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Ques Ans After Lecture 7

This document contains 6 questions regarding fluid mechanics concepts. It covers topics like the definitions of a fluid, Newtonian fluid, and viscosity. It also includes problems calculating viscosity from experimental data, determining the position of a plate between two surfaces to minimize drag, calculating torque on discs separated by a fluid film, determining change in volume with pressure change, and relating soap bubble diameters during coalescence using conservation of mass.

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UsamaIjaz
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160 views

Ques Ans After Lecture 7

This document contains 6 questions regarding fluid mechanics concepts. It covers topics like the definitions of a fluid, Newtonian fluid, and viscosity. It also includes problems calculating viscosity from experimental data, determining the position of a plate between two surfaces to minimize drag, calculating torque on discs separated by a fluid film, determining change in volume with pressure change, and relating soap bubble diameters during coalescence using conservation of mass.

Uploaded by

UsamaIjaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction and Fundamental Concepts (Lectures 1-7)

Q1. Choose the correct answer


(i)
A fluid is a substance that
(a) has the same shear stress at a point regardless of its motion
(b) is practically incompressible
(c) cannot remain at rest under action of any shear force
(d) obeys Newtons law of viscosity
[Ans.(c)]
(ii)

For a Newtonian fluid


(a) shear stress is proportional to shear strain
(b) rate of shear stress is proportional to shear strain
(c) shear stress is proportional to rate of shear strain
(d) rate of shear stress is proportional to rate of shear strain
[Ans.(c)]
n

(iii)

(iv)

du
Shear stress for a general fluid motion is represented by = + A , where n
dy
and A are constants. A Newtonian fluid is given by
(a) n > 1 and A = 0
(b) n = 1 and A = 0
(c) n > 1 and A 0
(d) n < 1 and A = 0
[Ans.(b)]
du
If the relationship between the shear stress and the rate of shear strain
is
dy
n

du
expressed as = m . The fluid with the exponent n < 1 is known as
dy
(a) Pseudoplastic fluid
(b) Bingham fluid
(c) Dilatant fluid
(d) Newtonian fluid

[Ans.(a)]
(v)

(vi)

The increase in temperature


(a) increases the viscosity of a liquid and decreases the viscosity of a gas
(b) decreases the viscosity of a liquid and increases the viscosity of a gas
(c) increases the viscosity of both a liquid and a gas
(d) decreases the viscosity of both a liquid and a gas
[Ans.(b)]
The bulk modulus of elasticity for an ideal gas (equation of state p = RT , where
p is the pressure, is the density, R is the characteristic gas constant and T is
the absolute temperature) at constant temperature T is given by
p
(a)

(b) RT
(c) p
(d) RT
[Ans.(c)]
Q2.
A plate having an area of 0.4 m2 is sliding down the inclined plane at 30 to the
horizontal with a velocity of 0.25 m/s. There is a cushion of fluid 2 mm thick between the
plane and the plate. The weight of the plate is 25 N. Assuming linear velocity profile in
the film, find the viscosity of the fluid.
Solution
The arrangement is shown in the figure below.
Fluid

0.25 m/s
W sin
30

W = 25 N

W cos

Component of weight along the slope is W sin 30 .


Velocity gradient is found to be
du V 0 V
= =
dy
h
h
where h is the thickness of the oil film and V is the velocity of the plate. .
Viscous resistance F is given by
F = A
du
V
or
F=

A=
A
dy
h
At equilibrium, the viscous resistance to the motion should be equal to the component of
the weight of the solid block along the slope. Thus,
V
=
A W sin 30
h
0.25
or

=
0.4 25sin 30
2 103
or
=0.25 N-s/m 2

Q3.
A thin plate is placed between two flat surfaces h apart such that the viscosity of liquids
on the top and bottom of the plate are 1 and 2 respectively. Determine the position of
the plate such that the viscous resistance to uniform motion of the plate is minimum.
Solution
Let us assume that the velocity of the plate be V .
Let F1 and F2 be the shear forces per unit area on the lower surface and upper surface of
the thin plate respectively. Let us also consider that the distance of the thin plate from the
bottom wall is y as shown in the figure below.
h y

From Newtons law of viscosity, shear stress on the bottom surface of the plate 1 is
given by
du
1 =1
dy
V
= 1
y
Shear force per unit area on the bottom surface of the plate is
du
V
F1 =
1
=
1
dy
y
From Newtons law of viscosity, shear stress on the upper surface of the plate 2 is given
by
du
2 = 2
dy
where dy= h y ( Neglecting thickness of the plate)
V
or
2 = 2
h y
Shear force per unit area on the upper surface of the plate is
du
V
F2 =
2
=
2
dy
h y
Total viscous resistance to drag the plate is
F= F1 + F2
V
V
= 1 + 2
y
h y

For minimum F, we have


dF
=0
dy
V
V
or
1 2 + 2
=0
2
y
(h y)
2

or

(h y)
y2

or

(h y)

1
=
1 2
y

1
2

or

1
y
=
( h y ) 2

or

y=

h 1 2
1 + 1 2

Q4.
A uniform film of oil 0.13 mm thick separates two discs, each of 200 mm diameter,
mounted coaxially. Ignoring the edge effects, calculate the torque necessary to rotate one
disc relative to other at a speed of 7 rev/s, if the oil has a viscosity of 0.14 Pa-s.
Solution
At a radial distance r (measured from the axis of the discs) in the oil film ( figure below),
the velocity
v = 2 7 r
dv 2 7 r
=
=
3.38 105 r
3
dy 0.13 10
( y is measured along the direction of the axis i.e., perpendicular to the discs)
7 rev/s
R = 100 mm

Oil
0.13 mm
r

dr

The force acting on an elemental portion of the disc of thickness dr at a radial location r
is given by
dF
= 0.14 ( 3.38 105 r ) 2rdr

Corresponding torque

dT
= 0.14 ( 3.38 105 r ) 2rdr r

Hence,
5
2
T=
dT =
0.14 ( 3.38 10 r ) 2r dr
R
0

( where R, the radius of the disc = 100 mm = 0.1 m)


0.14 3.38 105 2 ( 0.1)
= = 7.43 N-m
4
4

Q5.
(a) Find the change in volume of 1.00 m3 of water at 26.7C when subjected to a pressure
increase of 2 MN/m2 (The bulk modulus of elasticity of water at 26.7C is
2.24 109 N/m 2 ).
(b) From the following test data, determine the bulk modulus of elasticity of water:
at 3.5 MN/m 2 , the volume was 1.00 m3 and at 24 MN/m 2 , the volume was 0.99 m3.
Solution
(a)
Change in pressure p =
2 106 N/m 2
Initial volume of water V = 1.00 m3
Bulk modulus of elasticity is given by
p
E=

or
= p
E
1.00
0.893 103 m3
= 2=
106
9
2.24 10
(b)
Change in pressure p= ( 24 3.5 )= 20.5MN/m 2= 20.5 106 N/m 2
Change in volume
= (1 0.99 )= 0.01 m3
The bulk modulus of elasticity of water is
p
20.5 106
E=
1.00
2.05 109 N/m 2
=
=

0.01

Q6.
A spherical soap bubble of diameter d1 coalesces with another bubble of diameter d 2 to
form a single bubble of diameter d3 containing the same amount of air. Assuming
isothermal process, derive an analytical expression for d3 as a function of d1 , d 2 , the
ambient pressure p0 and the surface tension of soap solution . If d1 = 20 mm ,
d 2 = 40 mm , p0 = 101 kN/m 2 and = 0.09 N/m , determine d3 .

Solution
From conservation of mass
m1 + m2 =
m3
where m1 , m2 and m3 are the masses of air inside the bubbles of diameter d1 , d 2 and d3
respectively.
For an isothermal process (considering air to behave as an ideal gas), the above leads to
p1d13 + p2 d 23 =
p3 d33
where p1 , p2 and p3 are the pressures inside the bubbles of diameter d1 , d 2 and
d3 respectively.
Now,
8
p=
p0 +
1
d1
8
p=
p0 +
2
d2
8
p=
p0 +
3
d3
Hence,

8 3
8 3
8 3
p0 + d1 + p0 + d 2 = p0 + d3
d1
d2
d3

For the given values of d1 = 20 mm , d 2 = 40 mm , p0 = 101 kN/m 2 , = 0.09 N/m

8 0.09 103
8 0.09 103
8 0.09 103 3
3
3
101
0.02
101
0.04
101
+
+
+
=
+
(
)
(
)

d3

0.02
0.04
d3

4
6 3
6
or
d3 + 7.13 10 d3 = 72.3 10 d3
which gives

d3 =
41.6 103 m =
41.6 mm

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