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Assingment of Biochemical

There are two major types of growth media: cell culture media and microbiological culture media. Cell culture media is used to grow animal or plant cells, while microbiological culture media is used to grow microorganisms like bacteria and yeast. There are also different types of microbiological culture media depending on their purpose, such as nutrient media which contains all elements needed for growth, selective media which allows only certain organisms to grow, and differential media which distinguishes between organism types based on biochemical characteristics. Growth media provides the appropriate biochemical environment for propagation of microorganisms and is essential for research applications like vaccine development, recombinant protein production, and diagnostic microbiology.

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116 views

Assingment of Biochemical

There are two major types of growth media: cell culture media and microbiological culture media. Cell culture media is used to grow animal or plant cells, while microbiological culture media is used to grow microorganisms like bacteria and yeast. There are also different types of microbiological culture media depending on their purpose, such as nutrient media which contains all elements needed for growth, selective media which allows only certain organisms to grow, and differential media which distinguishes between organism types based on biochemical characteristics. Growth media provides the appropriate biochemical environment for propagation of microorganisms and is essential for research applications like vaccine development, recombinant protein production, and diagnostic microbiology.

Uploaded by

Talal Ashraf
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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QUESTION: What is the medium for the growth of microorganisms?

And define different type of mediums.


GROWTH MEDIUM:
A growth medium or culture medium is a liquid or gel designed to support the growth
of microorganisms or cells,[1] or small plants like the moss Physcomitrella patens. There are different
types of media for growing different types of cells.

Growth of Microorganisms in Culture:


For any bacterium to be propagated for any purpose it is necessary to provide the
appropriate biochemical and biophysical environment. The biochemical (nutritional)
environment is made available as a culture medium, and depending upon the
special needs of particular bacteria (as well as particular investigators) a large
variety and types of culture media have been developed with different purposes and
uses. Culture media are employed in the isolation and maintenance of pure cultures
of bacteria and are also used for identification of bacteria according to their
biochemical and physiological properties.
The manner in which bacteria are cultivated, and the purpose of culture media,
varies widely. Liquid media are used for growth of pure batch cultures, while
solidified media are used widely for the isolation of pure cultures, for estimating
viable bacterial populations, and a variety of other purposes. The usual gelling
agent for solid or semisolid medium is agar, a hydrocolloid derived from red
algae. Agar is used because of its unique physical properties (it melts at 100 oC and
remains liquid until cooled to 40oC, the temperature at which it gels) and because it
cannot be metabolized by most bacteria. Hence as a medium component it is
relatively inert; it simply holds (gels) nutrients that are in aqueous solution.
Bacterial Culture:
Microbiological cultures can be grown in petri dishes of differing sizes that have a thin layer of
agar-based growth medium. Once the growth medium in the petri dish is inoculated with the
desired bacteria, the plates are incubated at the best temperature for the growing of the
selected bacteria (for example, usually at 37 degrees Celsius for cultures from humans or
animals, or lower for environmental cultures).
Another method of bacterial culture is liquid culture, in which the desired bacteria are
suspended in liquid broth, a nutrient medium. These are ideal for preparation of an antimicrobial
assay. The experimenter would inoculate liquid broth with bacteria and let it grow overnight (they
may use a shaker for uniform growth).

There are many types of culture or growth media, which is food that microbes can live
on. There are two major types of growth media:
CELL CULTURE:
Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of
their natural environment. In practice, the term "cell culture" now refers to the culturing of cells

derived from multicellular eukaryotes, especially animal cells, in contrast with other types of culture
that also grow cells, such as plant tissue culture, fungal culture, and microbiological
culture (of microbes). The historical development and methods of cell culture are closely interrelated
to those of tissue culture and organ culture. Viral culture is also related, with cells as hosts for the
viruses.The cell culture use specific cell types derived from plants or animals.

MICROBIOLOGICAL CULTURE:
Microbiological culture are used for growing microorganisms, such
as bacteria or yeast.A microbiological culture, or microbial culture, is a method of
multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture media under
controlled laboratory conditions. Microbial cultures are used to determine the type of organism, its
abundance in the sample being tested, or both.

VARIOUS TYPES OF MEDIUM FOR THE SERVIVAL


OF ENZYMES AND MICRORGANISMS:
The most common growth media for microorganisms are nutrient broths (liquid nutrient medium)
or LB medium (Lysogeny Broth). Liquid media are often mixed with agar and poured via
sterile media dispenser into Petri dishes to solidify. These agar plates provide a solid medium on
which microbes may be cultured. They remain solid, as very few bacteria are able to decompose
agar (the exception being some species in the following
genera: Cytophaga, Flavobacterium, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Alcaligenes). Bacteria grown in
liquid cultures often form colloidal suspensions.

Nutrient media:
Nutrient media contain all the elements that most bacteria need for growth and are nonselective, so they are used for the general cultivation and maintenance of bacteria kept in
laboratory culture collections.
An undefined medium (also known as a basal or complex medium) is a medium that contains:

a carbon source such as glucose for bacterial growth

water

various salts needed for bacterial growth

a source of amino acids and nitrogen (e.g., beef, yeast extract)

This is an undefined medium because the amino acid source contains a variety
of compounds with the exact composition being unknown.

A defined medium (also known as chemically defined medium or synthetic medium) is a


medium in which

all the chemicals used are known

no yeast, animal or plant tissue is present

Some examples of nutrient media include:

Plate count agar, Nutrient agar, and Trypticase soy agar

Minimal media
Minimal media are those that contain the minimum nutrients possible for colony growth, generally
without the presence of amino acids, and are often used by microbiologists and geneticists to grow
"wild type" microorganisms. Minimal media can also be used to select for or
against recombinants or exconjugants.
Minimal medium typically contains:

a carbon source for bacterial growth, which may be a sugar such as glucose, or a less
energy-rich source like succinate

various salts, which may vary among bacteria species and growing conditions; these
generally provide essential elements such as magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus, andsulfur to
allow the bacteria to synthesize protein and nucleic acid

wate

Selective media:
Selective media are used for the growth of only selected microorganisms. For example, if a
microorganism is resistant to a certainantibiotic, such as ampicillin or tetracycline, then that antibiotic
can be added to the medium in order to prevent other cells, which do not possess the resistance,
from growing.
Examples of selective media include:

YM (yeast and mold) which has a low pH, deterring bacterial growth.

Mac Conkey agar for Gram-negative bacteria.

Hektoen enteric agar (HE) which is selective for Gram-negative bacteria.

Differential media:
Differential media or indicator media distinguish one microorganism type from another growing on
the same media.[7] This type of media uses the biochemical characteristics of a microorganism
growing in the presence of specific nutrients or indicators (such asneutral red, phenol red, eosin y,
or methylene blue) added to the medium to visibly indicate the defining characteristics of a

microorganism. This type of media is used for the detection of microorganisms and by molecular
biologists to detect recombinant strains of bacteria.
Examples of differential media include:

Blood agar (used in strep tests), which contains bovine heart blood that becomes transparent
in the presence of hemolytic Streptococcus
Eosin methylene blue (EMB), which is differential for lactose fermentation
Granada medium (EMB), which is selective and differential for Streptococcus
agalactiae (Group B streptococcus, GBS). GBS grows as distinctive red colonies in this medium.

Transport media:
Transport media should fulfill the following criteria:

temporary storage of specimens being transported to the laboratory for cultivation.


maintain the viability of all organisms in the specimen without altering their
concentration.
contain only buffers and salt.
lack of carbon, nitrogen, and organic growth factors so as to prevent microbial
multiplication.
transport media used in the isolation of anaerobes must be free of molecular oxygen.

Examples of transport media include:

Thioglycolate broth for strict anaerobes.


Stuart transport medium a non-nutrient soft agar gel containing a reducing agent to
prevent oxidation, and charcoal to neutralise

Certain bacterial inhibitors- for gonococci, and buffered glycerol saline for enteric bacilli.

Venkataraman Ramakrishna(VR) medium for V. cholerae.

Enriched media:
Enriched media contain the nutrients required to support the growth of a wide variety of
organisms, including some of the more fastidious ones. They are commonly used to harvest as
many different types of microbes as are present in the specimen. Blood agar is an enriched
medium in which nutritionally rich whole blood supplements the basic nutrients. Chocolate
agar is enriched with heat-treated blood (4045 C), which turns brown and gives the medium
the color for which it is named.

APPLICATION OF CELL CULTURE:


Mass culture of animal cell lines is fundamental to the manufacture of viral vaccines and other
products of biotechnology.
Biological products produced by recombinant DNA (DNA) technology in animal cell cultures
include enzymes, synthetic hormones, immunobiologicals (monoclonal antibodies,
interleukins, lymphokines), and anticancer agents. Although many simpler proteins can be
produced using DNA in bacterial cultures, more complex proteins that
are glycosylated(carbohydrate-modified) currently must be made in animal cells.

APPLICATION OF MICROBIOLOGICAL CULTURE:


Microbial cultures are foundational and basic diagnostic methods used extensively as a
research tool in molecular biology. It is often essential to isolate a pure culture of
microorganisms. A pure (or axenic) culture is a population of cells or multicellular
organisms growing in the absence of other species or types. A pure culture may
originate from a single cell or single organism, in which case the cells are
genetic clones of one another.

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