected Columns label indicates the number of columns that
will appear in your table.
To access the Table Setup dialog from the Table Manager dialog, highlight the table you wish to
edit and select Edit from the Table Management menu button.

 7DEOH7\SH
The Table Type field allows you to specify the types of elements that will appear in the table (e.g.
only pipe elements will appear as rows in a "pipe" table). The table type also provides a filter for
the attributes that appear in the Available Columns list. When you choose a table type, the
available list will only contain attributes that can be used for that table type (e.g. only pipe
attributes will be available for a "pipe" table).

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The Available Columns list is located on the left-hand side of the Table Setup dialog. This list
contains all of the attributes that are available for the type of table you are creating. The attributes
displayed in yellow represent non-editable columns, while those displayed in white represent
editable columns.

141

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Chapter 7 FlexTables

 6HOHFWHG7DEOH&ROXPQV
The Selected Columns list is located on the right-hand side of the Table Setup dialog. The
attributes in this list will appear as columns in the table when it is opened. The columns will
appear in the same order as the attributes in the selected list.
To add columns to the Selected Columns list:
1.

Select one or more attributes in the Available Columns list.

2.

Click the Add button [>] or drag the highlighted attributes to the Selected Columns list.

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The Add and Remove buttons are located in the center of the Table Setup dialog.
[ > ]

Adds the selected item(s) from the Available Columns list to the Selected Columns list.

[ >> ]

Adds all of the items in the Available Columns list to the Selected Columns list.

[ < ]

Removes the selected item(s) from the Selected Columns list.

[ << ]

Removes all items from the Selected Columns list.

To rearrange the order of the attributes in the Selected Columns list:

1.

Highlight the item to be moved.

2.

Move it up or down in the list by clicking the up button or the down button (located below the
Selected Columns list), or by simply dragging it to the desired location.
You can select multiple attributes in the Available Columns list by holding down the
Shift key or the Control key while clicking with the mouse. Holding down the Shift key
will provide group selection behavior. Holding down the Control key will provide single
element selection behavior.
The items displayed in yellow represent non-editable columns (e.g. columns that contain
calculated data) while those in white represent editable columns (e.g. columns that
contain input data).

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Set this check-box to allow duplicate columns in a table. Allow Duplicate Columns is an
advanced feature that allows you to place two identical columns in the same table and set them to
different unit systems.

 7DEOH:LQGRZ
The Table window is where you will perform much of your data input and review. It has many
features to assist you with data entry, data formatting, report customization, and output generation.
To access the Table window, select a table from the Table Manager and click OK to open it.
Here are some of the topics that will be covered in this section:
Table Navigation

Chapter 7 FlexTables
Table Customization
Options:
Table Sorting
Table Filtering
Changing Column Headings
Globally Editing Data
Local vs. Synchronized Units
Mixing Units in a Tabular Report
Abbreviated Labels
Changing Column Display Properties
Output:
File (Export Table to ASCII File)
Table Copy to Clipboard
Table Print
Table Print Preview
Columns:
See the Glossary for information regarding the definitions of the columns in the Table window.
Use the Scenario control located at the top of the Table Window to quickly view the data
for different scenarios.
To access the Table window open the Table Manager dialog, select the table you wish to open,
and click OK.

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Editable table columns correspond to input data that you can change. The values in these columns
can be modified either directly or through the Global Edit option. These columns are displayed
with a white background.
Non-editable table columns correspond to model results calculated by the program. You cannot
modify the values in these columns. These columns are displayed with a yellow background.

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The Table window supports two modes: Table Navigation Mode and Cell Navigation Mode. By
pressing the F2 key, you can toggle between them.
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The Arrow keys, Home, End, PgUp, PgDn, Ctrl+<arrow> keys navigate to different cells in a
table. Table Navigation Mode is the default mode when editing a table. To edit within a single
cell of a table, press the F2 key to switch to cell navigation mode.

143

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Chapter 7 FlexTables

&HOO1DYLJDWLRQ0RGH(GLW0RGH
In Cell Navigation Mode, the Arrow keys, Home, and End keys navigate within a single cell.
When cell navigation mode is active, the word "EDIT" will appear on the status pane at the bottom
of the window. Cell Navigation Mode will automatically terminate when you press any extended
key except for Left, Right, Home, End, Delete, or Backspace.

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You can globally change the values of any editable column in a table. Right-click the column that
you wish to globally change and choose the Global Edit menu item.
For numeric columns:
1.

Choose the operation to be performed (Add, Divide, Multiply, Set, or Subtract).

2.

Enter the value you wish to use.

3.

Press OK and the values in the entire column will be updated to reflect this change.

4.

For non-numeric columns:

5.

Enter the new value.

6.

Click OK, and the values in the entire column will be updated to reflect this change.
Global Edit is available only for editable columns.
Global Edit is not available in two-row tables (in SewerCAD or StormCAD).
You can use Global Edit in conjunction with Filtering to globally edit a subset of
elements.

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6RUWLQJ7DEOHV
Tables can be sorted based on a single column, multiple columns, or network order.

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You can sort elements in the table based on one or more columns, in ascending or descending
order. For example, the following table is given:
Slope (ft/ft)
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.001
0.002
0.003

Depth (ft)
1
1
1
2
2
2

Discharge (cfs)
4.11
5.81
7.12
13.43
19.00
23.27

Chapter 7 FlexTables

145

A custom sort is set up to sort first by Slope, then by Depth, in ascending order. The resulting
table would appear in the following order:

Slope (ft/ft)
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.003

Depth (ft)
1
2
1
2
1
2

Discharge (cfs)
4.11
13.43
5.81
19.00
7.12
23.27

)LOWHULQJ7DEOHV
To access the filtering operations, use the Options button at the top of the Table window (in the
case of a FlexTable), or right-click the column header by which you wish to filter. Filters allow
you to change the table so that only rows that match the specified criteria will appear.
Quick Filter Quickly set up a simple filter by right-clicking the column by which you wish
to filter.
Custom Filter Set up a custom filter based on one or more criterion.
Reset Turn off the active filter, causing all available rows in the table to be displayed.
Another way to select which elements are displayed in the table consists of first selecting
elements (graphically, or by using the Selection Set tool), then right-clicking any of the
selected elements and choosing Edit Group from the pop-up menu that appears. This
will display the Table Manager dialog. Only the selected elements will appear in any of
the tables you open at this point.
When you perform a Quick Filter or a Custom Filter, the Filter dialog will open allowing you to
specify your filtering criterion.
Each filter criterion is made up of three items:
Column The attribute to filter.
Operator The operator to use when comparing the filter value against the data in the specific
column (operators include: =, >, >=, <, <=, <>).
Value The comparison value.
Any number of criterion elements can be added to a filter. Multiple filter criterion are implicitly
joined with a logical "AND" statement. When multiple filter criterion are defined, only rows that
meet all of the specified criteria will be displayed. A filter will remain active for the associated
table until the filter is reset, or the Table Window is closed.
The status pane at the bottom of the Table Window always shows the number of rows displayed
and the total number of rows available (e.g. "10 of 20 elements displayed"). When a filter is
active, this message will appear in a highlighted color.
Table filtering allows you to perform global editing on any subset of elements. Only the elements
that appear in the filtered table will be edited.

 7DEOH&XVWRPL]DWLRQ
There are several ways to customize tables to meet a variety of output requirements:

146

Chapter 7 FlexTables

Changing the Report Title When you print a table, the table name is used as the title for the
printed report. You can change the title that appears on your printed report by renaming the
table. Use the Table Manager to rename your table.
Adding/Removing Columns You can add, remove, and change the order of columns by
using the Table Setup dialog. Use the Table Manager to access the Table Setup dialog.
Drag/Drop Column Placement With the Table window open, select the column that you
would like to move by holding down the left mouse button on its column heading. Drag the
column heading to the left or right, and release the mouse button to drop the column into its
new location.
Resizing Columns With the Table window open, place your pointer over the vertical
separator line between column headings. Notice that the cursor changes shape to indicate that
you can resize. Hold down the left mouse button and drag the mouse to the left or right to
"stretch" the column to its new size. When you are satisfied, release the mouse button to set
the new column width.
Changing Column Display Properties With the Table window open, right-click in the
heading area of the column you wish to change and choose the Properties menu item. The
current column properties will be displayed in the Set Field Options dialog. Refer to the
section on Local Units for additional information.
Changing Column Headings With the Table window open, right-click the column heading
that you wish to change and choose Edit Column Label. Refer to section on Changing
Column Headings for additional information.

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To change the label of any column in the Table window, right-click the column heading that you
wish to change and choose Edit Column Label from the context menu. The backslash character
(\) can be used to insert a line-break wherever you want the title to be split into multiple lines. If
you enter an empty label, the column heading will be restored to the default label.

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Using label abbreviations will allow columns to take up less space. This will permit more data to
fit on each page when printing a report.
To toggle the Use Abbreviated Labels option on and off, select Options\Use Abbreviated Labels
in the Table window.

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You can change the display properties (e.g. units, precision) of any numeric column in the Table
window. Right-click the label of the column that you wish to change and select Properties from
the pop-up menu. This opens the Set Field Options dialog, where you can change the display
properties of the column.

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Use the Options button at the top of the Table window to access the Use Local Units menu item.
Click the menu item to toggle between Local Units and Synchronized Units. A check mark will
appear next to the Use Local Units menu item to indicate that Local Units mode is active.
Otherwise, Synchronized Units mode is active.

Chapter 7 FlexTables
Synchronized Units This is the default mode that allows the table to stay synchronized with
the active project. If you have one project in US Customary and one project in SI units, the
Table will match the units in the project that is currently open.
Local Units Local Units mode allows the table to maintain its own "local" set of column
properties (units, precision, etc). This is a powerful feature that gives you the ability to build
tables that are always in a fixed unit system, no matter what unit system the active project is
currently using. This is a useful feature for printing reports for the same project in different
unit systems.
When the Table window is open, the current unit synchronization mode is displayed in the status
pane at the bottom of the window ("Local Units" or "Synchronized Units").

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This software allows for duplicate columns in a table, thus giving you the ability to display an
attribute in two different units.
For example, to see two "Pipe Length" columns in a Table, one in feet and one in meters:
1.

Open the Table Manager dialog.

2.

Click the Table Management button, and select New to create a new table.

3.

Select the pipe table type from the pull-down menu list and enter a name for your new table.
Click OK and you will be taken to the Table Setup dialog where you can customize your
table.

4.

In the Table Setup dialog, activate the Allow Duplicate Columns check box (located at the
lower left corner of the dialog).

5.

Add the "Length" column to the Selected Columns list.

The Length column will still appear in the Available Columns list, but will be displayed
in a lighter color (indicating that it has already been selected).

6.

Add the "Length" column again.

7.

Click OK to close the Table Setup dialog. From the Table Manager dialog, highlight the
table you have just created, and click OK to open the table.

8.

Click the Options button at the top of the window and select the Use Local Units menu item
to turn Local Units on. You will be prompted to verify that you want to use local units. Click
Yes.

9.

Right-click the first Length column and select Length Properties to set the units in the
column to "ft." Then, right-click the second Length column to set the units to "m."

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You may export the data shown in the Table Window to an ASCII text file in either tab or
comma-delimited format.
To export a table to an ASCII File format select File\Export Data and either Tab Delimited or
Comma Delimited from the Table window.

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Chapter 7 FlexTables

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The Copy button at the top of the Table window allows you to copy tab delimited data to the
Windows clipboard. Tab delimited data can be pasted directly into your favorite spreadsheet
program or word processor.

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The Print button at the top of the Table window is used to output the table directly to the printer.

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Click the Print Preview button at the top of the Table window to view the report in the format
that will be printed.
Using label abbreviations will allow some columns to be narrower, permitting more data
to fit on each page. Use the Options button at the top of the Table window to access this
option.
Printing with landscape orientation will also allow more columns to fit on a single page.
From the Print Preview window, use the Options\Print Setup menu item to access
orientation.

Chapter 8 Scenarios and Alternatives

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The scenario management feature allows you to easily analyze and recall an unlimited number of
"What If?" alternative calculations for your model. The powerful two-level design which uses
Scenarios that contain Alternatives gives you precise control over changes to the model, while
eliminating any need to input or maintain redundant data.
We have spent many hours coming up with a system that offers the power and flexibility that you
demand, with the ease of use that you have come to expect from us. If you are like most users,
you will want to jump right in without having to spend a lot of time reading. When you are ready
to create your first scenario, you will find that you will be able to accomplish what you want easily
and quickly.
The Scenario Wizard is designed to get you started quickly, while slowly exposing you to the
power behind scenarios and alternatives.
When you are ready to model more complex scenarios, you will appreciate the power and
flexibility provided by the various scenario management features.
If you are a beginning user, try the Scenario Wizard, and run the Scenario tutorial. Also, refer to
the Scenario Management Reference Guide in Appendix C. If you are an advanced user, be sure
to read about Alternatives, and investigate the Alternatives Manager dialog.

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Alternatives are the building blocks behind scenarios. They are categorized data sets that create
scenarios when placed together. Alternatives hold the input data in the form of records. A record
holds the data for a particular element in your system. The different types of alternatives are as
follows:
Physical
Demand
Initial Settings
Operational
Age
Constituent
Trace
Fire Flow

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Chapter 8 Scenarios and Alternatives

Cost
User Data
The exact properties of each alternative are discussed in their respective sections. By breaking up
alternatives into these different types, we give you the ability to mix different alternatives any way
that you want within any given scenario.
Scenarios are composed of alternatives, as well as other calculation options, allowing you to
compute and compare the results of various changes to your system. Alternatives can vary
independently within scenarios, and can be shared between scenarios.
There are two kinds of alternatives: Base alternatives and Child alternatives. Base alternatives
contain local data for all elements in your system. Child alternatives inherit data from base
alternatives, or even other child alternatives, and contain data for one or more elements in your
system. The data within a child alternative consists of data inherited from its parent, and the data
altered specifically by you (local data).
When you first set up your system, the data that you enter is stored in the various base alternative
types. If you wish to see how your system will behave, for example, by increasing the diameter of
a few select pipes, you can create a child alternative to accomplish that. You can make another
child alternative with even larger diameters, and another with smaller diameters. There is no limit
to the number of alternatives that you can create.
Scenarios allow you to specify the alternatives you wish to analyze. Once you have determined an
alternative that works best for your system, you can permanently merge changes from the
preferred alternative to the base alternative if you wish.
Remember that all data inherited from the base alternative will be changed when the base
alternative changes. Only local data specific to a child alternative will remain unchanged.

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The Alternatives dialog is the central location for managing the alternatives in your project. It
allows you to edit, create, and manage the various types of alternatives. It also gives you more
advanced capabilities, such as merging alternatives and creating child alternatives.
The available alternatives of each type are conveniently organized in a tree view. The network
element data is grouped into the following types:
Physical
Demand
Initial Settings
Operational
Age
Constituent
Trace
Fire Flow
Cost
User Data

Chapter 8 Scenarios and Alternatives

On the right side of the dialog are a number of buttons that provide functions for managing the
alternatives. The following list provides a brief description of the function of each of these
buttons.
Add Create a new base alternative, first prompting for a name, and then opening an Alternatives
editor. Base alternatives are initialized with the first data set entered either in tables or specific
element dialogs.
Add Child Create a new child alternative that inherits from the selected alternative. This allows
you to automatically share the majority of the records from a parent alternative, while modifying
only selected records in the child alternative.
Edit Open the tabular record editor for the selected alternative. This tabular record contains all
the values that are used by the selected alternative.
Merge Move all records from the selected child alternative into its parent alternative, and then
remove the selected alternative. The records in the selected alternative will replace the
corresponding records in the parent. This is helpful when you have been experimenting with
changes in a child alternative, and you want to permanently apply those changes to the parent
alternative. All other alternatives that inherit data from that parent alternative will reflect these
changes.
Rename Rename an existing alternative. This invokes an in-place editor in the tree view of the
available alternatives. Make the desired changes to the existing name and press the Enter key
Duplicate Create a new alternative filled with records copied from the selected alternative. Use
this if you wish to copy the data from an alternative, but not create a child. The two alternatives
will be independent.
Delete Remove the selected alternative and its records. Deleting an alternative will also delete
all of the input data associated with that alternative.
Report Generate a Print Preview of a summary report of the selected alternative, all alternatives,
or the selected alternative and all of its children in that hierarchy.
You will not be allowed to merge or delete an alternative that is referenced by one or
more scenarios. When you attempt to perform the operation, you will be provided with
a list of the scenarios that reference the alternative.
If you are attempting to merge an alternative that is referenced, you will need to edit the
scenario(s) that references the child alternative that you are merging from, and make
them reference the parent alternative that you are merging to. Use the Scenario
Manager window to edit the scenario(s), and the Alternatives tab to make the scenario
point to the parent alternative.
To access the Alternative Manager dialog select Analysis\Alternatives from the pull-down
menu.

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The Alternatives Editor displays all of the records held by a single alternative. These records
contain the values that are active when a scenario referencing this alternative is active. The tables
are a great way to edit data. They allow you to view all of the changes that you have made for a
single alternative. They also allow you to eliminate changes that you no longer need.
There is one editor for each alternative type. Each type of editor works basically the same and
allows you to make changes to a different aspect of your system. The first column contains check
boxes, which indicate the records that have been changed in this alternative.

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Chapter 8 Scenarios and Alternatives

If the box is checked, the record on that line has been modified and the data is local, or
specific, to this alternative.
If the box is not checked, it means that the record on that line is inherited from its higher-level
parent alternative. Inherited records are dynamic. If the record is changed in the parent, the
change will be reflected in the child. The records on these rows reflect the corresponding
values in the alternatives parent.
As you make changes to records, the check box will automatically become checked. If
you want to reset a record to its parents values, simply uncheck the corresponding
check box.
Many columns support Global Editing, allowing you to change all values in a single
column. Right click a column header to access the Global Edit option.
The checkbox column will be disabled when you edit a base alternative.
To access the Alternatives Editor for a particular alternative, select it in the Alternatives dialog
and click the Edit button.

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One of the most common uses of a water distribution model is the design of new or replacement
facilities. During design, it is common to try several physical alternatives in an effort to find the
most cost effective solution. For example, when designing a replacement pipeline, it would be
beneficial to try several sizes and pipe materials to find the most satisfactory combination. Our
powerful Alternative Manager allows you to set up an unlimited number of design alternatives
and apply them in different scenarios.
Each type of network element has a specific set of physical properties that are stored in a physical
properties alternative, as listed below:
Pipe Physical Properties
Pump Physical Properties
Valve Physical Properties
Junction Physical Properties
Reservoir Physical Properties
Tank Physical Properties

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The Physical Alternative editor for pipes is used to create various data sets for the physical
characteristics of pipes. The following columns are available:
Material Type of material from which the pipe is constructed (e.g. Ductile Iron, PVC, Steel).
Diameter Internal diameter of the pipe. The nominal diameter of the pipe is commonly used
in water distribution modeling with little practical impact.
Roughness A measure of the pipes internal roughness, based on the chosen friction method.
Minor Loss Coefficient -Appurtenances such as valves, bends, and tees contribute to local
flow disturbances resulting in energy loss. Click the ellipsis () button to edit the composite
minor loss element for the pipe.

Chapter 8 Scenarios and Alternatives

Check Valve True or false status indicating the presence of a check valve.

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The Physical Alternative editor for pumps is used to create various data sets for the physical
characteristics of pumps, which consists of the following:
Elevation Elevation of the pump, typically measured from the Mean Sea Level.
Pump Type The attributes that define the pump's operating characteristics. Click this field,
then click the ellipsis () button to edit the parameters for the active pump type.

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The Physical Alternative editor for valves used to create various data sets for the physical
characteristics of valves. The following columns are available:
Elevation Elevation of the valve, typically measured from the Mean Sea Level.
Diameter The internal diameter of the valve. The nominal diameter of the valve is
commonly used in water distribution modeling with little practical impact.
Minor Loss Coefficient The wide-open minor loss coefficient. Click the ellipsis () button
to edit the Minor Loss Library.

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The Physical Alternative editor for PressureJunctions is used to create various data sets for the
physical characteristics of junctions, which consist of the following:
Elevation Elevation of the junction, typically measured from the Mean Sea Level.
Zone Specify the zone the junction belongs to. You may click the ellipsis () button to
access the Zone Manager, which allows you to edit or add zones.

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The Physical Alternative editor for reservoirs is used to create various data sets for the physical
characteristics of reservoirs, which consist of the following:
Elevation -Elevation of the reservoir, typically measured from the Mean Sea Level.
Zone Specify the zone the tank belongs to. You may click the ellipsis () button to access
the Zone Manager, which allows you to edit or add zones.

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The Physical Alternative editor for tanks is used to create various data sets for the physical
characteristics of tanks. The following columns are available:
Elevation Ground elevation of the tank.
Base Elevation The vertical distance of the tanks base above a known datum. Typically,
Mean Sea Level is the datum used. The base elevation is the elevation from which all tank
levels are computed.
Minimum Elevation (or Level) This is the lowest possible water surface elevation for the
tank. If the tank drains below this level, it will shut off from the system.
Maximum Elevation (or Level) This is the highest possible water surface elevation for the
tank. If the tank fills above this level, it will shut off from the system.

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Chapter 8 Scenarios and Alternatives

Section The physical parameters that define the tank cross sectional geometry. There are two
(2) types of tank sections, Constant Area and Variable Area. Click this field, they click the
ellipsis () button to edit the parameters for the active tank section type.
Zone Specify the zone the tank belongs to. You may click the ellipsis () button to access
the Zone Manager, which allows you to edit or add zones.

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The Demand Alternative allows you to model the response of the pipe network to different sets of
demands, such as the current demand and the year 2010 demand.
The demand alternative table includes the following columns:
Label Identifying label of the junction element.
Type Demand type, Demand or Inflow. Direct editing of this item is disabled if the
junction has multiple demands (see Demand Summary below).
Demand Hydraulic load attributed to the junction for Steady-State Analysis, or the hydraulic
load before applying the Pattern time step multiplier used for Extended Period Analysis. If
the junction has multiple demands, this field displays a single "calculated" Baseline Load, and
direct editing of the field is disabled (see Demand Summary below).
Pattern Name of the Pattern that applies the time-step multiplier to the Baseline Load. If the
junction has multiple demands, direct editing is disabled and the pattern name is shown as
"Composite".
Demand Summary A summary displaying the calculated Baseline Load, the EPS Pattern
applied to the Baseline Load, and the calculated demand Type (Demand or Inflow) for the
junction. Clicking twice on a Demand Summary opens an editing dialog for working with
multiple demands on a junction.
Setting up multiple demand alternatives makes it possible to easily manage different
loading conditions for any network.
For example, an "Average Day" demand
alternative contains the average demands for each junction in the network, and a "Peak
Day" demand alternative contains the peak demands for each junction in the network.
The Alternative Manager allows you to create any number of demand alternatives.

This program allows multiple demands to be attributed to a single junction.

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The following types of network elements have initial settings:
Pipes
Pumps
Tanks
Pressure Valves
FCVs (Flow Control Valves)
TCVs (Throttle Control Valves)

Chapter 8 Scenarios and Alternatives

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The Initial Settings Alternative for pipes is used to specify if the pipe status is initially Open or
Closed.

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The Pump Initial Settings Alternative editor allows you to analyze various initial settings for
pumps.
The fields for each record are as follows:
Status Indicates whether the pump is initially On or Off.
Relative Speed Factor Determines the initial speed of the pump impeller relative to the
speed at which the pump curve is defined.

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The Tank Initial Settings Alternative editor allows you to analyze various water surface elevations
(hydraulic grades) in your tank at the beginning of the simulation.

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The Pressure Valve Initial Settings Alternative editor allows you to analyze various initial settings
for pressure valves (Pressure Breaker, Pressure Reducer, and Pressure Sustaining Valves) .
The fields for each record are as follows:
Valve Status Indicates whether the pressure valve is initially Active, Inactive (wide-open),
or Closed.
Hydraulic Grade / Pressure Initial setting for the valve. Depending on the input mode, the
setting is entered and displayed in terms of hydraulic grade or pressure.

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The FCV Initial Settings Alternative editor allows you to analyze various initial settings for Flow
Control Valves.
The fields for each record are as follows:
Valve Status Indicates whether the FCV is initially Active, Inactive, or Closed.
Discharge Initial flow setting for the valve.

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The TCV Initial Settings Alternative editor allows you to analyze various initial settings for
Throttle Control Valves.
The fields for each record are as follows:
Valve Status Indicates whether the TCV is initially Active, Inactive, or Closed.
Headloss Coefficient Initial headloss coefficient for the valve.

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The Operational Alternative allows you to specify controls on pressure pipes, pumps, as well as
valves (in WaterCAD). The Controlled field contains a Boolean (true or false) statement that

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Chapter 8 Scenarios and Alternatives

indicates whether the network element is controlled. Clicking in this field activates a button that
allows you to access the Controls dialog and edit the controls for this element.

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The Age Alternative is used when performing a water quality analysis for modeling the age of the
water through the pipe network. This alternatives allows you to analyze different scenarios for
varying water ages at the network nodes.

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The Constituent Alternative contains the water quality data used to model a constituent
concentration throughout the network when performing a water quality analysis.
Selecting a constituent from the Constituent scroll-down list provides default values for table
entries. This software provides a user editable library of constituents for maintaining these values,
which may be accessed by clicking the ellipsis () button next to the Constituent scroll-down
list.
Label Identifying label of the element represented by the row.
Initial Constituent Concentration of the constituent at the beginning of the analysis.
Bulk Reaction Reaction rate constant used to model reactions of the constituent within the
bulk flow.
Wall Reaction Reaction rate constant used to model reactions that occur with the material
along the pipe wall.
Constituent Source True or false check to determine whether a node is a source of the
constituent.
Constituent Baseline Load Load attributed to the element before applying the Pattern time
step multiplier used for an Extended Period Analysis.
Constituent Pattern Name of the Pattern that applies the time step multiplier to the Baseline
Load.
Depending on the type of highlighted network element in the table, the Use Defaults button will
reset the reaction coefficients for that element to the constituent default values as specified in the
constituent library, or it will reset the initial constituent concentrations to 0.0.

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The Trace Alternative is used when performing a water quality analysis to determine the
percentage of water at each node coming from a specified node. The Trace Alternative data
includes a Trace Node, which is the node from which all tracing is computed.
The trace alternative table includes the following columns:
Label The identifying label of node elements.
Initial Trace A percentage value representing the starting condition at the node.

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The Fire Flow Alternative contains the input data required to perform a fire flow analysis. This
data includes the set of junction nodes for which fire flow results are needed, the set of default

Chapter 8 Scenarios and Alternatives

values for all junctions included in the fire flow set, and a record for each junction node in the fire
flow set.
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Each fire flow alternative has a set of default parameters that are applied to each junction in the
fire flow set. When a default value is modified, you will be prompted to decide if the junction
records that have been modified from the default should be updated to reflect the new default
value.
The default constraints are grouped in the Flow Constraints and Pressure Constraints sections,
as follows:
Needed Fire Flow Flow rate required at a fire flow junction to satisfy demands.
Fire Flow Upper Limit Maximum allowable fire flow that can occur at a withdrawal
location. It will prevent the software from computing unrealistically high fire flows at locations
such as primary system mains, which have large diameters and high service pressures.
Apply Fire Flows By There are two methods for applying fire flow demands. The fire flow
demand can be added to the junctions baseline demand, or it can completely replace the
junctions baseline demand. The junction's baseline demand is defined by the Demand
Alternative selected for use in the Scenario along with the fire flow alternative.
Residual Pressure Minimum residual pressure to occur at the junction node. The program
determines the amount of fire flow available such that the residual pressure at the junction
node does not fall below this target pressure.
Minimum Zone Pressure Minimum pressure to occur at all junction nodes within a zone.
The model determines the available fire flow such that the minimum zone pressures do not fall
below this target pressure. Each junction has a zone associated with it, which can be located in
the junctions input data. If you do not want a junction node to be analyzed as part of another
junction nodes fire flow analysis, move it to another zone.
Use Minimum System Pressure Constraint Toggle indicating whether a minimum
pressure is to be maintained throughout the entire pipe system.
Minimum System Pressure Minimum pressure allowed at any junction in the entire system
as a result of the fire flow withdrawal. If the pressure at a node anywhere in the system falls
below this constraint while withdrawing fire flow, fire flow will not be satisfied.
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Set of selected elements where fire flows need to be analyzed. You can choose between All
Junctions or a Subset of Junctions' that you can edit by clicking the ellipsis () button and
accessing the Selection Set editor.
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The table on the fire flow alternative editor displays the fire flow loads for the junctions in this set.
The values in this table reflect the default values entered, unless a change is made. The columns in
the table are as follows:
Label Label of the junction whose fire flow record is being displayed.
Needed Fire Flow Flow rate required at the junction to meet fire flow demands. This value
will be added to the junctions baseline demand, or it will replace the junctions baseline
demand, depending on the default setting for applying fire flows.

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Chapter 8 Scenarios and Alternatives

Fire Flow Upper Limit Maximum allowable fire flow that can occur at a withdrawal
location. This value will prevent the software from computing unrealistically high fire flows at
locations such as primary system mains, which have large diameters and high service
pressures. This value will be added to the junctions baseline demand, or it will replace the
junctions baseline demand, depending on the default setting for applying fire flows.
Residual Pressure, Minimum Zone Pressure, Minimum System Pressure Set of pressure
constraints for each Fire Flow node. See description for each of these parameters in the
Default Flow and Pressure Constraints section above.
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Click the Use Defaults button to reset the selected row to the default values for the Fire Flow
Alternative. This does not cause the record to inherit from its parent, only causes it to reflect the
Default values.
The Defaults for a fire flow alternative can only be set in the root alternative. All child
alternatives inherit the Default values from the root. The set of junction nodes is also
inherited from the root and cannot be altered in the child alternatives.

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The Cost Alternative contains the data allowing you to perform cost estimating of the whole
network or parts of it.
This dialog contains the following tabs:
Pressure Pipe
Nodal Elements (Pressure Junction, Pump, Valve, Reservoir, and Tank)

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The Pressure Pipe tab in the Cost Alternative editor contain the data associated with pipe cost
estimating, as described below:
Include Element in Cost Calculation Toggle allowing you to estimate the cost of only part
of the network.
Total Fixed Cost Cost of this pipe resulting from any fixed cost as defined in the Fixed
Cost Table, accessed by double-clicking in the Fixed Cost Description field.
Fixed Cost Description Button accessing the Fixed Cost Table. The button is labeled as
Simple or Composite when there are more than one fixed cost item for this pipe.
Unit Cost Function Allow you to associate a unit cost function selected from the scrolldown list. You may click the ellipsis () button to access the Unit Cost Functions Manager,
which allows you to edit or add unit cost functions, in a tabular or formula format based on a
pipe attribute, such as pipe diameter.
Additional Unit Cost You may also define or add a unit cost specific to this pipe.

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The Pressure Junction, Pump, Valve, Reservoir, and Tank tabs in the Cost Alternative editor
contain the data associated with the cost estimating for each nodal element, as described below:
Include Element in Cost Calculation Toggle allowing you to estimate the cost of only part
of the network.

Chapter 8 Scenarios and Alternatives

Total Fixed Cost Cost of this element resulting from any fixed cost as defined in the Fixed
Cost Table accessed by double-clicking in the Fixed Cost Description field.
Fixed Cost Description Click on this field for a button accessing the Fixed Cost Table.
The button is labeled as Simple, or Composite when there are more than one fixed cost itsem
for this element.

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The User Data Alternative allows you to edit the data defined in the User Data Extension for each
of the network element types. The User Data Alternative editor contains a tab for each type of
network element.

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A Scenario contains all the input data, calculation options, results, and notes associated with a set
of calculations. A set of calculations may include a Hydraulic, a Fire Flow or Water Quality
Calculation, and a Cost Analysis calculation run. Scenarios let you set up an unlimited number of
"What If?" situations for your model, and then modify, compute, and review your system under
those conditions as often as you wish.
You can create scenarios that reuse or share data in existing alternatives, submit multiple scenarios
for calculation in a batch run, switch between scenarios, and compare scenario results all with a
few mouse clicks. There is no limit to the number of scenarios that you can create.
There are two types of scenarios:
Base scenarios Contain all of your working data. When you start a new project, you will
begin with a default Base scenario. As you enter data and calculate your model, you are
working with this default base scenario and the alternatives it references.
Child scenarios Inherit data from a base scenario, or even other child scenarios. Child
scenarios allow you to freely change data for one or more elements in your system. Child
scenarios can reflect some or all of the values contained in their parent. This is a very
powerful concept, giving you the ability to make changes in a parent scenario that will trickle
down through child scenarios, while also giving you the ability to override values for some (or
all) elements in child scenarios.
The calculation options are not inherited between scenarios, but are duplicated when the
scenario is first created. The alternatives and data records, however, are inherited -there is a permanent, dynamic link from a child back to its parent.

 6FHQDULR6HOHFWLRQ

You can change the current scenario by simply using the Scenario drop-down list located on the
Analysis Toolbar on the main application window. When you select a different scenario, your
current input data, calculation options, and calculated results (if available) will reflect the selected
scenario and the alternatives it references.

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Chapter 8 Scenarios and Alternatives

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Once scenarios and alternatives are created, you do not need to take any special steps to input data
into the alternatives referenced by the current scenario. This happens automatically as you make
changes to your data. Changes to your data are always applied to the alternatives in your active
scenario. For example, consider that a pipe has a 6" diameter in the alternative storing data for the
Base scenario. Then you switch to Scenario 2, which references another alternative, and change
the pipe diameter to 8". The new value will automatically be associated with the alternative in
Scenario 2. If you switch back to the Base scenario, the pipe diameter will revert to 6".
You can also enter data directly into an alternative using the Alternatives Editor. This editor
allows you to see all of the changes that you have made in a single alternative. If you make an
unintended change to the active child scenario and you wish to remove it, go to the tabular editor
for the type of input data you changed and uncheck the leading check box on the record(s) for the
elements you wish to restore.
Scenarios currently only track modifications to the input data associated with existing network
elements. They do not allow you to track modifications to the network topology itself (e.g.
additions and deletions of network elements).

 6FHQDULR0DQDJHU
The Scenario Manager allows you to create, edit, and manage scenarios. There is one built-in
default scenario the Base scenario. If you wish, you only have to use this one scenario.
However, you can save yourself time by creating additional scenarios that reference the
alternatives needed to perform and recall the results of each of your calculations. There is no limit
to the number of scenarios that you can create.
The Scenario Manager window is divided into four sections:
1.

The three buttons that run across the top of the window:

Tutorial Open the tutorials.

Close Close the Scenario Manager.

Help Open the on-line help.

2.

The series of five buttons running along the left side of the window:

Scenario Wizard Open the Scenario Wizard, which walks you step-by-step through the
creation of a new scenario.

Scenario Management Offers a menu of options for creating, editing, and managing
scenarios:
Add Prompts for a name, then creates a new child or base scenario. If you create a child
scenario, it will be based on the scenario that is currently highlighted.
Edit Open the Scenario Editor dialog for the scenario that is currently highlighted.
Rename Rename an existing scenario. Note this invokes an in-place editor in the tree
view of the available scenarios. Make the desired changes to the existing name and press
Enter.
Delete Delete the scenario that is currently highlighted.
Report Generate a summary report for the scenario that is highlighted, including
alternatives, calculation options, notes, and results.

Chapter 8 Scenarios and Alternatives

3.

Alternative Open the Alternative Manager for creating, editing, and managing
alternatives.

Batch Run Open the Batch Run dialog for selecting from among the available
scenarios and initiating calculations.

Scenario Comparison Open the Annotation Comparison Wizard, which allows you
to create drawings displaying the differences in input and output variables between two
scenarios.

The pane in the center of the dialog:

4.

161

Scenarios Pane Available scenarios in a hierarchical tree showing the parent-child

relationships. You can right-click any scenario to perform scenario management
functions on it. You can double-click parent scenarios to expand or collapse the child
scenarios beneath them.

The pane on the right side of the dialog, which displays a variety of information depending on
which of the following tabs is selected:

Alternatives Alternatives referenced by the highlighted scenario, showing the type and
name for each alternative. An icon distinguishes whether the alternative belongs to the
or is inherited from its parent scenario
. Double-click any alternative to
scenario
open the Alternatives editor.

Summary Summary of the calculation options for the highlighted scenario and any
notes you have associated with it.

Results Summary of the last calculation performed for the highlighted scenario.

When you delete a scenario, keep in mind that because scenarios never actually hold
calculation data records (alternatives do), you are not losing data records. The
alternatives and data records referenced by that scenario will still exist until you
explicitly delete them. By accessing the Alternative Manager, you can delete the
referenced alternatives and data records.

To open the Scenario Manager window, select Analysis\Scenarios. Or, click the
next to the scenario drop-down list in the main application window.

button

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Performing a batch run allows you to set up and run multiple scenarios at once. This is helpful if
you want to queue a large number of calculations, or simply manage a group of smaller
calculations as a set. The list of selected scenarios for the batch run will remain with your project
until you change it.
Using the dialog is simple. First, check the scenarios you want to run and click the Batch button.
Each scenario will be calculated. You can cancel the batch run between any scenario calculation.
When the batch is completed, the scenario that was current will remain current, even if it was not
one that was calculated. Select a calculated scenario from the main window drop-down list to see
the results throughout the program, or select it from the Scenario Manager and click the Results
tab to preview the results.

162

Chapter 8 Scenarios and Alternatives

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The scenario management feature was designed to let you model "what-if" situations by easily
switching between different input data sets without having to re-enter data, and by comparing
different output results just as easily.
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next to the

1.

Open the Scenario Manager dialog by clicking the Scenario Manager button
drop-down scenario list in the main application window.

2.

Open the Scenario Wizard by clicking its button in the upper left of the Scenario Manager
dialog.

3.

Complete each step in the Scenario Wizard Name the new scenario, choose which scenario
to base it on, and choose the alternatives to be included. Click Next between each step, and
click Finish when you are done.

4.

Close the Scenario Manager dialog. Notice the scenario you have just created is displayed
as the current scenario in the Scenario drop-down list in the main application window.

5.

Proceed to modify your model with the changes you want recorded in the new scenario.

 6FHQDULR:L]DUG
The Scenario Wizard will guide you step-by-step through the process of creating a new scenario.
These are the basic steps for creating a new scenario:
Name Name the scenario, and add some comments if you wish.
Base Select a scenario on which to base the new scenario.
Calculation Choose the type of calculation (Steady State or Extended Period) that you
would like to perform, as well as other calculation options.
Alternatives Specify the alternative types with which you would like to work.
New/Existing Create and/or Select alternatives for your new scenario.
Preview Preview the scenario, and create it when satisfied.
To access the Scenario Wizard, open the Scenario Manager and click the Scenario Wizard
button.

6FHQDULR:L]DUG6WHS
Here you can enter a unique name and an optional note for the new scenario that you are creating.
The name field allows you to input a distinguishing name for this scenario. A default name is
provided, but we recommend that you change it to something more descriptive. If the new
scenario will be based on another scenario, you may want a name that indicates what will be
different about the new scenario. For example: "Post Development".
The next field is optional, and allows you to input free-form text that will be associated with the
new scenario. Use it to make detailed notes about the conditions the scenario will model.
Click the Next button to proceed to the next step in defining a new scenario.

Chapter 8 Scenarios and Alternatives

6FHQDULR:L]DUG6WHS
Click the existing scenario on which you would like to base your new scenario. Your new child
scenario will inherit data from this parent scenario, and will be initialized with the same
calculation settings and options. The Scenario Wizard, designed to introduce the user to
scenarios, does not allow you to create new base scenarios.
Existing scenarios in your project are displayed in a "tree" structure, giving you a graphic
depiction of the parent-child relationships.
Press the Next button to proceed to the next step.

6FHQDULR:L]DUG6WHS
This step of the Scenario Wizard allows you to specify the type of calculation to be associated
with the scenario you are creating.
If you select to be in Steady State mode, you are also given the option to perform an automated
fire flow analysis.
If you select to be in Extended Period mode, you are also given the option to perform one of the
Water Quality Analysis (Age, Constituent, or Trace analysis).

6FHQDULR:L]DUG6WHS
Check the boxes next to the types of alternatives you want to include in the new scenario. The
alternatives for boxes you do not check will be inherited from the specified parent scenario. You
will be free to add or remove alternatives to the scenario after you create it.
Click the Next button to proceed to the next step in defining a new scenario.

6FHQDULR:L]DUG6WHS
Here you are asked to specify the source for each alternative you have requested in the previous
tab.
Create New Alternative If you choose to create a new alternative, it will inherit from the same
type of alternative in the specified or parent scenario meaning it will initially use all the same
input data values. Enter a unique and descriptive name for the new alternative.
Use Existing Alternative If you choose to use an existing alternative, you will be shown the
tree of existing alternatives from which to choose. In this case you will not be creating a new
alternative for use in the scenario, and instead may actually be sharing an alternative with another
scenario.
Click the Next button to proceed to the next step.

6FHQDULR:L]DUG6WHS
The last step of the Scenario Wizard displays a summary of the scenario you have defined and
are about to create.
In the left pane is a preview of the scenario as it relates to its parent and other scenarios. In the
right pane is a list of the alternatives it references, showing their labels and types. An icon
indicates whether a given alternative is local to the new child scenario, or if it is inherited from the
specified or parent scenario.
If you are satisfied, click the Finished button to create the new scenario.

163

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Chapter 8 Scenarios and Alternatives

 6FHQDULR(GLWRU
The Scenario Editor dialog is the control center for each analysis. It is the place where you
access or change all the information for performing a single calculation (alternatives, calculation
type, calculation options, results, and notes). It is organized in the following tabs:
Alternatives Edit or view the alternatives to be used by this scenario.
Calculation Specify the type of hydraulic/water quality calculations to be performed, and
click the GO button to run these calculations.
Results View the hydraulic/water quality calculation results summary.
Notes Edit or view notes for this scenario.
To open the Scenario Editor dialog for the active scenario, press the GO button from the toolbar.
To open the Scenario Editor dialog for any scenario, select Analysis\Scenarios from the pulldown menu to open the Scenario Manager, right-click the scenario that you wish to edit, and
select Edit from the pull down menu that appears. Or highlight the scenario you wish to edit,
press the Scenario Management button, and select Edit.

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The Alternatives tab, located in the Scenario Editor, allows you to specify the alternatives that
will be used by this scenario. There is one row for each Alternative Type. You need only concern
yourself with the rows that correspond to the changes you would like to model using this scenario.
To specify the alternatives you would like to work with, simply click the check box next to the
alternative type. For example, if you would like to see how your system behaves by changing the
shape or sizes of a few pipes, then click the check box next to the Physical alternative row.
If you would like to use an existing alternative that you have already set up, use the drop-down list
to choose the desired alternative. If you would like to create a new alternative, click the New
button. You will be asked to name the new alternative, and the Alternatives Editor will open.
The Scenario Wizard will walk you through all of the steps required to create a new scenario. If
you are unsure how to specify the alternatives that you would like to work with, we recommend
that you use this wizard.
Remember, when this scenario is active, the alternatives that you specify here will be
active.
Changes that you make to your model will be made in these alternatives.
When you calculate this scenario, these are the alternatives that will be used.
This tab will take on a different appearance depending on whether you are editing a
Base scenario or Child scenario. When editing a base scenario, the checkbox column
(described above) will not be present. You can use the ellipsis () button located to the
right of each drop-down list to access the associated Alternatives Manager.

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This dialog is the control center for each network analysis. This program is capable of performing
both a Hydraulic Analysis and a Water Quality Analysis. Also, Extended Period Analysis which
considers time-variable hydraulic demands and constituent source concentrations is available.
Patterns are used to define the time-variable aspects of these system loads. Also contributing to

Chapter 8 Scenarios and Alternatives

time-variable hydraulic conditions are tank characteristics and controls associated with Pipes,
Pumps, and Valves.
This dialog allows you to specify the following data and calculation modes:
Steady State/Extended Period Simulation If you have selected Extended Period
calculation, a set of extended period options become available for editing: Start Time,
Duration, and Hydraulic Time Step.
Analysis Modes In addition to performing a standard hydraulic analysis, you are given the
option to perform a Water Quality Analysis (in Steady State mode) or a Fire Flow Analysis (in
Extended Period Simulation mode).
Calibration Feature used to "tweak" the two most commonly used parameters during model
calibration: junction demands and pipe roughness, without permanently changing the value of
the input data. It allows you to experiment with different calibration factors until you find the
one that causes your calculation results to most closely correspond with your observed field
data.
Check Data/Validate This feature, allows you to validate your model against typical data
entry errors, hard to detect topology problems, and modeling problems. When the Validate
box is checked, the model validation is automatically run prior to calculations. It can also be
run at any time by clicking the Check Data button. The process will produce either a dialog
stating "No Problems Found", or a status log with a list of messages.
Calculation Options Specify parameters affecting hydraulic and water quality calculations.
Clicking the GO button will perform the calculations.
The GO button, the Validate toggle and the Check Data button are not available when
the Scenario Editor is accessed from the Scenario Manager. In order to validate the data
or calculate the current scenario, the Scenario Editor should be accessed by clicking the
GO button on the main window.
Calibration is one of the most important steps in developing a hydraulic and/or water
quality model. This program provides an easy-to-use calibration feature that lets you
"tweak" the input data to help you match data observed in the field.
Each calculation depends upon a number of parameters that can optionally be
configured using the Calculation Options dialog.

If the model has not been calculated, or if the input data has been changed since the last
calculation, the word Compute (displayed in Red) will appear in the status pane in the
lower right corner of the main editing window. This is a signal that the model needs to
be recalculated.

6FHQDULR(GLWRU5HVXOWV7DE
The Results tab contains a summary of the last calculation performed using this scenario. Click
the Save button to save the results to an ASCII text file. Click the Print Preview button to
preview the Scenario Results Summary Report.

165

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Chapter 8 Scenarios and Alternatives

Immediately after you run the calculations, the Results tab automatically displays. You
will notice a green, yellow, or red light in that tab indicating how successful the
computations were. This light is not displayed once you close this dialog box.

6FHQDULR(GLWRU1RWHV7DE
The memo field on the Notes tab allows you to input free-form paragraph text that will be
associated with the new scenario. Use it to make detailed notes about the conditions that the
scenario will model.

Chapter 9 Modeling Capabilities

167

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WaterCAD provides unmatched modeling capabilities, allowing you to model and optimize
practically any distribution system aspect, including the following operations:
Hydraulic Analysis
Perform a steady-state analysis for a "snapshot" view of the system, or perform an extendedperiod simulation to see how the system behaves over time.
Use any common friction method: Hazen-Williams, Darcy-Weisbach, or Mannings.
Take advantage of scenario management to see how your system reacts to different demand
and physical conditions, including fire and emergency usage.
Control pressure and flow completely by using flexible valve configurations. You can
automatically control pipe, valve, and pump status based on changes in system pressure (or
based on the time of day). Control pumps, pipes, and valves based on any pressure junction or
tank in the distribution system.
Perform automated fire flow analysis for any set of elements and zones in the network.
Water Quality Analysis
Track the growth or decay of substances (such as chlorine) as they travel through the
distribution network.
Determine the age of water anywhere in the network.
Identify source trends throughout the system.

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WaterCAD gives the choice between performing a steady-state analysis of the system or
performing an extended-period simulation over any time period.
Steady-State Simulation
Steady-state analyses determine the operating behavior of the system at a specific point in time or
under steady-state conditions (flow rates and hydraulic grades remain constant over time). This
type of analysis can be useful for determining pressures and flow rates under minimum, average,
peak, or short term effects on the system due to fire flows.

168

Chapter 9 Modeling Capabilities

For this type of analysis, the network equations are determined and solved with tanks being treated
as fixed grade boundaries. The results that are obtained from this type of analysis are
instantaneous values and may or may not be representative of the values of the system a few
hours, or even a few minutes, later in time.
Extended Period Simulation
When the effects on the system over time are important, an extended period simulation is
appropriate. This type of analysis allows you to model tanks filling and draining, regulating valves
opening and closing, and pressures and flow rates changing throughout the system in response to
varying demand conditions and automatic control strategies formulated by the modeler.
While a steady-state model may tell whether or not the system has the capability to meet a certain
average demand, an extended period simulation indicates whether or not the system has the ability
to provide acceptable levels of service over a period of minutes, hours, or days. Extended period
simulations can also be used for energy consumption and cost studies, as well as water quality
modeling.
Data requirements for extended period simulations are greater than for steady-state runs. In
addition to the information required by a steady-state model, you also need to determine water
usage patterns, more detailed tank information, and operational rules for pumps and valves.
The following additional information is required only when performing Extended Period
Simulation, and therefore is not enabled when Steady-State Analysis has been specified.
Start Time The start time format is military time, so 0.00 hr. is midnight and 24.00 hr. is
midnight of the following day. This very powerful feature allows you to run an extended
period analysis for any period of the day without redefining any time dependent input data
such as patterns.
Duration The duration can be any positive real number.
Hydraulic Time Step Enter the time interval between hydraulic solutions for this
calculation. The hydraulic time step is the maximum amount of time that the hydraulic
conditions of the network are assumed to be constant.
Each of the parameters needed for an extended period analysis has a default value. You
will most likely want to change the values to suit your particular analysis.
Occasionally the numerical engine will not converge during an extended period analysis.
This is usually due to controls (typically based on tank elevations) or control valves
(typically pressure regulating valves) toggling between two operational modes (on/off for
pump controls, open/closed for pipe controls, active/closed for valves). When this occurs,
try adjusting the hydraulic time step to a smaller value. This will minimize the
differences in boundary conditions between time steps, and may allow for convergence.
Whether the model is run in steady-state or over an extended period is specified on the
Calculation tab of the Scenario Editor, which can be accessed from the Analysis\Scenarios
menu item.

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In addition to performing a standard hydraulic analysis, you are given the option to perform a
water quality analysis or a fire flow analysis:

Chapter 9 Modeling Capabilities

Water Quality Analysis This check box configures the calculation to analyze for water
quality. When this box is checked, you need to specify the type of water quality analysis to
perform. This software is capable of performing three types of water quality analyses:

Age Determine how long the water has been in the system.

Constituent Determine the concentration of a constituent at all nodes and links in the
system.

Trace Determine the percentage of the water at all nodes and links in the system. The
source is designated as a specific node.

Fire Flow Analysis This check box configures WaterCAD to analyze the system for
available fire flow.
Water quality calculations are time variable in nature, and therefore are only available
when the calculation is configured for extended period analysis. Be sure that the
Extended Period Analysis radio button in the Hydraulic Analysis portion of the
Calculation dialog is selected.
Fire Flow calculations are based on a steady-state calculation. Therefore, if the
calculation is configured to perform an Extended Period Analysis, the Fire Flow
Analysis check box is disabled. Be sure that the Steady State Analysis radio button in the
Hydraulic Analysis portion of the dialog is selected.

Use the Scenario Manager to set up and manage multiple water quality data sets.
Use the Alternative Manager to set up and maintain multiple Fire Flow data sets.
These optional analyses are specified in the Analysis section in the Calculation tab of the
Scenario Editor, which can be accessed from the Analysis\Scenarios menu item.

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Calibration is an important part of the development of hydraulic and water quality models. It is a
powerful feature for "tweaking" the two most commonly used parameters during model
calibration: junction demands and pipe roughness.
One of the first steps performed during a calculation is the transformation of the input data into the
required format for the numerical analysis engine. If a factor and operator are present in the
calibration fields when the GO button is clicked, the factor is used during this transformation.
This does not permanently change the value of the input data, but allows you to experiment with
different calibration factors until you find the one that causes your calculation results to most
closely correspond with your observed field data.
The Calibration section contains the following data:

169

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Chapter 9 Modeling Capabilities

Demand Use this calibration field to temporarily adjust the individual demands at all
junction nodes in the system that have demands for the current scenario. For example, assume
node J-10 has two demands, a 100 gpm fixed pattern demand, and a 200 gpm residential
pattern demand, for a total baseline demand of 300 gpm. If you enter a demand calibration
multiplier of 1.25, the input to the numerical engine will be 125 gpm and 250 gpm
respectively, for a total baseline demand of 375 gpm at node J-10. If you use the Set operator
to set the demands to 400, the demand will be adjusted proportionally to become 133 and 267
gpm, for a total baseline of 400 gpm. Also, if a junction has an inflow of 100 gpm (or a
demand of -100 gpm), and the calibration operation is Set Demand to 200 gpm, then the inflow
at that junction will be -200 gpm (equivalent to a demand of 200 gpm).
Roughness Use this calibration field to temporarily adjust the roughness of all pipes in the
distribution network.
Apply Click the Apply button to permanently adjust the demands or roughness. Generally,
you will use this button after experimenting with the calibration factors on successive
calculations, and comparing the calculation results to observed field data.
The calibration data is located on the Calculation tab of the Scenario Editor, which can be
accessed from the Analysis\Scenarios menu item.

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This feature allows you to validate your model against typical data entry errors, hard to detect
topology problems, and modeling problems. When the Validate box is checked, the model
validation is automatically run prior to calculations. It can also be run at any time by clicking the
Check Data button. The process will produce either a dialog stating "No Problems Found" or a
status log with a list of messages.
The validation process will generate two types of messages. A warning message means that a
particular part of the model (i.e. a pipe's roughness) does not conform to the expected value, or is
not within the expected range of values. This type of warning is useful but not fatal. Therefore,
no corrective action is required to proceed with a calculation. Warning messages are often
generated as a result of a topographical or data entry error and should be corrected. An error
message, on the other hand, is a fatal error, and the calculation cannot proceed before it is
corrected. Typically, error messages are related to problems in the network topology, such as a
pump or valve not being connected on both its intake and discharge sides.
The check data algorithm performs the following validations:
Network topology Checks that the network contains at least one boundary node, one pipe,
and one junction. These are the minimum network requirements. It also checks for fully
connected pumps and valves and that every node is reachable from a boundary node through
open links.
Element validation Checks that every element in the network is valid for the calculation.
For example, this validation ensures that all pipes have a non-zero length, a non-zero diameter,
a roughness value that is within the expected range, etc. Each type of element has its own
checklist. This same validation is performed when you edit an element in a dialog. The dialog
will not close until each item on the checklist is satisfied.

Chapter 9 Modeling Capabilities

In earlier versions of the software, it was possible to create a topological situation that
was problematic but was not checked for in the network topology validation. The
situation could be created by "morphing" a node element such as a junction, tank, or
reservoir into a pump or valve. This situation is now detected and corrected
automatically, but it is strongly recommended that you verify the flow direction of the
pump or valve in question. If you have further questions or comments related to this,
please contact Haestad Methods Support.

Warning messages related to the value of a particular attribute being outside the
accepted range can often be corrected by adjusting the allowable range for that
attribute.
The Check Data button and the Validate check box are located on the Calculation tab of the
Scenario Editor, which can be accessed from the Analysis\Scenarios menu item.

 &DOFXODWH1HWZRUN
The following needs to be completed before performing hydraulic calculations for a network.
1.

Set the Calculation mode to Steady-State or Extended Period. If Extended Period is

selected, then specify the starting time, the duration, and the time step to be used.

2.

Optionally, in Extended Period mode, you may perform a Water Quality Analysis. Set the
Water Quality toggle On and select one of the three available types of calculations: Age,
Constituent or Trace.

3.

Optionally, in Steady-State mode, you may also perform a Fire Flow Analysis by setting the
Fire Flow Analysis toggle.

4.

Optionally, in the Calibration section, you may modify the demand or roughness values of
your entire network for calibration purposes. If a factor and operator are present in the
calibration fields when the GO button is clicked, the factor is used during this calculation.
This does not permanently change the value of the input data, but allows you to experiment
with different calibration factors until you find the one that causes your calculation results to
most closely correspond with your observed field data. To permanently change the value of
the input data, select Apply.

5.

Optionally, click the Options button to verify general algorithm parameters used to perform
Hydraulic and Water Quality calculations.

6.

Set the Validate toggle On, or click the Check Data button to ensure that your input data
does not contain errors.

7.

Click on the GO button to start the calculations.

The Check Data button performs a quick check of your input data and displays any
errors found. It is recommended to run this function before the actual run of the
calculations. Note, however, that the data is automatically checked when you perform
the calculations if the Validate toggle is On.

171

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Chapter 9 Modeling Capabilities

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One of the goals of a water distribution system is to provide adequate capacity to fight fires.
WaterCADs powerful fire flow analysis capabilities can be used to determine if the system can
meet the fire flow demands while maintaining various pressure constraints. Fire flows can be
computed for a single node, a group of selected nodes, or all nodes in the system. A complete fire
flow analysis can comprise hundreds or thousands of individual flow solutions one for each
junction selected for the fire flow analysis.
Fire flows are computed at user-specified locations by iteratively assigning demands and
computing system pressures. The model will check the computed fire flow and ensure that all
pressure constraints are met. New demand will automatically be assigned and system pressures
recomputed if one of the constraints is violated. Iterations continue until one of the fire flow
constraints is matched, or until the maximum number of iterations is reached.
The flow is not actually withdrawn from the node. The baseline pressures are the pressures that
are modeled under the standard steady-state demand conditions in which fire flows are not
exerted. The analysis only serves as a check to determine how much can be withdrawn given the
pressure constraints (Residual Pressure, Minimum Zone Pressure and optionally, Minimum
System Pressure). The program will compute the available fire flow to be zero in situations where
the baseline system pressures violate one of the pressure constraints.
Results of fire flow calculations, which are obtained from calculations performed
separately for an automatic batch run, are only reported in the Fire Flow tab and in the
Fire Flow Tabular Report (accessed from the Report\Tables menu or the Tabular
Reports icon). Results reported in the other element editor tabs do not take into account
any fire flow, unless you explicitly entered the fire flow as a demand at a specific
junction.

All parameters defining a fire flow analysis, such as the residual pressure or the
minimum zone pressure, are explained in detail in the Fire Flow Alternative and in the
Fire Flow tab topics.
An on-line tutorial on fire flow can be found by selecting the Help\Tutorials menu.

 )LUH)ORZ5HVXOWV
After performing a fire flow analysis, calculation results are available for each junction node in the
fire flow selection set. These results can be viewed in the predefined Fire Flow Report (in
tabular format), accessed by clicking the Tabular Reports button
highlighting Fire Flow
Report, and clicking OK. Note that results for the nodes that were not included in the fire flow
selection set are reported as N/A.

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Perform the following checks if you are not getting expected fire flow results:
1.

Check the Available Fire Flow. If it is lower than the Needed Fire Flow, the fire flow
conditions for that node are not satisfied. Therefore, Needed Fire Flow Constraints is false.

Chapter 9 Modeling Capabilities

2.

Check the Calculated Residual Pressure. If it is lower than the Residual Pressure Constraint,
the fire flow condition for that node is not satisfied. Therefore, Needed Fire Flow
Constraints is false.

3.

Check the Calculated Minimum Zone Pressure. If it is lower than the Minimum Zone
Pressure Constraint, the fire flow condition for that node is not satisfied. Therefore, Needed
Fire Flow Constraints is false.
If you are not concerned about the pressure of a node that is NOT meeting the Minimum
Zone Pressure constraint, move this node to another zone. Now, the node will not be
analyzed as part of the same zone.

4.

If you checked the box for Minimum System Pressure Constraint in the Fire Flow
Alternative dialog, check to see if the Calculated Minimum System Pressure is lower than the
set constraint. If it is, Satisfies Fire Flow Constraints will be False.

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An age analysis determines how long the water has been in the system and is more of a general
water quality indicator than a measurement of any specific quality. To configure for an age
analysis:
1.

Choose Compute from the Analysis menu or click the GO button.

2.

Activate the Extended Period radio button.

3.

Check the box labeled Water Quality Analysis.

4.

Select the Age radio button.

5.

Assuming you have not already set up an Age alternative for this scenario (including defining
the trace node), go to the Alternatives tab, click the ellipsis () or New button next to the
Age scroll-down list, and add or edit an Age alternative. Back in the Alternatives tab, choose
the desired alternative from the Age Alternative choice list.

6.

Return to the Calculation tab and click the GO button.

Water quality analysis can only be performed for extended period simulations.

 &RQVWLWXHQW$QDO\VLV
A constituent is any substance, such as chlorine and fluoride, for which the growth or decay can be
adequately described through the use of a bulk reaction coefficient and a wall reaction coefficient.
A constituent analysis determines the concentration of a constituent at all nodes and links in the
system. Constituent analyses can be used to determine chlorine residuals throughout the system
under present chlorination schedules, or can be used to determine probable behavior of the system
under proposed chlorination schedules. To configure for a constituent analysis:
1.

Choose Compute from the Analysis menu or click the GO button.

2.

Activate the Extended Period radio button.

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Chapter 9 Modeling Capabilities

3.

Check the box labeled Water Quality Analysis.

4.

Select the Constituent radio button.

5.

Assuming you have not already set up a Constituent alternative for this scenario (including
the selection of the constituent), go to the Alternatives tab, click the ellipses () or New
button next to the Constituent scroll-down list, and add or edit a Constituent alternative.
Specify the Constituent, which is defined in the Constituent Library and accessed by clicking
the ellipsis () button. You are missing a few Back in the Alternatives tab, choose the
desired alternative from the Constituent Alternative choice list.

6.

Return to the Calculation tab and Click the GO button.

 7UDFH$QDO\VLV
A trace analysis determines the percentage of the water at all nodes and links in the system. The
source is designated as a specific node in the system and is called the trace node. In systems with
more than one source, it is common to perform multiple trace analyses using the various trace
nodes in successive analyses. The source node and initial traces are specified in the Trace
Alternative dialog. To configure for a trace analysis:
1.

Choose Compute from the Analysis menu, or click the GO button.

2.

Activate the Extended Period radio button.

3.

Check the box labeled Water Quality Analysis.

4.

Select the Trace radio button.

5.

Assuming you have not already set up a Trace alternative for this scenario (including defining
the trace node), go to the Alternatives tab, click the ellipses () or New button next to the
Trace scroll-down list, and add or edit a trace alternative. Specify the trace node to be used
for this analysis and provide the appropriate data. Back in the Alternatives tab, choose the
desired alternative from the Trace Alternative choice list.

6.

Return to the Calculation tab and click the GO button.

Water quality analysis can only be performed for extended period simulations.

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Calculations depend on a variety of parameters that may be configured by you.
This program provides defaults for each of the calculation options. If you make changes to the
calculation options and decide that you would like to return to the default settings, use the Reset
button on the Calculation Options dialog.
The dialog is divided into two groups:
Hydraulics
Water Quality
To access the Calculation Options dialog, click the Options button on the Calculation tab of the
Scenario Editor, or select the GO button and click Options.

Chapter 9 Modeling Capabilities

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The following hydraulic analysis parameters are available for user configuration:
Trials Unitless number that defines the maximum number of iterations to be performed for
each hydraulic solution. The default value is 40.
Accuracy Unitless number that defines the convergence criteria for the iterative solution of
the network hydraulic equations. When the sum of the absolute flow changes between
successive iterations in all links is divided by the sum of the absolute flows in all links, and is
less than the Accuracy, the solution is said to have converged. The default value is 0.001 and
the minimum allowed value for Accuracy is 1.0e-5.
The number of trials specifies the maximum number of iterations to be performed for
each time step in an extended period simulation, not the total number of iterations for
the entire analysis.

In most cases, the default values are adequate for the hydraulic analysis. Under special
circumstances, the accuracy may need to be adjusted downward. This is necessary when
the model converges, yet there are larger than acceptable discrepancies between the total
inflow and outflow at individual nodes.

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The following water quality analysis parameters are available for user configuration:
Maximum Pipe Segments Unitless number that defines the maximum number of segments
that any pipe can be separated into during a water quality analysis. The default value is 100.
Minimum Pipe Travel Time Minimum time of travel through a pipe. If travel time through
any pipe is computed to be less than this number, it is set equal to it. The default value for
minimum pipe travel time is 10% of the hydraulic time step, and default units are hours.
Set Quality Time Step Check this box if you want to manually set the water quality time
step. By default, this box is not checked and the water quality time step is computed internally
by the numerical engine.
Quality Time Step Time interval used to track water quality changes throughout the
network. By default, this value is computed by the numerical engine and is equivalent to the
smallest travel time through any pipe in the system.

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The extended period analysis is actually a series of steady-state analyses run against time-variable
hydraulic demands and constituent source concentrations. Patterns allow you to apply automatic
time-variable changes within the system. The most common application of patterns is for
residential or industrial demands. Diurnal curves are patterns which relate to the changes in
demand over the course of the day, reflecting times when people are using more or less water than
average. Most patterns are based on a multiplication factor versus time relationship, whereby a
multiplication factor of one represents the base value (which is often the average value).
Using a representative diurnal curve for a residence as illustrated below, we see that there is a peak
in the diurnal curve in the morning as people take showers and prepare breakfast, another slight

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Chapter 9 Modeling Capabilities

peak around noon, and a third peak in the evening as people arrive home from work and prepare
dinner. Throughout the night, the pattern reflects the relative inactivity of the system, with very
low flows compared to the average.

Typical Diurnal Curve

This curve is conceptual and should not be construed as representative of any particular
network.
There are two basic forms for representing a pattern: stepwise and continuous. A stepwise pattern
is one that assumes a constant level of usage over time, then jumps instantaneously to another
level where it remains steady until the next jump. A continuous pattern is one for which several
points in the pattern are known and sections in between are transitional, resulting in a smoother
pattern. On the continuous pattern in the figure above, the value and slope at the start time and end
times are the same. This is a continuity that is recommended for patterns that repeat.
Because of the finite time steps used for calculations, this software converts continuous patterns
into stepwise patterns for use by the algorithms.

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Patterns provide an effective means of applying time-variable system loads to the distribution
model. There are two separate managers for organizing and editing your patterns: one for
hydraulic demand, the other for constituent source loading (used when performing a water quality
analysis to analyze a constituent concentration). The Pattern Manager allows you to do the
following:
Add Click the Add button. This will open the Pattern dialog where the specifics of the
pattern can be entered.
Edit Select the label of the pattern you wish to edit, and click the Edit button. The Fixed
pattern cannot be edited.
Duplicate Select the label of the pattern you wish to duplicate, and press the Duplicate
button. The Fixed pattern cannot be duplicated.
Delete Select the label of the pattern you wish to delete, and click the Delete button. The
Fixed pattern cannot be deleted.

Chapter 9 Modeling Capabilities

In this program, an individual junction can support multiple hydraulic demands.

Furthermore, each demand can be assigned any hydraulic demand pattern. This
powerful functionality makes it possible to model any type of extended period
simulation.
To access the Pattern Manager select the Analysis\Patterns\Hydraulic or Analysis\Patterns
\Constituent menu item, or click the ellipsis () button next to any pattern choice list.

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A pattern is a series of time step values, each having an associated multiplier value. During an
extended period analysis run, multipliers are selected for use by comparison of their time step
value with the current time steps of the Extended Period Analysis run. The selected multiplier is
applied to any baseline load that is associated with the pattern.
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Label A required name to uniquely identify the pattern. This name appears in the choice list
when applying patterns to hydraulic demands or constituent source loads.
Start Time A value between 0 and 24 that specifies the first time-step point in the pattern.
All other pattern time step points are referenced from this start time. This program
automatically adjusts your pattern when you start an Extended Period Analysis at a time other
than zero.
Starting Multiplier The multiplier value of the first time step point in your pattern. Any
real number can be used for this multiplier (it does not have to be 1.0).
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Time From Start The amount of time from the Start Time of the pattern to the time step
point being defined.
Multiplier The multiplier value associated with the time step point.
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Stepwise Format The multiplier values are considered to be the average value for the
interval between the specified time and the next time. Patterns using this format will have a
"staircase" appearance. Multipliers are set at the specified time and held constant until the next
point in the pattern.
Continuous Format The multipliers are considered to be the instantaneous values at a
particular time. Patterns using this format will have a "curvilinear" appearance. Multipliers are
set at the specified time, and are linearly increased or decreased to the next point in the pattern.
Patterns must begin and end with the same multiplier value. This is because patterns will
be repeated if the duration of the Extended Period Analysis is longer than the pattern
duration. In other words, the last point in the pattern is really the start point of the
patterns next cycle.
An Extended Period Analysis is actually a series of steady-state analyses where the
boundary conditions for the current time step are calculated from the conditions at the
previous time step. This software will automatically convert a continuous pattern format
to a stepwise format so that the demands and source concentrations remain constant
during a time step.

177

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Chapter 9 Modeling Capabilities

An individual Junction can support multiple hydraulic demands. Furthermore, each

demand can be assigned any hydraulic demand pattern. This powerful functionality
makes it easy to combine two or more types of demand patterns (such as residential and
institutional) at a single junction.

Use the Report button to view or print a graph or detailed report of your pattern.
To access the Pattern editor, click the Add or Edit button on the Pattern Manager dialog.

Chapter 10 Cost Estimating

179

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This feature allows you to calculate a planning level estimate of the capital cost associated with an
entire system or any portion of a system. This makes it easy to compare the costs associated with
the various scenarios, thus helping to ensure that the most cost-effective design is chosen.
The costs associated with a particular element are broken down into two categories, fixed costs
and unit costs. The total cost for each element is calculated as the unit cost times the number of
units plus the total of the itemized fixed costs associated with the element. For pipes the unit
costss are specified in terms of a cost per unit of length, and for nodal elements, the unit cost is
specified in terms of a cost per element. The total cost for the elements in the system is then
simply the sum of the total cost for each element selected to be included in the cost analysis.
The unit costs for an element are specified in terms of a unit cost function. A unit cost function
describes the relationship between an attribute of the element and the unit cost. For example, you
may wish to specify the unit cost of a pipe as a function of the diameter, where the unit cost of the
pipe increases as the diameter increases.
In addition to a unit cost, every element can have an itemized list of fixed costs. Fixed costs are
specified by the user and provide flexibility in specifying the cost of elements for which the unit
cost might not accurately capture the actual cost of installing that element. For instance, if an
easement is needed for a particular pipe this cost will probably not be reflected in the unit cost for
that pipe.
A unit cost can not be associated with some elements, such as pumps and tanks, whose cost cannot
be easily correlated to an attribute of the element. However, you can include the costs associated
with these elements in the cost analysis by assigning fixed costs to these elements. This provides
the user with the flexibility to distinguish between the different costs associated with these types
of elements. For instance, if you are costing a pump you may want to differentiate between the
cost of the pump itself and the cost of the pump housing.
In addition to specifying the costs for each element in the system, you can also make adjustments
on a system wide basis to the total cost of all the elements included in the cost analysis. This
makes it easy to account automatically for contingencies and adjustments that need to be made to
the total cost of the physical system.
You do not need to have a hydraulically valid network to perform a cost analysis. You
can quickly calculate the cost associated with a system at any time through the Cost
Manager.

180

Chapter 10 Cost Estimating

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The Cost Manager allows you to quickly compute and compare the costs associated with your
different scenarios. This dialog provides you with a convenient place to view, edit, and calculate
project level cost data. This dialog can be divided into three sections that are described below.
The first section is the series of four buttons on the left side of the window:
Unit Cost Functions This button opens the Unit Cost Function manager which is the place
to add new functions describing the relationship between a model attribute and the unit cost for
the element. For pipes, this might be a table of data relating the pipe material to the cost per
unit length.
Cost Alternatives This button opens the Capital Cost Alternatives manager where you can
quickly create different cost alternatives. For example, you may wish to compare the cost
associated with different cost functions or different portions of the system.
Compute This button opens the Cost Scenario Editor for the scenario that is selected in the
pane to the right of this column of buttons. The Cost Scenario Editor is the location to enter
the cost adjustments and to run a cost calculation for the selected scenario.
Batch Run Performing a batch run allows you to set up and run multiple cost scenarios at
once. This is helpful if you want to queue a large number of calculations or simply manage a
group of smaller calculations as a set.
The second section is the pane to the right of this column of buttons. When you open the Cost
Manager this pane will contain all the scenarios in the project. Each scenario will have an icon
located to the left of it indicating whether a cost calculation has been performed for that scenario.
If the icon is a green file folder, then the scenario has not been calculated. If the icon is a file
folder with a dollar symbol then the cost results are available for that scenario. If cost results are
available for the scenario, then the total cost of the scenario will be displayed to the right of the
scenario label.
Clicking on a scenario, for which cost results are available, will expand the components
comprising the total cost of the scenario. These components include the following types of
sections:
A section for each cost function that is used in the cost analysis
A section detailing additional unit costs specified for the pipes in the system
A section detailing the fixed cost specified for each element in the system
A section detailing any cost adjustments made to the total cost of all the elements included in
the cost analysis
If there is no cost data associated with one or more of these sections then those sections will not be
listed.
Just above the right side of the center pane listing the available scenarios is a row of three buttons,
each of which is described below.

Properties This button opens the Cost Scenario Editor for the currently selected scenario.
In this dialog the system cost adjustments applied to the total cost computed for the elements
in the system can be edited. The cost calculation for the selected scenario can also be run from
this dialog.

Graph This button opens a pie chart of the items comprising the total cost of the scenario.

Report This buttons opens a printed tabular report on any item selected in the pane below
these buttons. If the scenario label is selected, then a tabular report of all the items comprising

Chapter 10 Cost Estimating

181

the scenario are included in the report. If one of the components listed under the scenario is
selected then only the information for this one item will be included in the report.
The third section on this dialog is the pane on the right side. This pane is used to display an
expanded view of the contents of the item selected in the center pane. The table listed in this pane
will appear in the printed report that is opened when the report button described above is clicked.
To open the Cost Manager window, select Analysis\Compute Costs or click the
the analysis toolbar.

button in

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The Cost Alternatives manager dialog allows you to edit, create, and manage your cost
alternatives. It also gives you more advanced capabilities, such as merging alternatives and
creating child alternatives.
On the right side of the dialog are a number of buttons that provide functions for managing the
alternatives. These buttons are identical to the buttons found in the Alternatives Manager dialog.
See the Alternatives manager topic in the Scenarios/Alternatives chapter for a descriptions of
these buttons function.
To access the Cost Alternatives manager dialog select Analysis\Alternatives from the pull-down
menu and select the Cost tab, or click on the Cost Alternatives button in the Cost Manager.

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A unit cost function is a description of the relationship between an element attribute and the unit
cost for that element. For example it might describe the relationship between pipe diameter and
the cost per unit length or it could relate the depth of a gravity structure to the unit cost for that
structure. You can specify the relationship between the unit cost and the value of the attribute as
either tabular data or as a formula.
Tabular Unit Cost Function Relates attribute values to unit costs as a series of data points.
This is the only way to enter unit cost data for non-numeric attributes such as material. If the
attribute for which you are supplying the cost data is numeric then values between the data points
that you enter will be linearly interpolated. If the unit cost is requested for an attribute value that
falls outside of the range of data that you supplied in the table, the model will assume that the unit
cost is equal to the unit cost at the most extreme point closest to the value that was requested. For
example if the following points had been entered (8 in, 30$/ft) and (12 in, 40 $/ft) and the unit cost
was requested for a 16 in diameter pipe the value returned would be 40 $/ft. When a cost
calculation is performed you will be warned about all elements whose unit cost falls outside of the
range of data that you supplied.
Formula Unit Cost Function Represents the unit cost as a function of the selected numeric
attribute of the following form:

Cost = d + a (x c )b
Where: Cost
x
a,b,c,d

= Linear cost of the pipe (local currency/m, local currency/ft)

= Selected attribute (unit depends on the type of attribute)
= Parameters you specify (units depend on local currency and the
type of attribute)

182

Chapter 10 Cost Estimating

For certain values, such as when x is less than c and b is not an integer, this equation will
be invalid. Under these conditions the unit cost returned by the function will be zero.

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You can add, delete, and edit the Unit Cost Functions for your project through this manager. You
will be able to assign the cost functions defined here to one or more of the elements of the
appropriate type in your system. For example, if you define a cost function here for pipes, you will
be able to select this cost function from the drop down box on the cost tab of the pipe element
editor dialog.
Use the Save command (accessed from the File menu button on the bottom of this dialog)
to save the unit cost functions listed in the Unit Cost Functions Manager. You can then
import them into another project using the Import command (accessed from the File
menu button in this dialog).
To access the Unit Cost Functions Manager, select Analysis\Compute Costs from the pulldown menus to display the Cost Manager and click the Unit Cost Functions button.

1HZ8QLW&RVW)XQFWLRQ'LDORJ
When you add a new unit cost function you will be prompted with this dialog containing two
fields, Unit Cost Function Type and Unit Cost Function Attribute. This is the information that
is needed to initialize the new unit cost function that you are about to create.
The Unit Cost Function Type field allows you to select whether you would like to enter your cost
function data in a tabular or formula format. We recommend that you quickly familiarize yourself
with both formats to see which is most convenient for you. If you wish to base your unit cost on an
attribute that is not numeric, such as material, you must choose a tabular format.
The Unit Cost Function Attribute field is for selecting the attribute of which your unit costs are a
function. For example the unit cost of a pipe might be based upon its diameter or its material.
Remember that attributes that are not numeric can only be selected if the unit cost function type is
tabular.

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For Unit Cost Functions defined with tabular data, this tab contains the data for this unit cost
function grouped as follows:
General General information identifying the unit cost function.
Attribute Value Range Display the range of the selected attribute in the current scenario.
This information can be useful to make sure you specify cost data for the entire range of values
in your model.
Unit Cost Data Specify the tabular data relating unit cost to the value of the selected
attribute.
In order to help you enter and visualize the function, use one of the buttons at the bottom of the
dialog:
Plot Plot the tabular data relating cost to the value of the selected attribute.
Initialize Range Initialize the minimum and maximum values in the Attribute Value
Range section, based on all the elements present in your project, for the current scenario.

Chapter 10 Cost Estimating

If the attribute you have selected to define the cost unit function for is outside the defined
range for some elements in your network, the unit cost used will be the cost of the
minimum or maximum value of the attribute you defined in the table.
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This section contains general information identifying the unit cost function, as follows:
Label Unique identifier for your unit cost function.
Element Type Displays the type of element to which the function applies, which is always
Pressure Pipe in WaterCAD, but could also be Gravity Pipe, Junction, Inlet, Manhole, or
Junction Chamber in SewerCAD or StormCAD.
Attribute Label Element attribute that controls the unit cost, such as pipe diameter. This
attribute is selected when you add a new function in the Unit Cost Function Manager.
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This section displays the Minimum and Maximum values of the attribute that controls the unit cost
in your current network. Click the Initialize Range button to have these values calculated.
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Define the unit cost function in a tabular format here, preferably defining the costs associated with
the entire range of values present in your network. To display the current range of values in your
model, initialize the Attribute Value Range section by clicking the Initialize Range button.

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The data defining formula based unit cost functions is grouped as follows:
General General information identifying the unit cost function.
Valid Cost Data Range Specify the range for which the function is valid for the attribute
used to define the unit cost function.
Coefficients Coefficients defining the formula relating the unit cost to the attribute value.
In order to help you enter and visualize the function, use one of the buttons at the bottom of the
dialog:
Plot Display a graph of the unit cost function.
Initialize Range Initialize the minimum and maximum values of the attribute used to define
your unit cost function based on all the elements present in your project.
If the function is invalid for any interval within the Valid Cost Data Range, it is set to 0.0
in that interval. Click the Plot button to visualize any problem with the function.
If the attribute you have selected to define the Unit Cost Function is outside the Valid
Cost Data Range for any element in the network, the formula will still be applied to
calculate that element unit cost, but an error message for that element will be reported
when computing the cost for the system.
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This section contains general information identifying the unit cost function, as follows:

183

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Chapter 10 Cost Estimating

Label Unique identifier for your unit cost function.
Element Type Displays the type of element to which the function applies, which is always
Pressure pipe in WaterCAD, but could also be Gravity Pipe, Junction, Inlet, Manhole, or
Junction Chamber in SewerCAD or StormCAD.
Attribute Label Element attribute that controls the unit cost, such as pipe diameter. This
attribute is selected when you add a new function in the Unit Cost Function Manager.
Local Unit Unit of the attribute that controls the unit cost. This unit is used for defining the
formula coefficients.
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This section specifies the range of values for which the function is valid for the attribute used to
define the unit cost function. Clicking the Initialize Range button will initialize these two values
based on the range of values present in your current network.
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In this section you can enter the coefficients defining the unit cost function. The x parameter,
which represents the value of the attribute on which the unit cost function is based, is expressed
through the unit specified in the Local Unit field in this tab.

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Optional notes that you can enter related to the unit cost function.

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The Cost Scenario Editor dialog is the control center for each cost analysis. It is the place where
you access or change all the information for performing a single calculation (alternatives, system
cost adjustments, results, and notes). It is organized into the following tabs:
Alternatives Edit or view all cost alternatives.
Cost Calculation Edit or view the cost adjustments for the total system cost and run a cost
calculation for a single scenario.
Results If a cost calculation has been performed for a scenario this log will contain summary
information for the calculation as well as any warnings or errors that were generated during the
calculation.
Notes Edit or view the cost analysis notes for this scenario.
To open the Cost Scenario Editor dialog, open the Cost Manager by clicking the
Then highlight the scenario that you wish to edit, and click the Compute button.

button.

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This tab contains scenario level data for the cost calculation and is the location from which you
can run a cost calculation for a single scenario.
The scenario level data that are contained on this tab are the cost adjustments that will be made to
the total cost computed for all the elements included in the cost analysis. Each cost adjustment
includes a label, operation, and factor. The label is the name such as 'Contingency Fee' or
'Adjustment' used to identify the cost adjustment. The operation is the operation (Add, Multiply,
or Subtract) that will be used against the factor to compute the total cost associated with the
adjustment. The factor is a number that will be applied to the operation to compute the cost

Chapter 10 Cost Estimating

associated with the adjustment. For example if you wanted to add a contingency fee of ten percent
to the total cost computed for the elements in the system, you would specify an operation of
Multiply and a factor of 0.10. So if the total cost for the elements was $2,000,000, the
contingency fee would be $200,000 and the total cost reported for the scenario would be
$2,200,000.
You can include as many cost adjustments as you wish in the cost for a particular scenario. The
cost adjustments are applied in the order that they appear in the table on this dialog. For instance if
you included a contingency of ten percent and a flat adjustment of $100,000, the amount of the
contingency would depend on whether it came before or after the flat adjustment in the cost
adjustment table. If the contingency fee was listed first in the table and the total cost of the system
was $2,000,000, the amount computed for the contingency would be $200,000 giving you a total
cost of $2,300,000 after the flat adjustment is included. If the contingency was listed after the flat
adjustment, then the amount of the contingency would be ten percent of $2,100,000 or $210,000
and the total cost of the system would then be $2,310,000.
The easiest way to understand how cost adjustments are computed is to perform a few simple cost
calculations and view the resulting values. The amount of each cost adjustment is itemized in the
cost analysis results for each scenario.
There is also a GO button on this tab that you can use to run the cost calculation for the scenario
you are editing.

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The Results tab contains a summary of the last cost calculation performed for this scenario. Click
the Save button to save the results to an ASCII text file. Click the Print Preview button to
preview the printed version of the contents of the pane in the Results tab.
Immediately after you run the calculations, the Results tab is automatically displayed,
giving you a quick indication of whether the calculation was successful.

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Performing a batch run allows you to set up and run cost calculations for multiple scenarios at
once. This is helpful if you want to queue a large number of calculations, or simply manage a
group of smaller calculations as a set. The list of selected scenarios for the batch run will remain
with your project until you change it.
Using the dialog is simple. First, check the scenarios you want to run and click the Batch button.
Each scenario will be calculated. You can cancel the batch run between any scenario calculation.
When the batch is completed, the scenario that was current will remain current, even if it was not
one of the scenarios that was calculated. Select a calculated scenario from the center pane of the
Cost Manager dialog to view the results for that scenario. You can also open the Cost Scenario
Editor and select the Results tab to view a summary of the results and any errors that were
generated during the calculation.

185

Notes

Chapter 11 Presenting Your Results

187

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3UHVHQWLQJ<RXU5HVXOWV

This chapter covers the various methods that are provided for viewing, annotating, graphing, and
reporting your data. It also presents the tools available for generating contours, profiles, and color
coding elements based on any attribute.

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Element annotations allow you to display detailed information such as pipe lengths or node
ground elevations in your drawing. You can add one or more annotations for any type of element
in the system. Annotations update automatically. For example, annotations will display newly
calculated values and will be refreshed as you change scenarios.
The annotations and their format are defined by using the Annotation Wizard. In
Stand-Alone mode, the annotation format can also be easily modified in the Attribute
Annotation dialog that displays when you double-click the annotation text in the main
view window.
Pipe annotations can be aligned with the pipes or displayed horizontally, depending on
the Pipe Text setting specified in the Drawing Options dialog.
You can control the angle at which the text flips from one side of the pipe to the other (reading in
the opposite direction) to maintain readability when the pipe direction on a plot is nearly vertical.
By default, the text flips direction when the pipe direction is 1.5 degrees measured counterclockwise from the vertical. You can modify this value by inserting a TextFlipAngle variable in
the Haestad.ini file located in your Haestad directory, under the [WTRC] section. That angle is
measured in degrees, counter-clockwise from the vertical.
For instance, if you want the text to flip when the pipe direction is vertical, you should add the
following line to the Haestad.ini file:
TextFlipAngle=0
Reasonable values fall in the range from 15.0 degrees to -15.0 degrees.

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In the main view in Stand-Alone mode, double-click the annotation text to display the
corresponding Attribute Annotation dialog. Here you can easily modify the format of that

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Chapter 11 Presenting Your Results

attribute annotation without going through the Annotation Wizard again. The parameters "%v"
and "%u" represent the attributes value and unit respectively.

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You can use the Annotation Wizard to add annotations to the drawing, as well as to remove or
modify existing annotations in the drawing.
The wizard is divided into three steps:
Select Elements Select the types of elements to annotate.
Choosing Attributes Select the attributes to annotate.
Summary Summary of the annotation settings you have selected.
To access the Annotation Wizard, click the annotation tool
Tools\Element Annotation from the main menu.

in the toolbar, or select

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This step allows you to specify the types of elements you wish to annotate. Check the appropriate
box for each type of element you wish to annotate. You may annotate more than one type of
element at a time by checking all the desired element types. If you have already annotated your
drawing, you can remove annotations for a particular type of element by unchecking the
corresponding box.

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The next step(s) allows you to specify the attributes you wish to add for each element type in the
selection set you are annotating.
Specify the set of elements Choose All Elements from the scroll-down list for color coding
to be applied to all elements (nodes or links) in the network, or choose a selection set from the
scroll-down list. Click on the ellipses () button to access the Selection Set Manager to edit or
add selection sets.
For each element type, you will be presented with a table where you can specify the attributes you
wish to annotate, and the "mask" for each attribute.
Attributes This column contains a list of all available attributes for the current element type.
Click in this field, and choose the attributes you wish to annotate by selecting from the list that
appears.
Mask This column allows you to customize the way the annotation is displayed. The
parameters "%v" and "%u" represent by the attributes value and unit respectively. By default,
the mask is setup as follows: <attribute name>: %v %u. The mask can be customized by
editing this field.
When annotating pipe diameters, the default mask is "Diameter: %v %u". The default
annotation for a 150 millimeter pipe would be "Diameter: 150 mm". By changing the
mask to "%v%u", the resulting annotation is "150 mm". You can choose to omit the
%u parameter altogether, and instead substitute a common symbol like "inches," or
"feet."
Preview This column displays a preview of how the annotation will look when it is added to
the drawing.

Chapter 11 Presenting Your Results

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The last step of annotating your drawing allows you to review the choices you have made. If you
would like to make changes at this time, simply click the Back button to step back through the
wizard. When you are satisfied, click the Finished button to add the annotations to the drawing.

You can turn annotation visibility on or off by editing the Drawing Options. Your
annotation settings will be retained.
If the Drawing Options indicate that element annotations should not be displayed,
clicking the "Finished" button will automatically turn annotations on.
You can double-click an annotation element in the drawing to edit the associated mask.
The Annotation Text Height can be adjusted from the Drawing Tab of the Options
Dialog, accessed by selecting Tools\Options from the pull-down menus.

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Color coding allows you to assign colors to elements in the drawing based on a variety of input
and output attributes. For any attribute, you can supply a color scheme or have the application
generate one for you. For example, you can supply a color scheme to display all pipes sizes
between 2" and 8" in green, those between 10" and 24" in blue, and those between 27" and 48" in
red.
To access Color Coding, select Tools\Color Coding... from the main menu, or click the Color
Coding (rainbow) button on the main toolbar, or double-click a color coding legend figure in the
drawing.

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At the top of the Color Coding dialog are two tabs, Link and Node. You can set up color coding
for both links and nodes, or just one of the two.
Attribute Select the attribute by which you would like to color code, or select <None> to turn
color coding off.
Selection Set Choose All Elements from the scroll-down list for color coding to be applied to
all elements (nodes or links) in the network, or choose a selection set from the scroll-down list.
Click on the ellipses () button to access the Selection Set Manager to edit or add selection sets.
Minimum/Maximum Calculated minimum and maximum for the specified attribute for
elements in the specified selection set.
Calculate Range Automatically determine the minimum and maximum for the specified
attribute and selection set.
Initialize Automatically calculate a set of default color coding ranges for the specified attribute
and selection set, based on the values in your project.
Use the Initialize and/or the Insert buttons to define your color coding map. Then click OK and
the specified colors will be assigned to the elements in the drawing that belong to the specified
selection set(s).

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Chapter 11 Presenting Your Results

Color coding legends can be added to any location in the drawing by clicking the Legend
Button on the Tool Palette.
Color coding will automatically update as input or results change. For example, after
performing a calculation, colors will update based on the calculated values.
If the results for the selected attribute are not available, or if all values for that attribute
are the same, automatic range initialization will not be performed. You can enter your
own custom range in this case.
A color map can have any number of color assignments.

The Quick View window can be used to display a summary of the active link or node
color coding parameters.

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This application provides several predefined reports that can be used in your projects. This feature
makes report generation a simple point-and-click exercise. Simply select the elements for which
you want a report and send them to your printer.
The following types of Predefined Reports are available:
Element Details Reports
Element Results Reports
Tabular Reports
Scenario Summary Reports
Project Inventory Reports
Calculation Results Table
Plan View Reports
Detailed reports can be copied to the Windows clipboard in RTF format for use in your
favorite word processing program. Refer to the Print Preview window for more
information.
To access the Predefined Reports, select Report from the menu bar and select the report of your
choice.

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The Detailed Reports dialog allows you to print detailed reports for all elements or any subset of
elements in the system.

Chapter 11 Presenting Your Results

From the Detailed Reports dialog, select elements to be printed by holding down the Shift key or
the Control key while clicking with the mouse. Holding down the Shift key will provide group
selection behavior. Holding down the Control key will provide single element selection behavior.
Alternately, use the Select button to open the Selection Set dialog. This provides more powerful
selection functions. When you are satisfied, click the Print button to output the selected reports.
You can graphically select elements that you would like to print before opening the
Detailed Reports dialog. The selected elements will be highlighted in the list of elements
to print. This is done by holding down the Shift key and selecting elements or by
dragging a window around the area of interest.
You can print a detailed report for a single element without using the Detailed Reports
dialog. Simply open the element editor for the desired element and click the Report
button.
To access the Detailed Reports dialog, select Report\Element Details from the menu bar.

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The Element Results dialog allows you to print or preview a single report containing the results
for any number of elements in the system.
From the Element Results dialog, you can select elements to be printed by holding down the
Shift key or the Control key when clicking with the mouse. Holding down the Shift key will
provide group selection behavior and holding down the Control key will provide single element
selection behavior. Alternately, use the Select button to open the Selection Set dialog. This
provides more powerful selection functions. When you are satisfied, click the Preview button to
view the selected reports, or click the Print button to print the selected reports.
You can graphically select elements that you would like to print before opening the
Element Result Reports dialog. The selected elements will be highlighted in the list of
elements to print. This is done by holding down the Shift key and selecting elements or
by dragging a window around the area of interest.
When working with large systems, the preview option can require a great deal of system
resources. You can reduce resource requirements by selecting a small subset of elements
with which to work, or by printing a subset of the time step results, as described above.
The print option has lower system resource requirements than the preview option.
To access the Element Results dialog, select Report\Element Results from the menu.

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Using the powerful FlexTables feature you can very quickly generate a tabular report containing
any attribute (in columns) and any network element (in rows).
All tabular data in this program can be copied to the Windows Clipboard by rightclicking the desired table and selecting Copy in the context menu. You can then paste
this data into your favorite spreadsheet or word processor to generate custom reports
and graphs.

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Chapter 11 Presenting Your Results

To access the Table Manager, click the Table button

Report\Tables from the main menu.

on the main toolbar, or choose

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The Scenario Summary provides a detailed report of the active scenario, including alternatives
and a brief summary of the calculation options.
To access the Scenario Summary Report, select Report\Scenario Summary from the menu bar.

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The Project Inventory report provides a detailed report that includes a summary of the active
scenario, a network inventory, and a detailed pipe inventory (grouped by pipe section).
To access the Project Inventory Report, select Report\Project Inventory from the menu bar.

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The calculation results for each element in a network can be viewed in a table format. This table is
predefined and you cannot change it. It displays the set of the most commonly desired output
attributes for the type of element for each reporting time step in the hydraulic analysis. The
contents of the table can be copied to the Windows clipboard to transfer the data to another
application such as a spreadsheet or word processing document.
To copy the data to the Windows clipboard, right-click the table and select Copy from the context
menu.
You can change the reporting time step increment on the Analysis Toolbar.
To view the Calculation Results Table for a particular element, select Table from the Report
button on the editor dialog for the desired element.

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Generate print previews for the plan view of the network for either the current drawing display
(Current View) or the entire drawing extents (Full View).
To generate a preview of the current view or the entire network, choose either Report\Plan
View\Current View or Report\Plan View\Full View, respectively, from the main menu.

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After running hydraulic calculations, the Results tab of the Scenario Editor is displayed. This
tab contains a summary of the calculation results, or a list of problems encountered with the data,
in case the calculation could not be completed.
This report can be previewed before being printed (or copied to the clipboard) by clicking the
Printer button on the Results tab. They can also be printed to a text file by clicking the Printer
button on the Results tab.
This Results tab can be accessed from the Scenario Manager, reporting the results corresponding
to the highlighted scenario in the scenario tree view. It can also be accessed for the currently
active scenario by clicking on the GO button, which opens the Scenario Editor.

Chapter 11 Presenting Your Results

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A preview of the Contour Plan View Report, showing all countours as displayed in the Contour
Plot window, can be obtained by clicking on the Print Preview button in the Contour Plot
window.

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To generate a pump curve, open the Pump Editor for the pump of interest, click the Report
button, and choose the Pump Curve menu item.

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To generate a plot of the tank storage volume versus the elevation, open the Tank Editor for the
tank of interest, click the Report button, and choose the Tank Curve menu item.

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To generate a graph of the total demand at a junction over time, open the Junction Editor for the
junction of interest, select the Demand tab and click the Graph button.

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You can generate a graph or a full report of a pattern, representing the multiplier variable of the
pattern over time. To do so, open the Hydraulic or Constituent Pattern Manager dialog to
access the pattern for which you would like to generate output. From the Pattern Editor dialog,
click the Report button, and select Graph or Detailed Report.

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The Graph Setup dialog allows you to graph calculated results for any element in the system.
Independent Variable The Independent Variable "Time" will be plotted on the x-axis.
Dependent Variable The selected dependant variable will be plotted on the y-axis.
Available Scenarios Select and compare various scenario computations.
The Graph Setup option is only available for Extended Period Analysis.

When the Plot window is open, click the Options button to graph other dependent
variables.
The Graph Setup dialog can be accessed for any element in the system. For the element you
would like to graph, open its Element Editor by double-clicking the element in the main window,
then click the Report button and select the Graph menu item.

193

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Chapter 11 Presenting Your Results

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This feature allows you to select which scenario(s) you wish to view and compare on the current
graph. Place a check mark by the scenario(s) you wish to display.
By default, the base scenario is named "Base".

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The Contour Map Manager contains the information required to generate contours for a
calculated network, organized as follows:
Contour Choice list used to select the attribute that is to be contoured.
Selection Set Contours can be generated using all elements in the network or a subset of
elements, defined in the Selection Set Manager. Click the ellipsis () button to access the
Selection Set Manager.
In addition to using selection sets, you can also add nodes to a special zone that will
ensure that they are excluded from the contouring point set. Cybernet 2 users might
recall that Zone number 99 was reserved for this purpose. You should create a zone
named 'Do not contour'. You can then add the nodes that you do not want to be
included in the contour set. You can change the name of the contour exclusion zone by
editing the file, haestad.ini, and setting the variable, ExcludeFromContouringTag
equal to any string label. The exclusion label is not case-sensitive.
If you want to exclude some spot elevations from the contouring point set, set their
Description field to 'Do not contour' (or whatever value is set in the haestad.ini
'ExcludeFromContouringTag' variable).
Minimum Lowest value to be included in the contour map. It may be desirable to use a
minimum that is above the absolute minimum value in the system to avoid creating excessive
lines near a pump or other high-differential portions of the system.
Maximum Highest value for which contours will be generated.
Increment Step by which the contours increase. The contours created will be evenly
divisible by the increment, and are not directly related to the minimum and maximum values.
For example, a contour set with 10 minimum, 20 maximum, and an increment of 3 would
result in the following set: [ 12, 15, 18 ] not [ 10, 13, 16, 19 ]
Index Increment Value for which contours will be highlighted and labeled. The index
increment should be an even multiple of the standard increment.
Initialize This button, located to the right of the Contour section, will initialize the
Minimum, Maximum, Increment, and Index Increment values based on the actual values
observed for the elements in the selection set.
Color by Index The standard contours and index contours have separately controlled colors
so you can make the index contours more apparent.
Color by Range Contours are colored based on attribute ranges. Use the Initialize button to
create five evenly spaced ranges and associated colors.

Chapter 11 Presenting Your Results

195

Initialization can be accomplished by clicking the Initialize button. This program will
then automatically generate values for the minimum, maximum, and so on, to create an
evenly spaced contour set. These values may or may not be the desired range for your
purposes, but should at least give you a better concept of the range of values with which
you are dealing.

To access the Contour Map Manager, click on the Contour button

or select Tools\Contouring from the menus.

on the main toolbar

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The Contour Plot window displays the results of a contour map specification as accurate,
straight-line contours.
The plot can be printed or exported as a DXF file using the File button at the top of the window.
In AutoCAD mode, you can export the contours directly to your AutoCAD drawing by clicking
File\Export to AutoCAD.
Contour line index labels can be manually repositioned in this view before sending the
plot to the printer. The Contour Plot Status Pane displays the "Z" coordinate at the
mouse cursor.

Although the straight-line contours generated by this program are accurate, "smooth
contours" are often more desirable for presentation purposes. You can smooth the
contours by clicking Options, and selecting Smooth Contours.

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The Contour Smoothing option displays the results of a contour map specification as smooth,
curved contours.
The plot can be printed or exported as a DXF file using the command buttons at the top of the
window.

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Normal contouring routines only include model nodes, such as junctions, tanks and reservoirs.
When spot elevations are added to the drawing, however, you can create more detailed elevation
contours and enhanced pressure contours.
These enhanced contours include not only the model nodes, but also the interpolated and
calculated results for the spot elevations. Enhanced pressure contours can help the modeler to
understand the behavior of the system even in areas that have not been included directly in the
model.

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In addition to the elevations at junction nodes and other network elements, supplemental spot
elevations can be entered throughout the model without adding unnecessary model nodes.

196

Chapter 11 Presenting Your Results

These spot elevations have no effect on the network model, but can better define the
terrain surface throughout the drawing. The result is that elevation contours and
enhanced pressure contours can be generated with more detail. This gives the modeler a
better prediction of the system's behavior, even in areas where the model has been
skeletonized.
Because spot elevations are not included in the actual piping network, there is very little
information in the spot elevation editor. The data consists of the following:
Spot Elevation Input Data General characteristics defined by the user.
Spot Elevation Calculated Results Values calculated from the model results.
To access the Spot Elevation editor:
Stand-Alone:

Double-click the spot elevation you wish to edit or right-click the element
and select Edit from the drop-down menu.

AutoCAD R14:

Pick the Select tool and click the spot elevation you wish to edit, or if the
Right-Click Context Menu is selected you can right-click the element and
select Edit from the drop-down menu.

AutoCAD 2000:

Pick the Select tool and click the spot elevation you wish to edit or select
the element and select Edit from the drop-down menu.

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Spot Elevations have user-defined characteristics, including:
Label Unique "name" by which a spot elevation element will be referenced in reports, error
messages, and tables.
X-Coordinate (Easting) The location may be presented as an X-value, or defined as an
Easting value, depending on individual preferences.
Y-Coordinate (Northing) The location may be presented as a Y-value, or defined as a
Northing value, depending on individual preferences.
Elevation Elevation of the junction.
Description Optional notes describing the element.

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Because spot elevations are not directly tied to the hydraulic network model, there are only a few
values that are calculated from the model results:
Hydraulic Grade Interpolated hydraulic grade at this location.
Enhanced Pressure Pressure based on the interpolated hydraulic grade.
These values are obtained by interpolating between three adjacent model nodes. The
hydraulic grade is determined from this interpolation, and the pressure is then
computed as a function of the interpolated hydraulic grade and the elevation.

Chapter 11 Presenting Your Results

For spot elevations that are outside the model bounds, there may not be three adjacent
model nodes. If this is the case, the hydraulic grade will be determined to be zero, which
may result in negative pressures. This does not necessarily demonstrate that there are
poor conditions in the system. It simply indicates that the spot elevations may cover a
wider area than the model itself.

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A profile is a graph that plots a particular attribute across a distance, such as ground elevation
along a section of piping. As well as these "side" or "sectional" views of the ground elevation,
profiles can be used to show other characteristics, such as hydraulic grade, pressure, and
constituent concentration.
Although profiles in general are not limited to a specific alignment, piping network models are
usually concerned with a specific profile alignment type called a network walk.

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Setting up a profile is a matter of simply selecting the walk and the attribute on which the profile
is to be based. The Profile Setup dialog includes:
Attribute Parameter to be plottted on the vertical axis of the profile.
Elements List of elements that define the walk to be profiled.
In addition, the network walk can be manipulated by using some of the associated options:
Select From Drawing Return to the drawing in a protected mode to select and deselect
elements for inclusion in the walk.
Reverse Reverse the order of the walk. The first node in the list becomes the last, and the
last node becomes the first.
Remove All Remove all elements from the current walk.
Remove All Previous Remove all elements that appear before the selected element in the
list. If the selected element is a pipe, the associated node will not be removed.
Remove All Following Remove all elements that appear after the selected element in the list.
If the selected element is a pipe, the associated node will not be removed.
When everything is set up to your satisfaction, click the Profile button to generate the graph.
To open the Profile Setup dialog:
Click on the Profile button on the toolbar of the main window.
- or Select Tools\Profiling from the main menu.

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The Profile Plot window displays the results of an analysis in a profile format. The plot can be
copied to the Windows clipboard or printed out directly. By selecting the Options\Graph
Options menu button, you can also adjust the titles, axes, colors, and other characteristics of the
graph.

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Chapter 11 Presenting Your Results

There is also a time toolbar on the Profile Plot window that allows you to follow the profile
through extended period simulation results.
For an extended period simulation, the extents of the axes are determined based on the
minimum and maximum attribute values for the entire time step, not just the current
time step. This is done so that stepping through the time steps gives a more accurate
portrayal of the system behavior without rescaling.

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Profiles can be exported to the AutoCAD drawing using the File menu on the Profile Plot dialog.
Profiles will be exported to an insertion point below the current drawing extents.

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A walk is a collection of nodes and pipes that follows a specific path through the network. It can
include any type of network element, but cannot include annotations or spot elevations.
A walk is a non-branching path through the network, and can only be extended at either
end. Pipes cannot be added along the midsection of the walk. Likewise, elements in the
midsection of the walk cannot be deselected without first deselecting all of the elements
between one end and the undesired element.
A walk cannot double back on itself, so once a pipe has been selected it cannot be
included elsewhere in the walk.

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After clicking the Select From Drawing button to define a walk, you will be returned to the
drawing editor. If there are already elements in the current walk, they will be displayed in a
highlighted mode. Otherwise, you need to begin a new walk by simply clicking any pipe. The
pipe and its end nodes will then be highlighted. Continue clicking pipes to add them to the walk,
or click highlighted end pipes to remove them from the current walk.
Once you have selected a walk, press the Escape button on your keyboard or right-click with the
mouse and select Done from the context menu.

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The data calculated in different scenarios can be compared through the use of the Scenario
Comparison window. This allows you to display the differences in the values calculated for each
scenario on the model map as annotations.

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The Annotation Comparison Wizard is used to create a drawing that contains text elements
displaying the differences between specific attributes of two scenarios. The Annotation
Comparison Wizard is identical to the Annotation Wizard except it has one additional step.
This step involves selecting the two scenarios you wish to compare.
Scenario 1 Choose the baseline scenario.

Chapter 11 Presenting Your Results

Scenario 2 Choose the scenario you wish to compare to Scenario 1.
The value in Scenario 1 is substracted from the value of Scenario 2, and the difference is
displayed. Therefore, if any specified attributes value is greater in Scenario 2 than it is in
Scenario 1, the difference is displayed as a positive number. If the value is smaller in Scenario 2
than in Scenario 1, it is displayed as a negative number.
For example, suppose your model contains two scenarios. One is named 2002 Conditions, and the
other is named 2010 Conditions. To create a drawing that displays the difference in velocity in a
pipe between the 2002 scenario and the 2010 scenario, you would use the Annotation
Comparison Wizard. You could choose the 2002 scenario as Scenario 1, and the 2010 scenario
as Scenario 2. You would then complete the rest of the steps in the wizard. The drawing
produced would show positive values where the velocity increased under 2010 conditions and
negative values where the velocity decreased under 2010 conditions.
For applications that support extended period simulations, you can choose the same
scenario for Scenario 1 and Scenario 2 effectively comparing a scenario to itself to
annotate the differences between two time steps of that scenario.
To access the Annotation Comparison Wizard, open the Scenario Manager and click the
Scenario Comparison button.

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The Scenario Comparison window allows you to view, print, export, and modify scenario
comparison annotations.
Along the top of the window is a row of buttons that perform the various functions listed below:
File\Export To DXF Export the drawing in the standard DXF file format.
File\Export To AutoCAD (available only in AutoCAD mode) Export the drawing to the
current AutoCAD drawing.
Zoom Tools Provide standard zoom capabilities for navigating the drawing.
Options\Annotation Manager Open the Annotation Comparison Wizard to add, delete,
or modify the scenario comparison annotations.
Options\Annotation Height Multiplier Modify the text height for the scenario comparison
annotations.
Options\Find Element Allows you to locate an element by its label.
Print Preview Open the Print Preview window to view how the printed page(s) will look.
Close Close the Scenario Comparison window.
Help Get quick access to this Help topic.
Several user interface elements are available to let you modify the scenarios that are being
compared, and to control when the scenario comparison annotations are updated. These interface
elements are described in more detail below.
Scenario 1 This row of controls is similar to the Analysis Toolbar on the main window.
This field allows you to choose, from the list of available scenarios, the one that will be the
baseline in the comparison.

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Scenario 2 This row of controls is identical to those described above in Scenario 1, but
instead of defining the baseline for the comparison, they define the scenario to be compared to
the baseline.
Update Click this button to refresh the scenario comparison annotations. This button is used
when Auto Update (described below) is off, and you have changed either Scenario 1 or
Scenario 2.
Auto Update A check in this box indicates that Auto Update is on, and that the scenario
comparison annotations will be refreshed whenever Scenario 1 or Scenario 2 is changed. With
Auto Update off, you can select the desired combination of Scenario 1 and Scenario 2 time
steps, then click the Update button. With Auto Update on, the annotations will refresh even
if you are not interested in the current combination.
The Scenario Comparison window is accessed by pressing the Scenario Comparison button in
the Scenario Manager and then completing the Annotation Comparison Wizard.

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In Stand-Alone mode, several Graphic Annotation tools are provided for enhancing the
appearance of your drawing. Graphic annotations can be manipulated like any other element in
the Graphical Editor. You can add, move, and delete them just as you would network elements.
To add graphic annotation to your drawing, use the Tools\Layout\Graphic Annotation and
Tools\Layout\Legend menu item, or use the tool-palette located along the left side of the main
window. The available tools are:
Line Tool Add polylines or polygons for things like drawing roads or outlining catchments.
Border Tool Add rectangles to your drawing for creating borders.
Text Tool Add text to your drawing for adding things like explanatory notes or a title to the
drawing.
Legend Tool Add a link or node color coding legend to your drawing.
The program will calculate the area of a closed polyline. Right-click the polyline of
which you wish to determine the area and select Enclosed Area.
To open or close a polyline, right-click the polyline and select Close. A check will appear
next to the menu item to indicate that the polyline is closed.
To add bends or vertices to a polyline, right-click the polyline at the location you would
like to add a bend and select Bend\Add Bend.
To remove bends or vertices from a polyline, select the polyline, right-click the bend you
would like to remove, and select Bend\Remove Bend.

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Legends are used to display the ranges of the active link and node color coding. The legend tool
adds a color coding legend to the drawing. This legend is automatically updated as the color
coding is modified.
Editing of the legend figure is not required. In Stand-Alone mode, multiple legends may be
placed in the drawing to assist you when printing only regions within the drawing.

Chapter 11 Presenting Your Results

You can double-click a color coding legend in the drawing to edit the associated color
coding parameters.

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The Plot window, that displays when generating a profile, contour map, etc., contains four option
buttons at the top of the Plot window:
Copy Outputs the plot onto the clipboard for use in other applications.
Print Outputs the contents of the Plot window to the printer.
Options\Graph Options Customizes the Plot. This feature allows you to change the graphs
axes, fonts, titles, etc.
Close Closes the Plot window.

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This window provides you with a preview of what will be printed. The top of the window
contains the following buttons:
PgUp/PgDn Navigate between pages of the report.
Copy Copy the page(s) to the Windows clipboard.
Print Output the contents of the Print Preview window to the printer.
Options\Print Setup Change printer options, such as portrait or landscape page layout.
Options\Fit to Page The Fit to Page check box will not appear if the Preview window does
not contain a drawing or if the drawing is in schematic mode (not to scale). When checked, the
drawing will be scaled to fit within a single page. When not checked, the drawing will be
output using the drawing scale.
Close Close the Print Preview window.

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These features allow you to customize the way a graph or pie chart (used in SewerCAD) looks.
The dialog is divided into several tabs:
7LWOHV
Titles There are three sets of titles for a graph: Graph title, X-Axis title and Y-Axis title.
Each title set contains two levels: title and subtitle. A pie chart simply has a title and a subtitle.
Title Font This feature allows you to select and change the text font type for specific items
on the graph or pie chart. Use the selection list to choose the item for which to change the
font, then click the ellipsis () button to select the desired font type from the list of available
fonts currently installed on your PC.

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Chapter 11 Presenting Your Results

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Automatic Scaling By default, the program uses the Automatic Scaling options for setting
the X and Y-axis minimum, maximum, and increment values. To customize an axis, turn the
check mark off and enter the desired values for the minimum, maximum, and increment. If
desired, you can customize a single axis while leaving the other in the Automatic Scaling
mode.
Log Scale Place a check mark in this box to use a log scale for this axis. You can use a log
scale for one or both axes.
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X-Axis Place a check mark in this box to view grid lines corresponding to the X-Axis labels.
Y-Axis Place a check mark in this box to view grid lines corresponding to the Y-Axis labels.
Line Color Use this selection list to define the color to use for both axes grid lines.
Line Style Use this selection list to define the line type (solid, dashed, etc) to use for both
axes grid lines.
Fill Color Use this selection list to define the color to use for background fill within the
plotting boundaries of the graph.
Save as Default Place a check mark in this box to save the current grid settings as the default
for subsequent graphs.
You can choose to use grid lines for one or both axes.
'LVSOD\IRUSLHFKDUWVRQO\
Data Labels Allows you to annotate the pie-charts with percentages, labels, or both.
Chart View Allows you to generate a 3D-view pie chart.
Legend Location Allows you to place the legend (if any) on the left, right, top, or bottom of
the pie chart.
Percentages Indicates how many decimals are to be displayed for the percentage figures.
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Show Legend A check mark designates that the legend will be included on the graph or pie
chart. Turn the check mark off if you do not wish to show the legend.
Series Each series represents a different curve on the graph or a slice on the pie chart. If the
graph contains only one curve, or the pie chart contains only one slice, then it is designated as
Series 1. Scroll through the list and select the desired curve or slice (series number) for which
to customize the color and/or line type. Then, use one of the options below to customize it:

Label Name for the selected curve (series).

Line Color Color for the selected curve (series).

Line Style (for graphs only) Style for the selected curve (series).

Line Width (for graphs only) Width for the selected curve (series).

Symbol (for graphs only) Data point symbol to use for the selected curve (series).

Chapter 11 Presenting Your Results

Save as Default Place a check mark in this box to save the current legend settings as the
default for subsequent graphs.

 6WDWXV/RJ
Several commands generate a status log showing the results of that command (for example, a
database connection). The main window will show you status information based on your action.
The dialog contains the following buttons:
Print Print the status log results.
Save Export the status log results as an ASCII file.
Copy Copy the status log results to the Windows clipboard.
Close Close the Status Log dialog after design calculations.

203

Notes

Chapter 12 Engineering Libraries

205

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The Haestad Methods engineering libraries and library managers are powerful and flexible
facilities for managing specifications of common materials, objects, or components that are shared
across projects. Some examples of objects that are specified through engineering libraries include
pipe materials, pipe sections (in StormCAD and SewerCAD), and dry weather loads (in
SewerCAD only). You can modify engineering libraries and the objects they contain by using the
Tools\Engineering Libraries menu or by clicking the ellipsis () buttons available next to the
fields in dialog boxes that make use of library objects.
The data for each engineering library is stored in a tabular ASCII file with the extension .HLB.
We strongly recommend that you only edit these files using the built-in facilities
available from the Tools\Engineering Libraries menu. If absolutely necessary, these
library files may be edited or repaired using any ASCII editor.
The standard set of engineering libraries shipped with your Haestad Methods product reside in the
products program directory. By default, each project you create will use the objects in these
default libraries. In special circumstances, you may wish to create custom libraries to use with one
or more projects. You can do this by copying a standard library or creating a new library, and
setting the path in the engineering library manager for the project to the path for the custom
library.
When you change the properties for an object in an engineering library, those changes will affect
all projects that use that library. At the time a project is loaded, all of its engineering library
objects are synchronized to the current library. Objects are synchronized based on their label. If
the label is the same, then the objects values will be made the same. If any library referenced in a
library manager path cannot be located, then the standard library in the program directory will be
used. Once a project is created, it is not necessary to have access to the engineering library in order
for that project to be edited or analyzed.

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The Engineering Library Manager dialog consists of a table of five columns: Library, Current
Path, Browse, Edit, and New. There is one row for each kind of engineering library used in your
project. You cannot create library types different from the set of standard libraries shipped with
the product. The columns in the table are as follows:
Library This column lists the kind of object stored in the referenced library.

206

Chapter 12 Engineering Libraries

Current Path This column lists the path to the library to be used for objects of a certain kind
within the current project. By default, the path will reference the standard library shipped with
your Haestad Methods product. To browse for other libraries of the same type that you may
have already created, click the Browse column.
Browse Click this column and the button that appears if you wish to search your computer or
network and locate other engineering libraries. To reference a library in the path field, the
library must already exist. To create it you may copy a standard library using Windows File
Manager or Explorer, or click New as described below.
Edit Click this column and the button that appears if you wish to add, delete, or edit the
objects within a specific kind of engineering library.
New Click this column and the button that appears if you wish to create a new library.
Most users do not need to create custom libraries or edit the library paths. You only
need to change path values if you wish to create and use custom libraries.
The Engineering Library Manager can be accessed by selecting Tools\Engineering Libraries
from the pull-down menu.

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The Engineering Library dialogs consist of a table of two columns:
Label This column contains a textual description of the object. In general, objects are
considered to be the same if their labels are the same. For example, when a project is loaded,
the engineering library objects are synchronized to the current library based on label.
Available in WaterCAD This column contains a checkbox indicating whether the library
object on the given row is enabled for use. If an object is enabled, it will appear in choice lists
as a candidate for use in the project. If an object is disabled, it will remain in the library and be
editable, but it will not be offered as a candidate for any operations in the program. If a
disabled object has already been used in a project, then it will remain in use. Disabling it will
not affect the existing project in any way.
The following command buttons appear on the Engineering Library dialog:
Insert Insert a new, unlabeled object into the current library. You must then click the Edit
button to edit the label and add the appropriate values before the library will be valid. Library
objects will be sorted by label in ascending alphabetical order the next time you open the
Engineering Library dialog.
Duplicate Create a copy of the currently highlighted object at the bottom of the list.
Delete Delete the object represented by the highlighted row. Note that this command always
deletes objects from the library, but never deletes an object from your current project if it is in
use. To change the library object that is currently in use by a project, proceed to the dialog
containing the field where the library object is referenced and select a different library object.
Edit Access the object properties editor.
Usage Only applies to the material engineering library. Use this button to specify specific
uses for the material.
The Engineering Library dialogs can be accessed by selecting Tools\Engineering Libraries
from the pull-down menus and clicking the Edit column and the button that appears next to the
Library you want to edit.

Chapter 12 Engineering Libraries

 0DWHULDO3URSHUWLHV
A user-editable library of materials is provided. Pipes (and ditches/channels in StormCAD) are
constructed from various materials. It is often useful to specify the material of the pipes and
channels/ditches in your hydraulic and hydrologic models. Materials provide the pipe or channel
with a default value for the roughness coefficient used in the friction equations. Therefore, a
material must be defined with the following properties:
Label Name of the material as it will appear in material choice lists.
Culvert Inlet Material Type Limits the type of culvert inlets that are available in the
material (used in CulvertMaster). The inclusion of this property allows the sharing of libraries
among Haestad Methods' products.
Mannings Coefficient Default value for Manning's n. This is a unitless number generally
between 0.009 and 0.300.
Roughness Height Default value for absolute roughness height. This will be used in
conjunction with the Darcy-Weisbach friction equation. The roughness height has units of
length, typically mm or ft.
Kutters n Coefficient Default value for Kutter's n. This is a unitless number generally
between 0.009 and 0.300.
C Coefficient Material's default value for Hazen William's C. This is a unitless number
generally between 60 and 150.
The check boxes next to each item specify whether or not the friction method will be available for
the material. For example, some materials, such as asphalt, may only have Mannings n defined.

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This dialog only applies to a Material Engineering Library. It specifies the uses for which the
material will be available. This dialog is used frequently in StormCAD, but typically is not
needed for WaterCAD.
[ > ]

Adds the selected item(s) from the Available Items list to the Selected Items list.

[ >> ]

Adds all of the items in the Available Items list to the Selected Items list.

[ < ]

Removes the selected item(s) from the Selected Items list.

[ << ]

Removes all items from the Selected Items list.

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An editable library of minor losses is provided. Minor losses are used on pressure pipes and
valves to model headlosses due to pipe fittings or obstructions to the flow. A minor loss is defined
with the following properties:
Label Name of the minor loss as it will appear in choice lists.
Type General type of fitting or loss element. This field is used to limit the number of minor
loss elements available in choice lists. For example, the minor loss choice list on the valve
dialog only includes minor losses of type valve. You cannot add or delete types.
K Coefficient Headloss coefficient for the minor loss. This unitless number represents the
ratio of the headloss across the minor loss element to the velocity head of the flow through the
element.

207

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Chapter 12 Engineering Libraries

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An editable library of liquids is provided. All hydraulic or hydrologic networks transport a
particular liquid. Liquids are defined with the following properties:
Liquid Label Name of the liquid as it will appear in choice lists.
Kinematic Viscosity Ratio of the liquid's dynamic, or absolute, viscosity to its mass density.
This is a common parameter in fluid mechanics. The units of kinematic viscosity are length
squared per unit time (typically m2/sec or ft2/sec).
Specific Gravity Ratio of the specific weight of the liquid to the specific weight of water at
4C(39F). Specific gravity is a unitless number.
Temperature Reference temperature for the liquid. This is required because the two
parameters listed above are generally a function of the temperature. The default temperature
for new liquids is room temperature (20C / 68F).
Certain friction methods (i.e. Mannings, Hazen Williams) were developed experimentally,
and are only applicable to water at room temperature (20C / 68F). This program will ask
you to confirm a liquid choice that is inconsistent with the chosen friction method, but it
will not prevent you from using it.
Specify the liquid to be modeled in the Project Options dialog.

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An editable library of constituents is provided. Constituents are used in water quality analyses
where the tracking of the growth or decay of a constituent is desired. Constituents are defined with
the following properties:
Label Name of the constituent as it will appear in choice lists.
Bulk Reaction Reaction rate constant used to model reactions of the constituent within the
bulk flow. This value is used as the default bulk reaction rate constant for all pipes and tanks.
This constant has units of per unit time (typically /day).
Wall Reaction Reaction rate constant used to model reactions that occur with the material
along the pipe wall. This value is used as the default wall reaction rate constant for all pipes.
This constant has units of length per unit time (typically m/day or ft/day).
Diffusivity Molecular diffusivity of the constituent. This value is only used when pipe wall
reactions are considered in the water quality analysis. Diffusivity has units of length squared
per unit time (typically m2/s or ft2/s).
Unlimited Concentration Check this box if the constituent does not have a limiting
concentration or potential. If this box is checked, the Concentration Limit field will not be
available for editing. If it is not checked, the Concentration Limit field is applicable. This
box will typically be checked, but certain constituents, such as trihalomethanes (THM's), have
a limiting concentration or formation potential that needs to be modeled.
Concentration Limit Limiting concentration or potential for the constituent. When a
concentration limit is given, reaction rates will be proportional to the difference of the current
concentration and the concentration limit. Concentration limit has units of mass per unit
volume (typically mg/l or lbs/million gal.)

Chapter 12 Engineering Libraries

The constituent library shipped by Haestad Methods includes a single constituent

labeled "Constituent". The values for this constituent do not correspond to anything in
particular. It is not intended that you use this constituent for an actual analysis, but it
was provided simply as a starting point for the library.
A negative value for the reaction rate constants indicates constituent decay, and a
positive value indicates constituent growth.

209

Notes

Chapter 13 GIS and Database Connections

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Haestad Methods GIS Database Connection feature provides the modeler with the ability to
dynamically exchange data with a variety of applications. You can establish a "Connection"
between your hydraulic model and relational and non-relational database management systems
(RDBMS and DBMS), spreadsheets, and ESRI Shapefiles. Throughout the rest of this chapter,
the term "external file" will be used to generically refer to any one of these types of files. Where
information pertains to a specific type of external file, that type will be used.
The GIS/Database Connection system is extremely powerful. It can be used to update hundreds or
thousands of database records with a few clicks of the mouse. This chapter provides a detailed
look at the structure and behavior of the system so that you can use it in the most effective manner.
The purpose of the GIS/Database Connection system is to provide you with a safe and convenient
means of exchanging data with external files. This system has several advantages over simply
providing an open file format for direct manipulation by the end user.
Generality Open file formats have a specific form that must be adhered to. This restrictiveness
is problematic for both the developer and the end user. Developers are now under additional
constraints when modifying the software. They must be cognizant of the fact that users may
depend on this format, and are therefore less free to modify it. The end user, on the other hand,
has no control over this format, and is therefore at the mercy of the developer. A new version may
change the format completely, and all of your existing data must be converted. In addition, the file
format is rarely convenient for an end user, since it is typically chosen for efficient processing by
the program. The GIS/Database Connection system allows you to exchange data between the
model and any arbitrarily defined external files. This flexibility allows you to set up a database or
spreadsheet, and it frees the developer to use a file format that is efficient for the program.
Data Protection Open file formats can typically be modified by anyone, often without the
knowledge of the modeler. By providing an interface to exchange data, the model is protected
from inadvertent changes. The modeler is in complete control of when and how the model or
external files are updated.
Type Coercion Quite often the external files do not store the data using the format expected by
the hydraulic model. For example, a database may store the length of a pipe using single precision
floating point numbers, whereas the model works with double precision floating point numbers.
When exchanging data between the model and the external file using the GIS/Database
Connection system, the data is coerced from one type to the other automatically.
Unit Conversion The quantities used in hydraulic models almost always have some unit
associated with them. For example, pipe lengths are typically expressed in meters or feet.
General purpose database and spreadsheet applications do not support the concept of unitized
numbers. A pipe length, for example, is simply represented as 100.0. Is that 100.0 meters or

211

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Chapter 13 GIS and Database Connections

100.0 feet? The GIS/Database Connection interface allows you to specify the database unit, so that
the numbers can be converted from the model unit to the database unit and vice versa.
Virtually all model inputs and calculated results can be exchanged through the GIS/Database
Connection system. The system not only supports the update of existing model elements and
external file records, but also the creation and deletion of these elements and records. For
example, by performing a Sync In operation (explained in detail below), an entire hydraulic model
can be built from data stored in a spreadsheet. Likewise, an empty spreadsheet can be completely
populated with data from an existing hydraulic model by performing a Sync Out Operation. The
spreadsheet can be kept synchronized with the hydraulic model over the course of a project as new
elements are added or deleted, and the input and output data is modified.
The GIS/Database Connection system has a three-tiered architecture:
Connections
Table or Shapefile Links
Field Links
The first tier is the Connection. Connections are organized and managed by Connection
Managers. There are two types of Connection Managers: a Database Connection Manager and a
Shapefile Connection Manager. As the names imply, the first manages connections to databases
and spreadsheets, and the second manages connections to Shapefiles. The Connection Managers
are similar, and provide an interface for adding, editing, deleting, duplicating, and synchronizing
Connections. To exchange data between the model and external files, a Connection must be
created and then synchronized. The two synchronization operations that can be performed on a
Connection are Sync In and Sync Out. Sync In synchronizes the model to the data contained in
external files. In this case, the model acts as a "consumer" of the data, and external files act as the
data "provider". Sync Out synchronizes external files to the data contained in the model. Thus,
for Sync Out, the model is the data provider and external files are the consumers. Exactly what
data is exchanged during synchronization depends on how the Connection is defined. Intuitively,
a Connection must specify which files are to be connected to the model, and what data in each file
is to be exchanged.
The second tier is the Table or Shapefile Link. A Database Connection uses these links to gather
and store information. Each Connection can contain one or more Table or Shapefile Links. Each
of these links specifies the type of external file with which to exchange data (implied with
Shapefile links), the name of the file, and, if the file contains multiple tables, which table within
the file is of interest.
The third tier of the system is the Field Link. Each Table or Shapefile Link uses one or more Field
Links to specify exactly what data in the external file is going to be exchanged. A Field Link
defines the fundamental mapping between a field in an external file and a field in the model. For
example, a field link may be used to "map" the GRND_FT field of an external database file to the
Ground Elevation attribute of the model.
In summary, a Connection defines a link between the model and external files. Table or Shapefile
Links and Field Links are used to specify files, tables, and fields to be linked. Once a Connection
is created, it can be synchronized in or out. The synchronization action will update models ("in"
direction) or the external files ("out" direction).
The rest of this chapter provides details on the dialogs and windows used to interact with the
GIS/Database Connection system. Although Database Connections and Shapefile Connections are
similar in concept, there are differences in the interfaces and options. Therefore, they will be
discussed in separate sections.

Chapter 13 GIS and Database Connections

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This manager, accessed from the File pull-down menu, helps you track and work with database
connections. On the left-hand side of this dialog is a list of the current database connections.
There are several options available from the manager, including:
Add Create a new database connection using the Database Connection Editor.
Edit Change the configuration of the currently selected connection. This will open the
Database Connection Editor, where you can rename the connection, change the associated
database files, and perform other changes to the connection configuration.
Duplicate Create an identical connection to the selected one. This feature is very helpful when
defining two or more connections with many similar attributes.
Delete Remove the selected connection from the list.
Synchronize In Update the network attributes from the databases defined in the selected
connection.
Synchronize Out Update all databases in the connection from the current status of the model.
Reset Return a highlighted standard database import or export connection to default settings.
When synchronizing in, output fields such as hydraulic grade line or computed pipe flow will not
be updated. If an attempt is made to update an output field during a Synchronize In operation, a
"Read Only Warning" will be issued to the status log, indicating which attribute could not be
updated.
When synchronizing out, all mapped information will be overwritten in the database files,
including input and output conditions. If you do not want your input values overwritten upon
synchronizing out, simply duplicate the connection. Then, edit one connection such that it
includes only the values you want to synchronize in, and one that includes only the values you
want to synchronize out.
When synchronizing out, be sure that the model element labels are of the same data type
as the database column you are mapping to. For example, if you were to synchronize in
from a database where your pipe identifier was a numeric value, then any changes or
additions to the pipes in the model should also use a numeric labeling scheme. Select
Element Labeling from the Tools menu and remove the appropriate element prefixes
before any changes are made to the model. Otherwise, synchronizing out to the database
will yield erroneous results.
To access the Database Connection Manager, select the File\Synchronize\Database
Connections menu item. From this dialog, there are two ways to get to the Database Connection
Editor. You can click Add to create a new connection, or select Edit to change an existing
connection.

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The Database Connection Manager is initialized with four database connections for importing
and exporting model data using simple File menu commands. These standard connections are as
follows:
1. [Project Export SI] Used for the File\Export\Database command when the global unit
system is set to System International.

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Chapter 13 GIS and Database Connections

2.

[Project Export US] Used for the File\Export\Database command when the global unit
system is set to US Customary.

3.

[Project Import SI] Used for the File\Import\Database command when the global unit
system is set to System International.

4.

[Project Import US] Used for the File\Import\Database command when the global unit
system is set to US Customary.

The purpose of the standard database connections is to provide a powerful yet easy to use method
of exposing the model data to external applications using a standard database format, Microsoft
Access database (.mdb). This method is powerful because it provides you with all the flexibility
and functionality of a user-defined database connection, such as unit conversion and type
coercion. It is easy to use because it is predefined with all of the standard model data, and requires
nothing more than a file name to execute.
The standard database connections are almost identical to user-defined database connections with
the following exceptions:
Standard connections cannot be deleted.
The label of a standard database connection cannot be changed.
The target database for a standard database connection is determined at the time it is
synchronized. During a Synchronize In operation, you will be prompted to choose an existing
Microsoft Access Database (.mdb). During a Synchronize Out, you will be prompted for the
name of a new Access database. If an existing filename is chosen, a warning will indicate that
the existing file will be overwritten.
The field names of the external database tables are editable from within the Table Link editor.
The Database Type (on the Table Link editor) cannot be changed.
Standard connections can be reset to their factory default values. To do this, select a standard
connection from the list in the Database Connection Manager dialog, and click the Reset
button.
By default, the standard database connections include a table link for each element type, and field
links for all the attributes related to that element type, with some minor exceptions. The default
units for the specified unit system (SI or US) are used for unitized attributes. The Key/Label field
is designated as the key field for each of the table links, and it is created as an index for the table
during database creation. No duplicates are allowed.
As noted above, the field links external field names can be edited directly within the table link
editor. It is valid to have more than one internal attribute "mapped" to a single external field
name. Although this is not the case for the standard connections in their factory default state, you
can create this condition. Under this condition the following behaviors will be observed:
Import (Synchronize In) All of the attributes will be populated with the value of the
database field if it is a valid value for the specified attributes.
Export (Synchronize Out) The database field will be populated with the last non-nil
attribute value.
If an existing filename is chosen during export, the existing database file will be
overwritten. Therefore, any custom tables, queries, forms, etc., present in that database
will be lost.

Chapter 13 GIS and Database Connections

Model data that are typically a collection of data (e.g. SewerCAD dry weather unit loads,
StormCAD watershed areas and rational C coefficients, and WaterCAD junction
demands) cannot be written to a single record, and are therefore not exported to the
database. However, if these collections only contain a single item, that single item will be
transferred to and from the database during export and import, respectively.
By default, the Standard Database Export creates Office 2000 Access files. These files
cannot be read with Office 97. If you want to use Office 97, you need to use a text editor
to edit the HAESTAD.INI file located in your HAESTAD directory and replace the line:
ConnectionDatabaseFormat=0
With:
ConnectionDatabaseFormat=3
Basically, a value of 3 results in the program creating an Office 97 Access file, whereas a
value of 0 will have the program generate an Office 2000 Access file.
Use the File\Import\Database menu item to import data using the standard database connections.
Use the File\Export\Database menu item to export data using the standard database connections.
Use the File\Synchronize\Database Connections menu item to view or edit the standard database
connections.

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The Database Connection Editor is used for defining the group of table links to be included in
the connection. The Database Connection Editor is a tabbed dialog, with tabs for Database
Connection and Synchronization Options.
There are three standard operation buttons at the bottom of the dialog:
OK Accept the current condition of the connection including any changes that have been
made.
Cancel Close the Database Connection Editor without saving any changes.
Help Open the context-sensitive Help system.
To use the Database Connection Editor, select File\Synchronize\Database Connections from the
main menu. This will open the Database Connection Manager. From this dialog, there are two
ways to get to the Database Connection Editor. You can click Add to create a new connection,
or select Edit to change an existing connection.

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The Database Connection tab of the Database Connection Editor provides an interface for the
standard attributes of a connection. It contains the following:
Connection Label A required unique alphanumeric identification for the connection. This is
the label that appears in the list on the Database Connection Manager dialog.
Table Links Provide basic information about each table link, such as the referenced database
file, the specific table within the database, and the type of table that is referenced. A table link
can be highlighted from the list, at which point the following commands can be performed
using the buttons on the right side of the dialog:

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Chapter 13 GIS and Database Connections

Add Add a new table link. If there are no table links currently defined for this
connection, this will be the only button available.

Edit Change the characteristics of the selected table link, such as the referenced file or
table, or the mapping of the tables field links.

Duplicate Duplicate the selected table. This command is very helpful when defining
two or more table links with similar attributes.

Delete Delete the selected table link from the connection.

Select File\Synchronize\Database Connections from the main menu. This will open the
Database Connection Manager. Click Add to create a new connection, or select Edit to change
an existing connection. From the Database Connection Editor, click the Database Connection
tab.

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The Synchronization Options tab of the Database Connection Editor provides an interface for
some of the behaviors of the connection. These options cannot be accessed until the Table Links
are defined, and are as follows:
Add Objects to destination if present in source If this option is selected, when performing
a synchronize out for example, elements that are present in the model but are not found in the
database file will be created in the database. If this is not checked, only the elements that are
present in both the model and the database will be updated.
Prompt before adding object If this is checked, you will get a dialog notifying you of each
unmapped element in the source and asking if you would like to create a new element in the
destination. If this is not checked, the additional elements will be automatically created in the
database.
Remove from destination if present in source If this is checked when synchronizing out,
elements that are present in the database but not in the model will be deleted from the database.
If this is not checked, the unmapped elements will be ignored.
Prompt before remove If this is checked, you will get a dialog notifying you of each
unmapped element in the destination and asking if you would like to remove that element. If
this is not checked, the additional elements will be automatically removed from the database.
In order to be successfully created from the database, Pipe Elements must have a Start
and Stop node associated with them. This association can be established by mapping the
+ Start Node and + Stop Node attributes in the pipe table link, or by the + In Link
or + Out Link of a node table link. Mapping both the pipe table and node table
attributes may result in the reading of redundant data causing the connection to fail.
By default, elements created from a database are located at coordinate (0,0). This
behavior can be overridden by mapping the X and Y or Northing and Easting attributes
of the node elements.
Select File\Synchronize\Database Connections from the main menu. This will open the
Database Connection Manager. Click Add to create a new connection, or select Edit to change
an existing connection. From the Database Connection Editor, click the Synchronization
Options tab.

Chapter 13 GIS and Database Connections

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The Table Link editor provides an editing tool for defining or modifying a table link. This dialog
is separated into two groups, one dealing with the file and table information, and the other dealing
with the field links (attribute mapping).
The general table link information includes:
Database Type Type of database to which the link will be made. There are many types of
external files that can be linked to the model. Among these are Btrieve, Dbase, Excel, FoxPro,
Jet (.mdb files, such as Access), Lotus, and Paradox, as well as Oracle, Sybase, and SQl server
or any other Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) compliant database.
Database File File referenced by the table link. To browse directories and specify a file
path, click the ellipsis (...) button.
Database Table Once the external file has been selected it will be scanned for tables (or
worksheets), which will then be available for selection from this field. Only one table can be
linked to for each table link, but table links can be easily duplicated and edited from the
Database Connection editor.
Table Type Define the type of data that can be mapped for this particular table link. For
example, a Pipe type of table link means that the available model attributes to be mapped are
items such as material, roughness coefficient, flow rate, and velocity.
Key / Label Field Key by which the entire database-model mapping is defined. The model
references each element by a unique alphanumeric label, and the database must contain the
same labels in one of the columns.
The Field Links group is a manager for the attribute mapping. The tabular list in this group has
three field columns:
Model Each item in this column is an attribute in the model that is being mapped to the
database. The list of available attributes depends on the type of the table.
Database Each item in this column is a heading from the database table, which correlates to
the item in the model being mapped.
Unit This column defines the units of the values in the database. During a synchronization
operation, the values will automatically be converted to the appropriate units to maintain the
desired unit systems in both the model and the database. No conversion on your part is
required.
In addition to the standard table operations of Insert, Duplicate, and Delete, the Field Links
manager offers the following additional operation:
Select Opens the Select Field Links dialog for an efficient method of selecting the fields of
interest from the available model fields.
Select File\Synchronize\Database Connections from the main menu. This will open the
Database Connection Manager. Click Add to create a new connection, or select Edit to change
an existing connection. From the Database Connection tab of the Database Connection editor,
click Add or Edit.

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The Select Field Links dialog provides an easy-to-use interface for populating the Field Links
group of the Table Link editor or Shapefile Link editor.
The dialog contains two lists:

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Available Items Model attributes that are available for mapping in the current Table or
Shapefile Link.
Selected Items Model attributes that have been selected for mapping.
The following buttons are provided to move items from one list to the other:
[>] Move the selected item or items from the Available Items list to the Selected Items list.
[>>] Move all items from the Available Items list to the Selected Items list.
[<] Move the selected item or items from the Selected Items list to the Available Items list.
[<<] Move all items from the Items Selected list to the Available Items list.

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ODBC, which stands for Open Database Connectivity, is a standard programming interface
developed by Microsoft for accessing data in relational and non-relational database management
systems (DBMSs). Using ODBC, applications such as Haestad Methods engineering software
can access data stored in many different PC, minicomputer, and mainframe DBMSs, even though
each uses a different storage format and programming interface.
The ODBC architecture conceptually consists of three parts:
1.

The application program Supplied by Haestad Methods.

2.

The Data Source Administrator Program Embedded in Microsoft Windows.

3.

The low-level drivers for accessing specific databases Supplied by your database vendor.

Although most computers with Windows will have ODBC present, the exact databases you can
interface via ODBC will depend on the databases and drivers installed on your computer.
ODBC is powerful because it is very generic and can access many database systems, including
mainframe, GIS, and legacy systems. However, because ODBC must be very general, it is slower,
more complex, and more difficult to use than working directly with a database. When you have
the option to work directly with a database, you will usually find it is faster and easier than going
through ODBC.
For specific information about ODBC in your environment, see your database vendors
documentation. For general information on ODBC, see the online Help for the ODBC Data
Source Administrator Program. To find the Administrator Program, go to the Control Panel for
your computer and double-click the ODBC icon. Choose the Help button on the dialog that
appears, then go to the Help Contents.

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The first field of the database connection Table Link editor is for the Database Type. The list box
displays the external databases and versions supported by the Database Connection feature. One
of the Database Types you can select is ODBC. This does not refer to a specific database or
version. Rather than being a specific database this is actually a link to the ODBC Data Source
Administrator Program running on your computer. This link will provide an interface between the
Haestad Methods Database Connection feature and a specific DBMS and source database file.

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If you have selected ODBC as the Database Type, when you click the ellipsis (...) button next to
the Database File field the ODBC Data Source Administrator Program will take over and offer a
list of the ODBC data sources installed on your computer. Depending on how your computer is
configured, you may see database systems or actual database files from which to choose.

Chapter 13 GIS and Database Connections

You will also see database systems such as Microsoft Jet or Excel that are also supported
directly via choices in the Database Type list. In general, the Database Connection
feature will work faster and better by choosing these database systems directly rather
than going through ODBC.
If you choose a data source from the Administrator Program, upon returning to the Table Link
Editor you will see an ODBC "connect string" in the Database File field, rather than a file path.
This connect string is a series of key = value pairs, separated by semicolons. It specifies the
database location, security parameters, and access options needed by the particular ODBC driver
you are using. In general, you should not edit this string in any way as you could introduce an
error that would prevent the ODBC driver from accessing the data source you have selected.
If you are unable to successfully synchronize to the data source using the default form of
ODBC string, it is possible that you may need to add some parameters to the string that
are specific to your environment. See your database vendors ODBC documentation for
details.

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Once you have successfully created and entered the data for a database connection that uses
ODBC, the Synchronize In and Synchronize Out operations perform as they do for any other
database format. However, note that ODBC databases are accessed with slightly different internal
mechanisms, and thus may generate different error conditions. If a synchronization fails to
complete, see the status log for error messages. Note the project or database object the program
was processing when the error occurred. Refer to your database vendors documentation for
detailed information on any errors reported.
Using ODBC to access SQL Server databases will result in an error #3197 if the synchronization
attempts to delete a database record. The only known workaround currently is to uncheck
"Remove Objects" on the Synchronization Options tab of the Database Connection Editor.

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There are many complexities in successfully accessing ODBC databases. You will know if there
are problems on your machine because the Database Table or other database-related fields will not
have any entries in the associated drop-down lists.
If this happens, confirm that ODBC is installed and operating correctly on your computer.
Double-check that the ODBC data source you are trying to reference actually exists and is
accessible by other programs in your environment. Check the HAESTAD.LOG file for error
messages pertaining to ODBC. If none of these steps helps you correct the problem, please call
HMI Technical Support.
Given the diversity of ODBC database drivers and the difficulty of reproducing your networked
computing environment, we cannot guarantee that the Database Connection feature will function
with all ODBC databases. However, we will try to determine the source of your problem and
offer a fix or workaround if possible.
If you edit the connect string manually, you will need to re-enter the dependent fields such as
Database Table and Field Links.

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When WaterCAD works with database connections, it is using a file with a .HDC extension,
which stores the information regarding database files, table links, and field mapping.

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When you open a WaterCAD project file (.WCD), WaterCAD first looks for a file in the same
directory and with the same filename but with the .HDC extension. If it finds this file, it uses the
database connectivity information contained therein. If it does not find this file, then it defaults to
a file in the installed WaterCAD directory called WTRC.HDC.
If you are working on a local drive and you have several project files, all of which reference
common connection information, let your project files automatically default to the WTRC.HDC
file. Any connectivity changes that you work on in one project will be automatically reflected
when you open any other project.
If there are several people working on different projects on different computers, but they still wish
to have common connectivity information, the appropriate .HDC file can be copied (and renamed
if necessary) to the individual local drives.
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There are times when shared connectivity can be more cumbersome than helpful, such as when
there are many projects, each with different database connectivity. At these times, it is more
useful to have the connectivity associated with one specific project rather than with all projects.
To do this, simply copy the WTRC.HDC file from the installed WaterCAD directory to the same
location as your project file, and rename it to the same name as your .WCD file.
For example, if your WaterCAD project file is PROJECT1.WCD, rename WTRC.HDC to
PROJECT1.HDC. The connections in PROJECT1.WCD can then be modified without the effects
being reflected in any other projects.

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To connect your model to an external file, take the following steps:
1. From the File menu, select Synchronize\Database Connections to open the Database
Connection Manager. Click Add.
2.

In the Database Connection Editor, type a label for your Connection.

3.

Click Add to create a new table link. This will take you to the Table Link editor.

4.

Select the type of file to which you would like to link, then click the ellipsis () button to
browse for and select your database file.

5.

Choose the table to which you would like to link, and the type of table.

6.

Choose the Key/Label Field to define the column in the database that contains the labels of
the elements to be synchronized.

7.

Define as many field links as you want by selecting the model attribute and the associated
database column and unit.

8.

Click OK to exit the Table Link Editor.

9.

Click OK again to exit the Database Connection Editor.

10. You should be back at the Database Connection Manager. You can leave this dialog and
return to the model, or you can choose to Synchronize In to the model from the database, or
Synchronize Out to the database from the model.

Chapter 13 GIS and Database Connections

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This manager is identical to the Database Connection Manager, except that it helps you to track
and work with Shapefile Connections rather than Database Connections. Only a brief description
of each dialog control is presented here. Please refer to the Database Connection Manager topic
for a more detailed explanation.
Add Create a new Shapefile connection. This will open the Shapefile Connection Wizard.
Edit Change the configuration of the currently selected connection. This will open to the
Shapefile Connection Editor.
Duplicate Duplicate the selected connection.
Delete Delete the selected connection from the list.
Synchronize In Update the network attributes from the Shapefiles defined in the selected
connection.
Synchronize Out Update all Shapefiles within the connection from the current status of the
model.
See the Overview at the beginning of this chapter for a general discussion of Shapefile
Connections.
To open the Shapefile Connection Manager, select the File\Synchronize\Shapefile
Connections menu item. Select No when prompted to create a new shapefile connection.

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The Shapefile Connection Wizard provides an easy-to-use interface for defining a new Shapefile
Connection. It is similar to the Shapefile Import Wizard, but has a few additional steps. The
major steps in the wizard are as follows:
Label Enter an alphanumeric label to uniquely identify the Shapefile Connection.
Select Element Types Choose the types of network elements you wish to connect to
Shapefiles.
Shapefile Synchronization Options Specify the spatial data unit, and configure other
options.
Import Shapefile Link Editor Choose the Shapefile to which you want to connect and
specify the details of the link.
Synchronize Now? Choose whether or not you want to synchronize the Shapefile
Connection when finished with the wizard. You can choose to synchronize in either direction.
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The Shapefile Connection Label window allows you to enter a unique alphanumeric label for
your Shapefile Connection. This window is presented during both the Import and Export
Shapefile Connection Wizards, as well as the Shapefile Connection Wizard.

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The last step in the Shapefile Connection Wizard, the Synchronize Now window, allows you to
specify that you wish to synchronize the Shapefile Connection immediately after editing it in the
wizard. The following options are available:
Synchronize Shapefile Connection Check this box if you wish to synchronize the
connection immediately upon clicking the Finished button. By default this box is checked. If
you uncheck it, you will return to the Shapefile Connection Manager after clicking the
Finished button.
In Click this radio button if you wish to synchronize the connection in to the model. This
will update the model data from the Shapefiles defined in the connection.
Out Click this radio button if you wish to synchronize the connection out to the Shapefiles
defined in the connection. This will update the Shapefiles from the model.

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The Shapefile Connection Editor is similar to the Database Connection Editor. It offers the
tabs for Shapefile Connection and Synchronization Options.

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The Shapefile Connection tab of the Shapefile Connection Editor is similar to the Database
Connection tab of the Database Connection Editor. It contains the following:
Connection Label A unique alphanumeric identification for the connection. This is the
label that appears in the list on the Shapefile Connection Manager dialog.
Table Links This list is similar to all of the programs managers. It provides basic
information about each Shapefile link, such as the referenced Shapefile, the feature type of the
Shapefile, and the type of element which is referenced. As with the other managers, a
Shapefile link can be highlighted from the list, at which point the following commands can be
performed using the buttons on the right side of the dialog:
Add Define a new Shapefile link. If there are no table links currently defined for this
connection, this will be the only button available. Clicking this button invokes the
Shapefile Link Wizard.
Edit Change the characteristics of the selected Shapefile link, such as the referenced file
or the mapping of the Shapefiles field links. Clicking this button also invokes the
Shapefile Link Wizard.
Duplicate Create an identical Shapefile link to the selected one. This is very helpful
when defining two or more Shapefile links with similar attributes.
Delete Remove the selected Shapefile link from the connection.
To use the Shapefile Connection Editor, do the following:
Select Synchronize\Shapefile Connections from the File menu.

If you do not currently have any Shapefile connections defined, you will be prompted to
indicate if you wish to create one now. If you answer Yes, you will be automatically taken to
the Shapefile Connection Wizard.

If there are connections already defined, or if you answer No to the prompt to create one now,
you will be taken to the Shapefile Connection Manager. Select Add to open the Shapefile
Connection Wizard.

Chapter 13 GIS and Database Connections

 6KDSHILOH/LQN:L]DUG
The Shapefile Link Wizard is used when adding new Shapefile Links to a Shapefile Connection,
or when editing the existing links of a Shapefile Connection. The first step of the wizard is
bypassed when editing an existing link. The basic steps of the wizard are as follows:
Select Element Type Similar to the Select Element Types window for importing
Shapefiles, except that radio buttons are used rather than check boxes. This is because a
Shapefile Connection represents a single element type.
Import Shapefile Choose the Shapefile to which you would like to connect, and choose the
Key/Label Field to specify the column in the Shapefile that contains the matching element
labels in the network. Define as many field links as necessary. For each link, specify the
model attribute, the associated Shapefile column, and the Unit in which the Shapefile attribute
is stored.
Shapefile Link Summary Quick review of the details specified in the wizard.
As with all wizards, you can move forward or backward through the process to make changes.
Click the Finished button when you are done making changes to the Shapefile Link.

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The Shapefile Link Summary window provides an opportunity to review the details of the
Shapefile Link before completing the editing process. The following information is provided in
the summary window:
Type Type of element represented by this Shapefile Link.
Shapefile Full path and file name of the Shapefile referenced by this Shapefile Link.
Key/Label Field Shapefile field used to map Shapefile records to their corresponding
network elements in the model.
Attributes Mapped Number of Field Links mapped in this Shapefile Link.

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The Import Shapefile Wizard will guide you step-by-step through the process of importing ESRI
Shapefiles. These are the basic steps for importing Shapefiles:
Select Element Types Choose the type of network elements you wish to import.
Shapefile Synchronization Options Specify the spatial data unit and configure other
options.
Import Shapefile Choose the Shapefile you would like to import, and choose the Key/Label
Field to specify the column in the Shapefile that contains the matching element labels in the
network. Define as many field links as necessary. For each link, specify the network
attribute, the associated Shapefile column, and the Unit in which the Shapefile attribute is
stored.
Create Shapefile Connection? Choose whether or not you want to establish a Shapefile
Connection. The Shapefile Connection allows you to update the Shapefile with values from
your model, or to update your model from the Shapefile.
While using the wizard, you can move forward or backward through the process to make changes
by clicking the Next and Back buttons. Click the Finished button when you are done making
changes to import Shapefiles.
To access the Import Shapefile Wizard, select File\Import\Shapefile from the pull-down menu.

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The Select Element Types window is used for selecting the types of network elements that are of
interest when importing and exporting Shapefiles, or when creating a Shapefile Connection. The
window contains a list of network element types, and a check box precedes each type.
To select an element type for Shapefile Import, Export, or Connection, put a check mark in the
corresponding box.

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Several options are available to customize the Shapefile synchronization process. The Shapefile
Synchronization Options are available for editing in the Import Shapefile Wizard and editing a
Shapefile Connection.
The first group of options is only available when editing a Shapefile Connection. These options
are exactly the same as their counterparts in Database Synchronization Options, and are as
follows:
Prompt before add
Prompt before remove
Unlike the Database Synchronization Options, the Shapefile Synchronization Options do not allow
for optionally adding or removing elements. When synchronized, Shapefiles and the model will
contain exactly the same number of records for the specified element type. For example, suppose
a Shapefile contains a record for the junction labeled J-1. When this Shapefile is synchronized
into the model, the model will automatically add a junction labeled J-1 if none currently exists.
Likewise, if J-1 is removed from the model and then synchronized out to the Shapefile, the
record for J-1 will automatically be removed from the Shapefile. You have no control over this.
The rest of the options are available during the Shapefile Import Wizard and from the Shapefile
Connection Editor.
Shapefile Unit Choose a unit from the available list. This is the unit of the spatial data in the
Shapefile. For example, if the X- and Y-coordinates of the Shapefile represent feet, choose feet
from the choice list. If they represent meters, choose meters. This unit must be the same for every
Shapefile in the Shapefile Connection. If you wish to import Shapefiles that have different spatial
data units, create a separate connection for each unit.
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As noted in the Table Link Editor topic, to create a pipe from an external file it is necessary for a
pipe to have a start node and stop node associated with it. Typically, these "connectivity"
associations are created by synchronizing the + Start Node and + Stop Node attributes of the
pipe. Since a Shapefile contains spatial data, it is also possible to establish these associations
based on the location of nodes relative to the end points of the pipe. The following options allow
you to customize this behavior:
Establish By Spatial Data Check this box to configure the synchronization so that any
missing connectivity data (start node, stop node, or both) for a pipe will be established from
the spatial data if possible.
Tolerance This value represents the distance to be searched when trying to locate nodes for
establishing connectivity for a pipe. All nodes within the tolerance of a pipes end point will
be collected and the closest node will be selected for connection.
Create Nodes if None Found Check this box if you would like nodes to be created during
the synchronization when no nodes are found within the specified tolerance of a pipes end
point. If this box is not checked, and no nodes are found within the tolerance, the pipe will not
be created because it has insufficient connectivity data.

Chapter 13 GIS and Database Connections

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The Import Shapefile Link Editor is similar to the Database Table Link Editor. Refer to that
topic for detailed information on the following Shapefile Link parameters:
Shapefile Location of the file that is being referenced by the Shapefile link. This is identical
to the Database File parameter of the Table Link Editor.
Key/Label Field Key by which the entire Shapefile/model mapping is defined.
Field Links Identical to the Field Links group of the Database Table Link Editor.

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The Create Shapefile Connection window provides an opportunity during a Shapefile Import or
Shapefile Export to specify that a persistent connection containing the Shapefile Links and
Synchronization Options be created. This Connection can be used at a later time to synchronize
the model and the Shapefiles. The Create Shapefile Connection window has the following
parameters:
Add Shapefile Connection Check this box if you wish to add a persistent Shapefile
Connection to the Shapefile Connection Manager. By default this box is checked.
Label Specify an alphanumeric label for the Connection. This field is only editable when
the Add Shapefile Connection box is checked.
To access the Shapefile Import Wizard, select File\Import\Shapefile from the pull-down menu.

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Follow these steps to import one or more Shapefiles into a new or existing model:
1.

From the File menu, select Import\Shapefile to access the Import Shapefile Wizard.

2.

Choose the element types that you wish to import by clicking one or more of the check boxes
in the list, then click the Next button.

3.

Configure the options for this import. First, select the unit for the spatial data of the
Shapefile. Then, if appropriate for your situation, click the Establish by Spatial Data check
box in the When Missing Connectivity Data group, and enter a value in the Tolerance field.
For more information regarding these options, refer to the section on Shapefile
Synchronization Options. Click the Next button to proceed to the Shapefile Link Editors.

4.

You will be presented with an Import Shapefile Link Editor for each element type you
chose to import. Perform the following steps for each Import Shapefile Link Editor:
Enter the name of the Shapefile you wish to import for the specified element type. Click the
ellipsis () button to interactively browse for and select your Shapefile.
Choose the Key/Label Field to define the column in the Shapefile that maps to the element
labels in the model.
Define as many field links as necessary by selecting the model attribute and the associated
Shapefile column and unit, if appropriate. Use the Select button for making the selection
process more efficient. Click the Next button.

5.

Click the Add Shapefile Connection check box if you wish to create a persistent link
between the Shapefile(s) you are importing and the model. If you choose to create a Shapefile
Connection, enter an alphanumeric label to identify the connection. Click the Finished button
to import the Shapefiles.

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This program has the capability of exporting network elements in the ESRI Shapefile Format. The
ESRI Shapefile is actually three files that together define the spatial and non-spatial attributes of a
map feature. In the case of Haestad Methods hydraulic models, map features are network
elements (e.g. pipes, junctions). Exporting Shapefiles creates brand new files. If you are
exporting a Shapefile to a directory that already contains a Shapefile of the same name, the
existing Shapefile will be completely overwritten. If you wish to update the Shapefile rather than
overwriting it, use the Shapefile Connection feature.
The major components of the Wizard are as follows:
Select Element Types Choose the type of network elements you wish to export. Each type
of network element will have its own Shapefile associated with it. This component is identical
to the Import Wizards Select Element Types component.
Export Shapefile Link Editor Enter a name for each Shapefile you wish to create. Each
Shapefile name must be no more than eight characters in length, and should not be duplicated.
Define as many field links as necessary. For each link, specify the network attribute. The
shapefile variable will default to a preset calue which can be edited.
Create Shapefile Connection Choose whether you want to establish a Shapefile Connection
for this Shapefile or not. The Shapefile Connection allows you to update the Shapefile with
values from your model, or to update your model from the Shapefile. This component is
identical to the Import Wizards Create Shapefile Connection component.
While using the Wizard, you can move forward or backward through the process by clicking the
Next and Back buttons. When you are finished defining the Shapefile, click the Finished button
to create it.
To export a specific network element type as a Shapefile, choose File\Export\Shapefile from the
pull-down menu. This opens the Shapefile Export Wizard.

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The Export Shapefile link editor is similar to the Database Table link editor, with the
following differences:
Shapefile The name and location for the file that is being exported. The Shapefile name is
limited to eight characters.
The Field Links group is used to specify the attributes and Shapefile column headings that you
wish to export, as follows:
Model Each item in this column is an attribute in the model that is being exported to the
Shapefile. The list of available attributes depends on the type of table.
Shapefile Each item in this column is a column heading in the Shapefile being created,
which correlates to the item in the model being mapped. By default, the heading are set to an
all-capitals abbreviation of the attribute name, with spaces and periods replaced by the
underscore character. The column heading can be changed, but must be less than ten
characters long and cannot contain periods.
The spatial data in the Shapefiles being created will be in the current display unit for
map coordinates. For example, if the X and Y or Northing and Easting values in the
model are displayed in meters at the time of the export, then the spatial data in the
Shapefiles created will also be in meters.

Chapter 13 GIS and Database Connections

The values for the exported attributes will be in the current display units for that
attribute. For example, if a junction elevation attribute is displayed in feet at the time of
the export, the Shapefile will contain that value in feet.

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Follow these steps to export one or more Shapefiles from the model:
1. From the File menu, select the Export\Shapefile menu item to access the Export Shapefile
Wizard.
2.

Select the element types that you wish to export by clicking one or more of the check boxes in
the list, then click the Next button.

3.

You will be presented with an Export Shapefile Link Editor for each element type you
chose to export. Perform the following steps for each Export Shapefile Link Editor:

4.

Enter the name of the Shapefile you wish to create for the specified element type. Click the
ellipsis (...) button to interactively browse for a directory in which to store the Shapefile.

5.

Define as many field links as necessary by selecting the model attribute and providing a name
for the associated Shapefile column. Use the Select button for making the selection process
more efficient. Click the Next button.

6.

Click the Add Shapefile Connection check box if you wish to create a persistent link
between the Shapefile(s) you are exporting and the model. If you choose to create a Shapefile
Connection, enter an alphanumeric label to identify the connection. Click the Finished button
to export Shapefiles.

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When WaterCAD works with shapefile connections, it is using a file with a .HSC extension,
which stores the information regarding the shapefiles and field mapping for each element type.
When you open a WaterCAD project file (.WCD), WaterCAD first looks for a file in the same
directory and with the same filename but with the .HSC extension. If it finds this file, it uses the
shapefile connectivity information contained therein. If it does not find this file, it defaults to a
file in the installed WaterCAD directory called WTRC.HSC.
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If you are working on a local drive, and you have several project files that all reference common
Connection information, let your project files automatically default to the WTRC.HSC file. Any
connectivity changes that you work on in one project will be automatically reflected when you
open any other project.
If there are several people working on different projects on different computers, but they still wish
to have common connectivity information, the appropriate .HSC file can be copied (and renamed
if necessary) to the individual local drives.
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There are times when shared connectivity can be more cumbersome than helpful such as when
there are many projects, each with different database connectivity. At these times, it is more
useful to have the connectivity associated with one specific project, rather than with all projects.
To do this, simply copy the WTRC.HSC file from the installed WaterCAD directory to the same
location as your project file, and rename it to the same name as your .WCD file.

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Chapter 13 GIS and Database Connections

For example, if your WaterCAD project file is PROJECT1.WCD, rename WTRC.HSC to
PROJECT1.HSC. The connections in PROJECT1.WCD can then be modified without the effects
being reflected in any other projects.

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An ESRI Shapefile actually consists of three separate files that combine to define the spatial and
non-spatial attributes of a map feature. The three required files are as follows:
Main File A binary file with an extension of .SHP. It contains the spatial attributes
associated with the map features. For example, a polyline record contains a series of points,
and a point record contains X- and Y-coordinates.
Index File A binary file with an extension of .SHX. It contains the byte position of each
record in the main file.
Database File A dBase III file with an extension of .DBF. It contains the non-spatial data
associated with the map features.
All three files must have the same file name with the exception of the extension, and be located in
the same directory.

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Follow these steps to connect one or more Shapefiles to the model:
1. From the File menu, select Synchronize\Shapefile Connections.
2.

If you do not have any connections currently defined, you will be asked if you want to create
a new one now. Select Yes. If you already have one or more connections defined, you will go
to the Shapefile Connection Manager. Click Add to access the Shapefile Connection
Wizard.

3.

Provide an alphanumeric label to uniquely identify this new connection. Click the Next
button.

4.

Choose the element types that you wish to import by clicking one or more of the check boxes
in the list and click the Next button.

5.

Configure the options for this connection. First select the unit for the spatial data of the
Shapefile. Then, if appropriate for your situation, click the Establish by Spatial Data check
box in the When Missing Connectivity Data group, and enter a value in the Tolerance field.
For more information regarding these options, refer to the section on Shapefile
Synchronization Options. Click the Next button to proceed to the Shapefile Link Editors.

6.

You will be presented with an Import Shapefile Link Editor for each element type you
chose to import. Perform the following steps for each Import Shapefile Link Editor:

7.

Enter the name of the Shapefile to which you wish to connect for the specified element type.
Click the ellipsis () button to interactively browse for and select your Shapefile.

8.

Choose the Key / Label Field to define the column in the Shapefile that maps to the element
labels in the model.

9.

Define as many field links as you want by selecting the model attribute and the associated
Shapefile column and unit if appropriate. Use the Select button for making the selection
process more efficient. Click the Next button.

Chapter 13 GIS and Database Connections

10. Check the Synchronize Shapefile Connection box if you wish to synchronize the connection
immediately upon clicking the Finished button.
11. If the Synchronize Shapefile Connection box is checked, choose whether you want to
Synchronize In to the model from a Shapefile, or Synchronize Out to the Shapefile from the
model.
12. Click the Finished button to synchronize the connection (if the Synchronize Shapefile
Connection box is checked), or return to the Shapefile Connection Manager.

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Notes

Chapter 14 Exchanging Data with CAD Software

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This feature allows you to quickly construct a network based on the entities contained in an
AutoCAD drawing. Although this feature is called Polyline to Pipe, Line and Block entities can be
converted as well. Polylines and Lines can be converted to pipes and Blocks can be converted to
any available node type.
Building a model based on graphical elements can be an error-prone process. This is due to the
fact that a drawing can appear to be correct visually, but may contain problems that are not readily
apparent. For example, what appears to be a single line in a drawing could in fact be made up of
many line segments, or it could be made up of 2 lines, one directly on top of another.
To help alleviate some of the problems that you may encounter during the import process, a
comprehensive drawing review is also performed. During the conversion process, the network is
analyzed and potential problems are flagged for review. After performing the conversion, the
Drawing Review window will allow you to navigate to and fix any problems that are
encountered.
The Polyline to Pipe conversion cannot be undone. Be sure to save your project before
you begin.
You can import entities into an existing project. Polylines will automatically be
connected to nodes within the specified Tolerance. You can add nodes to your project
prior to performing the import.
Stand-Alone mode issues You should take some time to clean up your AutoCAD
drawing prior to performing the conversion. Look for entities that should not be
converted, such as leader lines, and move them to their own layer. Turn off layers that
you do not wish to convert. Do a quick review of your drawing and correct any potential
conversion problems that you may find.
After performing the conversion, we recommend that you use the converted file as a
DXF Background. This will greatly enhance your review process. If you change the
entities in your background drawing to a gray color from within AutoCAD, it will make
it easier to distinguish between foreground elements and background entities.

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Chapter 14 Exchanging Data with CAD Software

AutoCAD mode issue You can interactively convert individual entities to pipes by
using the Layout Tool.

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Depending on how your drawing layers are set up, you may be able to save yourself a considerable
amount of data entry time by converting your drawing in multiple passes.
For example, if your 12" pipes are located on a "12InchPipes" layer, 18" pipes are on a
"18InchPipes" layer, etc., you can import layers one at a time. Just set up your prototypes prior to
importing that layer.
To assist you in this process, your conversion settings will be retained between imports.
Therefore, on subsequent passes you will simply need to revise your prototypes and specify the
next layer to be imported.
This same technique can be used when importing blocks.

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The Polyline to Pipe wizard will guide you step-by-step through the process of converting your
entities to elements.
Step 1 The import behavior depends on the mode in which you are working:
Stand-Alone Specify the DXF file that you would like to import.
AutoCAD This step is skipped -- you will be asked to select the entities to convert before
accessing the Wizard.
Step 2 Specify the polyline to pipe conversion options.
Step 3 Specify how T-intersections are to be handled.
Step 4 Specify how blocks should be converted (optional).
Step 5 Configure prototypes.
Step 6 Specify the layers to be imported.
To access the Polyline to Pipe Wizard:
Stand-Alone mode Select File\Import\Polyline to Pipe from the main menu.
AutoCAD mode Select Edit\Change Entities to Pipes from the main menu.

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This step allows you to specify the DXF file to be imported.
If you are running in AutoCAD mode, this step will be skipped. AutoCAD mode users
will be asked to select the entities to be converted before accessing the Polyline to Pipe
wizard.
DXF Filename Specify the name of the DXF file you would like to import. Use the Browse
button to select the file interactively.

Chapter 14 Exchanging Data with CAD Software

DXF Unit Specify the DXF conversion unit (the unit that your DXF file is in). For example,
if your drawing is in metric, specify meters (m). If your drawing is in architectural units,
specify inches (in).

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This step allows you to specify the following Polyline to Pipe conversion options:
Connectivity tolerance Polylines whose endpoints fall within the specified tolerance will be
connected to the same node. A default tolerance is supplied based on the current scale. This is
generally a good starting point, but you may wish to increase or decrease this default tolerance
depending on your particular drawing. If you complete the conversion process and find that
the tolerance was not correct (pipes that should be connected were not, or vise versa), you may
wish to repeat the conversion process using a new tolerance.
Specifying which entities to convert You can optionally convert Polylines, Lines, or both.
You generally want to convert both Polylines and Lines. However, if your drawing is set up so
that Polylines are always used to represent pipes and Lines are used for annotation purposes,
you may wish to convert only Polylines.
Handling missing nodes at polyline endpoints A pipe can only be created if there is a node
at both endpoints. If a node cannot be found at a polyline endpoint, a node must be added.
Otherwise, the pipe cannot be converted. This option allows you to specify whether or not a
node is created, and, if so, the default type of element to create.
In general, you will want to create a default node at polyline endpoints. However, if your network
already contains nodes at polyline endpoints, or if your drawing contains blocks at polyline
endpoints that are to be converted to nodes, you may wish to specify that the polyline not be
converted. Polylines that can not be converted, because one or both end nodes are missing, will be
flagged for review at the end of the conversion process.
If the conversion does not yield the desired results, you can repeat the conversion process
using different settings. Be sure to save your project before performing the conversion.

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This step allows you to specify how T-intersections (pipe split candidates) should be handled.
Nodes that fall within the specified tolerance of a pipe are referred to as pipe-split candidates.
There are two ways to handle these:
Join the pipes at the intersection The pipe-split candidate will be used to split the
intersecting pipe.
Do not join the intersecting pipes Pipe-split candidates will be flagged for later review
using the Drawing Review window.
The tolerance that you specify in Step 2 will also be used for T-intersection processing.

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This step allows you to optionally convert AutoCAD blocks to nodes.
If you would like to convert blocks to nodes, activate the Yes toggle. A table with two columns
will appear, allowing you to map the AutoCAD blocks you would like to convert to any of the
available node element types. The AutoCAD block column provides you with a list of available
blocks to convert. The Element column provides you with a list of available node element types.

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Chapter 14 Exchanging Data with CAD Software

For each AutoCAD block you would like to convert, specify the type of node element you would
like to create.
When you select an AutoCAD block, the preview pane will display the graphical
representation of that block. This step will be skipped if there are no AutoCAD Blocks in
your drawing.

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Before performing the conversion, you may wish to configure your prototypes with default data.
During the conversion process, elements will be created using the specified defaults.
Click a button to configure the defaults for the associated element.

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Specify the layers that contain the entities you would like to convert. Use the Preview button to
preview the elements on the selected layers. This step can be used in conjunction with the
Prototype step to allow you to convert your drawing in multiple passes.
It is recommended that you process your drawing prior to performing the import. If
your drawing contains layers that you do not wish to import, turn them off from within
AutoCAD and they will be ignored during the import process.

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This feature is present in stand-alone mode only. This dialog displays the reason that a polyline
was not converted after running the Polyline to Pipe Wizard.

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Use the Preview button to view the elements in your DFX file that will be converted.
Next to the Preview button is a checkbox labeled Only include elements that will be converted.
Turn the toggle on to preview the entities that will be converted. The entities to be converted are
based on the settings you specified in the Polyline to Pipe Wizard, such as type of line entities,
blocks, and layers to be converted.
Turn the toggle off to preview all entities.

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To import background graphics in Stand-Alone mode from another drafting program, you must
first export a DXF file from your CAD program. This step is usually as simple as selecting an
item from a pull-down menu in that program, such as File\Export\As DXF, or similar command.
Once the DXF file has been created, it can be imported into this program as follows:
1.

Select the File\Import\DXF Background command from the pull-down menu to access the
Import DXF File dialog.

2.

Select the DXF file you wish to import, and click the Open button.

Chapter 14 Exchanging Data with CAD Software

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A project file can be saved in a format that can be used by AutoCAD and other common CADbased applications. When you use the Export command, a window appears so that you can enter
the file name, drive, and directory of the DXF file you are saving. A status bar appears at the
bottom of the screen as the file is being exported.
To export the drawing plan view, select the File\Export pull-down menu option.
You will be able to redefine all elements, except pipes, as blocks in AutoCAD. Pipes will
be exported as polylines, so you will be able to set their line weight in AutoCAD.

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If you would like to change the appearance of these blocks in your AutoCAD drawing, you can
redefine them as follows:
To begin, start AutoCAD and create thirteen separate drawing files named HMI_CKV.DWG,
HMI_CSRC.DWG, HMI_FARW.DWG, HMI_PS.DWG, JUNCTION.DWG, TANK.DWG,
RESERVOIR.DWG, PUMP.DWG, PRV.DWG, PBV.DWG, PSV.DWG, FCV.DWG and
TCV.DWG. Save these drawings in your AutoCAD directory.
Open the existing drawing that contains the network blocks.
1.

At the AutoCAD "Command:" prompt, type INSERT and press enter.

2.

At the "Block Name:" prompt, type JUNCTION=C:JUNCTION.DWG and press enter.

3.

At this point, the block has been redefined and you can cancel this command.

4.

Repeat these steps for the other named blocks.

Refer to your AutoCAD documentation for more information on Redefining Blocks.

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To import the network DXF file into an existing AutoCAD drawing file, you will have to perform
a couple of preliminary steps:
1.

In your existing drawing, at the AutoCAD "Command:" prompt, type (regapp "WTRC") and
press Enter. This will register the program application ID. Be sure to include the parenthesis.

2.

Define blocks named HMI_CKV, HMI_CSRC, HMI_FARW, HMI_PS, JUNCTION, TANK,

RESERVOIR, PUMP, PRV, PBV, PSV, FCV and TCV.

You are now ready to import a WaterCAD DXF file into your existing AutoCAD drawing.
To save time, you can perform the above steps in a new AutoCAD drawing file and save
it with the name WaterCAD.DWG. Now, instead of performing the above steps, simply
insert this new drawing into your existing drawing file immediately before importing a
network DXF file.

Refer to your AutoCAD documentation for more information on Importing DXF files.

235

Notes

Chapter 15 Additional Features of the AutoCAD Version

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WaterCAD features optional support for AutoCAD R14 and AutoCAD 2000 integration. You can
determine if you have purchased AutoCAD functionality for your WaterCAD by using the
Help\About menu option. Click the Registration button to view the feature options that have
been purchased with your application license. If AutoCAD support is enabled then you will be
able to run your WaterCAD application in both AutoCAD and Stand-Alone mode.
The AutoCAD functionality has been implemented so as to be essentially identical to that offered
with the Stand-Alone base product. Once you obtain familiarity with the Stand-Alone mode, you
will not have any difficulty utilizing the product in AutoCAD mode.
In AutoCAD mode, you will have access to the full range of functionality available in the
AutoCAD design and drafting environment. The standard environment is extended and enhanced
by an AutoCAD ObjectARX WaterCAD client layer that allows you to create, view, and edit the
native WaterCAD network model while in AutoCAD.
Some of the advantages of working in AutoCAD mode include:
Layout network pipes and structures in fully scaled mode in the same design and drafting
environment that you use to develop your engineering plans. You will have access to any
other third party applications that you currently use, along with any custom LISP, ARX, or
VBA applications that you have developed.
Use native AutoCAD insertion snaps to precisely position WaterCAD elements with respect to
other entities in the AutoCAD drawing.
Use native AutoCAD commands such as ERASE, MOVE, and ROTATE on WaterCAD
model entities with automatic update and synchronization with the model database.
Output contours to your AutoCAD drawing.
Control destination layers for model elements and associated label text and annotation, giving
you control over styles, linetypes, and visibility of model elements.

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Chapter 15 Additional Features of the AutoCAD Version

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In AutoCAD mode, Haestad products provide a set of extended options and functionality over that
available in Stand-Alone mode. This additional functionality is provided to complement the
advanced power available in the AutoCAD environment. Generally, it provides enhanced user
control over general application settings and options and extends the command set, allowing user
modification of the presentation of Haestad Methods software model elements within AutoCAD.
Key differences between AutoCAD and Stand-Alone mode include:
Element Editing functionality has been extended by adding the Scale Elements and Rotate
Labels commands, accessible under the Edit\Modify Elements pull-down menu, and the
Change Widths under the Edit\Modify Pipes pull-down menu.
You can control the appearance and destination of all model elements using the Element
Properties command under the Tools pull-down menu.
Though right-click context menus are now standard with AutoCAD 2000, a Right-Click
Context Menu Option has been added to provide optional conformity with the Stand-Alone
mode of operation in AutoCAD R14.

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In AutoCAD mode, this command toggles the display of the program toolbars. The following
toolbars are available:
Command Tools Enables the Commands Toolbar for quick access to the main commands,
including computations, table and graphic reports, Quick View, and direct access to the
Haestad Methods Web Site.
Layout Tools Enables the Layout Toolbar for access to the Tool Palette.
Analysis Toolbar Enables the Analysis Toolbar in order to display the current scenario and
provide quick access to the Scenario Manager and Cost Manager. It also displays the current
time step and time step viewing controls (WaterCAD Only).
To toggle the display of the Haestad toolbars, select Toolbars from the View menu.

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When working in the AutoCAD mode, you may work with Haestad Methods products in many
different AutoCAD scales and settings. However, Haestad Methods product elements can only
be created and edited in model space.

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In AutoCAD mode, you can control display of element labels using the checkbox in the Drawing
Options dialog.
The following commands allow you to customize the drawing by turning the visibility of flow
arrows and labels on or off:
To turn on the element labels, type: WTRCLABELSON
To turn them off, type: WTRCLABELSOFF

Chapter 15 Additional Features of the AutoCAD Version

In AutoCAD, it is possible to delete element label text using the ERASE command. You
should not use ERASE to control visibility of labels. If you desire to control the
visibility of a selected group of element labels, you should move them to another layer
that can be frozen or turned off.
See Rebuild Figure Labels for more information on restoring labels that have been
erased using the native AutoCAD command.

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When running WaterCAD in the AutoCAD mode, it is possible to delete associated element label
text entities. Element labels which have been erased can be selectively undeleted using the
command WTRCREBUILDLABELS.

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When using WaterCAD in AutoCAD mode, there are two files that fundamentally define a
WaterCAD model project:
Drawing File (.DWG) The AutoCAD drawing file contains the custom entities that define
the model, in addition to the planimetric base drawing information that serves as the model
background.
Model File (.WCD) The native WaterCAD model database file that contains all the element
properties, along with other important model data. WaterCAD .WCD files can be loaded and
run using the Stand-alone mode. These files may be copied and sent to other WaterCAD users
who are interested in running your project. This is the most important file for the WaterCAD
model.
The two files will have the same base name. It is important to understand that simply archiving
the drawing file is not sufficient to reproduce the model. You must also preserve the associated
.WCD file.
Since the .WCD file can be run and modified separately from the .DWG file using Stand-Alone
mode, it is quite possible for the two files to get out of sync. Should you ever modify the model in
Stand-Alone mode and then later load the AutoCAD .DWG file, the WaterCAD program will
compare file dates, and automatically invoke its built-in AutoCAD Synchronization routine.

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Whenever you open a WaterCAD-based drawing file in AutoCAD, the WaterCAD model server
will start. The first thing that the application will do is load the associated WaterCAD database
(.WCD) file. If the time stamps of the drawing and database file are different, WaterCAD will
automatically invoke its synchronization check. This protects against corruption that might
otherwise occur from separately editing the WaterCAD database file in Stand-Alone mode, or
editing proxy elements at an AutoCAD station where the WaterCAD application is not loaded.
The synchronization check will occur in two stages:
First, WaterCAD will iterate across all the drawing model elements and compare their state
with that held in the server model. Any differences it discovers will be listed. WaterCAD
enforces network topological consistency between the server and the drawing state. If model
elements have been deleted or added in the .WCD file during a stand-alone session, or if proxy
elements have been deleted, the application will force the drawing to be consistent with the
native database by restoring or removing any missing or excess drawing custom entities.

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Chapter 15 Additional Features of the AutoCAD Version

After network topology has been synchronized, the application will compare other model and
drawing states such as location, labels, and flow directions. Again, it will list any differences
between the drawing client and server data, and a message box will pop up giving you an
opportunity to indicate which state, drawing or model server, should be adopted during the
second stage of synchronization.
You can run the Synchronization check at any time using the command WTRCSYNCSERVER.

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AutoCAD uses Drawing*.dwg as its default drawing name. Saving your drawing as the default
AutoCAD drawing name (for instance Drawing1.dwg) should be avoided, as it makes overwriting
model data very likely. When you first start AutoCAD, the new empty drawing is titled
Drawing*.dwg, regardless of whether or not one exists in the default directory. Since Haestad
Methods modeling products create model databases associated with the AutoCAD drawing, the
use of Drawing*.dwg as the saved name puts you at risk of getting the AutoCAD drawing and
Haestad Methods modeling files out of sync.
If this situation is forced to occur (save on quit for example), simply restart AutoCAD,
use the open command to open the Drawing*.dwg file from its saved location, and use
the save as command to save the drawing and model data to a different name.

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When working in the AutoCAD mode, this feature will display a tabbed dialog with grids
containing different model element types and their associated properties, along with the properties
of the elements label and annotation. To modify an attribute, double-click each associated grid
cell. Setting changes made in this dialog will be used for any newly created elements. If the
Apply to Existing Figures box is checked, modifications made in this dialog are performed on a
global basis. Property changes will be performed on all elements of the given type. To restrict
global changes to a certain layer for a particular element type, use the "*current*" option setting
for the attribute of interest.
To change the layer of an element, select Tools\Element Properties from the pull-down menu.

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When running in AutoCAD mode, this dialog appears when you double-click the layer name
("*current*" by default) in the Layer column of the Element Properties dialog. This is accessed
by selecting Tools\Element Properties from the pull-down menu. It displays a list of the
available layers and their properties from the current AutoCAD drawing. Click the appropriate
field to select a layer. The "*current*" option will use whatever layer is set to current in your
AutoCAD drawing.

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When running in AutoCAD mode, this dialog appears when you double-click the text style name
("*current*" by default) in the Text Style column of the Labels and Annotation tabs of the
Element Properties dialog. This is accessed by selecting Tools\Element Properties from the
pull-down menu. It displays a list of the available text styles and their properties from the current
AutoCAD drawing. Click the appropriate field to select a text style. The "*current*" option will
use whatever text style is set to current in your AutoCAD drawing.

Chapter 15 Additional Features of the AutoCAD Version

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In AutoCAD mode, this menu selection will open an element editor for any specific element.
Select Edit\Edit Element, then select an element, or type "L" at the command line for a list of
elements to select from. This command is also available by choosing the Select tool, then rightclicking the drawing pane.
The Edit Element command works with the current selection to allow you to generate filtered
reports. Refer to Selecting Elements (AutoCAD Mode) for more information on working with
selections.

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In AutoCAD mode, this command removes all elements in the current selection. Refer to
Selecting Elements (AutoCAD Mode) for more information on working with selections.

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In AutoCAD mode, these commands are selected from the Edit pull-down menu. They are used
for scaling and rotating model entities.

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In AutoCAD mode, this menu selection resizes an element based upon a scale factor. After
choosing this command, select an element or group of elements, and enter the scale factor to be
applied.
To access the scale elements command, select Modify Elements from the Edit pull-down menu.

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In AutoCAD mode, this menu selection rotates the figure label. After choosing this command,
select an element or group of elements, and enter the desired rotation in degrees.

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Pipes may follow a non-linear alignment, since in pressure systems minor losses can be safely
lumped with friction losses without significantly affecting model accuracy. WaterCAD uses the
following specialized commands for editing pipes in AutoCAD:
Insert Bend Use this command to add a bend to a pipe. In AutoCAD, you will be prompted
to select a pipe to bend. Select the pipe and the location you want the bend to appear. The pipe
alignment will automatically conform to this location.
Remove Bend Use this command to remove a specific bend from a pipe. In AutoCAD, you
will be prompted to select a pipe and the specific bend to remove.
Remove All Bends Use this command to completely straighten a pipe that contains bends.
In AutoCAD, you will be prompted to select a pipe, and all bends will disappear.
Change Widths Use this command to change pipe widths. After choosing this command,
select a pipe or group of pipes and enter the desired width. Note that the width entered is
equivalent to the AutoCAD polyline width.

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Chapter 15 Additional Features of the AutoCAD Version

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The primary AutoCAD-based WaterCAD element entities pipes, tanks, reservoirs, pumps and
valves are all implemented using ObjectARX custom objects. Thus, they are vested with a
specialized "model awareness" that ensures that any editing actions you perform will result in an
appropriate update of the model database.
This means that you can perform standard AutoCAD commands as you normally would, and the
model database will be updated automatically to reflect these changes.
It also means that the model will enforce the integrity of the network topological state. Therefore,
if you delete a nodal element such as a junction, its connecting pipes will also be deleted since
their connecting nodes topologically define model pipes.
Using ObjectARX enables the implementation of highly specialized editing actions that are not
available with standard AutoCAD entities. Two examples of this specialized behavior are element
morphs and pipe splits. Again, these modifications will trigger an automatic update of the model
network topology and associated element properties.
Using ObjectARX technology ensures the database will be adjusted and maintained during Undo
and Redo transactions.
A custom model element has certain native text entities associated with it for displaying label and
annotated property values. These associated label and annotation entities may be edited separately
from the model element itself. However, most drawing edits made directly to a model element will
be applied in the appropriate fashion against its associated label and annotation entities. Thus, if
you drag an element to a new location, the annotation and label locations will update as well.

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When running in AutoCAD mode, Haestad Methods products make use of all the advantages that
AutoCAD has, such as plotting capabilities and snap features. Additionally, AutoCAD commands
can be used normally. For example, Haestad Methods elements and annotation can be
manipulated using common AutoCAD commands.

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When using WaterCAD in AutoCAD mode, running the AutoCAD explode command will
transform all Haestad custom entities into equivalent AutoCAD native entities. When a Haestad
custom entity is exploded, all associated database information is lost. Be certain to save the
exploded drawing under a separate filename.
Use Explode to render a drawing for finalizing exhibits and publishing maps of the model
network. You can also deliver exploded drawings to clients or other individuals who do not own a
Haestad Product license, since a fully exploded drawing will not be comprised of any ObjectARX
proxy objects. See Working with Proxies for more information on this topic.

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When using WaterCAD in AutoCAD mode, the AutoCAD commands Move, Scale, Rotate,
Mirror and Array can be used to move elements. Refer to Selecting Elements for more details on
this topic.
To move a node, execute the AutoCAD command either by typing it at the command prompt or
selecting it from the pull-down menu. Follow the AutoCAD prompts, and the node and its

Chapter 15 Additional Features of the AutoCAD Version

associated label will move together. The connecting pipes will shrink or stretch depending on the
new location of the node. This is the only way to move pipes.

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When using WaterCAD in AutoCAD mode, the AutoCAD commands Move, Scale, Rotate,
Mirror and Array can be used to move element text labels. Refer to the help topics Selecting
Elements and Working with Selections in AutoCAD.
To move an element text label separately from the element, click the element label you wish to
move. The grips will appear for the label. Execute the AutoCAD command either by typing it at
the command prompt or selecting it off the tool palette. Follow the AutoCAD prompts, and the
label will be moved without the element.

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When using WaterCAD in AutoCAD mode, the Snap menu is a standard AutoCAD menu that
provides options for picking an exact location on an object. Refer to the standard AutoCAD help
system for more information.

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In AutoCAD mode, you have two types of Undo/Redo available to you. From the Edit menu, you
have access to WaterCAD Undo and Redo. Alternatively, you can perform the native AutoCAD
Undo and Redo by typing at the AutoCAD command line. The implementations of the two
different operation types are quite distinct.
The menu-based undo and redo commands operate exclusively on WaterCAD elements by
invoking the commands directly on the model server. The main advantage of using the specialized
command is that you will have unlimited undo and redo levels. This is an important difference,
since in layout or editing it is quite useful to be able to safely undo and redo an arbitrary number
of transactions.
If you use the native AutoCAD undo, you are limited to a single redo level. The
WaterCAD undo/redo is also faster than the native undo/redo. If you are rolling back
WaterCAD model edits, it is recommended that you use the menu-based undo/redo
implementation.
Whenever you invoke a native AutoCAD undo, the server model will be notified when any
WaterCAD entities are affected by the operation. WaterCAD will then synchronize the model to
the drawing state. Wherever possible, the model will seek to map the undo/redo invocation onto
the model servers managed command history. If the drawings state is not consistent with any
pending undo or redo transactions held by the server, WaterCAD will flush the command history.
In this case, the model will synchronize the drawing and server models.
If you undo using the AutoCAD command and you end up restoring WaterCAD
elements that have been previously deleted, morphed, or split, some model state
attributes such as diameters or elevations may be lost, even though the locational and
topological state is fully consistent. This will only happen in situations where the
WaterCAD command history has been flushed. In such cases, you will be warned to
check your data carefully.

243

244

Chapter 15 Additional Features of the AutoCAD Version

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WaterCAD features powerful tools dedicated to assisting you in building WaterCAD models from
existing AutoCAD drawing information. In addition to the standard GIS shapefile conversion
options, there are two specific commands available in the AutoCAD platform that will be
especially useful to the AutoCAD modeler:
Layout Pipe Using Entity
Change Entities to Pipe

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In addition to the standard options available under the Pipe layout command (accessed by clicking
the
button in the WaterCAD Tools toolbar, or by selecting the Tools\Layout\Pipe menu
option), you may elect to use an existing AutoCAD line, polyline, or arc as a template to define an
equivalent WaterCAD pipe or series of pipes.
While you are in the Pipe Layout command, you may invoke the Entity conversion option by
using the Entity keyword, or by selecting Entity from the right-mouse button context menu.
Once selected, you will be prompted to choose an entity to use as a basis for a new pipe, and
conditionally specify the type of nodal WaterCAD element(s) to use at each end of the pipe.
This command is extremely useful for constructing pipes that follow a curved alignment.
In these cases, use an arc as the defining template entity for the pipe creation.

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When running WaterCAD in AutoCAD mode, this special AutoCAD command allows you to use
a selection of AutoCAD entities arcs, lines, polylines, and blocks as a defining template set for
the creation of equivalent WaterCAD elements. This command performs the element generation
in batch fashion. You are prompted for the selection of entities to convert, and the selection is
followed by the Polyline to Pipe Conversion Wizard that leads you through a sequence of steps
defining the basis of the batch conversion. The actual steps to be followed in the Wizard are fully
described in the AutoCAD Polyline to Pipe Conversion topic.
This is an automated batch process that requires some care and attention with respect to
the selection set that is going to be used as a basis for generating actual WaterCAD
model elements. For instance, it may be desirable to select like-sized pipe elements
during each pass. This way, you can use the prototyping capabilities to their greatest
advantage. A little time spent in planning and strategizing a series of individual
conversion steps will go a long way toward preventing confusion, which could necessitate
later re-conversions.
The Change Entities to Pipes command is accessed from the Edit\Change Entities to Pipes
pull-down menu.

Chapter 15 Additional Features of the AutoCAD Version

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When running WaterCAD in AutoCAD mode, this command imports a selected WaterCAD data
(.WCD) file for use in the current drawing. The new project file will now correspond to the
drawing name, i.e. CurrentDrawingName.WCD. Whenever you save changes to the network
model through WaterCAD, the associated .WCD data file is updated and can be loaded into
WaterCAD 4.0 or higher.
To import a WaterCAD model into AutoCAD, select File\Import\WaterCAD.

 :RUNLQJZLWK3UR[LHV
If you open a WaterCAD drawing file on an AutoCAD workstation that does not have the
WaterCAD application installed, you will get an AutoCAD Proxy Information message box. This
is because the executable logic for managing the AutoCAD entities is not available, and the
WaterCAD modeling elements are not associated with the WaterCAD native database.
WaterCAD proxy objects can be moved and erased. However, doing so will put the drawing state
out of sync with the model database if the drawing is saved with its original name. If this happens,
and you later reload the drawing on an AutoCAD station that is running a WaterCAD application,
the application will automatically attempt to reconcile any differences it finds by automatically
loading its Database Synchronization routine.

245

Notes

Appendix A Frequently Asked Questions

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Tips are available in the following categories:

Importing/Exporting
Modeling
Display
Editing

Extensive, up-to-date tips are available at your finger tips by clicking the
button.
This will take you to Haestad Methods web site, where you will be able to look up
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) in our KnowledgeBase and do a search on any
keyword(s). This is available if you are participating in the ClientCare program.
If the information you need is not available in this section, click the Search tab at the top
of the Help window for an index. To make your work easier, WaterCAD and the Help
system are designed to be used together. If you have a high resolution display monitor,
you will probably find it helpful to size the frames of both the program and the Help
windows so that they fit side by side. Then, while using the program, you can use the
right mouse button or the Help button in any dialog box to update the Help window with
context-sensitive Help.

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The following tips will be covered in this section:
Importing Data from Previous WaterCAD/Cybernet Versions
Transitioning from Cybernet v2
Importing EPANET Data
Importing KYPIPE Data
Importing Spot Elevations
Exporting Spot Elevations

247

248

Appendix A Frequently Asked Questions

You can import data from virtually any model using our intuitive and powerful
Database and Shapefile Connections feature.

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Cybernet v1 drawing
No support is available for importing a Cybernet v1 drawing directly into WaterCAD v4. If you
want to import a Cybernet v1 drawing, load it into Cybernet v2 (for DOS) and re-save the data as
a Cybernet v2 drawing. The data can then be imported into WaterCAD v4 following the
procedure described below.
Cybernet v2 drawing
If you are running WaterCAD v4 in AutoCAD mode, simply open the drawing that contains the
Cybernet v2 data. The import Wizard of WaterCAD v4 will automatically begin importing the
data.
If you are running WaterCAD v4 in Stand Alone mode, you must first convert the Cybernet v2
drawing into a special C2W file format that can then be imported into WaterCAD v4. This is
accomplished by using one of the C2W utilities inside any of the following AutoCAD versions:
AutoCAD 12, 13 Dos, 13 Windows, 14, or 2000. Consult the C2W utilities Help for specifics on
its use.
Because the color coding legend is comprised of native entities, the built-in conversion is
unable to automatically remove legend elements. In WaterCAD v3.0 and up in
AutoCAD mode, color coding legends are block inserts. If your Cybernet v2 drawing
contains legends, you must manually edit these out of the drawing.
When using the C2W utility in AutoCAD 12 or 13, there are certain limitations to the
amount of data imported:

Only Cybernet v2 base data is imported. No change records in Cybernet scenarios

are supported.

Cybernet multi-point pump curves are not supported. The C2W utility converts the
pump to a standard three-point curve pump. This may not be the optimum solution
for the multi-point curve. Validate the points chosen, and consider manually
entering the multi-point data.

Cybernet demand patterns are not imported. However, junction node demand type
data is imported. Use the Pattern Manager to enter the Cybernet Extended Period
Simulation GDF curves.

WaterCAD/Cybernet v3 Files
Simply open the WaterCAD v3 file, or import the .WCD file as you normally would in
WaterCAD/Cybernet v3. The .WCD file will be automatically converted to the WaterCAD v4
format.
Once you save this file in WaterCAD v4, it can no longer be opened in
WaterCAD/Cybernet v3.

Appendix A Frequently Asked Questions

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This section is intended to offer you some insight about the tools in this version of WaterCAD that
are different from Cybernet v2 methods.
We have seen the questions that arise in technical support. We designed WaterCAD v3 and v4
specifically to help our users avoid many of these problems, while offering even more flexibility
and a much friendlier interface.
Working with the Graphical Editor
One of the first differences is the interface, aside from just the difference of it being a Windows
application. WaterCAD v4 actually has two interfaces, one for AutoCAD (called WaterCADs
AutoCAD mode), and our own CAD-style stand-alone interface (called WaterCADs Stand-Alone
Mode).
This offers an amazing amount of flexibility, especially since both interfaces can be used with the
exact same hydraulic model. Organizations now have the flexibility to allow AutoCAD users and
non-AutoCAD users to work with the same model, without struggling through any type of
intermediate conversion. Even the style of the two interfaces is similar with identical toolbars and
menus.
Where is the Modeling Control Center (MCC)?
The Modeling Control Center in Cybernet v2 served two purposes: tabular reporting and scenario
management (including calculation). In WaterCAD v4, these same purposes are served by two
separate objects, which are each orders of magnitude better than anything that has come before:
FlexTables and Scenario Management.
Report Tables (Flex Tables)
In Cybernet v2, you were provided with a tabular view of the network that was a bit inflexible and
tedious at times. WaterCAD v4's FlexTables provide tabular reporting tools that are so powerful
and flexible that you can perform your typical tasks in less time than it used to take you just to
enter the MCC.
With features like sorting, filtering, and global editing, you can review and adjust your data in a
fraction of the time it used to take, and with none of the hassle. Even the variables and sequences
that are presented in tabular form are totally customizable to fit your needs.
Scenario Management
Cybernet v2 had two levels of definition: the base data as entered in the AutoCAD interface or
through the Edit menu in the MCC, and scenario changes as entered through the Setup Analysis
menu. Although this was far better than any competing scenario management, it was very limited
and certainly not oriented toward data-reuse.
WaterCAD v4 has a whole new outlook on scenarios, stemming from the basic principle that
every system has unknowns. If there is only one unknown, such as junction demand, for example,
the options are quite simple. With the addition of more unknowns, the options quickly become
difficult to manage. How can a modeler keep track of so many unknowns? Through alternatives
and inheritance.
Alternatives are collections of very specific data, such as junction demands, or pump and valve
operational settings. A scenario references a certain combination of these alternatives, similar to a
slot machine rolling different symbols in and out of each position. Rather than several similar
scenarios each holding onto individually adjusted data, they can instead each reference some of
the same alternatives (just as several slot machine combinations can show the same symbol). This

249

250

Appendix A Frequently Asked Questions

not only allows for far more flexibility, it also greatly reduces the amount of data that is handled,
and improves accuracy.
Inheritance is another attribute of WaterCAD v4s scenario management that adds a level of
functionality that has never existed before. In Cybernet v2, each scenario essentially "inherited"
data from the base model, unless a specific change was made. As mentioned above, this is fine for
individual changes, but it falls apart for subsequent changes. Consider, for example, a system that
is to have pipes replaced in phases. Phase I changes inherit from the base model, but then what
happens for Phase II? Repeat all of the changes from Phase I, and add the changes for Phase II?
And then again for Phase III? It is too easy to overlook a change and make simple typographical
errors.
In WaterCAD v4, there is no limit to the extent of inheritance that could exist. To follow the
example given above, Phase II simply inherits its data from Phase I, and then has whatever
changes are specific to Phase II rehabilitation. Likewise, Phase III inherits from Phase II, and so
on. Best of all, if something changes in Phase I, that change is inherited through the hierarchy
such that all of the children (Phase II, Phase III, etc.) reflect the new data.
There is a scenario tutorial for the stand-alone editor, and there is a scenario Wizard to help you
through your first few scenario creations. Once you have seen what alternatives and inheritance
can do for your model, you will be glad that you spent a few minutes getting familiar with them.
Using the Scenario Manager
Scenario functionality is extended even further by the presence of comparative tools, such as
graphing. Scenario results can be directly compared graphically, plotting all of the scenarios on
the same axes. This means that determining the effects of things such as system expansion, future
demand increases, and pipe deterioration can all be seen within seconds of running the models.
Combined with batch runs, which is running several scenarios in sequence, scenario management
has reached a level that most modelers have only dreamed of until now.
Demand Alternatives
With the new scenario management, demand loading also has all new flexibility. Rather than
being limited to Avg. Day, Max Day, Peak Hr., User 1 and User 2, there are an unlimited number
of demand alternatives available in WaterCAD v4. You can still have global demand and global
roughness factors for your WaterCAD v4 model, so you can make minor adjustments during
calibration without having to generate new alternatives.
Composite Demands
As well as having an unlimited number of demand alternatives, there is also no limit to the number
of different demand types you can have. Cybernet v2 was limited to five demand types (1, 2, 3, 4,
and Fixed), but WaterCAD v4 allows as many different types necessary. Also, demands can have
alpha-numeric labels, such as "Residential", "Commercial", and "Industry XYZ." This enables
you to model service connections with much more detail, because you can specify diurnal demand
patterns for any number of special individual customers.
In addition to demands, WaterCAD v4 also provides inflow, or flows that are introduced into the
system.
Perhaps the best improvement for demands, however, is the ability to attribute more than one type
of demand to a given junction node. An unlimited number of different customer types can all
contribute to the total demand at a single junction, so there is no need to estimate an equivalent
demand type or add another demand type to a "fake" junction immediately adjacent to another
node.

Appendix A Frequently Asked Questions

Links to Graphical Information Systems (GIS) and Databases
One of the most exciting developments of the software industry in the 1990s has been the push for
data reuse. Constantly improving database capabilities, published file formats (such as the
Shapefile format), and even tools as simple as the Windows clipboard are all contributing to a
level of data sharing that has never been seen before. WaterCAD v4 is right there on the leading
edge.
With WaterCAD v4s new database connectivity, your hydraulic model can easily be linked to
virtually any major database, spreadsheet, or GIS product currently in use today. Shapefile
wizards and flexible database linking tools make the process simple and straightforward, without
anchoring you to a specific database layout or units system.
Control Valves
Cybernet v2 provided you with three types of controlling valves: Pressure Reducing Valves
(PRV's), Pressure Sustaining Valves (PSV's), and Flow Control Valves (FCVs).
WaterCAD v4 expands the options to include two additional types: Pressure Breaker Valves
(PBV's) that create a constant headloss across the valve, and Throttle Control Valves (TCV's) that
allow you to adjust minor loss coefficients based on system pressures, HGL's, or time.
Cybernet v2 also allowed a valve setting of "Maintain Always" for PRV's and FCV's. These
settings were primarily used to simulate a pump for preliminary design work. Through numerous
support calls and dozens of inaccurate models, however, we found that this feature was often
misused, resulting in frustration. These "Maintain Always" settings are no longer supported in
WaterCAD v4. Instead, we offer a wider variety of pump options to encourage modelers to make
better educated guesses and better preliminary design decisions.
Pumps and Pump Curves
Cybernet v2 pumps can be categorized as one of three types: constant horsepower, three-point, and
multi-point (up to eleven points).
In WaterCAD v4, three-point pump curves are still fully supported, as are multi-point pump
curves. In fact, there is no limit to the number of points you can enter to approximate the pump's
exponential curve.
Although we continue to discourage the use of constant horsepower pumps (for many of the same
reasons we discouraged the use of "Maintain Always" setting for valves), this type of pump is still
available in WaterCAD v4. However, do not use one unless you have actually looked at a
constant horsepower curve. It only resembles the shape of a typical pump curve over a very short
range near the best efficiency point, and diverges from this curve rapidly as the curve becomes
asymptotic to both the head and discharge axes.
If you are performing a preliminary design or if you have another purpose that requires you to
estimate pump characteristics based on insufficient data, consider using a one-point pump curve.
This allows you to enter the design point and approximate a curve based on a typical pump curve.
Of course, nothing beats having actual pump test data so you can generate a truly accurate
representation of your pump, and, subsequently, an accurate representation of the remainder of
your system.
Conclusion
WaterCAD v4 has many more features and enhancements, found in every dialog and button. The
following are a two very important points that we would like to emphasize as you prepare to use
WaterCAD v4 for the first time:

251

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Appendix A Frequently Asked Questions

Tutorials are available in the Stand-Alone editor for a deeper introduction to nearly every
topic, and there is context-sensitive on-line Help available from anywhere in the program by
pressing the F1 key, or by clicking a Help button.
Dont be afraid to explore. Some of the best features can be easy to overlook. Remember,
whenever you see an ellipsis () button it means that a special feature is available. Play with
the model, and most importantly, start to enjoy modeling again.

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From the pull-down menu, select File\Import\Network and choose EPANet (inp). Then, from
the File\Open dialog, select the file you would like to import. During the import procedure, you
will be prompted for a map scale factor. You may also be asked to specify the Unit of
Concentration.
In EPANET, pumps and valves are modeled as links. In this program, they are
graphically modeled as node elements. Hence, during an import, each EPANET valve
and pump link is replaced by two pipes and one pump or valve element. This will not
affect the behavior of these elements in your system.
In EPANET, tanks can have an optional inactive volume parameter. If this parameter is
omitted from the input file or a zero is entered for this parameter, the EPANET
numerical engine will compute an inactive volume based on the tank's diameter and the
minimum level. To mimic this behavior, this software will calculate the inactive volume
and display it in the tank data upon import of the file. When using this software, it is
important to remember that zero inactive volume means zero inactive volume, and not
some internally computed value.

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This program supports the import of KYpipe 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 data sets. If the data set does not
include geometry data, all nodes will be assigned a coordinate of (0,0). This has no effect on the
hydraulic state of the model. Pipe lengths will not be computed based on the coordinates of the
end nodes, but will be taken directly from the KYpipe data set.
This program only supports the import of the pipes and nodes of a KYpipe model. You must
insert pumps, valves, and tanks into the current project.

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A series of spot elevations can be imported from an ASCII text file, which might be generated
from a survey data recorder or another software program. These ASCII files can contain a
combination of the information that is required for spot elevations, such as the label, coordinates,
and elevation. The fields in the text file are usually separated by either blank spaces or commas.

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All of the spot elevations in the current project can be exported to an ASCII text file, from which
they can be brought into a spreadsheet, word processor, or other program. These ASCII files can
contain a combination of the information that is required for spot elevations, such as the label,
coordinates, and elevation. The fields in the text file are usually separated by either blank spaces
or commas.

Appendix A Frequently Asked Questions

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As a result of overwhelming user feedback, as well as through a review of common technical
support questions, Haestad Methods has decided to make a fundamental change in the way
pump/valve connectivity is modeled. These elements are now handled as nodes, whereas they
were previously represented as links in database and GIS connections prior to the release of
WaterCAD v4. Unfortunately, this change will impact existing users who have built database
connections using WaterCAD Version 3.5 and earlier. However, a survey of our customers has
shown that nodes are the natural and preferred way to represent a pump or valve in a database.
The change is driven by the desire to improve and enhance the mapping of these elements onto
GIS and enterprise data. Haestad Methods has invested significant effort to separate the model
representation of pumps and valves from the user view of these elements.
Specific changes are as follows:
Pumps and valves were formerly to be represented in the model as links, with To and From
Node attributes. Now pumps and valves are represented as nodes, with To and From Pipe
attributes.
Pumps and valves exported to the Links Table will not be restored to the model. If the user
tries to import a Link Table containing pumps and valves, the items in the table will be created
as new pipes of zero length and at coordinates of (0,0).
The import of pump and valve tables will work as expected, with the exception of the items
listed above.

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This section presents some FAQs related to modeling water distribution networks with
WaterCAD. Also, please keep in mind that Haestad Methods offers workshops in North America
and abroad throughout the year. These workshops cover these modeling topics and others in
depth. The following modeling tips are presented in this chapter:
Modeling a Hydropneumatic Tank
Modeling a Pumped Groundwater Well
Parallel Pipes
Modeling Pumps in Parallel and Series
Modeling Hydraulically Close Tanks
Modeling Fire Hydrants
Modeling a Connection to an Existing Water Main
Creating a System Head Curve
Top Feed/Bottom Gravity Discharge Tank
Variable Speed Pump Maintaining a Constant Downstream Pressure

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Hydropneumatic tanks can be modeled using a regular tank element and converting the tank
pressures into equivalent water surface elevations. Based on the elevation differences, the tanks
cross-sectional area can then be determined.

253

254

Appendix A Frequently Asked Questions

For example, consider a hydropneumatic tank that operates between 50 psig and 60 psig. The
tanks storage volume is approximately 50 cubic feet.
The tank base elevation is chosen to be equal to the ground elevation, and the pressures are
converted into feet of water (1 psi = 2.31 feet). It is apparent that the tank operates between levels
of 115.5 feet and 138.6 feet. The difference between the levels is 23.1 feet, which brings us to a
needed cross-section of 2.16 square feet.

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A groundwater well is modeled using a combination of a reservoir and a pump. Set the hydraulic
grade line of the reservoir at the static groundwater elevation. The hydraulic grade line can be
entered on the reservoir tab of the reservoir editor dialog box, or under the Reservoir Surface
Elevation column heading in the Reservoir Report.
Pump curve data can be entered on the Pump tab of the Pump editor. The following example will
demonstrate how to adjust the manufacturers pump curve to account for drawdown at higher
pumping rates. Drawdown occurs when the well is not able to recharge quickly enough to
maintain the static groundwater elevation at high pumping rates.

Pump Curve Accounting for Drawdown

Example:
The pump manufacturer provides the following data in a pump catalog:
Head (ft)

Discharge (gpm)

1260

1180

8300

1030

12400

Based on field conditions and test results, the following drawdown data is known:
Drawdown (ft)

Discharge (gpm)

40

8300

72

12400

To account for the drawdown, the pump curves should be offset by the difference between the
static and pumped groundwater elevations. Subtract the drawdown amount from the pump head,
and use these new values for your pump curve head data.
The following adjusted pump curve data is based on the drawdown and the manufacturers pump
data.

Appendix A Frequently Asked Questions

255
Head (ft)

Discharge (gpm)

1260

1140

8300

958

12400

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With some water distribution models, parallel pipes are not allowed. This forces you to create an
equivalent pipe with the same characteristics.
With this program, however, you can create parallel pipes simply by drawing the pipes with the
same end nodes. To avoid having pipes drawn exactly on top of one another, it is recommended
that the pipes have at least one vertex, or bend, inserted into them.
Pipe Bends

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Parallel pumps can be modeled by inserting a pump on different pipes that have the same From
and To Nodes. Pumps in series (one pump discharges directly into another pumps intake) can be
modeled by having the pumps located on the same pipe. The following figure illustrates this
concept:

Pumps in Parallel and Series

If the pumps are identical, the system may also be modeled as a single, composite pump that has a
characteristic curve equivalent to the two individual pumps. For pumps in parallel, the discharge
is multiplied by the number of pumps, and used against the same head value. Two pumps in series
result in an effective pump with twice the head at the same discharge.
For example, two pumps that can individually operate at 150 gpm at a head of 80 feet connected in
parallel will have a combined discharge of 2150 = 300 gpm at 80 feet. The same two pumps in
series would pump 150 gpm at 280 = 160 feet of head. This is illustrated as follows:

256

Appendix A Frequently Asked Questions

Pump Curves of Pumps in Series and Parallel

With pumps in series, it is actually more desirable to use a composite pump than to use
multiple pumps in the network. When pumps shut off, it is easier to control one pump.
Several pumps in series can even cause disconnections by checking if upstream grades
are greater than the downstream grade plus the pump heads.

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If tanks are hydraulically close, as in the case of several tanks adjacent to each other, it is better to
model these tanks as one composite tank with the equivalent total surface area of the individual
tanks.
This process can help to avoid fluctuation that may occur in cases where the tanks are modeled
individually. This fluctuation is caused by small differences in flow rates to or from the adjacent
tanks, which offset the water surface elevations enough over time to become a significant
fluctuation. This results in inaccurate hydraulic grades.

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Fire Hydrant flow can be modeled by using a short, small diameter pipe with a large minor loss, in
accordance with the hydrants manufacturer.

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If you are unable to model an existing system back to the source, but would still like to model a
connection to this system, a reservoir and a pump with a three-point pump curve may be used
instead. This is shown below:

Approximating a Connection to a Water Main with a Pump and a Reservoir

The reservoir simulates the supply of water from the system. The elevation of the reservoir should
be equal to the elevation at the connection point.
The pump and the pump curve will simulate the pressure drops and the available flow from the
existing water system. The points for the pump curve are generated using a mathematical formula

Appendix A Frequently Asked Questions

257

(given below), and data from a fire flow test. The pipe should be smooth, short and wide. For
example, a roughness of 140, length of 1 foot, and diameter of 48 inches are appropriate numbers.
Please note that it is ALWAYS best to model the entire system back to the source. This method is
only an approximation, and may not represent the water system under all flow conditions.
Qr = Qf * [(Hr/Hf)^.54]
Where:

Qr

Flow available at the desired fire flow residual pressure.

Qf

Flow during test.

Hr

Pressure drop to desired residual pressure (Static Pressure minus

Residual Pressure)

Hf

Pressure drop during test (Static Pressure minus Design Pressure)

Example: Determining the Three-Point Pump Curve

First point:
This point is generated by measuring the static pressure at the hydrant when the flow ( Q ) is equal
to zero.
Q = 0 gpm
H = 90 psi or 207.9 feet of head (found from 90 * 2.31)
(2.31 is the conversion factor used to convert psi to feet of head).
Second point:
The engineer chooses a pressure for this point, and the flow is calculated using the formula below.
The value for Q should lie somewhere between the data collected from the test.
Q=?
H = 55 psi or 127.05 feet (found from 55 * 2.31)

(chosen value)

Formula:
Qr = Qf * (Hr/Hf)^.54
Qr = 800 * [((90 55) / (90 22))^.54]
Qr = 800 * [(35 / 68)^.54]
Qr = 800 * [.514^.54]
Qr = 800 * .69
Qr = 558
Therefore,
Q = 558 gpm
Third point:
This point is generated by measuring the flow ( Q ) at the residual pressure of the hydrant.
Q = 800 gpm
H = 22 psi or 50.82 ft. of head (from 22 * 2.31)

258

Appendix A Frequently Asked Questions

Pump curve values for this example:
Head (ft)

Discharge (gpm)

207.90

127.05

558

50.82

800

$ &UHDWLQJD6\VWHP+HDG&XUYH
A system head curve is a graph of the increase in head across a system as flow increases. The
curve can be used to find an appropriate sized pump for a system, or to find a pumps operating
point. The operating point is at the intersection of the system head and pump head curves.
Pump and System Head Curve

To create a system head curve, you must first replace your pump with two nodes with a gap
between them, as shown below.
Model Modification for Creating a System Curve

Appendix A Frequently Asked Questions

259

Next, apply a demand to the node that would be the suction side of the pump and an inflow to the
node that would be the discharge side of the pump. An inflow can be applied to a node by
changing the demand in the Type column of the Demand table to inflow. Now run the model.
After running the model, click the suction side node and record the Hydraulic Grade. Then, click
the discharge side node and record the Hydraulic Grade. The difference between the two is the
change in head at that flow.
Repeat the above steps to find the change in head for several different flows. Then, graph all of
the points to create the system head curve.

$ 7RS)HHG%RWWRP*UDYLW\'LVFKDUJH7DQN
A tank element in WaterCAD is modeled as a bottom feed tank. Some tanks, however, are fed
from the top, which is different hydraulically and should be modeled as such.

Top Feed/Bottom Gravity Tank

To model a top feed tank, start by placing a pressure sustaining valve (PSV) at the end of the tank
inlet pipe. Set the elevation of the PSV to the elevation of the tank inlet. The pressure setting of
the PSV should be set to zero to simulate the pressure at the outfall of the pipe.
Next, connect the downstream end of the PSV to the tank with a short, smooth, large diameter
pipe. The pipe must have these properties so that the headloss through it will be minimal.
The tank attributes can be entered normally using the actual diameter and water elevations.
The outlet of the tank can then proceed to the distribution system.

260

Appendix A Frequently Asked Questions

Example Layout

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To model a variable speed pump that is set to maintain a constant downstream pressure you will
want to use a multiple point pump curve. Enter the points so that the maximum pump head is the
downstream pressure to be maintained and the curve remains relatively flat until the pumps
maximum discharge. Then the curve should taper down to its maximum flow rate. With this curve
the pump will discharge flow at the same pressure up until its maximum speed, when its discharge
head will decrease with any increase in discharge.
Alternatively, to model the effect of a variable speed pump you can model a pump with artificially
high design, shutoff, and max operating heads. Then let a PRV downstream of the pump regulate
the head down to the setting of the variable speed pump.
Another method is to regulate the discharge head of the pump by varying the pumps relative speed
factors by using pump controls in concordance with the Affinity laws.

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The following display tips will be discussed in this section:
Changing Units in a Column
Controlling Element and Label Sizing
Color Coding Elements
Reusing Deleted Element Labels

$ &KDQJLQJ8QLWVLQD&ROXPQ
In a Table you may change the units of all the data within any column. To change the units:
3.

Select Use Local Units from the Options menu in the Tabular Report dialog.

4.

Right-click the column heading, or any data item within a column.

5.

Select the Properties option from the pop-up menu.

Appendix A Frequently Asked Questions

6.

Change the units and select OK. All data items in that column will change to the selected
units.
The change of units affects only the data in the Table. It DOES NOT change the units
within your network design.

$ &RQWUROOLQJ(OHPHQWDQG/DEHO6L]LQJ
To change the size of element symbols and labels:
7.

Select Tools\Options from the pull-down menu and select the Drawing tab.

8.

In the Annotation Multipliers group, change the Symbol Size Multiplier to modify the
element size, and the Text Height Multiplier to modify the label size. Smaller numbers will
make the element symbols and text decrease in size.

These changes will affect all symbols and text, including color coding legends, but will not have
any effect on pipe lengths.

$ &RORU&RGLQJ(OHPHQWV
To color code the elements:
1.

Select Tools\Color Coding... from the pull-down menu, or click the Color Coding button on
the toolbar.

2.

In the Color Coding dialog, select the attribute you would like to color code.

3.

Click the Initialize button to automatically build a range of colors. You may decide to
modify these default ranges.

4.

Click OK to color code the drawing.

All link or node elements and their labels will be colored based on the specified ranges. You can
also use the Color Code button to quickly set up and modify Color Coding Options. A Color
Coding Legend may be inserted into the drawing by using the Legend tool located on the Tool
Palette.

$ 5HXVLQJ'HOHWHG(OHPHQW/DEHOV
To make the program reuse the label for a deleted element:
1.

Select Tools\Element Labeling from the pull-down menu.

2.

Enter the ID number for the deleted element in the Next field for the appropriate type of
element.

3.

Click OK.

4.

Add a new element in the drawing editor.

$ (GLWLQJ7LSV
The following tips will be discussed in this section:

261

262

Appendix A Frequently Asked Questions

Special Mouse Tips
Lay out a Pipe as a Multi-segmented Polyline
Make a Pipe into a Multi-segmented Polyline

$ 0RXVH7LSV
The right mouse button can be used to:
Select units and precision for displaying data.
Get context-sensitive Help for dialog boxes and data entry fields.
Open a pop-up context menu of command options for an element.

$ /D\LQJRXWD3LSHDVD0XOWLVHJPHQWHG3RO\OLQH
When laying out pipes using the Pipe Layout tool, this program will allow you to draw pipes with
multiple bends by using the Control key on your keyboard.

7RGUDZDSLSHZLWKEHQGV
1.

Click the Pipe Layout tool to begin laying out your network.

2.

Move the mouse to the desired location, and click to insert the first element.

3.

The layout tool will rubber-band, indicating that a pipe will be inserted when the next element
is added.

In Stand-Alone mode:
1.

At this point, hold down the Control key. The cursor appearance will change to crosshairs to
indicate that pipe bends will be added.

2.

While holding the Control key down, click to insert any number of pipe bends.

3.

When you are through adding pipe bends, release the Control key.

4.

The appearance of the cursor will change to reflect the next element to be added.

5.

Click with the mouse to terminate the pipe and add the next element.

In AutoCAD mode:
1.

Select Bend from the right-click menu.

2.

Draw the pipe as you would draw a polyline.

3.

Right-click and select the end node of the pipe.

$ &KDQJLQJD3LSHLQWRD0XOWLVHJPHQWHG3RO\OLQH
To make a straight pipe into a multi-segmented polyline:
In Stand-Alone Mode:
1.

Right-click the pipe to which you would like to add a vertex.

Appendix A Frequently Asked Questions

2.

From the context menu, select the Bend\Add Bend menu item.

3.

A vertex will be added to the pipe. You may then move the vertex by dragging with the
mouse.

In AutoCAD Mode:
1.

Select Edit from the Main Menu.

2.

Select Modify Pipe.

3.

Select Insert Bend.

4.

Click the location in the pipe where you want the bend.

5.

Use the AutoCAD Move command to move the bend in the pipe.
There is no limit on the number of vertices that a pipe may have.

In Stand-Alone mode, you can remove vertices by selecting the pipe. Right-click the
vertex you wish to remove, and select the Bend\Remove Bend menu item.
In AutoCAD mode, you can remove vertices by selecting Edit\ Modify Pipes\Remove
Bends from the pull-down menu. Select the pipe and the location of the bend that you
would like removed.

263

Notes

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

265

$SSHQGL[%

:DWHU&$'7KHRU\



WaterCAD is a state-of-the-art software tool primarily for use in the modeling and analysis of
water distribution systems. However, the methodology is applicable to any fluid system that has
the following characteristics:
Steady or gradually-varying turbulent flow.
Incompressible, Newtonian, single phase fluids.
Full, closed conduits (pressure systems).
Examples of systems with these characteristics include potable water systems, fire protection
systems, well pumps, and raw water pumping.
The WaterCAD algorithms are anticipated to grow and evolve to keep pace with the state of the
practice in water distribution and water quality modeling. Because the mathematical solution
methods are being continually extended, this manual deals primarily with the fundamental
principles underlying these algorithms, and focuses less on the details of the implementation of the
algorithms.
Acknowledgements
WaterCAD was designed, developed and programmed by Haestad Methods staff of Software
Engineers and Civil Engineers. This program is intended to represent the latest technology in
Windows-based Water Distribution Analysis and Design.
WaterCADs numerical computations are based on research conducted by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) Drinking Water Research Division, Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory, its employees and consultants. As a result, WaterCAD will generate results consistent
with the EPA computer program "EPANET 1."

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% 1HWZRUN+\GUDXOLFV7KHRU\
In practice, pipe networks consist not only of pipes, but of miscellaneous fittings, storage tanks
and reservoirs, meters, regulating valves, pumps, and electronic and mechanical controls. For
modeling purposes, these system elements are organized into the following categories:
Pipes Transport water from one location (or node) to another.

266

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

Junctions Nodes Specific points, or nodes, in the system at which an event of interest is
occurring. This includes points where pipes intersect, where there are major demands on the
system such as a large industry, a cluster of houses, or a fire hydrant, or critical points in the
system where pressures are important for analysis purposes.
Reservoirs and Tanks Boundary nodes with a known hydraulic grade that define the initial
hydraulic grades for any computational cycle. They form the baseline hydraulic constraints
used to determine the condition of all other nodes during system operation. Boundary nodes
are elements such as tanks, reservoirs, and pressure sources.
Pumps Represented as nodes. Their purpose is to provide energy to the system and raise the
water pressure.
Valves Mechanical devices used to stop or control the flow through a pipe, or to control the
pressure in the pipe upstream or downstream of the valve. They result in a loss of energy in
the system.
An event or condition at one point in the system can affect all other parts of the system. While this
complicates the approach that the engineer must take to find a solution, there are some governing
principles that drive the behavior of the network, including the Conservation of Mass and Energy
Principle, and the Energy Principle.
The two modes of analysis are Steady-State Network Hydraulics and Extended Period Simulation.
Regardless of the mode used, this program solves for the distributions of flows and hydraulic
grades using the Gradient Algorithm.

% 7KH(QHUJ\3ULQFLSOH
The first law of thermodynamics states that for any given system, the change in energy is equal to
the difference between the heat transferred to the system and the work done by the system on its
surroundings during a given time interval.
The energy referred to in this principle represents the total energy of the system minus the sum of
the potential, kinetic, and internal (molecular) forms of energy, such as electrical and chemical
energy. The internal energy changes are commonly disregarded in water distribution analysis
because of their relatively small magnitude.
In hydraulic applications, energy is often represented with units of energy per unit weight,
resulting in units of length. Using these length equivalents gives engineers a better feel for the
resulting behavior of the system. When using these length equivalents, the state of the system is
expressed in terms of head. The energy at any point within a hydraulic system is often represented
in three parts:
Pressure Head:

p/

Elevation Head:

Velocity Head:

V2/2g

Where:

Pressure (N/m2, lb/ft2)

Specific weight (N/m3, lb/ft3)

Elevation (m, ft)

Velocity (m/s, ft/s)

Gravitational acceleration constant (m/s2, ft/s2)

These quantities can be used to express the headloss or head gain between two locations using the
energy equation.

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

267

% 7KH(QHUJ\(TXDWLRQ
In addition to pressure head, elevation head, and velocity head, there may also be head added to
the system, by a pump for instance, and head removed from the system due to friction. These
changes in head are referred to as head gains and head losses, respectively. Balancing the energy
across two points in the system, we then obtain the energy equation:

p1

+ z1 +

Where:

V12
p
V 2
+ h p = 2 + z 2 + 2 + hL
2g
2g
p

Pressure (N/m2, lb/ft2)

Specific weight of the fluid (N/m3, lb/ft3)

Elevation at the centroid (m, ft)

Fluid velocity (m/s, ft/s)

Gravitational acceleration (m/s2, ft/s2)

hp

Head gain from a pump (m, ft)

hL

Combined headloss (m, ft)

The components of the energy equation can be combined to express two useful quantities, which
are the hydraulic grade and the energy grade.

% +\GUDXOLFDQG(QHUJ\*UDGHV
Hydraulic Grade
The hydraulic grade is the sum of the pressure head ( p/ ) and elevation head ( z ). The hydraulic
head represents the height to which a water column would rise in a piezometer. The plot of the
hydraulic grade in a profile is often referred to as the hydraulic grade line, or HGL.
Energy Grade
The energy grade is the sum of the hydraulic grade and the velocity head ( V2/2g ). This is the
height to which a column of water would rise in a pitot tube. The plot of the hydraulic grade in a
profile is often referred to as the energy grade line, or EGL. At a lake or reservoir, where the
velocity is essentially zero, the EGL is equal to the HGL, as can be seen in the figure below.

268

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

EGL and HGL

% &RQVHUYDWLRQRI0DVVDQG(QHUJ\
Conservation of Mass
At any node in a system containing incompressible fluid, the total volumetric or mass flows in
must equal the flows out, less the change in storage. Separating these into flows from connecting
pipes, demands, and storage, we obtain:

QIN t = Q OUT t + VS
Where:

QIN

Total flow into the node (m3/s, cfs)

QOUT

Total demand at the node (m3/s, cfs)

VS

Change in storage volume (m3, ft3)

Change in time (s)

Conservation of Energy
The conservation of energy principle states that the headlosses through the system must balance
throughout the loop at each point. For pressure networks, this means that the total headloss
between any two nodes in the system must be the same regardless of what path is taken between
the two points. The headloss must be sign consistent with the assumed flow direction (i.e. gain
head when proceeding opposite the flow and lose head when proceeding with the flow).

Conservation of Energy

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

269

The same basic principle can be applied to any path between two points. As shown in the figure
above, the combined headloss around a loop must equal zero in order to achieve the same
hydraulic grade as at the beginning.

% 7KH*UDGLHQW$OJRULWKP
The gradient algorithm for the solution of pipe networks is formulated upon the full set of system
equations that model both heads and flows. Since both continuity and energy are balanced and
solved with each iteration, the method is theoretically guaranteed to deliver the same level of
accuracy observed and expected in other well known algorithms such as the Simultaneous Path
Adjustment Method (Fowler) and the Linear Theory Method (Wood).
In addition, there are a number of other advantages that this method has over other algorithms for
the solution of pipe network systems:
The method can directly solve both looped and partly branched networks. This gives it a
computational advantage over some loop-based algorithms, such as Simultaneous Path, which
require the reformulation of the network into equivalent looped networks or pseudo-loops.
Using the method avoids the post-computation step of loop and path definition, which adds
significantly to the overhead of system computation.
The method is not numerically unstable when the system becomes disconnected by check
valves, pressure regulating valves, or modelers error. The loop and path methods fail in these
situations.
The structure of the generated system of equations allows the use of extremely fast and reliable
sparse matrix solvers.
The derivation of the Gradient Algorithm starts with two matrices and ends as a working system
of equations.

% 'HULYDWLRQRIWKH*UDGLHQW$OJRULWKP
Given a network defined by N unknown head nodes, P links of unknown flow, and B boundary or
fixed head nodes, the network topology can be expressed in two incidence matrices:

A 12 = A 21T

(P x N) Unknown head nodes incidence matrix

A 10 = A 01T

(P x B) Fixed head nodes incidence matrix

and

The following convention is used to assign matrix values:

A 12 (i, j) =

1, 0, or -1

if flow of pipe i enters, is not connected, or leaves node j,

respectively.

Assigned nodal demands are given by:

q T = [q1, q 2 ,..., qN ]

(1 x N) nodal demand vector

270

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

Assigned boundary nodal heads are given by:

H f T = [H f 1, H f 2 ,...H f B ]

(1 x B) fixed nodal head vector

The headloss or gain transform is expressed in the matrix:

F T (Q) = [f1, f 2 ,..., fP ]

(1 x P) non-linear laws expressing headlosses in links

fi = fi (Qi )
These matrix elements that define known or iterative network state can be used to compute the
final steady-state network represented by the matrix quantities for unknown flow and unknown
nodal head.
Unknown link flow quantities are defined by:

Q T = [Q1, Q 2 ,..., Q P ]

(1 x P) unknown link flow rate vector

Unknown nodal heads are defined by:

HT = [H1,H2 ,..., HN ]

(1 x N) unknown nodal head vector

These topologic and quantity matrices can be formulated into the generalized matrix expression
using the laws of energy and mass conservation:

A 12H + F(Q) = A 10H f

A 12 Q = q
A second diagonal matrix that implements the vectorized head change coefficients is introduced It
is generalized for Hazen-Williams friction losses in this case:

A 11

R Q n1 1
1 1

R2 Q2

n2 1

...

...

n 1
R P QP P

This yields the full expression of the network response in matrix form:

A 11 A 12 Q A 10H f
=

0 H
q

A 21
To solve the system of non-linear equations, the Newton-Raphson iterative scheme can be
obtained by differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to Q and H to get:

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

271

NA 11 A 12 dQ dE
=

0 dH dq
A 21
with

n1

n2

N=

...

nP

The final recursive form of the Newton-Raphson algorithm can now be derived after matrix
inversion and various algebraic manipulations and substitutions (not presented here). The working
system of equations for each solution iteration, k, is given by:
1

H k +1 = (A 21 N 1 A11 A12 ) 1 A 21 N 1 (Q k + A11 A10 H f ) + (q A 21Q k

Q k +1 = (1 N 1 )Q k N 1 A 11 (A12 H k +1 + A10 H f )
The solution for each unknown nodal head for each time iteration is computationally intensive.
This high speed solution utilizes a highly optimized sparse matrix solver that is specifically
tailored to the structure of this matrix system of equations.
Sources:
Todini, E. and S. Pilati, "A gradient Algorithm for the Analysis of Pipe Networks", Computer
Applications in Water Supply, Vol. 1 Systems Analysis and Simulation, edited by Bryan
Coulbeck and Chun-Hou Orr, Research Studies Press LTD, Letchworth, Hertfordshire, England.

% 7KH/LQHDU6\VWHP(TXDWLRQ6ROYHU
The Conjugate Gradient method is one method that, in theory, converges to an exact solution in a
limited number of steps. The Conjugate Gradient working equation can be expressed for the
pressure network system of equations as:

Ax = b
where:

x = Hk + 1

b = A 21N 1(Q k + A 111A 10H f ) + (q A 21Q k

The structure of the system matrix A at the point of solution is:

A = A 21(NA 11 ) 1 A 12 = A 21DA 12
and it can be seen that the nature of the topological matrix components yields a total working
matrix A that is:

272

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

Symmetric
Positive definite
Stieltjes type
Because of the symmetry, the number of non-zero elements to be retained in the matrix equals the
number of nodes plus the number of links. This results in a low density, highly sparse matrix
form. It follows that an iterative solution scheme would be preferred over direct matrix inversion,
in order to avoid matrix fill-in which serves to increase the computational effort.
Because the system is symmetric and positive definite, a Cholesky factorization can be performed
to give:

A = LLT
where L is the lower triangular with positive diagonal elements. Making the Cholesky
factorization allows the system to be solved in two steps:

y = L1b
x = (LT ) 1 y
The use of this approach over more general sparse matrix solvers that implement traditional
Gaussian elimination methods without consideration to matrix symmetry is preferred, since
performance gains are considerable. The algorithm utilized in this software solves the system of
equations using a variant of Choleskys method which has been optimized to reduce fill-in of the
factorization matrix, thus minimizing storage and reducing overall computational effort.

% 3XPS7KHRU\
Pumps are an integral part of many pressure systems. Pumps add energy, or head gains, to the
flow to counteract headlosses and hydraulic grade differentials within the system.
A pump is defined by its characteristic curve, which relates the pump head, or the head added to
the system, to the flow rate. This curve is indicative of the ability of the pump to add head at
different flow rates. To model behavior of the pump system, additional information is needed to
ascertain the actual point at which the pump will be operating.
The system operating point is based on the point at which the pump curve crosses the system
curve representing the static lift, headlosses due to friction and minor losses. When these curves
are superimposed, the operating point can easily be found. This is shown in the figure below.

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

273
System Operating Point

As water surface elevations and demands throughout the system change, the static head (Hs) and
headlosses (HL) vary. This changes the location of the system curve, while the pump
characteristic curve remains constant. These shifts in the system curve result in a shifting
operating point over time.
9DULDEOH6SHHG3XPSV
A pumps characteristic curve is fixed for a given motor speed and impeller diameter, but can be
determined for any speed and any diameter by applying the Affinity Laws. For variable speed
pumps, these Affinity Laws are presented as:

Q1
n
= 1
Q2 n2
Where:

and

h1 n1

=
h 2 n 2

Pump flowrate (m3/s, cfs)

Pump head (m, ft)

Pump speed (rpm)

Effect of Relative Speed on Pump Curve

274

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

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During preliminary studies, the exact characteristics of the constant horsepower pump may not be
known. In these cases, the assumption is often made that the pump is adding energy to the water at
a constant rate. Based on power-head-flowrate relationships for pumps, the operating point of the
pump can then be determined. Although this assumption is useful for some applications, a
constant horsepower pump should only be used for preliminary studies.

% 3XPS7\SH
This software currently models six different types of pumps:
Design Point (One-Point) A pump can be defined by a single design point (Hd, Qd). From
this point, the curve's interception with the head and discharge axes is computed as Ho =
1.33Hd and Qo = 2.00Qd. This type of pump is useful for preliminary designs, but should not
be used for final analysis.
Standard (Three-Point) This pump curve is defined by three points the shutoff head
(pump head at zero discharge), the design point (as with the single-point pump), and the
maximum operating point (the highest discharge at which the pump performs predictably).
Standard Extended This is the same as the standard three-point pump, but with an extended
point at the zero pump head point. This is automatically calculated by the program.
Custom Extended The custom extended pump is similar to the standard extended pump, but
allows you to enter the discharge at zero pump head.
Multiple Point This option allows you to define a custom rating curve for a pump. The
pump curve is defined by entering points for discharge rates at various heads. Since the general
pump equation, shown below, is used to simulate the pump during the network computations,
the user-defined pump curve points are used to solve for coefficients in the general pump
equation:

Y = A (B Q C )
Where:

Head (m, ft)

Discharge (m3/s, cfs)

A,B,C

Pump curve coefficients

The Levenberg-Marquardt Method is used to solve for A, B and C based on the given
multiple-point rating curve.
Constant Power These pumps may be useful for preliminary designs and estimating pump
size, but should not be used for any analysis for which more accurate results are desired.
Whenever possible, avoid using constant power or design point pumps. They are often
enticing because they require less work on behalf of the engineer, but they are much less
accurate than a pump curve based on several representative points.

It is not necessary to place a check valve on the pipe immediately downstream of a

pump, because pumps have built in check valves that prevent reverse flow.

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

% 9DOYH7KHRU\
There are several types of valves that may be present in a pressurized system. These valves have
different behaviors and different responsibilities, but all valves are used for automatically
controlling parts of the system. They can be opened, closed, or throttled to achieve the desired
result.
Check Valves (CVs)
Check valves are used to maintain flow in only one direction by closing when the flow begins to
reverse. When the flow is in the specified direction of the check valve, it is considered to be fully
open. Check valves are added to the network on a pipe element.
Flow Control Valves (FCVs)
A flow control valve limits the flow rate through the valve to a specified value in a specified
direction. These valves are commonly found in areas where a water district has contracted with
another district or a private developer to limit the maximum demand to a value that will not
adversely affect the providers system.
Pressure Reducing Valves (PRVs)
Pressure reducing valves are often used for separate pressure zones in water distribution networks.
These valves prevent the pressure downstream from exceeding a specified level in order to avoid
pressures that could have damaging effects on the system.
Pressure Sustaining Valves (PSVs)
Pressure sustaining valves maintain a specified pressure upstream from the valve. Similar to the
other regulating valves, these are often used to ensure that pressures in the system (upstream, in
this case) will not drop to unacceptable levels.
Pressure Breaker Valves (PBVs)
Pressure breaker valves create a specified headloss across the valve, and are often used for model
components that cannot be easily modeled using standard minor loss elements.
Throttle Control Valves (TCVs)
Throttle control valves simulate minor loss elements whose headloss characteristics change over
time.

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% )ULFWLRQ0HWKRG7KHRU\
Energy Losses in Pipes
The energy loss (hL) in a piping system may be due to a combination of several factors. The
primary cause of energy loss is due to friction between the fluid and the conduit wall. Since this
friction is present throughout the length of any given pipe, the energy grade line and hydraulic
grade line drop continuously in the direction of flow.
Secondary causes of energy loss are due to localized areas of increased turbulence and disruption
of the streamlines. These disruptions are caused by valves, meters, or fittings, and are called
minor losses. These minor losses are often negligible relative to friction losses, and may

275

276

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

sometimes be ignored in an analysis. While the term "minor" is a reasonable generalization for
most large-scale water distribution models, it may not always be the case. In piping systems that
contain numerous fittings relative to the total length of pipe, the minor losses may have a
significant impact on the energy losses.
Friction Losses
There are many equations that model friction losses associated with the flow of a liquid through a
pressure pipe. The three most commonly used methods are:
Hazen-Williams
Darcy-Weisbach (Jains)
Manning
The Darcy-Weisbach method is applicable to a wide range of fluids, while the Hazen-Williams
and Mannings equations are based on empirical development and are only applicable for water
modeling. All of these methods calculate friction losses as a function of the fluids velocity and a
measure of the pipes resistance to flow (roughness).
Typical pipe roughness values for all of these methods are shown in the Roughness Table at the
end of this chapter. Of course, these values may vary depending on the manufacturer,
workmanship, age, and many other factors.

% )ULFWLRQ/RVV0HWKRGV
+D]HQ:LOOLDPV(TXDWLRQ
The Hazen-Williams Formula is frequently used in the analysis of pressure pipe systems (such as
water distribution networks and sewer force mains). The formula is as follows:

Q = k C A R0.63 S0.54
Where:

Discharge in the section (m3/s, cfs)

Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient (unitless)

Flow area (m2, ft2)

Hydraulic radius (m, ft)

Friction slope (m/m, ft/ft)

Constant (0.85 for SI, 1.32 for US).

'DUF\:HLVEDFK(TXDWLRQ
Because of its non-empirical origins, the Darcy-Weisbach equation is viewed by many engineers
as the most accurate method for modeling friction losses. It most commonly takes the following
form:

hf = f

Where:

L V2
D 2g
hf

Headloss (m, ft)

Darcy-Weisbach friction factor (unitless)

Pipe diameter (m, ft)

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

277

Pipe length (m, ft)

Flow velocity (m/s, ft/s)

Gravitational acceleration constant (m/s2, ft/s2)

For section geometries that are not circular, this equation is adapted by relating a circular sections
full-flow hydraulic radius to its diameter:
D=4R
Where:

Hydraulic radius (m, ft)

This can then be rearranged to the form:

Q = A 8g

Where:

RS
f

Discharge (m3/s, cfs)

Flow area (m2, ft2)

Hydraulic radius (m, ft)

Friction slope (m/m, ft/ft)

Darcy-Weisbach friction factor (unitless)

Gravitational acceleration constant (m/s2, ft/s2)

The Swamme and Jain equation can then be used to calculate the friction factor.
6ZDPPHDQG-DLQ(TXDWLRQ

f=

1.325

ln k 3.7D + 5.74 0.9

R e

Where:

Friction factor (unitless)

Roughness height (m, ft)

Pipe diameter (m, ft)

Re

Reynolds number (unitless)

The friction factor is dependent on the Reynolds number of the flow, which is dependent on the
flow velocity, which is dependent on the discharge As you can see, this process requires the
iterative selection of a friction factor until the calculated discharge agrees with the chosen friction
factor.
The Kinematic Viscosity is used in determining the friction coefficient in the DarcyWeisbach Friction Method. The default units are initially set by the software.

278

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

0DQQLQJ
V(TXDWLRQ
Mannings equation is one of the most popular methods in use today for free surface flow (and,
like Kutters equation, is based on Chezys equation). For Mannings equation, the roughness
coefficient in Chezys equation is calculated as:

C=k
Where:

R1/ 6
n
C

Chezys roughness coefficient (m1/2/s, ft1/2/s)

Hydraulic radius (m, ft)

Mannings roughness (unitless)

Constant (1.00 m1/3/s, 1.49 ft1/3/s)

Substituting this roughness C into Chezys equation, we obtain the well-known Mannings
equation:

k
A R2 / 3 S1/ 2
n

Q=

Where:

Discharge (m3/s, cfs)

Constant (1.00 m1/3/s, 1.49 ft1/3/s)

Mannings roughness (unitless)

Flow area (m2, ft2)

Hydraulic radius (m, ft)

Friction slope (m/m, ft/ft)

Chezy's equation is reviewed later in this section.

Mannings roughness coefficients are the same as the roughness coefficients used in
Kutters equation.

&ROHEURRN:KLWH(TXDWLRQ
The Colebrook-White equation is used to iteratively calculate for the Darcy-Weisbach friction
factor:
Free Surface

1
f

= 2 log(

k
2.51
+
)
14.8R R e f

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

279

Full Flow (Closed Conduit)

1
f

= 2 log(

Where:

k
2.51
+
)
12.0R Re f

Re

Reynolds Number

Darcy-Weisbach roughness height (m, ft)

Friction factor (unitless)

Hydraulic radius (m, ft)

&KH]\
V(TXDWLRQ
Chezys equation is rarely used directly, but it is the basis for several other methods, including
Mannings equation and Kutters equation. Chezys equation is:

Q =CA RS
Where:

Discharge in the section (m3/s, cfs)

Chezys roughness coefficient (m1/2/s, ft1/2/s)

Flow area (m2, ft2)

Hydraulic radius (m, ft)

Friction slope (m/m, ft/ft)

% 0LQRU/RVVHV
Minor losses in pressure pipes are caused by localized areas of increased turbulence that create a
drop in the energy and hydraulic grades at that point in the system. The magnitude of these losses
is dependent primarily upon the shape of the fitting, which directly affects the flow lines in the
pipe.
The equation most commonly used for determining the loss in a fitting, valve, meter, or other
localized component is:

hm = K

Where:

V2
2g
hm

Loss due to the minor loss element (m, ft)

Velocity (m/s, ft/s)

Gravitational acceleration constant (m/s2, ft/s2)

Loss coefficient for the specific fitting

Typical values for the fitting loss coefficient are included in the Fittings Table at the end of this
chapter.
Generally speaking, more gradual transitions create smoother flow lines and smaller headlosses.
For example, the figure below shows the effects of a radius on typical pipe entrance flow lines.

280

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

Flow Lines at Entrance

% :DWHU4XDOLW\$QDO\VLV
In the past, water distribution systems were designed and operated with little consideration of
water quality, due in part to the difficulty and expense of analyzing a dynamic system. The cost of
extensive sampling and the complex interaction between fluids and constituents encourages the
use of numerical modeling for predicting water quality.
Water Quality Solution Algorithm
This software implements the Eulerian Discrete Volume-Element method (DVEM) to solve the
numerical constituent transport problem for the system being analyzed. The method requires, as
basic input, the complete solution for the distribution of flows (magnitude and direction) for the
network links and nodes at each discrete time step that occurs over an extended period simulation
(EPS). The EPS results generate a sequence of hydraulic steps, which are then reformulated into a
distribution of hydraulic states encapsulated within discrete volume-elements by this softwares
DVEM algorithm. The constituent concentration is determined at each discrete volume-element in
the system for every quality time step over the full duration of the simulation. The assumption is
made that there is complete mixing across finite distances, such as at a junction node or a short
segment of pipe.
The model for solving the constituent transport problem can be used to predict other water quality
parameters including age and trace.

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The first-order reaction rate expression is most commonly used for modeling constituent decay
and growth processes in batch reactions. The first-order function has the form:

R(C i ) = kC i
Where:

Rate of reaction of constituent (mg/l.s)

Reaction rate coefficient of concentration decay (negative) or

Ci

Concentration of substance in liquid (mg/l)

growth (positive) (1/s)

The reaction coefficient is zero for conservative substances.

Assuming this first-order reaction rate gives a closed form solution to the general constituent
transport equation:

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

281

C i (x , t + ) = C i (x u i , t ).e k
Where:

Water quality time step (s)

ui

Mean flow velocity of the water (m/s, ft/s)

Distance in the pipe (positive in the flow direction) (m, ft)

This software implements a first-order reaction rate model that uses a composite reaction rate
coefficient. This effectively simulates reactions occurring in the bulk fluid as well as at the
fluid/pipe wall interface.
Sources:
Rossman, Lewis A., et.al., "Discrete Volume-Element Method for Network Water-Quality
Models", Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Vol. 119, No 5, Sep/Oct, 1993.
Rossman, Lewis A. and Paul F. Boulos, "Numerical Methods for Modeling Water Quality in
Distribution Systems: a Comparison", Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,
Vol. 122, No. 2, Mar/Apr, 1996.

% 5HDFWLRQ5DWH0RGHO
This softwares reaction model recognizes that the growth or decay of a substance is driven by
reactions occurring both within the bulk flow component and with the material along the pipe
wall. The model uses first-order kinetics to simulate the wall and bulk reactions.
The expression for the general substance decay rate model for each link, i , is given below:

k
R (Ci ) = k b Ci f
RH
i

Where:

C C
wi
i

kb

First-order bulk reaction rate constant (1/s)

Ci

Substance concentration in bulk flow (mg/l)

kf

Mass transfer coefficient between bulk flow and pipe wall (m/s,
ft/s)

RHi

Hydraulic radius of pipe (Diameter/4) (m, ft)

Cwi

Substance concentration at the wall (mg/l)

Assuming the rate of reaction at the wall is first order and no net accumulation of material occurs
over the time step, the mass balance at the wall is given by:

Where:

kw

k f C i C wi = k w C wi
=

Wall reaction rate constant (m/s, ft/s)

Solving for the wall concentration and substituting into the general decay rate equation above
results in the general first-order reaction rate expression for substance decay:

R(C i ) = KC i

282

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

Where:

Overall rate constant equal (1/s)

K can be expressed as:

K = kb +

k wk f
R Hi (k w + k f )

It follows that dropping the negative sign ahead of K in the equation above will model the growth
of a substance with mass transfer from the pipe wall to the bulk flow.
In this program, the bulk coefficient and wall reaction rate coefficient are supplied by the user as
part of the constituent properties. These are determined empirically using observed reaction rate
data. A typical scenario might have the bulk coefficient being derived from jar tests, and the wall
coefficient estimated over the course of model calibration by adjusting its value to best match
actual observed field concentrations to simulated results.
The mass transfer coefficient is a function of internal pipe hydraulics, and is computed
automatically by the constituent transport algorithm.

% 0DVV7UDQVIHU&RHIILFLHQW
The mass transfer coefficient, which is used to model the constituent transfer between the bulk
fluid and pipe wall, is calculated internally by the modeling engine using the unitless Sherwood
Number as follows:

kf =

S hD
d

Where:

For R e 2300

kf

Mass transfer coefficient (m/s, ft/s)

Molecular diffusivity of substance in fluid (m2/s, ft2/s)

Sh

Sherwood number (unitless)

Pipe diameter (m, ft)

( turbulent flow ) :

S h = 0.023R e 0.83 S c 0.333

For R e < 2300

(laminar flow) :

Sh = 3.65 +

Where:

0.0668(d / L ) R eSc

1 + 0.04[(d / L ) R eSc ]0.67

Re

Reynolds number (unitless)

Sc

Schmidt number (/d) (unitless)

Pipe length (m, ft)

Flow rate (m3/s, cfs)

Cross-section flow area of the pipe (m2, ft2)

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

283

Kinematic viscosity of fluid (m2/s, ft2/s)

The molecular diffusivity and the kinematic viscosity are supplied by the user.
Sources:
Edwards, D.K., et.al., Transfer Processes, McGraw-Hill, New Your, NY, 1976
Rossman, Lewis A., EPANET Users Manual, Version 1.1, Drinking Water Research Division,
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, USEPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, Jan. 1994.

% $FFXUDF\,VVXHVLQ:DWHU4XDOLW\6LPXODWLRQZLWKWKLV6RIWZDUH
The accuracy of the Discrete Volume-Element method (DVEM) is primarily driven by the size of
the water quality time step, . Unless the modeler provides a user override of this calculation
parameter, this software will automatically compute the time step based upon the minimum pipe
travel time in the system. Note that transport across pumps and valves is assumed to be
instantaneous.
During each quality step there should be no dispersion, because the contents of the volumeelements are maintained as separate and discrete. However, there may be a blending between
hydraulic time steps should the system re-segment to a lower number of volume-elements. This
will occur when the system demands are peaking and link velocities are increasing. This artificial
dispersion is expected and is a consequence of the methodology.
This program provides several water quality parameter options that the modeler may use to control
the segmentation scheme in response to extreme cases in the system. Key situations are described
below:
Short, high-velocity pipes in system The presence of these link elements might cause the
model to assume a very small value for , which could lead to excessively long computation
times in large systems. This effect can be controlled via the Minimum Pipe Travel Time
calculation option. Pipes with hydraulic times shorter than this will experience an artificial
delay in constituent mass transport, resulting in some accuracy loss.
Long, slow-velocity pipes in system The presence of these elements can result in a large
number of volume-elements to be generated during the segmentation phase of the algorithm.
This can increase calculation times and place severe demands on the computer system
memory. This situation can be controlled by setting an upper limit on the number of volumeelements that are generated using the Maximum Pipe Segments option. Mass transport
through links limited by this parameter will occur at a faster rate than in reality, resulting in
some loss of accuracy.
This software will generate a Water Quality Status Log that will provide a table of Quality Time
Steps and Maximum Number of Pipe Segments to give you some guidance in interpreting the
simulation results.
You should remember that because of their approximate nature, computer simulations
are inherently inaccurate in some respects. Consequently, a significant aspect of system
modeling is in determining just how much modeling inaccuracy is acceptable within the
context of the problem being studied. This is frequently governed by calibration input
data availability, accuracy, and reliability, over such issues as inherent limitations in
models or methodologies. Ultimately, the resolution of accuracy concerns resides solely
with the modeler.

284

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

% $JHDQG6RXUFH7UDFH$QDO\VHV
This software uses the built-in Water Quality Constituent transport solver to model the changes in
the age of water and to track source fractions reaching any node over time. To accomplish this,
the model makes the following assumptions:
Age The program sets the concentration value, Ci , in the basic transport equation to the age
of water, and sets the reaction term, R(Ci), to zero. Any new water entering the system at any
source is assigned an age of zero.
Source Trace The program tracks the percentage of total flow quantity arriving at any node
in the network from a specified contributing source node. In this analysis, the concentration
value is set to the percent of flow from the node in question, and the reaction rate is set to zero.
Water age gives a general indication of the overall water quality at any given point in the
system. Age is typically measured from the time the water enters the system from a
reservoir until it reaches a junction.
The water age is computed as:

xj

A j = A j1 +

Where:

uj

Aj

Age of water at j-th node (s)

xj

Distance from node j-1 to node j (m, ft)

uj

Velocity from node j-1 to node j (m/s, ft/s)

If there are several paths for water to travel to the j-th node, the water age is computed as a
weighted average as shown (i designates the pipes with an incoming flow to node j):

Q i A i + uii
Aj = i
Qi
i

Where:

Qi

Flow rate in pipe i (m3/s, ft3/s)

Ai

Age of water at the start node of pipe i (s)

Identifying the origin of flow at a point in the system is referred to as flow tracking, or
trace modeling. In systems that receive water from more than one source, trace studies
can be used to determine the origin percentage breakdown of flow at each point. These
studies can be very useful for determining the area influenced by an individual source,
observing the degree of mixing of water from several sources, and viewing changes in
origin over time.

Source:
Rossman, Lewis A., EPANET Users Manual, Version 1.1, Drinking Water Research Division,
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, USEPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, Jan. 1994.

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

285

% &RQVWLWXHQW7UDQVSRUW(TXDWLRQV
Assuming constant flow and velocity over a time step, the concentration within link i, at any point
x (in the positive flow direction), and time t, is given by the mass-conservation differential
equation:

C i (x, t )
C i (x, t )
+ ui
R[C i (x, t )] = 0
t
x
Where: Ci(x,t)

Concentration of substance in liquid, at the distance x from the

start node of the link i (mg/l/)

Distance in the link measure from the start node of the link
(positive in the flow direction) (m, ft)

ui

Mean flow velocity of the water (m/s, ft/s)

R[Ci(x,t)]

Reaction rate function (1/s)

The reaction rate function is typically a first-order rate function.

To obtain a general solution of the basic transport equation, it is necessary to introduce an
analytical time step, , which serves as the interval of analysis over which substance
u
concentrations are advected within link i. This advection distance is expressed as i . This time
step is referred to as the water quality time step.
At nodes, the concentrations are determined by mass-conservation, assuming complete nodal
mixing. The concentration at node k for each outgoing link i (with j representing each incoming
link at node k) is given by:

C i (0, t ) = C k (t ) =

(Q jC j (L j , t )) + Q e C e
j

Qj
j

Where:

Ck(t)

Concentration at node k (mg/l)

Lj

Length of link j (m, ft)

Qj

Flow rate in link j (m3/s, ft3/s)

Qe

External source flow into node k (m3/s, ft3/s)

Ce

External source concentration into node k (mg/l)

The boundary condition at a variable level tank with an incoming link i can be expressed as:

C T (t + ) =

1
[C i (L i , t ) Q i + VT (t ) C T (t )]
VT (t ) + Q i

Where: CT(t)

Concentration of the fully mixed tank (mg/l/)

VT(t)

Volume of the tank (mg/l/)

286

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

Qj

Flow rate in link j (m3/s, ft3/s)

An outgoing link i of a tank is assumed to receive the full mixed tank concentration:

C j (0, t + ) = C T (t )
These transport equations are solved over the distributed range of volume states that are generated
automatically using the water quality solvers DVEM algorithm implementation.
Once the hydraulic model has been solved for the network, the velocities are known and the
mixing at nodes is known. Using this information, the water quality behavior can be derived using
a numerical method.

% :DWHU4XDOLW\0RGHOLQJ$SSURDFKHV
There are several theoretical approaches available for the solution of water quality models. These
methods can generally be grouped as either Eulerian or Lagrangian in nature, depending on the
volumetric control approach that is taken. Eulerian, which is the method used by this program,
divides the system into fixed pipe segments and then tracks the changes that occur as water flows
through these segments. Langrangian models also break the system into control volumes, but then
track these water volumes as they travel through the system.

% 'LVFUHWH9ROXPH(OHPHQW0HWKRG'9(0$OJRULWKP

The discrete volume-element method is based on a plug-flow reactor assumption. The plug-flow
model accounts for advective transport and the kinetics of the constituent reactions within the
plug. According to the physical plug-flow reactor model, each reactor plug will be advected
through the system and composited with incoming plugs at flow-receiving nodes. In the Eulerian
DVEM numerical modeling scheme, this plug movement is simulated by transferring substance
concentration state from one discrete volume-element (a plug) to the next adjacent volumeelement along the direction of flow.
The DVEM proceeds by subdividing each link in the network into a number of equal-sized
elements at every hydraulic event In the simulation, for example, this is a single EPS time step
during which flow and velocity patterns are assumed to remain constant. To preserve accuracy,
the volumetric element for each link over the duration of every hydraulic event must be correctly
computed. To this end, the methodology is parameterized by the water quality time step, . To
ensure that fluid is not transported beyond the confines of any link within a single analytical step,
the total link volume must be less than the product of link discharge and time step. It follows that
cannot exceed the shortest travel time through any network link over the analysis interval, as
expressed below (with i representing all links in the network):

V
= min i
i Qi
Where:

Vi

Total volume of liquid in link i (m3, ft3)

Qj

Flow rate in link i (m3/s, ft3/s)

Once has been established, the number of volume elements and the volume of each element in a
pipe i can be calculated as follows:

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

ni =

Vi
Qi

vi =

Vi
ni

Where:

287

ni

Number of volume elements in link i

vi

Volume of each volume element in link i (m3, ft3)

To develop a water quality simulation based on a series of EPS hydraulic intervals, the network
links are individually partitioned into component volume-elements for each hydraulic time step.
Ideally, this partitioning should honor the numerical constraints defined above. Under extreme
conditions this may not be possible, and the modeler may wish to modify the segmentation
scheme by setting practical limits on quality time step, maximum number of segments, or a
limiting hydraulic time interval.
The constituent mass is propagated through the system network over each water quality time step
in four phases:
6.

Kinetic reaction The mass concentration undergoes a kinetic concentration change by

applying the kinetic reaction function.

7.

Nodal mixing The constituent mass and incoming volumes are mixed at nodes.

8.

Advection The constituent mass is transferred between volume-elements.

9.

Allocation The nodal mass is assigned to the first volume-element of all outgoing links.

These steps are graphically summarized below:

Eulerian DVEM

% (QJLQHHU
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This chapter provides you with tables of commonly used roughness values and fitting loss
coefficients
5RXJKQHVV9DOXHV
Roughness Values, Manning's Equation
Roughness Values, Darcy-Weisbach (Colebrook-White) Equation
Roughness Values, Hazen-Williams Equation

288

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

Typical Roughness Values for Pressure Pipes
&RHIILFLHQWV
Fitting Loss Coefficient

% 5RXJKQHVV9DOXHV0DQQLQJ
V(TXDWLRQ
Commonly used roughness values for different materials are:

Mannings Coefficients n for Closed Metal Conduits Flowing Partly Full

Channel Type and Description

Minimum

Normal

Maximum

0.009

0.010

0.013

1. Lockbar and welded

0.010

0.012

0.014

2. Riveted and spiral

0.013

0.016

0.017

1. Coated

0.010

0.013

0.014

2. Uncoated

0.011

0.014

0.016

1. Black

0.012

0.014

0.015

2. Galvanized

0.013

0.016

0.017

1. Subdrain

0.017

0.019

0.021

2. Storm drain

0.021

0.024

0.030

a. Brass, smooth
b. Steel

c. Cast iron

d. Wrought iron

e. Corrugated metal

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

289

% 5RXJKQHVV9DOXHV'DUF\:HLVEDFK(TXDWLRQ&ROHEURRN:KLWH

Commonly used roughness values for different materials are:

Darcy-Weisbach Roughness Heights k for Closed Conduits

Pipe Material

k (mm)

k (ft)

Glass, drawn brass, copper (new)

0.0015

0.000005

Seamless commercial steel (new)

0.004

0.000013

Commercial steel (enamel coated)

0.0048

0.000016

Commercial steel (new)

0.045

0.00015

Wrought iron (new)

0.045

0.00015

Asphalted cast iron (new)

0.12

0.0004

Galvanized iron

0.15

0.0005

Cast iron (new)

0.26

0.00085

0.18 ~ 0.9

0.0006 ~ 0.003

Concrete (steel forms, smooth)

0.18

0.0006

Concrete (good joints, average)

0.36

0.0012

Concrete (rough, visible, form marks)

0.60

0.002

0.9 ~ 9.0

0.003 0.03

45

0.15

Wood Stave (new)

Riveted steel (new)

Corrugated metal

290

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

% 5RXJKQHVV9DOXHV+D]HQ:LOOLDPV)RUPXOD
Commonly used roughness values for different materials are:

Hazen-Williams Roughness Coefficients C

Pipe Material
Asbestos Cement
Brass
Brick sewer

C
140
130-140
100

Cast-iron
New, unlined

130

10 yr. Old

107-113

20 yr. Old

89-100

30 yr. Old

75-90

40 yr. Old

64-83

Concrete or concrete lined

Steel forms

140

Wooden forms

120

Centrifugally spun

135

Copper

130-140

Galvanized iron

120

Glass

140

Lead

130-140

Plastic

140-150

Steel
Coal-tar enamel, lined

145-150

New unlined

140-150

Riveted
Tin

110
130

Vitrified clay (good condition)

110-140

Wood stave (average condition)

120

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory

291

% 7\SLFDO5RXJKQHVV9DOXHVIRU3UHVVXUH3LSHV
Typical pipe roughness values are shown below. These values may vary depending on the
manufacturer, workmanship, age, and many other factors.

Comparative Pipe Roughness Values

Material

Asbestos Cement
Brass
Brick
Cast-iron, new
Concrete:
Steel forms
Wooden forms
Centrifugally spun
Copper
Corrugated metal
Galvanized iron
Glass
Lead
Plastic
Steel:
Coal-tar enamel
New unlined
Riveted
Wood stave

Mannings HazenCoefficient Williams

Darcy-Weisbach
Roughness Height

n
0.011
0.011
0.015
0.012

C
140
135
100
130

k (mm)
0.0015
0.0015
0.6
0.26

k (ft)
0.000005
0.000005
0.002
0.00085

0.011
0.015
0.013
0.011
0.022
0.016
0.011
0.011
0.009

140
120
135
135
--120
140
135
150

0.18
0.6
0.36
0.0015
45
0.15
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015

0.006
0.002
0.0012
0.000005
0.15
0.0005
0.000005
0.000005
0.000005

0.010
0.011
0.019
0.012

148
145
110
120

0.0048
0.045
0.9
0.18

0.000016
0.00015
0.003
0.0006

292

Appendix B WaterCAD Theory



% )LWWLQJ/RVV&RHIILFLHQWV
For similar fittings, the K-value is highly dependent on things such as bend radius and contraction
ratios.
Typical Fitting K Coefficients

Appendix C Scenario Management Guide

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Haestad Methods scenario management feature can dramatically increase your productivity in the
"What If?" areas of modeling, including calibration, operations analysis, and planning.

By investing a little time now to understand scenario management, you can avoid unnecessary
editing and data duplication. Take advantage of scenario management to get a lot more out of
your model, with much less work and expense.
In contrast to the old manual methods of scenario management (editing or copying data),
automated scenario management using inheritance gives you significant advantages:
A single project file makes it possible to generate an unlimited number of "What If?"
conditions without becoming overwhelmed with numerous modeling files and separate results.
Because the software maintains the data for all the scenarios in a single project, it can provide
you with powerful automated tools for directly comparing scenario results. Any set of results
is immediately available at any time.
The Scenario / Alternative relationship empowers you to mix and match groups of data from
existing scenarios without having to re-declare any data.
With inheritance, you do not have to re-enter data if it remains unchanged in a new alternative
or scenario, avoiding redundant copies of the same data. Inheritance also enables you to
correct a data input error in a parent scenario and automatically update the corrected attribute
in all child scenarios.
These advantages, while obvious, may not seem compelling for small projects. It is as projects
grow to hundreds or thousands of network elements that the advantages of true scenario
inheritance become clear. On a large project, being able to maintain a collection of base and
modified alternatives accurately and efficiently can be the difference between evaluating optional
improvements and being forced to ignore them.

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As implemented by Haestad Methods, the depth of scenario management is probably far beyond
what you have ever seen before. With that in mind, this guide is intended as an introduction to the
philosophy and terminology upon which scenario management is based.
This is not intended as a step-by-step guide to using the software. If you are a moderately
experienced Windows software user, you should have no difficulty learning and exploring the
scenario management interface.

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Excellent tutorials and context-sensitive on-line help are also available within the software itself.
These learning tools will prove to be of tremendous assistance to you for all aspects of the
software, and should certainly not be ignored if you are having difficulty. For more information,
just click the Help button, which is available from anywhere within the program.
In addition, call Haestad Methods for the schedule of workshops.

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Let us begin by understanding the approaches that have historically been used to attempt "What
If?" analyses. Traditionally, there have only been two possible ways of analyzing the effects of
change on a software simulation:
Change the model, recalculate, and review the results
Create a copy of the model, edit that copy, calculate, and review the results
Although either of these methods may be adequate for a relatively small system, the data
duplication, editing, and re-editing becomes very time-consuming and error-prone as the size of
the system and the number of possible conditions increase. Additionally, comparing
conditions requires manual data manipulation, because all output must be stored in physically
separate data files.

Before Haestad Methods: Manual Scenarios

Appendix C Scenario Management Guide

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Effective scenario management tools need to meet these objectives:
Minimize the number of project files the modeler needs to maintain (one, ideally).
Maximize the usefulness of scenarios through easy access to resources such as input and
output data, and direct comparisons.
Maximize the number of scenarios you can simulate by mixing and matching data from
existing scenarios (data reuse)
Minimize the amount of data that needs to be duplicated to consider conditions that have a lot
in common
The scenario management feature developed by Haestad Methods successfully meets all of these
objectives. A single project file enables you to generate an unlimited number of "What If?"
conditions, edit only the data that needs to be changed, and quickly generate direct comparisons of
input and results for desired scenarios.

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The process of working with scenarios is similar to the process of manually copying and editing
data, but without the disadvantages of data duplication and troublesome file management. This
process allows you to cycle through any number of changes to the model, without fear of
overwriting critical data or duplicating important information. Of course, it is possible to directly
change data for any scenario, but an "audit trail" of scenarios can be useful for retracing the steps
of a calibration series or for understanding a group of master plan updates.

295

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Appendix C Scenario Management Guide

With Haestad Methods: Self-contained Scenarios

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Before we explore scenario management further, a few key terms should be defined:
Attribute An attribute is a fundamental property of an object, and is often a single numeric
quantity. For example, the attributes of a pipe include diameter, length, and roughness.
Alternative An alternative holds a family of related attributes so pieces of data that you are most
likely to change together are grouped for easy referencing and editing. For example, a physical
properties alternative groups physical data for the networks elements, such as elevations, sizes,
and roughness coefficients.
Scenario A scenario has a list of referenced alternatives (which hold the attributes), and
combines these alternatives to form an overall set of system conditions that can be analyzed. This
referencing of alternatives enables you to easily generate system conditions that mix and match
groups of data that have been previously created. Note that scenarios do not actually hold any
attribute data the referenced alternatives do.

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Although the structure of scenarios may seem a bit difficult at first, anyone who has eaten at a
restaurant should be able to relate fairly easily. A meal (scenario) is comprised of several courses
(alternatives), which might include a salad, an entre, and a dessert. Each course has its own
attributes. For example, the entre may have a meat, a vegetable, and a starch. Examining the
choices, we could present a menu as in the following figure:

Appendix C Scenario Management Guide

297
A Restaurant Meal "Scenario"

The restaurant does not have to create a new recipe for every possible meal (combination of
courses) that could be ordered. They can just assemble any meal based on what the customer
orders for each alternative course. Salad 1, Entre 1, and Dessert 2 might then be combined to
define a complete meal.
Generalizing this concept, we see that any scenario simply references one alternative from each
category to create a "big picture" that can be analyzed. Note that different types of alternatives
may have different numbers and types of attributes, and any category can have an unlimited
number of alternatives to choose from.

Generic Scenario Anatomy

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The separation of scenarios into distinct alternatives (groups of data) meets one of the basic goals
of scenario management: maximizing the number of scenarios you can develop by mixing and
matching existing alternatives. Two other primary goals have also been addressed: a single
project file is used, and easy access to input data and calculated results is provided in numerous
formats through the intuitive graphical interface.
But what about the other objective: minimizing the amount of data that needs to be duplicated to
consider conditions that have a lot of common input? Surely an entire set of pipe diameters should
not be re-specified if only one or two change?

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Appendix C Scenario Management Guide

The solution is a familiar concept to most people: inheritance.
In the natural world, a child inherits characteristics from a parent. This may include such traits as
eye-color, hair color, and bone structure. There are two significant differences between the
genetic inheritance that most of us know and the way inheritance is implemented in software:
Overriding inheritance
Dynamic inheritance

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Overriding inheritance is the software equivalent of cosmetics. A child can override inherited
characteristics at any time by specifying a new value for that characteristic. These overriding
values do not affect the parent, and are therefore considered "local" to the child. Local values can
also be removed at any time, reverting the characteristic to its inherited state. The child has no
choice in the value of his inherited attributes, only in local attributes.
For example, suppose a child has inherited the attribute of blue eyes from his parent. Now the
child puts on a pair of green-tinted contact lenses to hide his natural eye color. When the contact
lenses are on, we say his natural eye color is "overridden" locally, and his eye color is green.
When the child removes the tinted lenses, his eye color instantly reverts to blue, as inherited from
his parent.

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Dynamic inheritance does not have a parallel in the genetic world. When a parents characteristic
is changed, existing children also reflect the change. Using the eye-color example, this would be
the equivalent of the parent changing eye color from blue to brown, and the childrens eyes
instantly inheriting the brown color also. Of course, if the child has already overridden a
characteristic locally, as with the green lenses, his eyes will remain green until the lenses are
removed. At this point, his eye color will revert to the inherited color, now brown).
This dynamic inheritance has remarkable benefits for applying wide-scale changes to a model,
fixing an error, and so on. If rippling changes are not desired, the child can override all of the
parents values, or a copy of the parent can be made instead of a child.

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Any changes that are made to the model belong to the currently active scenario and the
alternatives that it references. If the alternatives happen to have children, those children will also
inherit the changes unless they have specifically overridden that attribute. The following figure
demonstrates the effects of a change to a mid-level alternative. Inherited values are shown as gray
text, local values are shown as black text.

Appendix C Scenario Management Guide

A Mid-level Hierarchy Alternative Change

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Inheritance has an application every time you hear the phrase "just like x except for y". Rather
than specifying all of the data from x again to form this new condition, we can simply create a
child from x and change y appropriately. Now we have both conditions, with no duplicated effort.
We can even apply this inheritance to our restaurant analogy as follows (inherited values are
shown as gray text, local values are shown as black text):

"Salad 2 is just like Salad 1, except for the dressing."

"Salad 3 is just like Salad 1, except for the dressing."
Salad 3 could inherit from Salad 2, if we prefer: "Salad 3 is just like Salad 2, except for
the dressing."

"Entre 2 is just like Entre 1, except for the meat and the starch."
"Entre 3 is just like Entre 2, except for the meat."
If the vegetable of the day changes (say from green beans to peas), only Entre 1 needs to
be updated, and the other entres will automatically inherit the vegetable attribute of
"Peas" instead of "Green Beans".

299

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Appendix C Scenario Management Guide

"Dessert 2 is just like Dessert 1, except for the topping."

Dessert 3 has nothing in common with the other desserts, so it can be created as a "root"
or "base" alternative. It does not inherit its attribute data from any other alternative.

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Just as a child alternative can inherit attributes from its parent, a child scenario can inherit which
alternatives it references from its parent. This is essentially still the phrase "just like x except for
y", but on a larger scale.
Carrying through on our meal example, consider a situation where you go out to dinner with three
friends. The first friend places his order, and the second friend orders the same thing except for
the dessert. The third friend orders something totally different, and you order the same meal as
hers except for the salad.
The four meal "scenarios" could then be presented as follows (inherited values are shown as gray
text, local values are shown as black text):

"Meal 2 is just like Meal 1, except for the dessert." The salad and entre alternatives are
inherited from Meal 1.
"Meal 3 is nothing like Meal 1 or Meal 2." A totally new "base" or "root" is created.
"Meal 4 is just like Meal 3, except for the salad." The entre and dessert alternatives are
inherited from Meal 3.

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Let us consider a fairly simple water distribution system: a single reservoir supplies water by
gravity to three junction nodes.

Appendix C Scenario Management Guide

301
Example Water Distribution System

Although true water distribution scenarios include such alternative categories as initial settings,
operational controls, water quality, and fire flow, we are going to focus on the two most
commonly changed sets of alternatives: demands and physical properties. Within these
alternatives, we are going to concentrate on junction baseline demands and pipe diameters.

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During model construction, probably only one alternative from each category is going to be
considered. This model is built with average demand calculations and preliminary pipe diameter
estimates. At this point we can name our scenario and alternatives, and the hierarchies look like
the following (showing only the items of interest):

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In our example, the local planning board also requires analysis of maximum day demands, so a
new demand alternative is required. No variation in demand is expected at J-2, which is an
industrial site. As a result, the new demand alternative can inherit J-2s demand from "Average
Day" while the other two demands are overridden.

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Appendix C Scenario Management Guide

Now we can create a child scenario from "Average Day" that inherits the physical alternative, but
overrides the selected demand alternative. As a result, we get the following scenario hierarchy:

Since no physical data (pipe diameters) have been changed, the physical alternative hierarchy
remains the same as before.

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Based on pressure requirements, the system is adequate to supply maximum day demands.
Another local regulation requires analysis of peak hour demands, with slightly lower allowable
pressures. Since the peak hour demands also share the industrial load from the "Average Day"
condition, "Peak Hour" can be inherited from "Average Day". In this instance, "Peak Hour" could
inherit just as easily from "Maximum Day".

Another scenario is also created to reference these new demands, as shown below:

Note again that we did not change any physical data, so the physical alternatives remain the same.

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This analysis results in acceptable pressuresuntil it is discovered that the industrial demand is
not actually 500 gpm it is 1,500 gpm! Because of the inheritance within the demand
alternatives, however, only the "Average Day" demand for J-2 needs to be updated. The changes
will ripple through to the children. After the single change is made, the demand hierarchy is as
follows:

Appendix C Scenario Management Guide

Notice that no changes need to be made to the scenarios to reflect these corrections. The three
scenarios can now be calculated as a batch to update the results.
When these results are reviewed, it is determined that the system does not have the ability to
adequately supply the system as it was originally thought. The pressure at J-2 is too low under
peak hour demand conditions.

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To counter the headloss from the increased demand load, two possible improvements are
suggested:
A much larger diameter is proposed for P-1 (the pipe from the reservoir). This physical
alternative is created as a child of the "Preliminary Pipes" alternative, inheriting all the
diameters except P-1s, which is overridden.
Slightly larger diameters are proposed for all pipes. Since there are no commonalities between
this recommendation and either of the other physical alternatives, this can be created as a base
(root) alternative.
These changes are then incorporated to arrive at the following hierarchies:

This time, the demand alternative hierarchy remains the same since no demands were changed.
The two new scenarios ("Peak, Big P-1", "Peak, All Big Pipes") can be batch run to provide
results for these proposed improvements.
Next, features like Scenario Comparison Annotation (from the Scenario Manager) and comparison
Graphs (for extended period simulations, from the element editor dialogs) can be used to directly
determine which proposal results in the most improved pressures.

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It is decided that enlarging P-1 is the optimum solution, so new scenarios are created to check the
results for average day and maximum day demands. Notice that this step does not require

303

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Appendix C Scenario Management Guide

handling any new data. All of the information we want to model is present in the alternatives we
already have!

Also note that it would be equally effective in this case to inherit the "Avg. Day, Big P-1" scenario
from "Avg. Day" (changing the physical alternative) or to inherit from "Peak, Big P-1" (changing
the demand alternative). Likewise, "Max. Day, Big P-1" could inherit from either "Max. Day" or
"Peak, Big P-1".
Neither the demand nor physical alternative hierarchies were changed in order to run the last set of
scenarios, so they remain as they were.

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These are the fundamental concepts behind the architecture of Haestad Methods scenario
management. To learn more about actually using scenario management in Haestad Methods
software, start by running the scenario management tutorial from the Help menu or from within
the scenario manager itself. Then load one of the SAMPLE projects and explore the scenarios
defined there. For context-sensitive help, press F1 or the Help button any time there is a screen or
field that puzzles you.
Haestad Methods scenario management feature gives you a powerful tool for modeling real-world
engineering scenarios when analyzing system response to different demands, reviewing the
impacts of future growth, and iterating to find the least expensive design. That means you will be
able to finish your projects faster, spend less money, and improve your bottom line.

Appendix D Haestad Methods Software

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Haestad Methods offers software solutions to Civil Engineers throughout the world for analyzing,
modeling, and designing water distribution networks, storm and sanitary sewer networks,
watersheds, culverts, hydraulic structures, open channels, and more. All software is Windows
based, with point-and-click data entry, flexible units, and report quality outputs.

In addition to the ability to run in Stand-Alone mode with a CAD-like interface, three of our
products WaterCAD, StormCAD and SewerCAD can be totally integrated within AutoCAD.
These three programs also share numerous powerful features, such as scenario management,
unlimited undo/redo, customizable tables for editing and reporting, customizable GIS, database
and spreadsheet connection, and annotation.
Be sure to contact us or visit our web site at www.haestad.com to find out about our latest
software, books, training, and open houses.

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WaterCAD is a powerful, easy-to-use program that helps engineers design and analyze complex
pressurized distribution pipe network systems. You can use WaterCAD to perform a variety of
functions, including steady-state analyses of water distribution systems with pumps, tanks, and
control valves.
WaterCAD is also capable of completing extended period simulations to analyze a piping systems
response to varying supply and demand schedules, including automated fire flow analyses. Water
quality elements, such as water source, age, and chemical constituent growth and decay can be
tested utilizing WaterCADs water quality simulation and analysis functions.
Complex networks of pipes, tanks, pumps, and more can be laid out quickly and easily, whether
you are using the Stand-Alone Windows graphical interface, or running WaterCAD for AutoCAD.
The Scenario Manager allows you to create multiple sets of alternatives and run any number of
scenarios, then view and compare the results.

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SewerCAD is a powerful design and analysis tool that allows you to lay out a sanitary collection
system, develop and compute sanitary loads, and simulate the hydraulic response of the entire
system, including gravity collection piping and pressure force mains. The program can be run
within AutoCAD, giving you all the power of AutoCADs capabilities, or in Stand-Alone mode
utilizing Haestad Methods own Windows graphical interface.

305

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Appendix D Haestad Methods Software

SewerCAD allows you to construct a graphical representation of a pipe network, containing all
your information such as pipe data, pump data, loading, and infiltration. Conveyance element
choices include circular pipes, pipe arches, boxes, and more.
SewerCADs flexible load model allows you to analyze dry and wet weather loads separately.
Unit dry loads and peaking factor methods are entirely customizable. The gravity network is
solved using the built-in numerical model, which utilizes both the direct step and standard step
gradually varied flow methods. Flow calculations are valid for both pressure and varied flow
situations, and will solve for hydraulic jumps, backwater, and drawdown curves. SewerCADs
flexible reporting feature allows you to customize and print the model results in any type of report,
including plan and profile views for analysis, construction documents, or agency review.

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StormCAD allows you to efficiently design and analyze storm sewer systems. Layout tools allow
you to construct a graphical representation of a pipe network containing all of your information,
including pipe data, inlet characteristics, watershed areas, and rainfall data.
StormCAD provides a choice of conveyance elements including circular pipes, pipe arches, boxes,
and more. Inlets are designed and computed using the new FHWA HEC-22 methodology.
Junction hydraulic losses may be calculated automatically using the AASHTO or HEC-22
methodology based on the geometry of the junction. Rainfall information is defined using
Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) in the form of rainfall tables or rainfall equations. Flows are
then calculated using the rational method.
The gravity network is solved using the built-in numerical model, which utilizes both the direct
step and standard step gradually varied flow profile computation methods. Flow calculations are
valid for both pressure and varied flow situations, and will solve for hydraulic jumps, backwater,
and drawdown curves. StormCADs flexible reporting feature allows you to customize and print
the model results in any type of report, including plan and profile views for analysis, construction
documents, or agency review.

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PondPack is a powerful, comprehensive, Windows-based hydrologic modeling program that
analyzes a tremendous range of situations, from simple sites to complex networked watersheds.
The program analyzes pre- and post-developed watershed conditions, and estimates required
storage ponds. PondPack performs interconnected pond routing, and also computes outlet rating
curves with tailwater effects, multiple outfalls, pond infiltration, and pond detention times.
This program can utilize any rainfall duration or distribution. In a single run, it computes
hydrographs for multiple storm events, adds them at junctions, and routes them through reaches
and ponds.
PondPack graphically displays many items, including watershed diagrams,
hydrographs, rainfall curves, and IDF curves. All graphics are fully AutoCAD compatible via
DXF export.
PondPack builds customized reports organized by categories, and automatically creates section
and page numbers, tables of contents, and indexes. You can quickly create an executive summary
for an entire watershed, or build an elaborate drainage report showing any or all report items.

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CulvertMaster helps engineers design new culverts and analyze existing culvert hydraulics, from
single barrel to complex multi-barrel culverts with roadway overtopping. CulvertMaster

Appendix D Haestad Methods Software

computations use FHWA HDS-5 methodology. This allows you to solve for most hydraulic
variables, including culvert size, flow, and headwater, as well as generate output for rating curves
and tables showing computed flow characteristics.
CulvertMaster provides a choice of culvert barrel shapes, including circular pipes, pipe arches,
boxes and more. Flow calculations handle pressure and varied flow situations such as backwater
and drawdown curves. Design discharge can be calculated using either the Rational or SCS
Graphical Peak Discharge method. Rainfall information is calculated using rainfall tables,
equations, or the National Weather Services Hydro-35 data. CulvertMasters flexible reporting
feature allows you to print the design and analysis results in report format, or as a graphical plot.

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FlowMaster is an efficient and powerful program for the design and analysis of pipes, ditches,
open channels, weirs, orifices, and inlets. FlowMaster's "Hydraulics Toolbox" can solve or create
rating tables/curves for any variables using the Manning's, Hazen-Williams, Kutter's, DarcyWeisbach, and Colebrook-White formulas. FlowMaster's new inlet computations strictly comply
with the latest FHWA Hydraulic Circular Number 22 (replacing Circular 12) and AASHTO inlet
computation guidelines.
FlowMaster offers you the same powerful tools that can be found in WaterCAD, SewerCAD and
StormCAD, such as FlexUnits, FlexTables, and automatic generation of professional quality
reports and graphs.

307

Notes

References

309

5HIHUHQFHV

Benedict, R. P., Fundamentals of Pipe Flow, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1980.
Brater, Ernest F. and Horace W. King, Handbook of Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York, 1976.
Cesario, A. Lee, Modeling, Analysis, and Design of Water Distribution Systems, AWWA, 1995.
Clark, R. M., W. M. Grayman, R. M. Males, and A. F. Hess, "Modeling Contaminant propagation
in Drinking Water Distribution Systems", Journal of Environmental Engineering, ASCE, New
York, 1993.
Computer Applications in Hydraulic Engineering, Third Edition, Haestad Press, Connecticut,
1999.
CulvertMaster Users Guide, Connecticut, Haestad Methods, 1999.
Essential Hydraulics and Hydrology, Connecticut, Haestad Press, 1998.
FlowMaster PE Version 6.0 Users Guide, Connecticut, Haestad Methods, 1998.
Males R. M., W. M. Grayman and R. M. Clark, "Modeling Water Quality in Distribution System",
Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE, New York, 1988.
Practical Guide to Hydraulics and Hydrology, Connecticut, Haestad Press, 1997.
Roberson, John A., John J. Cassidy, and Hanif M. Chaudhry, Hydraulic Engineering, Houghton
Mifflin Company, Massachusetts, 1988.
Roberson, John A. and Clayton T. Crowe, Engineering Fluid Mechanics (4th Edition), Houghton
Mifflin Company, Massachusetts, 1990.
Rossman, Lewis A., EPANet Users Manual (AWWA Workshop Edition), Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, USEPA, Ohio, 1993.
Rossman, Lewis A. et al., "Numerical Methods for Modeling Water Quality in Distribution
Systems: A Comparison", Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE, New
York, 1996.
Rossman, Lewis A., R. M. Clark, and W. M. Grayman, "Modeling Chlorine Residuals in
Drinking-water Distribution Systems", Journal of Environmental Engineering, ASCE, New York,
1994.
Sanks, Robert L., Pumping Station Design, Butterworth-Heinemann, Inc, Massachusetts, 1989.
Streeter, Victor L. and Wylie, E. Benjamin, Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New
York, 1985.
Todini, E. and S. Pilati, "A Gradient Algorithm for the Analysis of Pipe Networks", Computer
Applications in Water Supply, Volume 1 Systems Analysis and Simulation, ed. By Bryan
Coulbeck and Chun-Hou Orr, Research Studies Press LTD, Letchworth, Hertfordshire, England.

310

References
Walski, Thomas M., Water System Modeling Using CYBERNET, Haestad Methods, 1993.
Zipparro, Vincent J. and Hasen Hans, Davis Handbook of Applied Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill
Book Company, New York, 1993.

Glossary

311

*ORVVDU\

Age Length of time the water has been in the system, which is used as a general water quality
indicator than a measurement of anything specific.
Available Fire Flow Amount of flow available at a node for fire protection while maintaining
all fire flow pressure constraints.
Base Elevation and Level Elevation from which all tank levels are measured. For example, a
tank level of two meters represents a water surface elevation two meters above the base
elevation.
Boundary Node Node with a known hydraulic grade. It may be static (unchanging with time),
such as a reservoir, or dynamic (changes with time), such as a tank. Every pipe network must
contain at least one boundary node. In order to compute the hydraulic grade at the other nodes in
the network, boundary nodes must be reachable from a boundary.
Bulk Reaction Coefficient Coefficient used to define how rapidly a constituent grows or
decays over time. It is expressed in units of 1 / time.
Calculated Minimum System Pressure See minimum system pressure.
Calculated Minimum Zone Pressure Minimum calculated pressure of all junctions in the
same zone as the node where fire flow withdrawal occurs.
Calculated Residual Pressure Calculated pressure at the junction node where the fire flow
withdrawal occurs.
Calculation Unready An element that does not have all the required information for
performing an analysis.
C-Coefficient Roughness coefficient used in the Hazen-Williams Equation.
Check Valve Prevents water from flowing backwards through the pipe. In other words, water
can only flow from the From Node to the To Node.
Closed/Inactive Status See valve status.

312

Glossary
Constituent Any substance, such as chlorine or fluoride, for which the growth or decay can be
adequately described through the use of a bulk reaction coefficient and a wall reaction
coefficient.
Context Menu A pop-up menu opened by right-clicking a project element or data entry field.
Commands on the context menu are specific to the current state of the selected item.
Control Status A pressure pipe can be either opened or closed. Opened means that flow
occurs in the pipe, and closed means that no flow occurs in the pipe.
Conveyance Element A pipe or channel used to transport water.
Coordinates Distances perpendicular to a set of reference axes. Some areas may have
predefined coordinate systems, while other coordinate systems may be arbitrary. Coordinates
may be presented as X- and Y-values or may be defined as Northing and Easting values,
depending on individual preferences.
Cross Section Type Tanks can have either a constant area cross section or a variable area
cross section. The cross section of a tank with a constant area is the same throughout the depth.
The cross section of a tank with a variable area varies throughout the depth.
Crosshairs The cursor consisting of two lines that look like a plus sign (+).
Current Storage Volume The volume of water currently stored in a tank. It includes both the
hydraulically active volume and the hydraulically inactive volume.
Database See external file.
Database Connection A connection between WaterCAD and a data source which is
represented by a group of database links. There may be a single linked external file within a
connection, or there may be several external file links within a single connection.
DBMS An acronym that stands for Database Management System.
Demand The total demand from an individual junction for the current time period. It is based
on the information from the Demand tab of the Junction Editor.
Design Point Point at which a pump was originally intended to operate, and is typically the
best efficiency point (BEP) of the pump. At discharges above or below this point, the pump is
not operating under optimum conditions.
Diameter The distance between two internal points directly opposite each other in a pipe or a
valve.
Discharge Volumetric rate of flow given in units of length3/time.
Double-Click To click the left mouse button twice in rapid succession.

Glossary

313
Drag To hold down one of the mouse buttons while you move the mouse.
Element An object such as a tank, junction node, or pipe in a drawing.
Elevation The distance from a datum plane to the center of the element. Elevations are often
referenced with mean sea level as the datum elevation.
Energy Grade Line (EGL) Sum of datum (base elevation), elevation, velocity head, and
pressure head at a section.
Extended Edit Button A small button with an ellipsis (...) as the label. Extended edit buttons
are located next to drop-down choice lists, and provide further editing for the associated choice
list items.
External File Any file outside of this program that can be linked. These include database files
(such as FoxPro, Dbase or Paradox) and spreadsheets (such as Excel or Lotus). Throughout the
documentation, all of these file types will be referred to as "databases" or "external files"
interchangeably.
Extrapolate To estimate the value of an unknown point based on other known values, with the
desired point lying outside the known range. Often based upon extending the slope of the line
connecting the previous known values to the desired point. See also: interpolate.
Field Links The actual mapping between model element attributes and columns within each
database table.
File Extension The period and three characters, typically, at the end of a filename. A file
extension usually identifies the kind of information the file contains. For example, files you
create in AutoCAD have the extension *.DWG.
Fire Flow Upper Limit The maximum allowable fire flow that can occur at a withdrawal
location. This is a user-specified practical limit that will prevent this program from computing
unrealistically high fire flows at locations such as primary system mains, which have large
diameters and high service pressures. Remember that a systems ability to deliver fire flows is
ultimately limited by the size of the hydrant opening and service line, as well as the number of
hydrants available to combat a fire at a specific location.
Flow The calculated value of the pipe, valve, or pump discharge at the given time.
From Node The pipes starting node. Positive flow rates are in the direction of "from" towards
"to". Negative flow rates are in the opposite direction.
From Pipe The pipe that connects to the upstream side of a valve or pump.
Headloss The energy lost due to friction and minor losses. The headloss field displays the
pipe, valve, or pumps total headloss at the given time.

314

Glossary
Headloss Gradient The headloss in the pipe as a slope, or gradient. This allows you to more
accurately compare headlosses for pipes of different lengths.
Hydraulic Grade Elevation to which water would rise under zero pressure. For open
surfaces, such as reservoirs and tanks, this is equal to the water surface elevation. The hydraulic
grade field presents the hydraulic grade for the element at the current time period as calculated
based on the system flow rates and head changes.
Hydraulic Grade Setting The constraint to which a valve regulates, expressed in units of head
(Length). Depending on the type of valve, it may refer to either the upstream or downstream
hydraulic grade or the headloss across the valve.
Inactive Volume The volume of water below the minimum elevation of the tank. This volume
of water is always present, even when the tank reaches its minimum elevation and closes itself
off from the system. Therefore, it is hydraulically inactive. It is primarily used for water quality
calculations.
Inflow and Outflow An inflow is a flow into a node from the system, while an outflow is a
flow from the node into the system. A negative outflow is the same as a positive inflow, and a
negative inflow is the same as a positive outflow.
Inheritance The parent-child relationship used by scenarios and alternatives. Just as in the
natural world, inheritance is used to refer to the situation where an entity receives something
from its parent. For example, we speak of a child inheriting blue eyes from a parent. Unlike in
the natural world, inheritance in scenarios and alternatives is dynamic. If the parents attribute
changes, the childs attribute automatically changes at the same time, unless the value is
explicitly changed in a child.
Initial Settings The status of an element for a steady-state analysis or the first time step in an
extended period simulation. The initial settings for a pipe, pump, or valve can be set using the
elemental dialogs or a table.
Initial Water Quality The starting conditions at a node determined by age, trace, or
constituent concentration. The initial value will be slightly different depending on the analysis
type.
Interpolate Estimating a value of an unknown point between two known points assuming a
linear relationship. See also: extrapolate.
Invert Lowest point of a pipe opening. Sometimes referred to as the flow-line.
Label The unique name by which an element will be referenced in reports, error messages, and
tables.
Length The distance from a pipes From Node to its To Node, according to the scaled length
of the pipe. To enter an overriding length, click the User Defined Length field and type in your
desired length value.
Mannings Coefficient Roughness coefficient used in Manning's Formula.

Glossary

315
Material The selection of a pipes construction material. This material will be used to
determine a default value for the pipes roughness.
Maximum Elevation The highest allowable water surface elevation in a tank. If the tank fills
above this point, it will automatically shut off from the system.
Maximum Extended Operating Point The absolute maximum discharge at which a pump
can operate, with zero head being added to the system. This value may be computed by the
program or entered manually.
Maximum Operating Point The highest discharge for which a pump is actually intended to
run. At discharges above this point, the pump may behave unpredictably, or its performance
may decline rapidly.
Messages The section of an element editor that contains information generated during the
calculation of the model, such as warnings, errors, and status updates.
Messages Light A light that appears on the Tab of the Messages sheet. The light will be red if
errors occurred during the analysis, yellow if there are warnings or cautions, and green if there
are no warnings or cautions.
Minimum Elevation The lowest allowable water surface elevation in a tank. If the tank drains
below this point, it will automatically shut off from the system.
Minimum System Junction The junction where the calculated minimum system pressure
occurs.
Minimum System Pressure The minimum pressure allowed at any junction in the entire
system as result of fire flow withdrawal. If the pressure at a node anywhere in the system falls
below this constraint while withdrawing fire flow, fire flow will not be satisfied. A fire flow
analysis may be configured to ignore this constraint.
Minimum Zone Junction The junction where the calculated minimum zone pressure occurs.
Minimum Zone Pressure The minimum pressure to occur at all junction nodes within a Zone.
The model determines the available fire flow such that the minimum zone pressures do not fall
below this target pressure. Each junction has a zone associated with it, which can be specified in
the junctions input data. If you do not want a junction node to be analyzed as part of another
junction nodes fire flow analysis, move it to another Zone.
Minor Loss The field that presents the total minor loss K-value for a pipe or valve. If an
element has more than one minor loss, each can be entered individually by clicking the Ellipsis
() button.
Mouse Buttons The left mouse button is the primary button for selecting or activating
commands. The right mouse button is used to activate pop-up context menus and help. Note
that the mouse button functions can be redefined using the Windows Control Panel.
Needed Fire Flow The flow rate required at a junction to satisfy fire flow demands.

316

Glossary
Network Element An element that forms part of the network model. Annotation elements
such as polylines, borders and text, are not network elements.
Number The number of parallel conveyance elements in a model.
Notes The field that allows you to enter text relevant to the model. It may include a
description of an element, a summary of your data sources, or any other information of interest.
ODBC An acronym that stands for Open Database Connectivity (ODBC), a standard
programming interface developed by Microsoft for accessing data in relational and nonrelational database management systems (DBMSs).
On/Off Status The status of a pump can be either on or off. On means that flow will occur in
the downstream direction, and the pump will add head to the system according to its
characteristic curve. Off means that no flow will occur, and no head will be added.
Open/Closed Status The status of a pipe can be either open or closed. Open means that flow
can occur in either direction. Closed means that no flow will occur through the pipe.
Outflow See inflow and outflow.
Percent Full The ratio of the current storage volume to the total storage volume, multiplied by
100.
Pipe Status Indicates whether the pipe is open or closed. As input, this determines how the
pipe begins the simulation. As output, it shows the calculated status of the pipe at the given
time.
Polyline A composite element that consists of a series of line segments. Each line segment
begins and ends at a vertex. A vertex may be another element such as a junction, tank, or pump.
Power The water horsepower of a pump that is transferred from the pump into the water.
Depending on the pumps efficiency, the actual power consumed (brake horsepower) may vary.
Pressure The field that displays the pressure for the current time period.
Pressure Setting The constraint to which a valve regulates, expressed in units of pressure
(Force per Length). Depending on the type of valve, it may refer to either the upstream or
downstream pressure or the pressure drop.
Pull-Down Menu A menu of available commands or actions you can perform. A pull-down
menu is usually selected from the menu bar at the top of the main program window.
Pump Status A pump can have two different status conditions: On, which is normal operation,
or Off, which is no flow under any condition.
RDBMS See DBMS.

Glossary

317
Relative Speed Factor The characteristics of a pump relative to the speed for which the pump
curve was entered, in accordance with the affinity laws. A speed factor of 1.00 would indicate
pump characteristics identical to those of the original pump curve.
Residual Pressure The minimum residual pressure to occur at a junction node. The program
determines the amount of fire flow available such that the residual pressure at a junction node
does not fall below this target pressure.
Reynold's Number Ratio of viscous forces relative to inertial forces. A high Reynolds
number indicates turbulent flow, while a low number indicates laminar flow.
Roughness A measure of a pipes resistance to flow. Pipes of different ages, construction
material, and workmanship may have different roughness values.
Roughness Coefficient - A value used to represent the resistance of a conveyance element to
flow. In the Manning's equation, this value is inversely proportional to flow. The smaller the
roughness coefficient, the greater the flow.
Satisfies Fire Flow Constraints A true or false statement indicating whether or not this
junction node meets the fire flow constraints. A checkmark in the box means the Fire Flow
Constraints were satisfied for that node. If there is no checkmark, the Fire Flow Constraints
were NOT satisfied.
Select The process of adding one or more elements to an active selection set.
Selection Set The active group of selected elements. A selection set allows editing or an
action, such as move or delete, to be performed on a group of elements.
Shape The cross-sectional geometric form of a conveyance element (i.e. circular, box, arch,
etc).
Shutoff Point The point at which a pump will have zero discharge. Typically the maximum
head point on a pump curve.
Size Inside diameter of a pipe section for a circular pipe. See also diameter.
Starting Elevation The value that is used as the beginning condition for an extended period
simulation.
Status Pane The area at the bottom of the window used for displaying status information.
Storage Node Special type of node where a free water surface exists, and the hydraulic head is
simply the elevation of the water surface above sea level.
Sub Menu A list of related options that is typically reached by selecting a pull-down menu
item.

318

Glossary
Table Links A table link must be created for every database table or spreadsheet worksheet
that is to be linked to the current model. Any number of Table Links may reference the same
database file.
To Node A pipes ending node. Positive flow rates are in the direction of "from" towards "to".
Negative flow rates are in the opposite direction.
To Pipe The pipe that connects to the downstream side of a valve or pump.
Total Active Volume The volume of water between minimum elevation and maximum
elevation of a tank. This is an input value for variable area tanks.
Total Needed Fire Flow If you choose to add the fire flow to the baseline demand, the Total
Needed Fire Flow is equal to the Needed Fire Flow plus the baseline demand. If you choose
NOT to add the fire flow to the baseline demand, the Total Needed Fire Flow is equal to the
Needed Fire Flow.
Total Storage Volume The holding capacity of a tank. It is the sum of the maximum
hydraulically active storage volume and the hydraulically inactive storage volume.
Trace (Source Identification) The percentage of water at any given point originated at a
chosen tank, reservoir, or junction.
Valve Status A valve can have several different status conditions: Closed (no flow under any
condition), Active (throttling, opening, or closing dependent on system pressures and flows), and
Inactive (wide open, with no regulation).
Velocity The field that displays the calculated value for a pipe, valve, or pump velocity at a
given time. It is found by dividing the elements flow rate by its cross-sectional area.
Vertex An element in a topological network.
Wall Reaction Coefficient The rate at which a substance reacts with the wall of a pipe, and is
expressed in units of length/time.
Water Quality The field that displays the water quality for the current time period.
Water Quality Analysis An analysis that can be one of three types: Age, Trace, or
Constituent.

Index

319

,QGH[
Element Scale 241
Entities 242, 244

Exporting DXF File 235

Import WaterCAD 245

Abbreviated Labels 146

Importing DXF Files 235

Accuracy 175

Importing WaterCAD DXF Files 235

Active Scenario 25

Main Window 12

Active Volume

Multiple Sessions 88

Total 318

Proxies 245

Aerial View 106

Rebuild Figure Labels 239

Affinity Laws 273

Right-Click Context Menu Option 91

Age 311
Alternative 156

Undo/Redo 243, 244

AutoCAD Mode 11, 12, 237, 238

Analysis 173

Graphical Layout 238

Analysis Theory 284

Project Files 239

Alternatives 42, 149, 150, 164, 296, 297

Toolbars 238

Child 150

Autodesk 237

Editor 151, 152, 160

Available Fire Flow 311

Inheritance 298, 299

Analysis
Constituent 173, 174

Fire Flow 172

Hydraulic 167, 168, 266, 275

Background Drawing 234

Options 168

Background DXF (AutoCAD) 234

Toolbar 25

Base Elevation and Level 311

Trace 174

Base Scenarios 159, 160

Water Age 173

Batch Run 159, 161

Water Quality 173, 174

Bends
Adding to a Pipe 262

Analysis Results Report 22, 191

in AutoCAD 241

Analyzing Constituent Concentrations 62

Annotation 48, 187, 188

Bernoulli Equation 267

Comparison Wizard 198, 199

Bibliography 309

Multipliers 94

Blocks (AutoCAD Mode) 231, 235

Size 261

Borders 200

Annotation Wizard 188

Boundary Node 311

Area

Bulk Reaction 208

Enclosed by Polyline 103

Bulk Reaction Coefficient 311

Attribute
Annotation 187, 188
Inheritance 299

Auto Prompting 91
AutoCAD 237, 238

C Coefficient 276

Command Line 14, 15

Calculate and Compare 45

Commands 242

Calculated Minimum System Pressure See Minimum

System Pressure

Drawing Synchronization 239

DXF 235, 237

Calculated Minimum Zone Pressure See Minimum

Zone Pressure

320

Index
Calculated Residual Pressure 311

Hiding 219

Calculating a Fire Flow Analysis 59

Lesson 7 64

Calculation 165, 174, 175

Management 213

Options 174

Shapefile 222, 223

Problem Summary Report 192

Sharing 220

Results Status 27
Results Table 192
Calculation Unready 311
Calibration 165, 169, 170

Synchronization 239, 240

Connectivity Tolerance 233
Conservation
of Mass & Energy 268

C-Coefficent 311

Constant Power Pump 120, 274

Check Data 170

Constituent 208, 285, 312

Check Valve 275

Alternative 156

Check Valve 311

Analysis 173

Chemical Analysis 173

Library 208, 209

Chezy's Equation 278, 279

Child 299

Source Pattern 176

Context Menu 312

Alternative 150

Context Menu Option 91, 92

Scenario 159, 298, 300

Contour 194, 195

Clipboard
Copy Table 148
Copy to 26
Closed/Inactive Status See Valve Status
Coefficient

Plan View 193

Smoothing 195
Contouring 53, 54
Control 126
Valve 275

Bulk Reaction 311

Control Status 312

Manning's 314
Mass Transfer 282

Converting CAD Drawing Entities to Network

Elements 81

Roughness 317

Conveyance Element 312

Wall Reaction 318

Coordinates 312

Coefficients
Engineer's Reference 287

Copy to Clipboard 26
Table 148

Colebrook-White

Copy/Paste 17

Equation 278

Cost 179, 180

Typical Values 289

Alternative 158

Color Coding 48, 55, 56, 57, 188, 189, 190, 200, 201,
261

Analysis 179

Column

Scenario 184

Allow Duplicate 142

Manager 180
Unit Cost Function 181

Change Units 260

Create a Plan and Profile 52

Heading 146

Creating a New Alternative 43

Table Customization 145

Creating a New Project File 30

Table Setup 141

Creating Demand Patterns 39

Command Line (AutoCAD Only) 14

Cross Section Type 312

Commands (AutoCAD Mode) 242

Crosshair

Compare Scenarios 199

Location 27

Composite Minor Loss 116, 117

Crosshairs 312

Computing Water Age 61

CulvertMaster 306

Concentration 173

Current Storage Volume 312

Concentration Limit 208

Cursor Location 27

Configuration 90

Curve

Conjugate Gradient Method 271

Connection 211, 212

Pump 120, 121, 272, 273, 274

System Head 258, 259

Database 215, 216

Curved Pipes 262

Editing 215

Custom AutoCAD Entities 242

Index

321
Custom Extended 274

Control Element/Label Sizing 261

Custom Sort 145

Customize

Reuse Deleted Element Labels 261

Double-Click 313

Database 213

Drafting 103, 200

Drawing 93, 94, 95, 238

Drag 313

Labels 146

Drawing

Libraries 205

Options 88, 89, 93

Tables 145

Pane 13
Preview 234
Review 106, 107, 231

Scale 93
Setup (AutoCAD Mode) 238

Darcy Weisbach

Synchronization (AutoCAD Mode) 239

Colebrook-White Equation 278

DWG 87, 239

Equation 277

DXF 94, 95, 235

Roughness Values 289

Background 27, 94

Data

Exporting from WaterCAD 235

Check 165, 170, 171

Import 234, 235

Entry 29, 132, 299, 300

Organization 149

Units 94
Dynamic Inheritance 297, 298

Validation 170
Database 211, 212. See also External File
Export 213, 214, 215

Import 16, 214, 215

ODBC 218, 219

Editable Table Columns 143, 144

Synchronization Options 216

Editing and Creating Scenarios 44

Table Link Editor 217

Editing Elements 102, 261

Database Connection 211, 215, 216, 312

Editor 215

EGL 267, 268, 313

Element 111, 241, 313

Example 220

Annotation 187

Manager 213

Deleting 103, 241

ODBC 219

Editing 17, 18, 112, 241

Standard 213, 214, 215

Find 104

DBMS 312

Labeling 109, 261

Default 132

Modify 241

Delete

Morphing 100

Elements 103, 241

Moving 102, 242

Table 140

Numbering 108, 261

Demand 124, 312

Rotate (AutoCAD Mode) 17

Alternative 154

Scale (AutoCAD Mode) 17, 241

Graph 193

Search 104

Multipliers 177

Selection 101, 103, 109

Pattern 176

Type 100

Design Point 120, 274, 312

Visibility 95

Detailed Report 191

Element Annotation 54

Diameter 312

Elevation 313

Diffusivity 208
Discharge 312

Input Mode 92
Spot 195, 196

Discrete Volume Element Method 286

Email Address 8

Display Precision 96

Enclosed Area 103

Display Tips 260

Energy

Change Units in a Column 260

Conservation 268

Color Code Elements 261

Equation 267

322

Index
Grade Line 267

Principle 266
Energy Grade Line 313
Engineering Library 205, 206
Constituent 208
Editor 206
Liquid 208

Factor
Relative Speed 121
Fax Number 8
Field
Links 217

Manager 205
Material 207
Minor Loss 207, 208
Enhanced Pressure Contours 195
Enter Key Behavior 90, 91
Entering Data 32
Entering Data through Dialogs 33
Entering Data through FlexTables 36
Entities

Share 136
Field Links 313
Figure Properties 240
File Extension 313
File Management 87
Filter Tables 145
Find Element 17, 104
Fire Flow 128, 129
Alternative 156, 157, 158

Change into Pipe 244

Analysis 172

in AutoCAD 242

Available 311

to Pipes 244

Input 129

Entity Conversion 244

Needed 315

EPANET

Results 129, 172

Import 252

Theory 172

EPS 167
Analysis 167, 168
Patterns 176
Equations 265
Error Messages 170
Results Report 165
ESRI 3, 211, 228
Export Shapefile 226
Import Shapefile 223
Shapefile Connection 222, 223
Eulerian Approach 286
Examining Another Physical Alternative 47
Example Projects 7
Lessons 29
Tutorials 7
Exit WaterCAD 17
Explode Elements (AutoCAD Mode) 242
Export
Database 16, 213, 214, 215
DXF 17, 235
Profiles in AutoCAD 198
Shapefile 16, 226, 227

Total Needed See

Fire Flow Constraints
Satisfies See
Fire Flow Upper Limit 313
Fire Hydrants 256
First Order Reaction Rate Function 280
Fitting Loss Coefficients 279, 292
Fittings Library 207
FlexTables 139
FlexUnits 95, 96
Table 97, 99
Flow 313
Arrows Visibility 95
Flow Control Valve 275
FlowMaster 307
Format 96
User Data 134
Formulas 287
Friction Method Theory 275
From Node 313
From Pipe 313

Shapefile Link Editor 226

Spot Elevations 16, 252, 253

Table to ASCII 147

Extended Edit Button 313
Extended Period Analysis 167
Lesson 2 38
External File 313
Extrapolate 313

General Status Information 27

Global Edit 144
Global Options 90, 91
Global Settings 87
Globe Button 5

Index

323
Glossary 6, 7

GO Button 171
Grade Line
Energy 267

Import 16
Command 88

Hydraulic 267

Cybernet 248, 249, 250, 251

Gradient Algorithm 269

Database 213

Derivation 269

Database and Shapefile Data Created in V3 253

Graph Options 203

DXF Background 17

Graph Setup 193

DXF Files into AutoCAD 235

Graphic Annotation 21, 200

EPANET 252

Graphical Editor 99

KYPIPE 252

Graphical Layout

Microsoft Access Database 16

AutoCAD 238

Polyline to Pipe 16

Stand-Alone 99

Shapefile 16

Groundwater Well 254

Shapefile Link Editor 225

Grouping Elements 101

Spot Elevations 16, 252

Selection Sets 103

WaterCAD 16, 17, 245

WaterCAD file 17
Import/Export Tips 247

Importing Model Data Using a Database Connection

72
Haestad Methods 5, 8
Hastad Methods Software 305
CulvertMaster 306, 307

Importing Model Data Using a Shapefile Connection

65
Inactive Volume 314

FlowMaster 307

Importing from EPANET 252

PondPack 306

Inflow 314

SewerCAD 305, 306

Inheritance 297, 298, 314

StormCAD 306

Dynamic 298

WaterCAD 305
Hazen Williams Equation 276

Overriding 298
Initial Settings 314

Coefficients 291
Roughness Values 290
Headloss 313

Alternative 154, 155

Initial Water Quality 314
Input 102

Coefficient 207

Data 111

Headloss Gradient 314

Modes 92

Help 5, 6, 29

Quick View 110

Button 23

Inputting Fire Flow Data 58

Menu 23

Insert

Technical Support 8

Elements 101

Tutorials 7
HGL 267, 268
Input Mode 92

Nodes 101
Installation Problems 4
Installing Haestad Methods Products 3

Horse Power (Pump) 120

Internet Address 8

Hydrants 256

Interpolate 314

Hydraulic Analysis 167

Inventory 192

Options 175

Invert 314

Hydraulic Grade 314

Hydraulic Grade Line 267
Hydraulic Grade Setting 314

Hydraulically Close Tanks 256

Hydropneumatic Tank 254

Junctions 112

324

Index

K Coefficients 207, 292

Mailing Address 8

Kinematic Viscosity 208

Manning's Coefficient 314

KYPIPE 252

Mannings Equation 278

Roughness Values 288
Typical Values 291

Mass Conservation 268

Mass Transfer Coefficient 282

Label 314
Abbreviate 146

Material 315
Library 207

Elements 109, 261

Maximum Elevation 315

Rebuilding (AutoCAD Mode) 239

Maximum Extended Operating Point 120, 315

Rotate 241

Maximum Operating Point 120, 315

Sizing 261

Menu 14, 15, 22

Visibility 95
Laws

Pull-Down 14, 316

Toolbars 14

Affinity 273

Menus 14

Conservation of Mass & Energy 268

Messages 132, 315

Layer 95, 234, 240

Metric 90, 96

Laying Out the Network 32

Microstation 234

Layout 29

Minimum

AutoCAD 238
Network 99
Pipe Using Entity 244
Legend 22, 200, 201
Quick View 110

Allowed Value 97
System Requirements 2, 3
Minimum Elevation 315
Minimum System Junction 315
Minimum System Pressure 315

Length 314

Minimum Zone Junction 315

Level

Minimum Zone Pressure 315

Mode 92, 93
Library
Constituent 208, 209
Editor 206

Minor Loss 315

Minor Losses 279
Fitting 292
Properties 207

Liquid 208

Mix Units in a Tabular Report 147

Manager 206

Mode

Material 207

Input 92, 93

Minor Loss 207

Scaled 93, 94

Licenses 4, 5
Line 200
Enclosed Area 103

Schematic 93, 94
Stand-Alone/AutoCAD 11
Model 111, 167

Linear System Equation Solver 271

Modeling Tips 253

Linear Theory Method 269

Morphing Elements 100

Link Color Coding 189, 261

Mouse Buttons 315

Liquid 92

Mouse Tips 262

Library 208
Local
Units 146, 147
Losses
Minor 279

Move
Elements 102, 242
Labels 243
Multi Segmented Polyline 262
Multiple
Pump Curve 274
Sessions 88
Units 147

Index

325
Multipliers 94

Parallel Pumps 255

Paste Special 18
Pattern 176

Demand
Multipliers 177

Native AutoCAD Entities

Converting 231, 244

Pattern 177, 178

Extended Period Analysis 168, 177

Needed Fire Flow 315

Manager 176

Network

Pattern Editor 177

Layout 32
Network Element 316

Pattern Graph 193

Time Steps 177

Network Hydraulics Theory 265

Percent Full 316

New Project 89

Performing a Steady State Analysis 37

Node

Performing a Trace Analysis 64

Color Coding 189, 261

Phone Number 8

Non-Convergence 167

Physical Properties 152

Northing Easting Mode 92

Pipe 112

Notation
Scientific 96, 97

Adding Vertices 262

Align Text with Pipe 94

Notes 316

Fittings 207

Number 316

Length Rounding 92, 93

of Digits After Decimal Point 95

Parallel 255

Reynold's 317

Splitting 101
Text 94
Tool 22, 100

Pipe Layout Using Entity 244

Pipe Status 316

ODBC 218, 316

Plan View Reports 192

On/Off Status 316

Plot Window 201

Online Help 5, 23

Polygon Enclosed Area 103

Open Database Connectivity 218

Polyline 316

Open/Closed Status 316

Operating Point 121
Maximum See
Maximum Extended See

Conversion Problem 234

Enclosed Area 103
Polyline to Pipe Conversion 231
Wizard 232

Operating Range Section 124

PondPack 306

Operational Alternative 155

Power 120, 316

Options 26

Precision Display 96, 97

Calculation 174

Predefined Reports 190

Drawing 93

Preferences 90

Global 90

Pressure 316

Graph 201, 202, 203

Project 88, 92

Head 267
Mode 92

Organize Data 149

Pressure Breaker Valve 275

Outflow 314

Pressure Setting 316

Output 187

Pressure Sustaining Valve 275

QuickView 110, 111

Pressurized Tank 254

Tables 139

Preview 201
Print 15, 17, 26

Preview 26
Preview Window 201
Setup 15

Parallel Pipes 255

Table 148

326

Index
Print Preview 17

Rebuild Figure Labels 239

Problem Solving 247

Recent Files 15

Problems with Setup or Uninstall 4

Redefine WaterCAD Blocks 235

Profile 22, 197

Redo 17, 18, 243

Plot 197
Project

Reference
Engineer's 287

Example 7

References 309

Files 87, 88, 239

Registration 4, 23

Inventory Report 192

Software 4

New 89

Regulating Valves 275

Open 89, 90

Relabel Elements 107

Options 88, 92

Relabel Operations 108

Settings 87

Relative Speed Factor 121, 317

Setup Wizard 88

Remove

Summary 15, 88, 90

Columns 142

Title 89, 90

Elements 103

Project Summary 16
Prototype 88, 132

Haestad Methods Products 3

Reports 48, 49, 50, 187

Proxies 245

Analysis Results 191

Publications 305

Detailed 190, 191

Pull-down Menu 14, 316

Menu 22

Pump 114, 255

Plan View 192

Affinity Laws 272

Predefined 190

Constant Horsepower 274

Project Inventory 192

Curve 120, 272, 273, 274

Scenario 192

Definition 120

Tabular 191

Groundwater 254

Reservoirs 113

Groundwater Well 254

Residual Pressure 317

Importing from EPANET 252

Results 187

Initial Settings 155

Review Drawing 106

Initital Condition 121

Reynold's Number 317

Operating Point 121, 272, 273, 274

Right-Click Context Menu Option 91

Parallel and Series 255

Rotate Labels (AutoCAD Mode) 94, 241

Power 120

Roughness 317

Theory 272

Chezy's Equation 279

Type 274

Coefficient 207, 288

Variable Speed 273

Colebrook-White Equation 278

Pump Curve 120, 121, 272, 273

Darcy-Weisbach Equation 276

Pump Status 316

Hazen-Williams Equation 276

Pumps

Manning's Equation 278

In Series 255

Roughness Coefficient 317

Parallel 255

Roughness Values 287, 288

Colebrook-White 289

Darcy-Weisbach 289, 290

Hazen-Williams 290, 291
Manning's 288, 289

Quick View Window 20

Typical 291
Rounding 96

Pipe Length 93
Running an Extended Period Simulation 41
Running the Model 171

RDBMS See DBMS

Reaction Rate Model 280, 281

Index

327
SewerCAD 305

Shapefile 221, 222, 223, 224, 225

Sales 8
Sample Projects 7
Satisfies Fire Flow Constraints 317
Save 16, 17, 24, 90
As 15, 16, 17
as Drawing*.dwg 240
Scale 93
Elements (AutoCAD Mode) 241
Scaled Mode 93, 94
Scenario 23, 159, 161, 162, 198, 199, 297
Alternatives 42, 164
Analysis Toolbar 25
Base 159
Batch Run 161, 162
Calculation 164
Child 42, 298
Comparison 42, 198
Editor 160, 164
Inheritance 298, 300
Lesson 3 42
Management 42, 149
Results 165, 166
Selection 159
Summary Report 192
Wizard 162
Scenario Management 19, 160, 161, 293
Example 300
Schematic Mode 93, 94
Scientific Notation 96, 97
Search for Elements 104
Section 124
Select 21, 317
By Selection Set 17, 103
Element Types 224
Elements 18, 19, 101
Field Links 217
Layer 240
Text Style 240
Selection Set 103, 104, 317
Manager 19, 103
Selection Tool 21
Series Pumps 255
Set Field Options 95
Settings 87, 90
Setup 3, 90, 238
Drawing Options 93
Global Options 90
Problems 4
Project Options 92
Prototypes 132

Format 228
Import 16
Shapefile Connection 221, 222, 224, 225
Editor 222
Example 228
Export Example 227
Export Wizard 226
Import Example 225
Import Wizard 223
Link Wizard 223
Manager 221
Synchronization Options 224, 225
Wizard 221
Share Fields 136
Sharing Shapefile Connections between Projects 227
Shortcut Keys 14
Shortcut Keys 14
Shutoff Point 120, 317
Simultaneous Path Adjustment Method 269
Size 95, 317. See also Diameter
Size Elements (AutoCad) 241
Smoothing Contours 195
Snap Menu (AutoCAD Mode) 243
Software Registration 4
Solutions to Modeling Problems 253
Sort
Custom 145
Tables 144
Source
Pattern 176, 177
Tracing 174
Source Identification 318. See also Trace
Sparse Matrix 269, 272
Splitting Pipes 101
Spot Elevations 195, 196, 252
Stand-Alone Mode/AutoCAD Mode 11
Standard Database Import/Export 213
Standard Extended 274
Starting Elevation 317
Status 27, 29
Bar 13, 26, 27
Log 203
Pane 90
Status Pane 317
Steady State Analysis 167
Sticky Tools 91
Storage Node 317
Storage Volume
Active 318
Total 318
StormCAD 306

328

Index
Stretch 102
Sub Menu 317

Style 240
Text Height 94

Suggestions 8

How Do I 261

Support 8

Multiplier 94

Symbol

Theory 265

Size Multiplier 94

Age Analysis 284

Visibility 95

Network Hydraulics 266

Visibility (AutoCAD Mode) 238

Trace Analysis 284

Synchronize 222

Valve 275

AutoCAD Mode 239

Water Quality 280

Database Links 213

Throttle Control Valve 275

Options 216

T-intersections 233

Via ODBC 219

Title

Synchronized Units 146

System
International 90, 91, 96

Project 88, 89
To Node 318
To Pipe 318

System Head Curve 258, 259

Tolerance 107

System Junction

Tool Palette 25

Minimum 315
System Pressure

Tool Pane 24, 90

Toolbar 14, 238

Minimum 315

Analysis 25
Buttons 23
Toolbars 14

Top Feed/Bottom Gravity Discharge Tank 259

Topology 165, 170, 171

Table 139, 142, 143

Total Active Volume 318

Change Units 146

Total Needed Fire Flow 318

Copy to Clipboard 148

Total Storage Volume 318

Customization 145

Trace 318

Editing 140

Alternative 156

Export to ASCII File 147

Trace Analysis 174

Filtering 145

Trace Analysis Theory 284

Flex Units 97

Transport Equations 286

Manager 139, 140

Tutorials 7, 23, 29

Mixing Units 147

Navigation 143, 144

Lessons 29
Type Coercion 211

Print 148
Print Preview 148
Properties 141

Setup 141
Type 141

Undo 17, 18

Table Links 318

Undo/Redo Operations in AutoCAD 243

Tabular 22

Uninstall 3

Report 139

Problems 4

Tabular Reports (FlexTables) 50

Uninstall Haestad Methods Products 3

Tank 113

Unit Conversion 211

Curve 193

Unit Cost 181, 182

Hydraulically Close 256

Data Table 183

Hydropneumatic 254

Function Formula 183

Importing from EPANET 252

Function Manager 182

Pressurized 254

Table Coefficients 184

Technical Support 8

Unit System 90, 91, 97

Text 243

Units 90, 91, 94, 96, 97, 260, 261

Index

329
Change in a Column 260

Water Quality Analysis 318

DXF 94

WaterCAD 1, 305

Local 146, 147

Custom AutoCAD Entities 242

Synchronized 146, 147

Documentation 5

Updates 5, 23

Elements 111

Upgrades 4, 5

Import 245

US Customary Units 90, 91, 96

Main Window 12

Usage 207

Modes 11

User Data 133

Theory 265

Alternative 159
User Memos 132

User's Guide 5
WaterCAD in AutoCAD 237
Files 239
WaterCAD v4

New Features 1
WCD File 87, 88, 239

Validation 165, 170, 171

Welcome Dialog 23, 90, 91

Valve 115

Well 254

Characteristics 122

Groundwater 254

Importing from EPANET 252

White Table Columns 143

Theory 275

Window Color 91

Valve Status 318

Wizards 188, 226

Variable Speed Pumps 260, 273

Annotation Comparison 198, 199

Velocity 318

Polyline to Pipe 231, 232

Head 267

Project Setup 88

Vertex 318

Scenario 162

Vertices

Shapefile Connection 221

Adding to a Pipe 262

Shapefile Export 226

View
Menu 20, 21

Shapefile Link 223

Workshops 7

Tabular 139
Viewing Fire Flow Results 59
Visibility of Symbols 95, 238

Volume
Inactive 314

X Y Mode 92

Total Active 318

X Coordinate 92

Total Storage 318

Y
W
Y Coordinate 92
Walk 198
Selection 198
Wall Reaction 208

Wall Reaction Coefficient 318

Water Main 256
Water Quality 280, 318
Analysis Options 175
Initial 314
Models 286
Simulations 283
Theory 280

Zone 136, 137, 139

Manager 136
Zone Junction
Minimum 315
Zone Pressure
Minimum 315
Zoom 20, 24, 105