PROJECT PRESENTED BY:-

WOULD LIKE TO GIVE MY SPECIAL

THANKS TO SIR. MR ARVIND MISHAL, FOR HELPING
AND GUIDING US IN MAKING THIS MINI PROJECT.
THE TOPIC OF MINI PROJECT SPEED
CONTROL OF D.C. MOTOR USING PWM METHOD
WAS TAKEN BY OUR GROUP MEMBERS IN GUIDANCE
OF SIR. ARVIND MISHAL ,SO WE HAVE HEREBY
COMPLETED OUR MINI PROJECT SUCCESSFULLY
AND HOPE OUR PROJECT IS MADE AS REQUIRED BY
THE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC WORKSHOP
SUBJET IN SEMESTER 4 OF DEGREE ELECTRICAL
(GTU).

WE ALSO THANKS ALL OUR

SUPPORTING
MEMBERS ,WHO EVER GET INDULGED IN MAKING
OUT NEW IDEAS AND TECHNIQUES RELATED TO THE
PROJECT. THUS HEREBY WE THANK ALMIGHTY IN
ORDER OF COMPLETING THIS MINI PROJECT AS
REQUIRED.

ABSTRACT
The aim of development of this project is towards providing efficient
and simple method for control speed of DC motor using pulse width
modulation technique. The modulation of pulse width is obtained
using cd4010b Schmitt trigger and rectifier 1n4140.
There are several methods for controlling the speed
of DC motors. One simple method is to add series resistance using
a rheostat. As considerable power is consumed in the rheostat, this
method is not economical. Another method is to use a series switch
that can be closed or opened rapidly. This type of control is termed
as chopper control. The PWM based chopper circuit smoothly
controls the speed of general purpose DC motors.
To get desired modulation of pulse width as
output, we have used Schmitt trigger cd40106b and rectifier
1n4010b with regulator as the source of varying output.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
ABSTRACT

iiii
TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS......................................................................v
1. INTRODUCTION TO PWM TECHNIQUE
1.1
GOAL...........................................................................................
1.2
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM) BASICS.................................
2. THEORY
2.1
COMPONENTS IN MINI PROJECT.................................................
2.2
GOAL(CD40106B)

12
2.3
INTRODUCTION
.12
2.4
IFEATURES
12
2.5
DIAGRAM

13
2.6
REGULAR(CD40106B)
14
2.7
APPLICATION
14
2.8
GOAL(1N4148)
.16
2.9
INTRODUCTION.................................................................16
2.10
FEATURES........................................................16

2.11
2.12

REGULAR(1N4148)...................................................17
APPLICATION......................................................................17

3. CIRCUIT DESIGN
3.1
CIRCUIT DESIGN OF MINI PROJECT....................Error! Bookmark
not defined.
4. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION AND WORKING
4.1
EXPLANATION............................................................................
4.2
GOAL(PWM )
.20
4.3
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
PWM..20Error! Bookmark not

defined.
5. CONCLUTION
5.1
GOAL.........................................................................................
5.2
CONCLUSION.............................................................................
6. FUTURE MODIFICATIONS
6.1
GOAL.........................................................................................
6.2
POSSIBLE MODIFICATIONS.........................................................

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

AC

- Alternating Current

NPT

- Non Punch Through

CRO

- Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

DC

- Direct Current

IC

- Integrated Circuit

PWM

- Pulse Width Modulation

VR

-Voltage Regulator

1.
INTRODUCTION
TO PWM TECHNIQUE

1.1 GOAL
To explain PULSE WIDTH MODULATION technique in brief.

1.2 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Basics

There are many forms of modulation used for communicating
information. When a high frequency signal has amplitude varied in response to
a lower frequency signal we have AM (amplitude modulation). When the signal
frequency is varied in response to the modulating signal we have FM
(frequency modulation. These signals are used for radio modulation because
the high frequency carrier signal is needs for efficient radiation of the signal.
When communication by pulses was introduced, the amplitude, frequency and
pulse width become possible modulation options. In many power electronic
converters where the output voltage can be one of two values the only option is
modulation of average conduction time.

Fig. 1.1 Unmodulated, sine modulated pulses

1. Linear Modulation
The simplest modulation to interpret is where the average ON
time of the pulses varies proportionally with the modulating signal. The
advantage of linear processing for this application lies in the ease of demodulation. The modulating signal can be recovered from the PWM by low
pass filtering. For a single low frequency sine wave as modulating signal
modulating the width of a fixed frequency (fs) pulse train the spectra is as
shown in Fig 1.2. Clearly a low pass filter can extract the modulating
component fm.
8

Fig. 1.2 Spectra of PWM

2. Sawtooth PWM
The simplest analog form of generating fixed frequency PWM is
by comparison with a linear slope waveform such as a saw tooth. As seen in
Fig 1.2 the output signal goes high when the sine wave is higher than the saw
tooth. This is implemented using a comparitor whose output voltage goes to
logic HIGH when ne input is greater than the other. Other signals with straight
edges can be used for modulation a rising ramp carrier will generate PWM with
Trailing Edge Modulation.

Fig. 1.3 Sine Sawtooth PWM

It is easier to have an integrator with a reset to generate the ramp

in Fig1.4 but the modulation is inferior to double edge modulation.

Fig.
1.4

Trailing Edge Modulation

3. Regular Sampled PWM

The scheme illustrated above generates a switching edge at the
instant of crossing of the sine wave and the triangle. This is an easy scheme to
implement using analog electronics but suffers the imprecision and drift of all
analog computation as well as having difficulties of generating multiple edges
when the signal has even a small added noise. Many modulators are now
implemented digitally but there is difficulty is computing the precise intercept of
the modulating wave and the carrier. Regular sampled PWM makes the width
of the pulse proportional to the value of the modulating signal at the beginning
of the carrier period. In Fig 1.5 the intercept of the sample values with the
triangle determine the edges of the Pulses. For a saw tooth wave of frequency
fs the samples are at 2fs.

10

Fig. 1.5 Regular Sampled PWM

There are many ways to generate a Pulse Width Modulated

signal other than fixed frequency sine sawtooth. For three phase systems the
modulation of a Voltage Source Inverter can generate a PWM signal for each
phase leg by comparison of the desired output voltage waveform for each
phase with the same sawtooth. One alternative which is easier to implement in
a computer and gives a larger modulation depth is using space vector
modulation.
4. Modulation Depth

Fig. 1.6
Saturated
Pulse
Width
Modulation
For a single phase inverter modulated by a sine-sawtooth
comparison, if we compare a sine wave of magnitude from -2 to +2 with a
triangle from -1 to +1 the linear relation between the input signal and the
average output signal will be lost. Once the sine wave reaches the peak of the
transgle the pulses will be of maximum width and the modulation will then
saturate. The Modulation depth is the ratio of the current signal to the case
when saturation is just starting. Thus sine wave of peak 1.2 compared with a
triangle with peak 2.0 will have a modulation depth of m=0.6.

11

2.
THEORY

12

2.1
COMPONENTS USED IN MINI PROJECT
SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. MOTOR
USING PWM METHOD

BATTERY
CAPACITOR
VARIABLE REGULATOR
HIGH SPEED DOIDE 1N4140
SCHMITT TRIGGER CD40106B
13

 RESISTOR
MOTOR
AMPLIFIER TRANSISTOR

14

INFORMATION
ON
Schmitt trigger CD40106B
15

2.2

GOAL
To study about Schmitt trigger CD40106B and its function in the

circuit.

2.3 INTRODUCTION
CD40106B consists of six Schmitt trigger circuits.
Each circuit functions as an inverter with Schmitt trigger action on the input.
The trigger switches at different points for positive and negative-going
signals.
The difference between the positive-going voltage (VP) and the negativegoing voltage(VN)is defined as hysteresis voltage(VH).
The CD40106B types are supplied in 14 lead hermetic dual-in-line ceramic
packages (D and F suffixes),14-lead dual-in-line plastic package(E suffix),
and in chip form (H suffix).

2.4 Features
Schmitt-trigger action with no external components
Hysteresis voltage(typ.) 0.9V at VDD=5V, 2.3V at VDD=10V, and 3.5V
at VDD=15V
Noise immunity greater than 50%
No limit on input rise and fall times
Standardized, symmetrical output characteristics
100% tested for quiescent current at 20V

16

 Maximum input current of 1mA at 18V over full package-temperature

range;100nA at 18V and25C
Low VDD to VSS current during slow input rampl 5V, 10V, and 15V
parametric ratings

2.5 Functional diagram and logic diagram

of inverter CD40106B

17

Fig.Logic diagram (1 of 6 Schmitt triggers)

2.6 REGULAR CD40106B

CD40106B SCHMITT TRIGGER

BY TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

2.7 Applications
18

Wave and pulse shapers

High-noise-environment systems
Monostable multivibrators
Astable multivibrators

INTRODUCTION
ON
19

High speed diode

1N4148

2.8

GOAL

To study about high speed diode 1N4148

2.9 INTRODUCTION
The 1N4148 is a standard silicon switching diode.
It is one of the most popular and long-lived switching diodes
because of its dependable specifications and low cost.
Its name follows the JEDEC nomenclature.
The 1N4148 is useful in switching applications up to about
100 MHz with a reverse-recovery time of no more than 4 ns.
The 1N4148 comes in a DO-35 glass package for thruhole mounting.

20

 This is useful for breadboarding of circuits. A surface

mount device, 1N4148WS, is available in a
plastic SOD package.

2.10 FEATURES

Hermetically sealed leaded glass SOD27 (DO-35)

package
High switching speed: max. 4 ns
General application
Continuous reverse voltage: max. 100 V
Repetitive peak reverse voltage: max. 100 V
Repetitive peak forward current: max. 450 mA.

2.11 REGULAR 1N4148

21

2.12 APPLICATION
High-speed switching.

3.
CIRCUIT DESIGN
3.1 Circuit design of speed control of d.c.
motor

22

4.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
AND WORKING
23

4.1 EXPLANATION:
Here is a simple PWM motor speed controller circuit
that can be used for varying the speed of low power DC
motors .
The variation in speed is achieved by varying the duty
cycle of the pulse supplied to drive the motor.
Of the two gates of IC CD40106B , N1 is wired as an
inverting Schmitt Trigger astable multi vibrator for
producing pulses and N2 as an inverting buffer to drive
the transistor during positive cycles at base.
The duty cycle is set from resistor R2.
R1 limits the base current of transistor SL 100. The circuit
is ideal for controlling toy motors,hand held mini fans ,
small blowers etc.

4.2

GOAL
To explain working of the PWM circuit.

4.3 BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM

As shown in block diagram there are mainly three blocks: Astable
Multivibrator, Monostable Multivibrator and Driving Circuit.

24

Fig. 4.1 Block Diagram

The Basic Blocks are explained below:

Astable Multivibrator: This block produce square pulses of same frequency

according to time constant RC. These pulses are fed to next block as triggering
pulses.

Monostable Multivibrator: This block produces square pulses of variable

frequencies. The frequency of output pulse can be varied by changing the
value of resistor shown in figure. These pulses are fed to the driving circuit.

Driving Circuit: This block provides power required to drive the motor. As the
frequency of output pulses of Monostable multivibrator changes, the average
voltage supplied to motor changes. Hence, the speed of motor changes.

25

5.
CONCLUSION

26

5.1 GOAL
To conclude the work carried out.

5.2 CONCLUSION
From the project work, following points can be concluded.
1. It fulfils all the requirements for its application.
2. The motor responds to the average value of the pulses and not to the
individual pulses as the chopper works at high frequency.
3. Changing the duty-cycle of the pulse by changing the speed of regulator
changes the average voltage level.
4. It is possible to improve overall performance of the motor speed.

27

6.
FUTURE
MODIFICATIONS

28

6.1

GOAL
To highlight possible modifications that can be made in the

project for improving performance.

6.2

POSSIBLE MODIFICATIONS

Following are the possible future modifications in our project work.

TABLE 10-1
Sr.
No.
1

FUTURE MODIFICATIONS
Modification

Purpose

Use of micro-

Constant speed variation

controller/micro-processor
2

for closed loop operation

Use of MOSFET or IGBT

Higher voltage and power requirement

29