M.

Tech Programme
Electrical Engineering- Power System and Control
Curriculum and Scheme of Examinations
SEMESTER I
Credits
Code No. Name of Subject

Hrs
/
wee
k

End
Sem
Exam

Marks
Internal
End
Continuous Semester Total
Assessment Exam

Remarks

hours
EMA
1003

EPC
1001

EAC1001

Advanced
Mathematics for
Power System
Control

Computer Aided
Power System
Analysis
Power Conversion
Techniques

Modeling of
Electrical Machines

EPC
1002

Operation and
Control of Power
System

Dynamics of Linear
Systems

60

100

Do

40

60

100

Do

40

60

100

Do

40

60

100

Do

40

60

100

Do

100

100

No End Sem Examinations

100

100

Do

440

360

800

7 Hours of Departmental
assistance work

EAC
1101

Power System
Simulation Lab

EAC
1102

Seminar

21

22

TOTAL

40

EMC
1002

ECC1003

60

40

Of the 40 marks of internal

assessment, 25 marks for
tests and 15 marks for
100
assignments. End sem exam
is
conducted by the
University

SEMESTER II
Credits
Code Name of Subject
No.

Hrs /
week

End
Marks
Sem
Internal
End
Exam Continuous Semester Total
Hours Assessment Exam

Remarks

EAC Advanced Power

Electronic
2001
Systems

40

60

Of the 40 marks of
internal assessment,
25 marks for tests and
100 15 marks for
assignments. End sem
exam is conducted
by the University

EPC
2002

Power System
Dynamics and
Control

40

60

100

Do

**

Stream Elective I

40

60

100

Do

**

Stream Elective II

40

60

100

Do

**

Department Elective

40

60

100

Do

ECC
2000

Research
Methodology

40

60

100

End Sem Exam is

conducted by the
Individual Institutions

EAC
2101

Advanced Power
System Lab

100

100

No End Sem
Examinations

EAC
2102

Seminar

100

100

do

100

100

do

22

23

---

540

900

6 Hours of
Departmental
assistance work

EAC Thesis Preliminary

2103
Part I
TOTAL

360

SEMESTER II
List of Stream Elective -I
EAE 2001

Distributed Generation and Control

EPE 2001

Transient Analysis in Power System

EPE 2002

Flexible AC Transmission Systems

EPE 2004

Soft Computing Application to Power System

EME 2002

PWM Converters and Application

List of Stream Elective -II

EPC 2001

Digital Protection of Power System

ECC1002

Digital Control Systems

ECC2001

Optimal Control Theory

ECC2002

Non Linear Control Systems

List of Department Electives

EAD 2001
Deregulation in Power Systems
EPC 1003

Power Quality

EPD 2001

New and Renewable Source of Energy

EPD 2002

SCADA System and Application

SEMESTER III
Credit

Hrs
/
wee
k

End
Sem
Exa
m

hour
s
3

40

60

100 End Sem Exam is conducted

by the Individual Institutions

40

60

100

Do

40

60

100

Do

15

200

14

21

Code Name of Subject

No.

**

Stream Elective
III

**

Stream Elective
IV
Non- Dept.
**
(Interdisciplinary)
Elective
EAC
Thesis
3101 Preliminary
Part II
TOTAL

Marks
Continuous End
Assessment Semester Total
Exam

320

Remarks

200 No End Sem Examinations

180

List of Stream Electives-III

EAE 3001

Power System Management

EAE 3002

Captive Power Systems

EAE 3003

Smart Grid Technology and Applications

EAE 3004

Control of Industrial Drives

EAE 3005

Voltage Stability Analysis in Power Systems

List of Stream Electives-IV

EAE 3006

Advanced Digital Signal Processing

EPE 3001

Distribution System Planning and Automation

EPE 3002

Power System Stability and Reliability

EPE 3003

EHV AC & DC Transmission System

EPE 3004

Static Var Controllers and Harmonic Filtering

EPE 3005

Power System Instrumentation

List of Interdisciplinary Electives

EPI 3001

Renewable Energy Sources and Technology

EPI 3002

Energy Auditing and Management

EAI 3001

Autonomous Power Systems

500

6 Hours of Departmental
assistance work

SEMESTER IV

Code Subject Credits

No Name
EAC Thesis
4101
Total

12
12

Marks
Continuous
University Exam
Total
Assessment
Hrs/week
Guide Evaluation Thesis
Viva
Evaluation Voce
Committee
21
150
150
200
100
21

Note : 6 to 8 hours per week is for department assistance

600

8 Hours of Departmental
assistance work

SEMESTER I

EMA 1003

ADVANCED MATHEMATICS FOR POWER SYSTEM CONTROL

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course objective:
1. Introduce various optimization methods to enable students to apply them in practical problems
2. Equip the Students with a thorough understanding of vector spaces, probabilities, random process and
queuing theory
Learning outcome:
Basic knowledge of vector spaces and optimization theory which are essential for higher studies and
research in Engineering.
Module 1
Concepts of optimization: Statement of optimization problem - Classification -Engineering
applications- Linear Programming- Graphical method- Simplex method -Duality- Sensitivity analysis Transportation and assignment problems.
Nonlinear programming- Unconstrained optimization techniques-Direct search methods-Descent
methods -Constrained optimization - Direct and Indirect methods - Kuhn tucker conditions.
Module2
Dynamic programming- Multistage decision process -Concept of sub optimization and Principle of
optimality -Computational procedure
Advanced optimization techniques- Genetic Algorithm -Simulated annealing methods-Tabu Search
Particle swarm optimization ant colony algorithm
Module 3
Vector Space: Vector space, subspace, linear independence of vectors - Dimension and basis
(Definitions, theorems without proof and problems), linear transformations, Rank and nullity, Inner product,
Norm of a vector, Orthogonal vectors, Gram Schmidt Orthogonalization process.
Probability and Random Processes: Gaussian processes, Discrete time Markov chains, ChapmanKolmogorov Equations, classification of states, Steady State Probabilities, continuous - time Markov chain:
State occupancy times, transition rates, Steady State Probabilities, Global balance equations, Application to
Birth - death process and Queuing models (M/M/1 and M/M/c models with infinite capacity).
References:
1. Singiresu S Rao, "Engineering Optimization Theory and Practices, John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
2. Engineering optimization, Methods and Applications'-- G V Reklaitis, A Ravindran & K M Rajsdell
3. Alberto leon-Garcia, Probability and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering, Pearson, 2/e., 2009
4. S M Ross, Introduction to Probability Models, Elsevier, 10th ed 2009.
5. Sundarapandian, Probability Statistics and Queuing Theory, PHI, 2009.
6. T Veerarajan, Probability and Random Process, Tata McGraw Hill, 3rd ed., 2011
7. Peter V. O. Niel, 'Advanced Engineering Mathematics', 4th edition, Brooks Cole Publications.
8. Greenberg, 'Advanced Engineering Mathematics Pearson Edn.
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be answered by
the student.

EPC 1001 COMPUTER AIDED POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective
1. To introduce computer applications in analysis of power systems
2. To understand the solution methods and techniques involved in power system studies
Course Outcome
A better understanding of the merits and demerits of critical analytical solution methods which are the basis for
valid techniques in solving power system problems
Module 1
Review of solution of Linear System of equations by Gauss Jordan method, Gauss elimination, LU
factorization and LDU factorization.
Load Flow Studies: Overview of Gauss, Gauss- Seidel and Newton Raphson Methods, Decoupled Load Flow,
Fast Decoupled Load Flow, DC load flow, Three phase Load Flow and Harmonic Load flow. Sparsity
techniques, Triangular factorization and Optimal ordering.
Incorporation of FACTS devices in Load Flow: Static Tap Changing, Phase Shifting (PS), Static Var
Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) and Unified Power Flow Controller
(UPFC)
Module 2
Elementary linear graph theory Incidence and network matrices. Development of network matrices
from Graph theoretic approach, Building algorithm for Bus impedance matrix, Modification of ZBUS matrix due
to changes in primitive network.
Short Circuit studies Types of Faults Short circuit study of a large power system Algorithm for
calculating system conditions after fault three short circuit, three phase to ground, double line to ground, line
to line and single line to ground fault.
Module 3
State estimation least square and weighted least square estimation methods for linear and non-linear
systems. Static state estimation of power systems- injections only and line only algorithms, Treatment of bad
data detection, identification and suppression of bad data.
Contingency Analysis- adding and removing multiple lines, Analysis of single and multiple
contingencies, Contingency Analysis by DC model, System reduction for contingency and fault studies
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Power System Analysis- John J. Grainger, William D. Stevenson, Jr., Tata McGraw-Hill Series in ECE.
Modern Power system Analysis, 3rd Edition- I. J. Nagrath and D. P. Kothari, Tata McGraw Hill, 1980
Computer modeling of Electrical Power Systems - J. Arriliga and N. R. Watson, Wiley, 2001
Computer methods in power system analysis- G.W. Stagg and El-Abiad McGraw Hill, 1968
Power System Analysis- Hadi Saadat, McGraw Hill
Power System Harmonic Analysis - Jos Arrillaga, Bruce C. Smith, Neville R. Watson, Alan Wood,
John Wiley and Son, 1997
7. Computational methods for large sparse power systems analysis: An object oriented approach, S A
Soman, S A Khaparde, Shubha Pandit, Kluwer academic publishers
8. Computer Aided Power System Analysis- G. L. Kusic, Prentice Hall, 1986
9. Large networks by matrix methods, H E Brown, John Wiley

Structure of the question paper

The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be answered by
the student.

EAC 1001

POWER CONVERSION TECHNIQUES

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks

Credits: 3

Course Objective:
To Familiarize various Power Electronic conversion techniques
Course Outcome
A better understanding of the merits and demerits of critical analytical solution methods which are the basis for
valid techniques in solving power system problems
Module 1
AC voltage controllers: Analysis of single-phase ac voltage controller with R and RL load, Performance
parameters, Sequential control of single-phase ac voltage controllers.
DC-DC converters: Buck, boost, buck-boost and C'uk Topologies-Representation with ideal switches,
Steady state analysis in continuous conduction mode using inductor volt-sec balance-- current and voltage
ripples. Design relations for inductor and capacitors. Discontinuous Conduction Mode operation of basic buck
and boost converter-Isolated dc-dc converters: Steady-state analysis of fly back, forward, push-pull and bridge
topologies.
Module 2
Switched Mode Inverters: Topologies of single-phase half-bridge, full-bridge and three-phase bridge
Voltage Source Inverters-Representation using ideal switches- stepped wave and PWM operation- Sine-Triangle
PWM-Selective Harmonic Elimination--Space Vector PWM-Evaluation of dwell times- Principles of CurrentControlled VSI- Hysteresis control and PWM current control. Current Source Inverters: Analysis of capacitor
commutated single phase CSI feeding resistive and pure-inductor loads.
Module 3
Resonant Converters - Second-Order Resonant Circuits - Load Resonant Converters - Resonant Switch
Converters Resonant DC-Link Converters with ZVS
Series-Resonant Inverters: Voltage-Source Series-Resonant Inverters - Voltage-Source Parallel-Resonant
Inverters - Voltage-Source SeriesParallel-Resonant Inverters
Resonant DC-Link Inverters : The Resonant DC-Link Inverter - The Parallel-Resonant DC-Link Inverter Current Research Trends
Auxiliary Resonant Commutated Pole Inverters: Losses in Hard-Switched Inverters - Analysis of ARCP Phase
Leg - Analysis of ARCP H-Bridge - Analysis of ARCP Three-Phase Inverter
References
1. Ned Mohan, et. al., Power Electronics: Converters, Design and Applications, Wiley
2. V. Ramanarayanan, Course Notes on Switched Mode Power Converters, Department of Electrical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
3. G. K. Dubey, et.al., Thyristorised Power Controllers, New Age International
4. John Vithayathil, Power Electronics: Principles and Applications, Tata McGraw Hill
5. Bin Wu, High Power Converters and AC Drives, IEEE Press, Wiley Interscience, 2006.
6. L. Umanand, Power Electronics: Essentials and Applications, Wiley, 2009
7. Thimothy L. Skvarenina, The Power electronics handbook, CRC press, 2002

Structure of the question paper

The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be answered by
the student.

EMC 1002

MODELING OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective: To develop the basic elements of generalized theory and to derive the general equations for
voltage and torque of all type of rotating machines and to deal with their steady state and transient analysis
Module 1
Unified approach to the analysis of electrical machine performance - per unit system - basic two pole
model of rotating machines- Primitive machine -special properties assigned to rotor windings - transformer and
rotational voltages in the armature voltage and torque equations resistance, inductance and torque matrix.
Transformations - passive linear transformation in machines- invariance of power - transformation from three
phase to two phase and from rotating axes to stationary axes-Park's transformation
Module 2
DC Machines: Application of generalized theory to separately excited, shunt, series and compound
machines. Steady state and transient analysis, transfer functions. Sudden short circuit of separately excited
generator, sudden application of inertia load to separately excited dc motor.
Synchronous Machines: Synchronous machine reactance and time constants-Primitive machine model
of synchronous machine with damper windings on both axes. Balanced steady state analysis-power angle
curves. Transient analysis- sudden three phase short circuit at generator terminals - armature currents and
torque. - Transient power angle curve .
Module 3
Induction Machines: Primitive machine representation- Steady state operation-Equivalent circuitDouble cage rotor representation - Equivalent circuit. Single phase induction motor- Voltage and Torque
equations.
References
1. P.S.Bhimbra, Generalized theory of electrical machines , Khanna Publishers,
2002
2. Charles V.Johnes, Unified theory of electrical machines .
3. Adkins and Harley , General theory of ac machines.
4. C. Concordia, Synchronous Machines.
5. M.G. Say, Introduction to Unified theory of electrical machines
6. E W.Kimbark, Power System Stability Vol. II P.
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be answered
by the student.

EPC 1002 OPERATION AND CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEM

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective: Objective of the course is to make the students aware the importance of Economic
operation as well as control of power system.
Module 1
Introduction-Review of Thermal units.-The Lambda iteration method-First order gradient method
base point and participation
factors.
Generation with limited supply-Take or pay fuel contract-composite generation production cost
function- solution of gradient search techniques. Hard limits and slack variables
Module 2
Hydro-thermal coordination-Long range and short range scheduling- Hydro-electric plant
models- scheduling problems types of scheduling problems. Scheduling energy -short-term
hydrothermal scheduling problem- Pumped storage hydro plants- pumped storage hydro scheduling
- iteration.
Inter change evaluation and power pools-Economy interchange evaluation with unit
commitments. Types of interchange. Energy banking-power pools. Power system security-system
monitoring-contingency analysis- security constrained optimal power flow- Factors affecting power
system security. State estimation in power system-Introduction
Module 3
Control of generation-Automatic Generation control Review-AGC implementation - AGC
features -Modeling exercise using SIMUL1NK. AGC with optimal dispatch of Generation- Voltage
control-AGC including excitation system.
MVAR control - Application of voltage regulator synchronous condenser transformer taps static
VAR compensators
References
1. Allen J.Wood and Wollenberg B.F., Power Generation Operation and control, John Wiley & Sons,
Second Edition,1996.
2. S S. Vadhera. 'Power system Analysis and stability', Khanna Publishers
3. Kirchmayer L.K., Economic Control of Interconnected Systems, John Wiley & Sons, 1959.
4. Nagrath, I.J. and Kothari D.P., Modern Power System Analysis, TMH, New Delhi, 2006.
5. A Montieelli., 'State Estimation in Electric power system-A Generalised Approach'
6. Ali Abur & Antonio Gomez Exposito, 'Power system state estimation-Theory and
Implementation1, Marcel Dekker Inc.
7. Hadi Sadat, 'Power system Analysis'- Tata McGraw Hill
8. Recent literature.
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be answered by
the student.

ECC1003
Structure of the course
Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination:

DYNAMICS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
60 Marks

3-0-0-3

Credits: 3

Course Objectives
1. To provide a strong foundation on classical and modern control theory.
2. To provide an insight into the role of controllers in a system.
3. To design compensators using classical methods.
4. To design controllers in the state space domain.
5. To impart an in depth knowledge in observer design.
Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able
1. To analyse a given system and assess its performance.
2. To design a suitable compensator to meet the required specifications.
3. To design and tune PID controllers for a given system.
4. To realise a linear system in state space domain and to evaluate controllability and observability.
5. To design a controller and observer for a given system and evaluate its performance.
Module 1
Design of feedback control systems- Approaches to system design-compensators-performance measures - cascade
compensation networks-phase lead and lag compensator design using both Root locus and Bode plots-systems using
integration networks, systems with pre-filter, PID controllers-effect of proportional, integral and derivative gains on
system performance, PID tuning , integral windup and solutions.
Module 2
State Space Analysis and Design- Analysis of stabilization by pole cancellation - Canonical realizations - Parallel and
cascade realizations - reachability and constructability - stabilizability - controllability - observability -grammians. Linear
state variable feedback for SISO systems, Analysis of stabilization by output feedback-modal controllability-formulae for
feedback gain -significance of controllable Canonic form-Ackermann's formula- feedback gains in terms of Eigen
values - Mayne-Murdoch formula - Transfer function approach - state feedback and zeros of the transfer function - non
controllable realizations and stabilizability -controllable and uncontrollable modes - regulator problems - non zero set
points - constant input disturbances and integral feedback.
Module 3
Observers: Asymptotic observers for state measurement-open loop observer-closed loop observer-formulae for observer
gain - implementation of the observer - full order and reduced order observers - separation principle - combined observer controller optimality criterion for choosing observer poles - direct transfer function design procedures - Design using
polynomial equations - Direct analysis of the Diophantine equation.
MIMO systems: Introduction, controllability, observability, different companion forms.
References

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Thomas Kailath. Linear System, Prentice Hall, Inc. Eaglewood Cliffs. NJ. 1998
Benjamin C Kuo, Control Systems, Tata McGraw Hill, 2002
M Gopal, Control Systems-Principles and Design, Tata McGraw Hill
Richard C Dorf & Robert H Bishop, Modern Control Systems, Addison Wesley, 8th Edition, 1998
Gene K Franklin & J David Powell, Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems, Addison -Wesley, 3rd
Edition
Friedland B, Control System Design: An Introduction to State Space Methods, McGraw Hill, NY 1986
M R Chidambaram and S. Ganapathy, An Introduction to the Control of Dynamic Systems, Sehgal
Educational Publishers, 1979
C.T. Chen, Linear system theory and Design, Oxford University Press, New York, 1999

Structure of the question paper

For the end semester examination the question paper consists of at least 60% design problems and derivations.
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be answered by
the student.

EAC 1101

POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LABORATORY

0-0-2-1

Structure of the course

Practical
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

:2Hrs Week
:50 Marks.
:NIL

Credits: 1

1. Load flow studies IEEE 5 bus system, IEEE 14 bus system, IEEE 30 bus systems.
2. Short circuit studies and transient stability studies.
3. Voltage Instability Analysis.
4. Harmonic Analysis
5. Economic Load Dispatch with thermal power plants.
5. Economic Load Dispatch with Hydro thermal power plants.
7. Simulation of Facts controllers
8. Simulation of single -area and Two -area Systems.
9. Load forecasting and unit commitment
10. Simulation of IGBT inverters.
11. Simulation of thyristor converters.
In addition to the above, the Department can offer a few other experiments
Minimum of 10 experiments are to be conducted

SEMESTER II

EAC 2001

ADVANCED POWER ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks

Credits: 3

Course Objective:
To introduce various advanced power electronics systems and various applications of Power Electronics in
power system
Course Outcome
A better understanding of the various advancements and applications of power electronics in various fields
Module 1

Power electronics application in HVDC: Pulse number, Converter configuration, Analysis of Graetz circuit,
Bridge characteristics, 12 pulse converter Principles of DC Link control-Converter control characteristicsSystem control, Firing angle control- Current and extinction angle control, DC link power control, Reactive
power control and VAR sources, MTDC system
Power electronic control in distributed generation

Module 2
Power Quality conditioners shunt and series compensators-DStatcom-Dynamic voltage restorer-unified power
quality conditioners-case studies.
Control Methods for Power Converters: Introduction - Power Converter Control using State-Space Averaged
Models - Sliding-Mode Control of Power Converters - Fuzzy Logic Control of Power Converters
Module 3
Microprocessors & Digital ICs for Control of Power Electronics and Drives: Introduction, Microcomputer
control of Power Electronic Systems, Real time control using microcomputers, microcontrollers, advanced
microprocessor for control of Power Electronic Systems, ASICS for control of Power Electronic Systems.
Design of Micro-processor Based control System, Development tools Applications: Digital control of
permanent magnet synchronous motor drive for Electric vehicle propulsion.
References
1. Ned Mohan, et. al., Power Electronics: Converters, Design and Applications, Wiley
2. V. Ramanarayanan, Course Notes on Switched Mode Power Converters, Department of Electrical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
3. G. K. Dubey, et.al., Thyristorised Power Controllers, New Age International
4. John Vithayathil, Power Electronics: Principles and Applications, Tata McGraw Hill
5. Bin Wu, High Power Converters and AC Drives, IEEE Press, Wiley Interscience, 2006.
6. L. Umanand, Power Electronics: Essentials and Applications, Wiley, 2009
7. Thimothy L. Skvarenina, The Power electronics handbook, CRC press, 2002
8. Bimal K.Bose, Power Electronics & Variable Frequency Drives, IEEE Press, 2000, Standard
Publishers and Distributor, Delhi.
9. Bimal K.Bose, Microcomputer Control of Electric Drives (Part I), IEEE Press, 1987.

Structure of the question paper

The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be answered by
the student.

EPC 2002 POWER SYSTEM DYNAMICS AND CONTROL

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective: To introduce various types of small signal stability problems that will encounter in power
systems and also to introduce means to overcome them
Module 1
Concept of Power system stability-Types of stability-Classical model of single machine connected to
infinite bus and a multi machine system-mathematical modeling of power system elements for stability studiesSynchronous machines. Excitation systems and Prime mover controllers-Transmission lines-Loads-HVDC and
FACTS devices
Module2
Small Signal Analysis-Fundamental concepts of Stability of Dynamic Systems: State Space representationLinearization-Eigen properties of state matrix-Small Signal Stability of Single Machine Infinite Bus(SMlB)
System-Heffron-Phillips constants-Effects on Excitation system -Block diagram representation with exciter and
AVR-Power System Stabiliser(PSS): State matrix including PSS-Small Signal Stability of Multi Machine
Systems-Special Techniques for analysis of very large systems: Analysis of Essentially Spontaneous
Oscillations in Power Systems(AESOPS) algorithms-Modified Arnoldi Method(MAM), Characteristics of
Small Signal Stability Problems: local problems and global problems-Small Signal Stability Enhancement:
Using Power System Stabilisers-Supplementary control of Static Var Compensators-Supplementary
Control of HVDC transmission links-Inter area oscillations
Module 3
Sub synchronous Resonance-Turbine-Generator torsional Characteristics-Torsional interaction with Power
System Controls-Sub synchronous resonance-Impact of network switching disturbances-Torsional interaction
between closely coupled units-Hydro generator torsional characteristics
References:
1. Anderson and Fourd , 'Power System Control and Stability" , Galgotia Publications, 1981
2 . K R Padiyar, 'Power System Dynamics', 2nd Edition, B.S. Publishers, 2003
3. P Kundur, 'Power system Stability and Control', McGraw-Hill Inc., 1994
4. P W Sauer & M A Pai, 'Power System Dynamics and Stability, Pearson, 2003
5. Olle I Elgerd, 'Electric Energy Systems Theory an Introduction', 2nd Edition, McGrawHill, 1983
6. E W Kimbark, 'Power System Stability', Wiley & IEEE Press, 1995
7. Yao-nan-Yu, 'Electric Power Systems Dynamics', Academic Press, 1983
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be answered by
the student.

ECC 2000

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3-0-0-2

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks

Credits: 2

Module 1
Research Process and Methods: Introduction meaning of research objectives of research
motivation in research types of research research approaches significance of research research methods
Vs methodology Criteria of good research - Defining research problem Selecting the problem Literature
review importance of literature review in defining a problem- identifying gap areas from literature review
Research Design need features of good design important concepts related to research design different
types developing a research plan, Research documentation Keeping work journals
Module 2
Research Ethics : What is research ethics and why is it important? Authorship
Plagiarism IEEE policy for plagiarismDegrees of plagiarism- Identifying plagiarism - Peer
review Conflicts of interest Data management/manipulation Research misconduct
Module 3
Research Communication: Report writing types of report- research report, research
proposal, technical paper significance different steps in preparation layout, structure, and
language of typical reports Document preparation tools LaTeX Reference/bibliography
management tools (BibTeX) - simple exercises Oral presentation planning, preparation,
practice making presentation- answering questions use of visual aids quality and proper usage
importance of effective communication illustration.
References
1. Coley S. M and Scheinberg C. A, Proposal Writing, Newbury Sage Publications, 1990
2. Leedy P. D, Practical Research: Planning and Design, 4th Ed., NW MacMillan Pub. Co.
3. Day R. A, How to write and Publish a Scientific Paper, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989
4. http://www.ahc.umn.edu/img/assets/26104/Research_Ethics.pdf
5. http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/plagiarism.html
6. http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/plagiarism_FAQ.html
Evaluation
The evaluation may include short assignments on the following:
1. Writing a review paper based on each student's interest and a sufficiently deep literature
review.
2. The above exercise should be done using document preparation tools such as LaTeX and
bibliography management tools such as BibTeX.
3. Presentations prepared by the students may be subjected to peer-review among students.
4. Seminar reports/technical reports already done by the students may be subjected to peer
review.
5. Identify bogus online/print journals and conferences that thrive on plagiarised contents.

Structure of the question paper

For the end semester examination the question paper consists of at least 60% design problems and derivations.
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be answered
by the student.

EAC 2101
ADVANCED POWER SYSTEMS LAB
Structure of the course
Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 2Hrs /Week
: 50 Marks.
: Nil

0-0-2-1
Credits: 1

1. Load flow studies incorporating FACTS devices

2. Three phase unbalanced Load flow analysis, Short Circuit and Transient stability Studies
3. Optimal Load Flow
4. Load Flow analysis using Neural Network
5. Simulation of HVDC systems
6. State Estimations using Neural Network
7. Contingency Analysis using Neural Network
8. Power system Security using Neural Network
9. Fuzzy Logic load flow
10. Fuzzy Logic based AGC, Single area system, Two area system
11. Fuzzy Logic based small signal stability analysis
12. Study of load frequency control problem of (i) uncontrolled and (ii) controlled casesEconomic Dispatch of (i) Thermal Units and (ii) Thermal Plants using Conventional and
ANN & GA algorithms
13. Application of GA for optimal capacitor placement in distribution systems
14. Load flow in distribution systems
15. Network reconfiguration in distribution systems
16. Tracing power flow in transmission systems
17. Generation and transmission loss allocation in deregulated environment
18. Modelling of a fuel cell power plant for standalone application and grid interface.
19. Micro-Grid Simulation during Grid-Connected and Islanded Modes of Operation

In addition to the above, the Department can offer a few experiments.

Minimum of 10 experiments are to be conducted

EAE 2001 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND CONTROL

3-0-0-3
Structure of the course
Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Description: This course focuses on the new renewable energy based electric energy generation
technologies and their integration into the power grid. The principles of new energy based distributed generation
technologies: solar, wind, and fuel cells. Interconnection of distributed generation sources to power distribution
grid. Economic aspects of distributed generation.
Course objectives
1. Have a working knowledge of the emerging power generation technologies such as photovoltaic arrays,
wind turbines, and fuel cells.
2. Model renewable electrical energy systems for analysis and design.
3. Calculate the basic performance parameters of these systems, such as efficiency and cost.
4. Perform basic assessment and design of a renewable electrical energy system for a given application.
5. Determine the requirements for interconnecting a renewable electrical energy system to the utility electric
power grid.
Module 1
Distributed Generation Definition, Distributed generation advantages, challenges and needs.- Non
conventional and renewable energy sources-Wind Power- wind turbine and rotor types, wind speed power
curve, power coefficient, tip speed ratio, wind energy distribution, environmental impact. Photovoltaic and
Thermo-solar power Solar cell technology, Photovoltaic power characteristics and Thermo-solar power
generation.- Biomass Power, Fuel cells types, types of Tidal power generation schemes, mini and micro hydro
power schemes, and Micro turbines for DG, bulb and tubular turbines. Energy Storage for use with Distributed
Generation-Battery Storage, Capacitor Storage, ultra capacitors and Mechanical Storage: Flywheels, Pumped
and Compressed Fluids.
Module 2
Grid Interconnection Options, Pros and Cons of DG Grid Interconnection, Standards of
interconnection. Recent trends in power electronic DG interconnection. General power electronic DG
interconnection topologies for various sources and control. Control of DG inverters, current control and DC
voltage control for stand alone and grid parallel operations. Protection of the converter, Control of grid
interactive power converters, phase locked loops ,synchronization and phase locking techniques, current
control, DC bus control during grid faults, converter faults during grid parallel and stand alone operation.
Module 3
Intentional and unintentional islanding of distribution systems. Passive and active detection of
unintentional islands, non detection zones. Reactive power support using DG. Power quality improvement
using DG, Power quality issues in DG environment.
Economic aspects of DG- Generation cost, investment, tariffs analysis. Hybrid energy systems.
Distributed generation in the Indian scenario case studies.
References:
1. Distributed Power Generation, Planning & Evaluation by H. Lee Willis & Walter G. Scott, 2000
Edition, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group.
2. Renewable energy power for a sustainable future by Godfrey Boyle ,2004 Oxford University Press
in association with the Open university.
3. Fundamentals of renewable energy systems by D.Mukherjee, S.Chakrabarti, New Age International
Publishers.

4. Advanced Power Electronic Interfaces for Distributed Energy Systems Part 1: Systems and
Topologies by W. Kramer, S. Chakraborty, B. Kroposki, and H. Thomas, March 2008,Technical
Report NREL/TP-581-42672
In addition to readings from the textbook, the course will use selected papers and articles from professional
magazines and industry internet sources as reference materials.
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be answered by
the student.

EPE 2001 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS IN POWER SYSTEM

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective :To introduce various types of transient over voltages in power system and the methods to
overcome them
Module 1
Lightning and travelling waves : Transients in electric power systems - internal and external
causes of over voltages - lightning strokes - mathematical model to represent lightning - stroke to
tower and midspan - travelling waves in transmission lines selection of typical wave to represent
over voltages.
Switching Transients : Switching transients - the circuit closing transient - the recovery transient
initiated by the removal of the short circuit double frequency transients
Module 2
Abnormal switching transients - current suppression - capacitance switching - arcing ground transformer inrush current - ferro resonance - neutral connections - transients in switching a three
phase reactor- three phase capacitor.
Surges in transformers: Step voltage - voltage distribution in transformer winding -winding
oscillations - Travelling wave solutions - Transformer core under surge conditions.
Module 3
Voltage surges -Transformers - Generators and motors -Transient parameter values for
transformers - Reactors - Generators - Transmission lines Protective Devices and Systems : Basic idea
about protection - surge diverters - surge absorbers - ground fault neutralizers - protection of lines and
stations by shielding -ground wires - counter poises - driven rods - modern lightning arrestors insulation coordination - protection of alternators- industrial drive systems.
References:
1. Allen Greenwood, 'Electrical transients in power systems', Wiley Interscience, 1971
2. Bewely LW, "Travelling Waves and transmission systems', Dover Publications, New York,1963
3. Gallaghar P J and Pearmain A J, 'High Voltage Measurement, Testing and Design ,John Wiley and sons, New
York, 1982.
4. .Klaus Ragallea "Surges and High voltage networks" Press, 1980.
5. Diesendrof W "Over Voltages on High Voltage Systems", Rensselaer Book Store, roy, New York, 1971.
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be answered by the
student.

EPE 2002 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective: Advances in Power electronics Industry led to rapid development of Power Electronics
controllers for fast real and reactive power control The aim of the course is to introduce these advancements
Module 1
Power flow in Power Systems-Benefits of FACTS Transmission line compensation- Uncompensated
line -shunt compensation - Series compensation -Phase angle control. Reactive power compensation shunt
and series compensation principles reactive compensation at transmission and distribution level Static versus
passive VAr Compensators Converters for Static Compensation
Module 2
Static shunt Compensator - Objectives of shunt compensations, Methods of controllable VAR
generation - Variable impedance type VAR Generators -TCR , TSR, TSC, FC-TCR Principle of operation,
configuration and control , Switching converter type VAR generators- Principle of operation, configuration
and control , SVC and STATCOM , Comparison between SVC and STATCOM- Applications
Module 3
Static Series compensator - Objectives of series compensations , Variable impedance type series
compensators - GCSC. TCSC, TSSC - Principle of operation, configuration and control. Application of
TCSC for mitigation of SSR.
Switching converter type Series Compensators (SSSC)- Principle of
operation, configuration and control.
Static Voltage and Phase Angle Regulators (TCVR &TCPAR):
Objectives of Voltage and Phase angle regulators, Thyristor controlled Voltage And Phase angle
Regulators
Unified Power Flow Controller: Circuit Arrangement, Operation and control of UPFC- Basic principle
of P and Q control- independent real and reactive power flow control- Applications - Introduction to interline
power flow controller. Modeling and simulation of FACTS controllers
References:
1. T J E Miller, "Reactive Power Control in Power Systems' , John Wiley, 1982
2. J Arriliga and N R Watson, "Computer modeling of Electrical Power Systems', Wiley, 2001
3. N G Hingorani and L Gyugyi, 'Understanding FACTS', IEEE Press, 2000
4. K R Padiyar, FACTS Controllers in Power Transmission and Distribution, New Age International
Publishers, 2007
5. Y.H. Song and A.T. Johns, 'Flexible ac Transmission Systems (FACTS) IEE Press, 1999
6. Ned Mohan et.al ''Power Electronics' John Wiley and Sons.
7. Dr Ashok S & KS Suresh kumar, 'FACTS Controllers and applications " course book for STTP 2003
8. Current Literature
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be answered by
the student.

EPE 2004

SOFT COMPUTING APPLICATION TO POWER SYSTEM

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective: The course provides exposure to soft computing techniques and its applications in
Power Systems
Module 1
Biological foundations - ANN models - Types of activation function - Introduction to Network
architectures -Multi Layer Feed Forward Network (MLFFN) - Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN) Recurring Neural Network (RNN). Supervised and unsupervised learning - Error-correction learning - Hebbian
learning Boltzmen learning - Single layer and multilayer perceptrons - Least mean square algorithm
Back propagation algorithm application in power systems-load flow analysis-contingency analysis-power
quality analysis
Module 2
Fuzzy set operations - Properties - Membership functions - Fuzzy to crisp conversion - fuzzification
and defuzzification methods -fuzzy control systems fuzzy logic model s-applications in power systems-AGC
single area system-small signal stability
Module 3
Genetic Algorithm -Introduction - basic concepts application
Adaptive fuzzy systems - hybrid systems - Adaptive Neuro fuzzy Inference System (ANF1S) controllers
References
1. J.M. Zurada. Introduction to artificial neural systems, Jaico Publishers, 1992.
2. Simon Haykins. Neural Networks - A comprehensive foundation, Macmillan College, Proc, Con, Inc,
New York. 1994.
3. D. Driankov. H. Hellendorn, M. Reinfrank, Fuzzy Control - An Introduction, Narora Publishing
House, New Delhi, 1993.
4. HJ. Zimmermann, Fuzzy set theory and its applications, 111 Edition, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, London.
5. G.J. Klir, Boyuan, Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic, Prentice Hall of India (P) Ltd, 1997.
6. Stamatios V Kartalopoulos, Understanding neural networks and fuzzy logic basic concepts and
applications, Prentice Hall of India (P) Ltd,
New Delhi, 2000.
7. Timothy J. Ross, Fuzzy logic with engineering applications, McGraw Hill, New York.
8. Suran Goonatilake, Sukhdev Khebbal (Eds,), Intelligent hybrid systems, John Wiley & Sons,
New York, 1995.
9. Vose Michael D., Simple Genetic Algorithm - Foundations And Theory, Prentice Hall of India.
10. Rajasekaran & Pai, Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic, and Genetic Algorithms: Synthesis and
Applications, Prentice-Hall of India, 2007.
11. J.S.Roger Jang, C.T.Sun and E.Mizutani, NEURO FUZZY AND SOFT COMPUTING,
prentice hall inc., New Jersey, 1997.
12. Recent Journals
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be answered by
the student.

EME 2002

PWM CONVERTERS AND APPLICATIONS

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks

Credits: 3

Course Objective : To equip the students with knowledge of PWM technique that has emerged from recent
research and various topologies of multi-level converters and application of PWM converters
Module 1
Use of Single-Pole-Double-Throw Single-Pole-Multi-Throw switches to describe Converter
Topologies: Basic switch constraints-Implementation of various switch schemes using available power
semiconductor devices.
Topologies of Inverters and Rectifiers--relation between Pole voltages, Line voltages and Line-to-load
neutral voltages in multi-phase two-level inverters-Basic modulation methods--duty ratio--sine-triangle
modulation--implementation of unipolar and bipolar modulation--three-phase inverters- Harmonic performance
of Unipolar and Bipolar modulation schemes in single phase and three phase inverters-linear modulation and
over modulation
Module 2
Space vector PWM - conventional sequence- 30 degree and 60 degree bus clamped PWM--relation
between sine-triangle and space vector PWM--dc bus utilisation of SPWM and SVPWM. Over modulation in
SVPWM-Over modulation zones.
Synchronised and non-synchronised PWM-Multilevel Converters: Topologies. Neutral Point Clamped and
Flying Capacitor Topologies. Cascaded Multilevel Inverters. Multilevel Converters Modulation -- Carrier based
approach-Conventional Space Vector Modulation for 3-level inverters.
Module 3
Applications of PWM converters--Active front end rectifier--vector control of front-end rectifierControl of Shunt active filterPWM converters in AC drives-Current Control in inverters: Current controlled PWM VSI -Hysteresis Control fixed band and variable band hysteresis.
Selective Harmonic Elimination-Derivation of simultaneous transcendental equations for elimination of
harmonics-PWM Current Source Inverters--Current Space Vectors- Space Vector Modulation of CSI-Application of CSI in high-power drives-Fundamental principles of Hybrid schemes with CSI and VSI.
References:
Books:
1. Joseph Vithayathil, Power Electronics, McGraw-Hill
2. Bin Wu, High Power Converters and AC Drives,
3. Ned Mohan, et. al., Power Electronics: Converters, Design and Applications, Wiley
4. L. Umanand, Power Electronics: Essentials and Applications, Wiley, 2009.
5. Werner Leonhard, Control of Electrical Drives,, 3rd Ed., Springer
6. Bimal K. Bose, Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives, Prentice Hall
Technical Papers:
1. J.Holtz, Pulse width modulation - a survey, IEEE Trans. IE, Vol. IE-39(5), 1992, pp.
2. J.Holtz, Pulse width modulation for electronic power conversion, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 82(8), 1994, pp.
1194-1214.
3. V.T.Ranganathan, Space vector modulation - a status review, Sadhana, Vol. 22(6), 1997, pp. 675688.
4. L.M.Tolbert, F.Z.Peng and T.G.Habelter, Multilevel inverters for large electric drives, IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol.35, No.1, pp. 36-44, Jan./Feb. 1999.

5. Sangshin Kwak, Hamid A. Toliyat, A Hybrid Solution for Load-Commutated-Inverter- Fed Induction
Motor Drives, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. 41, no. 1, January/February 2005.
6. Sangshin Kwak, Hamid A. Toliyat, A Hybrid Converter System for High-Performance Large
Induction Motor Drives, IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 20, no. 3, September 2005.
7. Sangshin Kwak, Hamid A. Toliyat, A Current Source Inverter With Advanced External Circuit and
Control Method, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. 42, no. 6, November/December 2006.
8. A.R. Beig, and V.T. Ranganathan, A novel CSI-fed Induction Motor Drive, IEEE Trans. on Power
Electronics, vol. 21, no. 4, July 2006.
9. H.Stemmler, High-power industrial drives, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 82(8), 1994, pp. 1266- 1286.
Thesis/Reports:
1. A.R.Beig, Application of three level voltage source inverters to voltage fed and current fed high power
induction motor drives -Ph.D. Thesis of Electrical Engineering, IISc, Bangalore,April 2004.
2. G. Narayanan, Synchronised Pulsewidth Modulation Strategies based on Space Vector Approach for
Induction Motor Drives-Ph.D. Thesis of Electrical Engineering, IISc, Bangalore,August 1999.
3. Debmalya Banerjee, Load Commutated Current Source Inverter fed Induction Motor drive with
sinusoidal voltage and current, - PhD. Thesis of Electrical Engineering, IISc, Bangalore, June 2008.
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be answered by
the student.

EPC 2001 DIGITAL PROTECTION OF POWER SYSTEM

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective: To get an overall idea of different types of static relays and its applications, and about
the modern techniques used in power system protection
Module 1
General philosophy of protection- Qualities of relaying - Definitions - Characteristic Functions; Classification
analog-digital- numerical; schemes and design-factors affecting performance zones and degree of protection;
faults-types and evaluation; Instrument transformers for protection.
Module 2
Basic elements of digital protection signal conditioning- conversion subsystems- relay units-sequence
networks-fault sensing data processing units- FFT and Wavelet based algorithms: least square and differential
equation based algorithms-travelling wave protection schemes
Module 3
Protection of power system apparatus protection of generators Transformer protection magnetizing inrush
current Application and connection of transformer differential relays transformer over current protection.
Bus bar protection, line protection, distance protectionlong EHV line protection, Power line carrier protection.
References:
1. A T John and A K Salman- Digital protection for power systems-IEE power series-15, Peter Peregrines
Ltd,UK,1997
2. C. Russeil. Mason, The art and science of protective relaying, John Wiley &sons, 2002
3. Donald Reimert, ,Protective relaying for power generation systems, Taylor & Francis-CRC press 2006
4. Gerhard Ziegler-Numerical distance protection, Siemens, 2nd ed, 2006
5. A.R.Warrington, Protective Relays, Vol .1&2, Chapman and Hall, 1973
6. T S.Madhav Rao, Power system protection static relays with microprocessor applications, Tata McGraw Hill
Publication, 1994
7. Power System Protection Vol. I, II , III&IV, The Institution Of Electrical Engineers, Electricity Association
Services Ltd., 1995
8. Helmut Ungrad , Wilibald Winkler, Andrzej Wiszniewski, Protection techniques in electrical energy systems,
Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1995
9. Badri Ram , D.N. Vishwakarma, Power system protection and switch gear, Tata McGraw Hill, 2001
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be
answered by the student.

ECC1002

DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs/Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 marks

3-0-0-3

Credits: 3

Course Objectives
1. To introduce the concepts of digital control.
2. To analyse the stability using different methods.
3. To design compensators using classical methods.
4. To impart in-depth knowledge in state space design of digital controllers and observers.
5. To analyse the system performance with controller and estimator in closed loop.
Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able:
1. To analyse a given discrete-time system and assess its performance.
2. To design a suitable digital controller for a given system to meet the specifications.
3. To design a digital controller and observer for a given system and evaluate its performance.
Module I
Analysis in Z-domain: Review of Z Transforms, Pulse Transfer Function and sample and hold, effect of
damping, mapping between the s plane and the z plane, stability analysis of closed loop systems in the z- plane,
Jurys test, Schur Cohn test, Bilinear Transformation, Routh-Hurwitz method in w-plane. Discrete equivalents:
Discrete equivalents via numerical integration-pole-zero matching-hold equivalents.
Module II
Digital Controller Design for SISO systems: Design based on root locus method in the z-plane, design based on
frequency response method design of lag compensator, lead compensator , lag lead compensator, design of PID
Controller based on frequency response method- Direct Design-method of Ragazzini. Design using State Space
approach, pulse transfer function matrix, discretization of continuous time state space equations, Controllability,
Observability, Control Law Design, decoupling by state variable feedback, effect of sampling period.
Module III
Estimator/Observer Design: Full order observers - reduced order observers, Regulator Design, Separation
Principle -case with reference input. MIMO systems: Introduction to MIMO systems, Design Concept - Case
Studies.
References
1. Gene F. Franklin, J. David Powell, Michael Workman, Digital Control of Dynamic Systems, Pearson,
Asia.
2. J. R. Liegh, "Applied Digital Control", Rinchart & Winston lnc., New Delhi.
3. Frank L. Lewis, "Applied Optimal Control & Estimation", Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1992.
4. Benjamin C Kuo, Digital Control Systems, 2nd Edition, Saunders College publishing, Philadelphia,
1992.
5. K. Ogata, Discrete-Time Control Systems, Pearson Education, Asia.
6. C. L. Philips, H T Nagle, Digital Control Systems", Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey,
1995.
7. R. G. Jacquot, Modern Digital Control Systems, Marcel Decker, New York, 1995.
8. M. Gopal, Digital control and state variable methods, Tata Mc Graw Hill, 1997.
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions
are to be answered by the student.

ECC2001
Structure of the course
Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

OPTIMAL CONTROL THEORY

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

3-0-0-3
Credits: 3

Course objectives
1. To design suitable performance measure to meet the specification requirements.
2. To analyse the physical system and design the controller by optimizing the suitable performance criteria
by satisfying the constraints over the state and inputs.
3. To apply the design algorithms to various physical systems.
4. Provides a solid foundation on functions, functionals, various norms, etc.
Learning Outcomes
4. Formulate the optimal controller design problem.
5. Apply constrained optimization to various physical systems.
6. Implement optimal control algorithms to track the response of the system through a predefined
trajectory
Module I
Optimal control problems- mathematical models-selection of performance measures, constraints- classification
of problem constraints-problem formulation-examples.
Dynamic Programming- Optimal control law-principle of optimality - Application to decision
making-routing problem-Hamilton Jacobi Bellman equation- Standard Regulator Problem:
Solution of finite time regulator Problem Discrete Linear Regulator Problem Infinite time
Regulator Problem Stability.
Module II
Calculus of Variations: basic concepts - variation of a functional - extremals fundamental theorem in calculus
of variation - Euler equation - Piecewise smooth extremals constrained extrema Hamiltonian - necessary
condition for optimal control.
Module III
Pontryagins Minimum Principle: Minimum time problem, Minimum Control Effort problem, Minimum Fuel
problem, Minimum Energy problem, Singular intervals, Effects of Singular Intervals, Numerical Examples.
References
1. Donald E Kirk, Optimal Control Theory- An introduction, Prentice-Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey, 1970.
2. Brian D O Anderson, John B Moore, Optimal Control-Linear Quadratic methods, Prentice-Hall Inc,
New Delhi, 1991.
3. Athans M and P L Falb, Optimal control- An Introduction to the Theory and its Applications,
McGraw Hill Inc, New York, 1966.
5. Sage A P, Optimum Systems Control, Prentice-Hall Inc, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1968.
6. D. S. Naidu, "Optimal Control Systems", CRC Press Newyork Washington D. C. , 2003.
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be answered by
the student.

ECC2002

NONLINEAR CONTROL SYSTEMS

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
: 3Hrs /Week
Internal Assessment
: 40 Marks.
End semester Examination : 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course objectives

1.
2.
3.
4.

To study the essentials of Non-linear control.

To extend the analysis techniques for classical control theory to nonlinear system.
To analyse the physical s ystem with inherent non-linearity for stability and performance.
To provide the necessary methods for designing controllers for Non-linear systems.

Learning Outcomes

1. The student will gain insight into the complexity of nonlinear systems.
2. The student will be able to apply methods of characterizing and understanding the behavior of
systems that can be described by nonlinear ordinary differential equations.
3. The student will be able to use tools including graphical and analytical for analysis of nonlinear
control systems.
4. The student will be able to use a complete treatment of design concepts for linearization via
feedback.
5. The student will demonstrate an ability to interact and communicate effectively with peers.
Module I
Describing function analysis: Fundamentals-Describing Function of saturation, dead-zone,
on-off non-linearity, backlash, Hysteresis-Describing Function Analysis of Non-linear Systems, Dual Input Describing
Function (DIDF)-Existence of Limit Cycles.
Phase plane analysis: Concept of Phase Portraits-Singular Points Characterization - Analysis
of Non-linear Systems Using Phase Plane Technique Classification of Equilibrium Points
-Stable & Unstable Limit Cycle Analysis- Existence Stability.
Module II
Concept of stability: Definition of Stability - Stability in the Sense of Lyapunov, Analysis of Instability, Absolute Stability,
Zero- Input and BIBO Stability, Second method of Lyapunov- Stability theory for Continuous and Discrete Time Systems Aizermanns and Kalman's conjecture - Construction of Lyapunov function for non linear systems - Methods of AizermanZubov - Variable Gradient Method.
Absolute Stability:- Lures Problem - Kalman- Yakubovich-Popov Lemma - Circle Criterion Popov's stability Criterion Popov's Hyper Stability Theorem.
Module III
Non-linear control system design: Design via Linearization Stabilization Regulation via Integral Control Gain
Scheduling Feedback Linearization Stabilization tracking Regulation via Integral Control - Cascade Designs-Back
Stepping Design.

References

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Hassan K Khalil, Nonlinear Systems, Macmillan Publishing Company, NJ, 2004.

John E Gibson, Nonlinear Automatic Control, Mc Graw Hill, NewYork.
Jean-Jacques E. Slotine and Weiping Li, Applied Nonlinear Control, Prentice-Hall, NJ, 1991.
M Vidyasagar, Nonlinear Systems Analysis, Prentice-Hall, India, 1991,
Shankar Sastry, Nonlinear System Analysis, Stability and Control, Springer, 1999.
Alberto Isidori, Nonlinear control systems: an introduction, Springer-Verlag, 1985.

Structure of the question paper

For the end semester examination the question paper consists of at least 60% design problems and derivations.
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be answered by
the student.

EAD 2001

DEREGULATION IN POWER SYSTEMS

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective: Objective of the course is to introduce the deregulation in the power
industry.

Module 1
The Electric Industry and Its Traditional Regulated Structure: Electric Utility Functions and Systems - Electric
Utility Resources and Organization -Vertical Integration and Monopoly Regulation - Electric Utility Business
Frameworks - Government Regulatory Agencies and Commissions
The Electric Industry Under De-Regulation An Overview: De-Regulation: Concepts and Evolution,
Competition at the Wholesale Generation Level, Independently Operated Regional Transmission Grids, - The
Electric Utility Industry Under De-Regulation
History of the Electric Power Industry: Growth of Electrical Usage - The Growth of Electrical Systems
Technology - The Rise of the Electrical Utility Industry
Module 2
Distributed Generation and Storage: Distributed Power Generation - Types of Distributed Generators Distributed Power Storage
Regulation and De-Regulation: Why Were Electric Utilities Regulated? Why De-Regulate? The Good and Bad
of Utility Regulation -Goals for and Effects of De-Regulation - Comparing Four Approaches to Regulation and
De-Regulation - Increased Services From and Financial Pressures On LDCs
De-Regulation at the Wholesale Power Level: The Wholesale Power Marketplace bidding of electricity Buying Energy vs. Buying Capacity - Wholesale Power Pricing
Module 3
The Power Grid in the De-Regulated Industry: Generation and Transmission in a De-Regulated Industry - The
Wholesale Transmission Level - Transmission Service Pricing- Location Based Pricing.
Power Distribution in a De-Regulated Industry: Open Access Distribution - Changes in Distribution Operations
- Will Distribution Performance Improve Due to Competition?
Retail Sales in a Fully De-Regulated Industry: Load Aggregation and Services - RESCO Identities and Industry
Position.
Deregulation Scenario in India Indian Electricity Act 2003
References:
1) Understanding Electric Utilities and De-Regulation, 2nd Edition, Lorrin Philipson H. Lee Willis. CRC
Press
2) Current Literature
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be
answered by the student.

EPC 1003 POWER QUALITY

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective: Objective of the course is to discuss various power quality issues and different methods to
control them
Syllabus
Module 1
Understanding Power quality -Power quality issues in distribution systems - Sources and Effects of
power quality problems, Power quality monitoring : Need for power quality monitoring, types of power quality
disturbances - Voltage sag (or dip) ,Transients, short duration voltage variation, Long duration voltage variation,
voltage imbalance, waveform distortion, and voltage flicker- methods of characterization- Power Quality Costs
Evaluation - Causes and effects of power quality disturbances.
Module 2
Harmonics -mechanism of harmonic generation-harmonic indices (THD, TIF, DIN, C - message weights).
standards and recommended practices - Harmonic sources - SMPS, Three phase power converters, arcing
devices, saturable devices, fluorescent lamps- Harmonic Analysis - Fourier series and coefficients, the fourier
transforms, discrete fourier transform, fast fourier transform, Window function- Effects of Power System
harmonics on Power System equipment and loads
Module 3
Harmonic elimination - Design philosophy of filters to reduce harmonic distortion - Power conditioners
,passive filter, active filter - shunt , series, hybrid filters, Computation of harmonic flows- Voltage regulationdevices for voltage regulation-capacitors for voltage regulation. Dynamic Voltage Restorers for sag, swell and
flicker problems
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI -introduction -Frequency Classification - Electrical fields - Magnetic
Fields - EMI Terminology - Power frequency fields - High frequency Interference - EMI susceptibility - EMI
mitigation -Cable shielding- Health concerns of EMI
References:4
1. R.C.Durgan, MF Me Granaghen, H W Beaty, Electrical Power System Quality, McGraw hill
2. Jose Arillaga, Neville R Watson, Power System Harmonics', Wiley, 1997
3. C.Sankaran, 'Power Quality', CRC Press2002
4. G T Heydt, Power Quality', stars in circle publication Indiana 1991
5. Math H Bollen, "Understanding Power Quality Problems'
6. Power Quality hand Book
7. J.B.Dixit & Amit Yadav ; Electrical Power Quality
8. Recent literature
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be answered
by the student.

EPD 2001 NEW AND RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

Structure of the course
Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

3-0-0-3

Credits: 3

Course Objective: This subject provides sufficient knowledge about the promising new and renewable sources
of energy so as to equip students capable of working with projects related to it aim to take up research work in
connected areas
Module 1
Direct solar energy-The sun as a perennial source of energy; flow of energy in the universe and the cycle
of matter in the human ecosystem; direct solar energy utilization; solar thermal applications - water heating
systems, space heating and cooling of buildings, solar cooking, solar ponds, solar green houses,solar thermal
electric systems; solar photovoltaic power generation; solar production of hydrogen.
Module 2
Energy from oceans-Wave energy generation - potential and kinetic energy from waves; wave energy
conversion devices; advantages and disadvantages of wave energy- Tidal energy - basic principles; tidal power
generation systems; estimation of energy and power; advantages and limitations of tidal power generation- Ocean
thermal energy conversion (OTEC); methods of ocean thermal electric power generation Wind energy - basic
principles of wind energy conversion; design of windmills; wind data and energy estimation; site selection
considerations.
Module 3
Classification of small hydro power (SHP) stations; description of basic civil works design considerations;
turbines and generators for SHP; advantages and limitations. Biomass and bio-fuels; energy plantation; biogas
generation; types of biogas plants; applications
of biogas; energy from wastes
Geothermal energy- Origin and nature of geothermal energy; classification of geothermal resources; schematic of
geothermal power plants; operational and environmental problems
New energy sources (only brief treatment expected)-Fuel cell: hydrogen energy; alcohol energy; nuclear fusion:
cold fusion; power from satellite stations
References
1. John W Twidell and Anthony D Weir, 'Renewable energy resources' , English Language Book Society
(ELBS), 1996
2. Edited by Godfrey Boyle 'Renewable energy -power for sustainable future ,Oxford University Press in
association with the Open University, 1996
3. S A Abbasi and Naseema Abbasi, 'Renewable energy sources and their environmental impact" PrenticeHall of India, 2001
4. G D Rai, 'Non-conventional sources of energy', Khanna Publishers, 2000
5. G D Rai, 'Solar energy utilization', Khanna Publishers, 2000
6. S L Sah, 'Renewable and novel energy sources', M.I. Publications, 1995
7. S Rao and B B Parulekar, 'Energy Technology9, Khanna Publishers, 1999
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be answered by
the student.

EPD 2002

SCADA SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective: Objective of the course is to introduce SCADA systems, its components,
architecture, communication and applications.
Module 1
Introduction to SCADA Data acquisition systems- Evolution of SCADA, Communication technologies-.
Monitoring and supervisory functions- SCADA applications in Utility Automation, Industries- SCADA System
Components: Schemes- Remote Terminal Unit (RTU), Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED),Programmable
Logic Controller (PLC), Communication Network, SCADA Server, SCADA/HMI Systems
Module 2
SCADA Architecture: Various SCADA architectures, advantages and disadvantages of each system - single
unified standard architecture -IEC 61850-SCADA Communication:Various industrial communication
technologies -wired and wireless methods and fiber optics-Open standard communication protocols
Module3
SCADA Applications: Utility applications- Transmission and Distribution sector -operations, monitoring,
analysis and improvement. Industries - oil, gas and water. Case studies, Implementation. Simulation
Exercises
References:
1. Stuart A Boyer. SCADA-Supervisoiy Control and Data Acquisition', Instrument
Publications. USA. 1999.

Society of America

2. Gordan Clarke, Deon RzynAzvs,Practical Modern SCADA Protocols: DNP3, 60870J and Related
Systems', Newnes Publications, Oxford, UK,2004

Structure of the question paper

The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be
answered by the student.

SEMESTER III

EAE3001

POWER SYSTEM MANAGEMENT

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective: Objectives of the course is to introduce various operational and management issues in power
system
Module 1
Deregulation: Introduction - Deregulation of Electric Utilities - Energy Generation under new environment Competitive whole sale electricity market - Transmission expansion in new environment Transmission
Open Access - Pricing Electricity in Deregulated environment- Availability based Tariff
Advances in online control of Power System - Application of Internet and GPS in power system control
Module 2
Load characteristics and load forecast: Basic definitions- load definitions, load factor definitions, diversity principle
in distribution systems, Load Forecast- factors affecting load forecasting methods, small areas load forecasting,
spatial load forecasting methods, simulation, trending and mixed load forecasting methods
Basics of Power System Economics & Short-term Operation Planning of Power System, Load curves and load
duration curves, Economic load dispatch- concept of marginal cost and Kuhn-Tuckers condition of optimum in
power dispatch, participation factors
Module 3
Electrical Safety: Hazards of electricity - Electrical Safety Equipment - Safety Procedures and methods Grounding of Electrical Systems and Equipment - Regulatory and Legal Safety Requirements and Standards Safety Audits - Rescue and first aid procedures.
Energy Management: Energy Conservation Through Demand Side Management-Load Management- Reactive
Power Control.
Blackouts and cascading failures: Blackout mechanism, modeling of blackouts and cascading failures,
prediction of blackouts, control of blackouts Case studies: July 12 India Blackout, August 14, 2003 blackout
in North America power grid
References:
1. Loi Lei Lai. 'Power System Restructuring and Deregulation: Trading Performance and Information
Technology'' John Wiley, 2001
2. 'Proceedings of lEEE February 2000
3. Steven Stoft, 'Power System Economies', IEEE Press, 2002
4. John Cadick, Mary Capelli - Schellpfeffer, Dennis. K, 'Electrical Safety Handbook", Me Graw Hill,
2005.
5. David. J. Mame, cMc-Graw Hills' National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) Handbook', Me Graw Hill,
2002
6. Craig B Smith, 'Energy management principles*, Pergamon Press
7. K. Bhattacharya, M. H. J. Bollen and J. E. Daalder, Operation of restructured power systems, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, USA, 2001.
8. Technical analysis of Aug. 14, 2003 blackout, Report of the NERC Steering Group, 2004
(www.nerc.com)
9. Current Literature
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be
answered by the student.

EAE3002

CAPTIVE POWER SYSTEMS

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective: Objectives of the course is to introduce captive power systems and energy storage systems in
power system
Module -1
Captive Power Plants: Selection Considerations - Diesel Generator Captive Power Plants Comparison of
different types of captive power plants - Selection and Installation Factors - Sizing of a Genset: High Speed
Engine or Slow/Medium Speed Engine, Capacity Combinations, Air Cooling Vs. Water Cooling, get overheated during summer months - Safety Features - Parallel Operation with Grid- Maximum Single Load on DG
Set - Unbalanced Load Effects - Neutral Earthing - Site Condition Effects on Performance Derating Operational Factors - Load Pattern & DG Set Capacity - Sequencing of Loads - Load Pattern - Load
Characteristics - Power Factor - Unbalanced Load Transient Loading
Module -2
Classification of EES systems -Roles of electrical energy storage (EES) system Emerging needs for EES Types and features of energy storage systems Mechanical storage systems - Pumped hydro storage (PHS) Compressed air energy storage (CAES) - Flywheel energy storage (FES) - Electrochemical storage systems:
Secondary batteries - Flow batteries - Chemical energy storage: Hydrogen (H2) - Synthetic natural gas (SNG) Electrical storage systems: Double-layer capacitors (DLC) -Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)Thermal storage systems - Standards for EES - Technical comparison of EES technologies
Module -3
Combined Cycle Power Plant: Introduction - Typical cycles - Gas Turbine - G as Turbine HRSG Systems Steam Turbine -Combined Cycle Plants -Availability and reliability
SMPS- Characteristics Steady state Analysis - Control methods:-Design of feedback compensation.
UPS: Necessity - types - typical layouts of UPS. Stand alone high quality Electronics Power Supplies
References:
1. Bueuru of Energy Efficiency, Study material for Energy manager programme, 2012
2. Irving M.Gottilieb Power supplies, Switching Regulators, Inverters and Converters BPB
Publications 1985
3. RK Chetty Switched Power Supply Design BPB Publication- 1987
4. Current Literature
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be
answered by the student.

EAE3003

SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES & APPLICATIONS

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective:

1. Develop a conceptual basis for Smart Grid

2. Equip the Students with a thorough understanding of various communication
technologies and management issues with smart grid.
Learning outcome:
A clear understanding of smart grid technology to enable students to pursue research in
that area.
Module -1
Introduction to Smart Grid: Evolution of Electric Grid, Concept of Smart Grid, Definitions, Need of Smart Grid,
Functions of SmartGrid, Opportunities & Barriers of Smart Grid, Difference between conventional & smart grid,
Concept of Resilient & Self-Healing Grid, Present development & International policies in Smart Grid. Case study
of Smart Grid . CDM opportunities in Smart Grid.
Smart Grid Technologies: Introduction to Smart Meters, Real Time Pricing, Smart Appliances, Automatic Meter
Reading(AMR), Outage Management System(OMS), Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles(PHEV), Vehicle to Grid,
Smart Sensors, Home & Building Automation, Phase Shifting Transformers. Smart Substations, Substation
Automation, Feeder Automation. Geographic Information System (GIS), Intelligent Electronic Devices(IED) &
their application for monitoring & protection, Smart storage like Battery, SMES, Pumped Hydro, Compressed Air
Energy Storage, Wide Area Measurement System(WAMS), Phase Measurement Unit(PMU).
Module -2
Micro grids and Distributed Energy Resources: Concept of micro grid, need & applications of micro grid,
formation of micro grid, Issues of interconnection, protection & control of micro grid. Plastic & Organic solar
cells, Thin film solar cells, Variable speed wind generators, fuel cells, micro turbines, Captive power plants,
Integration of renewable energy sources.
Module -3
Power Quality Management in Smart Grid: Power Quality & EMC in Smart Grid, Power Quality issues of Grid
connected Renewable Energy Sources, Power Quality Conditioners for Smart Grid, Web based Power Quality
monitoring, Power Quality Audit.
Information and Communication Technology for Smart Grid: Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), Home
Area Network (HAN), Neighbourhood Area Network (NAN), Wide Area Network (WAN). Bluetooth, Zig-Bee,
GPS, Wi-Fi, Wi-Max based communication, Wireless Mesh Network, Basics of CLOUD Computing & Cyber
Security for Smart Grid. Broadband over Power line (BPL). IP based protocols.
References:
1.Ali Keyhani, Mohammad N. Marwali, Min Dai Integration of Green and Renewable Energy in Electric Power
Systems, Wiley
2.Clark W. Gellings, The Smart Grid: Enabling Energy Efficiency and Demand Response, CRC Press
3. JanakaEkanayake, Nick Jenkins, Kithsiri Liyanage, Jianzhong Wu, Akihiko Yokoyama, Smart Grid:
Technology and Applications, Wiley
4. Jean Claude Sabonnadire, NouredineHadjsad, Smart Grids, Wiley Blackwell
5. Tony Flick and Justin Morehouse, Securing the Smart Grid, Elsevier Inc. (ISBN: 978-1-59749-570-7)
6. Peter S. Fox-Penner, Smart Power: Climate Change, the Smart Grid, and the Future of Electric Utilities
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be
answered by the student.

EAE3004

CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL DRIVES

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective: This course introduces various control of dc drives, scalar and vector control of induction
motor drives, control of synchronous motor drives, and control of brush less dc and ac motor drives
Module -1
Separately Excited DC Motors and DC series motors: system model-braking-speed control-motor dynamics
DC Drives-fully controlled rectifier drives-inverter operation-half-controlled rectifier drives-single quadrant-two
quadrant and four quadrant drives-power in load and source circuits-closed loop control of DC drives-transfer
function-micro computer control of DC drives-block diagram and flowchart
Module -2
Three Phase Induction Motors -equivalent circuit-braking-speed control-variable voltage operation-variable
frequency operation(review)-constant volts/Hz operation-Voltage source inverter drives-Pulse Width
Modulated inverter drives-space vector PWM drives-CSI drives-slip power recovery drives-Vector
control-DC drive analogy-direct vector control-indirect vector control-Direct Torque Control (DTC)
Module -3
Synchronous Motor Drives -Volt/hertz control of synchronous motor-closed loop operation-selfcontrolled synchronous motors Switched Reluctance Motor Drives. Permanent Magnet Brushless DC motor
Drives, Sensor less Speed Control of DC and AC Drives.
References:
1. Bimal K Bose, 'Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives" , Pearson Education Asia, 2003
2. Peter Vas, Sensorless Vector and Direct Control' , Oxford London, 1998
3. Dubey G K. 'Power Semiconductor Controlled Drives' , Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1989
4. Peter Vas, '"Sensorless Vector and Direct Control' , Oxford London, 1998
5. Muhammad H Rashid, 'Power Electronic Circuits, Devices and Applications' , Pearson Edn Asia, 2003
6. NK De,PK Sen, 'Electrical Drives' , Prentice-Hall of India, 2002
7. Dewan S B, G R Slemons, A Straughan, 'Power Semiconductor Drives' , John Wiley and Sons, 1984
8 Jay P Agarwal, 'Power Electronic Systems Theory and Design' , Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2001
9 J M D Murphy,c Thyristor Control of AC Drives', Papermon Press, 1973
10 T J.E Miller, Brushless PM and Reluctance Motor Drives' ,C.Larendon Press, Oxford
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be
answered by the student.

EAE3005

VOLTAGE STABILITY IN POWER SYSTEMS

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective: Introduce the analysis of voltage stability in power systems

Module -1

Introduction to Voltage Stability: Definitions: Voltage Stability, Voltage Collapse, Voltage Security; Physical
relation indicating dependency of voltage on reactive power flow; Factors affecting Voltage collapse and
instability; Previous cases of voltage collapse incidences.
Graphical Analysis of Voltage Stability: Comparison of Voltage and angular stability of the system; Graphical
Methods describing voltage collapse phenomenon: P-V and Q-V curves; detailed description of voltage collapse
phenomenon with the help of Q-V curves.
Module -2

Analysis of Voltage Stability: Analysis of voltage stability on SMLB system: Analytical treatment and analysis.
Voltage Stability Indices: Voltage collapse proximity indicator; Determinant of Jacobin as proximity indicators;
Voltage stability margin.
Module -3

Power System Loads: Loads that influences voltage stability: Discharge lights, Induction Motor, Airconditioning, heat pumps, electronic power supplies, OH lines and cables.
Reactive Power Compensation: Generation and Absorption of reactive power; Series and Shunt compensation;
Synchronous condensers, SVCs; OLTCs; Booster Transformers.
Voltage Stability Margin Stability Margin: Compensated and un-compensated systems.

Voltage Security: Definition; Voltage security; Methods to improve voltage stability and its practical aspects.
References:
1) Power System Voltage Stability- C.W.TAYLOR, Mc Graw Hill, 1994.
2)

Performance, operation and control of EHV power transmission system- A.CHAKRABARTHY,

D.P. KOTARI and A.K.MUKOPADYAY, A.H.Wheeler Publishing, I Edition, 1995.

3) Power System Dynamics: Stability and Control K.R.PADIYAR, II Edition, B.S.Publications

Structure of the question paper

The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be
answered by the student.

EAE3006

ADVANCED DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective: To introduce the signal processing fundamentals, design of filter and various issues with digital
signal processing
Module -1
Discrete time signals, systems and their representations: Discrete time signals- Linear shift invariant systemsStability and causality- Sampling of continuous time signals- Discrete time Fourier transform- Discrete Fourier
series- Discrete Fourier transform- Z- transform- Properties of different transforms- Linear convolution using
DFT- Computation of DFT
Module -2
Digital filter design and realization structures: Design of IIR digital filters from analog filters- Impulse
invariance method and Bilinear transformation method- FIR filter design using window functions- Comparison
of IIR and FIR digital filters- Basic IIR and FIR filter realization structures- Signal flow graph representations
Module -3
Analysis of finite word-length effects
Quantization process and errors- Coefficient quantisation effects in IIR and FIR filters- A/D conversion noiseArithmetic round-off errors- Dynamic range scaling- Overflow oscillations and zero input limit cycles in IIR
filters
Statistical signal processing
Linear Signal Models . All pole, All zero and Pole-zero models .Power spectrum estimation- Spectral analysis
of deterministic signals . Estimation of power spectrum of stationary random signals-Optimum linear filtersOptimum signal estimation-Mean square error estimation-Optimum FIR and IIR filters.
References:
1. Sanjit K Mitra, Digital Signal Processing: A computer-based approach ,Tata Mc Grow-Hill edition .1998
2. Dimitris G .Manolakis, Vinay K. Ingle and Stephen M. Kogon, Statistical and Adaptive Signal Processing,
Mc Grow Hill international editions .-2000
3. Alan V . Oppenheim, Ronald W. Schafer, Discrete-Time Signal Processing, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi, 1997
4. John G. Proakis, and Dimitris G. Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing(third edition), Prentice-Hall of India
Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 1997
5. Emmanuel C. Ifeachor, Barrie W. Jervis , Digital Signal Processing-A practical Approach, Addison .
Wesley,1993
6. Abraham Peled and Bede Liu, Digital Signal Processing, John Wiley and Sons, 1976
7. Oppenheim and Schaffer, Discrete time Signal processing, PHI, 1999.
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be
answered by the student.

EPE 3001

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PLANNING AND AUTOMATION 3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective: Objective of the course is to introduce various advancements in the

distribution systems
Module 1
Power System: General Concepts - Distribution of power - Management - systems study - Loads
and Energy Forecasting: Power loads - Area Preliminary survey load forecasting - Regression analysis
- Correlation analysis - Analysis of time series - Factors in power system loading -Technological
forecasting Sources of error
Planning, Design and Operation methodology: System calculations, Network elements Distribution load flow: Radial systems, distribution systems with loops - fault studies - effect of
abnormal loads, Voltage control - line circuits - harmonics- urban distribution - load variations
Distribution system expansion planning load characteristics load forecasting design concepts
optimal location of sub station design of radial lines solution technique.
Module 2
Optimization of distribution systems: Introduction, Costing of Schemes, Typical network
configurations - Long and Short term planning, network cost modelling, voltage levels - Synthesis
of optimum line networks - Application of linear programming to network synthesis -Optimum
Phase sequence Economic loading of distribution transformers- Worst case loading of distribution
transformers
Distribution automation: Distribution automation - Definitions - Project Planning Communication, Sensors, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), Consumer
Information systems (CIS), Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
Power System reliability: Basic Reliability Concepts and Series, Parallel, Series-Parallel SystemsDevelopment of State Transition Model to Determine the Steady State Probabilities
Module 3
Consumer Services: Supply industry - Natural monopoly - Regulations - Standards - Consumer
load requirements Cost of Supply - load management - theft of power ~ Energy metering - Tariffs:
Costing and Pricing, Classification of Tariffs Deregulated Systems: Reconfiguring Power systemsUnbundling of Electric Utilities- Competition and Direct access
Voltage control Application of shunt capacitance for loss reduction Harmonics in the system static
VAR systems loss reduction and voltage improvement.
References:
1. A.S.Pabla, 'Electrical Power Distribution Systems', 4th Edn, TMH, 1997
2. Turan Gonen, 'Electrical Power Distribution Engineering', McGraw Hill, 1986
3. Colin Bayliss, 'Transmission and Distribution Electrical Engineering', Butterworth
Heinemann, 1996
4. Pansini: Electrical Distribution Engineering
5. E. Lakervi & E J Holmes .Electricity distribution network design., 2ndEdition Peter Peregrimus Ltd.
6. Dhillan, B.S., Power System Reliability, Safety and Management, An Arbor Sam, 1981
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be
answered by the student.

EPE 3002 POWER SYSTEM STABILITY AND RELIABILITY

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective: To equip the engineers for operating power systems more effectively and reliably utilizing
the resources in an optimal manner
Module 1
Concept of Power system stability-Types of stability-Transient stability analysis: An Elementary View of
Transient Stability-Structure of a complete power system model for transient stability analysis-Transient Stability
Enhancement
Voltage Stability Analysis-Definition and Criteria-Mechanism of Voltage Collapse-Static Analysis:
V-Q sensitivity analysis, Q-V modal analysis-Determination of Shortest distance to instability-The continuation
load flow analysis-Important voltage stability indices-Prevention of Voltage Collapse
Module 2
Concept of reliability, non-repairable components, hazard models, components with preventive
maintenance, ideal repair and preventive maintenance, repairable components, normal repair and preventive
maintenance.
System reliability, monotonic structures, reliability of series-parallel structures, the V out of 'rf
configuration, the decomposition methods, minimal tie and cut method, state space method of system
representation, system of two independent components, two components with dependent failures, combining
states, non-exponential repair times failure effects analysis, State enumeration method, application to nonrepairable systems.
Other methods of system reliability, fault free analysis. Monte Carlo simulation, planning for reliability,
outage definitions, construction of reliability models.
Module 3
Generating capacity reserve evaluation, the generation model, the probability of capacity deficiency,
the frequency and duration method, comparison of the reliability indices, generation expansion planning,
uncertainties in generating unit failure rates and in load forecasts. Operating reserve evaluation, state space
representation of generating units, rapid start and hot-reserve units, the security function approach.
Interconnected systems, two connected systems with independent loads, two connected system with correlated
loads, more than two systems interconnected.
References:

1. K R Padiyar, 'Power System Dynamics', 2nd Edition, B.S. Publishers, 2003

2. P. Kundur, 'Power system Stability and Control\ McGraw-Hill Inc., 1994
3. T Van Cutsem, C Vournas, ' Voltage Stability of Electric Power Systems', Kluwer Academic
Publishers, 1998

4. J JEndrenyi, 'Reliability modeling in electric power systems' , John Wiley & Sons
5. Singh C, and Billinton R. 'System reliability modeling and evaluation', Hutchinston,
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be
answered by the student.

EPE 3003 EHV AC&DC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective: To enable the students gain a fair knowledge on the concepts and technology of
EHV AC & DC transmission systems
Module 1
EHV AC transmission-configuration-features-intermediate substations-applications- interconnected
AC networks-HVDC system-classification-configuration-equipment in HVDC substations-Power flow in AC
and HVDC lines-EHV AC vs HVDC-economic comparison-HVDC power flow- power conversion principlepower loss in DC system-steady state Ud/Id characteristics
Converter circuits-single phase and three phase circuits-analysis of bridge converter-with and without overlapgrid control- control characteristics-constant minimum ignition angle control-constant current control-extinction
angle control
Harmonics-characteristics of harmonics-means of reducing harmonics-telephone interference-filters-single
frequency and double frequency-tuned filters-DC harmonic filter
Module 2
Reactive power requirements in HVDC substations-effect of delay angle and extinction angle-short circuit
ratio in planning of HVDC
DC line oscillations and line dampers-over voltage protection-DC lightning arresters-DC circuit breakers -basic
concepts types & characteristics
Earth electrode-location and configuration-earth return-materials of anode-sea electrode shore electrode-troubles
by earth currents and remedial measures
Module 3
EHV AC Transmission-Components of transmission system-voltage gradients of conductor-single and
bundled conductor
Corona & corona losses in EHVAC and HVDC-critical surface gradient-Peeks law-critical disruptive voltage
and critical electric stress for visual corona-Insulation requirements of EHV AC and DC transmission lines Electrostatic field of EHV lines-biological effects-live wire maintenance-insulation coordination-insulation for
power frequency-voltage-switching over voltage-lightning performance-calculation of line & ground parameters
References:
1. EW Kimbark, 'Direct Current Transmission Volume - F ,John Wiley -New York
2. Rakosh Das Begamudre, 'EHV AC Transmission Engineering', New Age International (p) Ltd., 2nd
Edition, 1997
3. KR Padiyar, 'HVDC Power Transmission Systems', Wiley Eastern Ltd.
4. S.Rao, EHV AC and HVDC Transmission Engineering & Practice, Khanna Publishers Delhi.
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be
answered by the student.

EPE 3004 STATIC VAR CONTROLLERS & HARMONIC FILTERING

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective: To familiarize the different control schemes for static var compensators to mitigate power
quality problems in Power System
Module 1
Fundamentals of Load Compensation , Steady-State Reactive Power Control in Electric Transmission
Systems , Reactive Power Compensation and Dynamic Performance of Transmission Systems .
Converters for Static Compensation . Single Phase and Three Phase Converters and Standard
Modulation Strategies (Programmed Harmonic Elimination and SPWM) . GTO Inverters . Multi-Pulse
Converters and Interface Magnetics Multi-Level Inverters of Diode Clamped Type and Flying Capacitor Type
and suitable modulation strategies. Multi-level inverters of Cascade Type and their modulation . Current
Control of Inverters.
Module 2
Static Reactive Power Compensators and their control . Shunt Compensators, SVCs of Thyristor
Switched and Thyristor Controlled types and their control, STATCOMs and their control, Series Compensators
of Thyristor Switched and Controlled Type and their Control, SSSC and its Control, Sub-Synchronous
Resonance and damping, Use of STATCOMs and SSSCs for Transient and Dynamic Stability Improvement in
Power Systems
Module 3
Passive Harmonic Filtering . Single Phase Shunt Current Injection Type Filter and its Control, Three
Phase Three-wire Shunt Active Filtering and their control using p-q theory and d-q modelling . Three-phase
four-wire shunt active filters . Hybrid Filtering using Shunt Active Filters . Series Active Filtering in Harmonic
Cancellation Mode . Series Active Filtering in Harmonic Isolation Mode . Dynamic Voltage Restorer and its
control . Power Quality Conditioner
References
1. T.J.E Miller Reactive Power Control in Electric Systems John Wiley & Sons,1982.
2. N.G. Hingorani & L. Gyugyi Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission
Systems. IEEE Press, 2000.
3. Ned Mohan et.al Power Electronics. John Wiley and Sons 2006
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be
answered by the student.

EPE 3005 POWER SYSTEM INSTRUMENTATION

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective: To impart principles of different measurement systems and methods of various electrical
parameters.

Module 1
Generalized performance characteristics of instruments Static and dynamic characteristics, development of
mathematical model of various measurement systems. Classification of instruments based on their order.
Dynamic response and frequency response studies of zero order, first order and second order instruments.
Theory of errors: systematic and random errors, limits of error, probable error and standard deviation.
Gaussian error curves, combination of errors.
Module 2
Transducers, classification & selection of transducers, strain gauges, inductive & capacitive transducers,
piezoelectric and Hall-effect transducers, thermisters, thermocouples, photo-diodes & photo-transistors, encoder
type digital transducers, signal conditioning and telemetry, basic concepts of smart sensors and application. Data
Acquisition Systems.
Module 3
Measurement of voltage, current, phase angle, frequency, active power and reactive power in power plants.
Energy meters and multipart tariff meters. Capacitive voltage transformers and their transient behavior, Current
Transformers for measurement and protection, composite errors and transient response.
Introduction to SCADA: Data acquisition systems, Evolution of SCADA, Communication technologies,
Monitoring and supervisory functions, SCADA applications in Utility Automation, Industries
References
1. B D Doeblin, 'Measurement systems Application and Design, McGraw Hill New York.
2. John P. Bentley, 'Principles of Measurement System , Pearson Education .
3. J W Dally, W F Reley and K G McConnel, 'Instrumentation for Engineering measurements (second
edition), John Wiley & sons Inc New York, 1993
4. K. B. Klaasen, 'Electronic Measurement. And Instrumentation', Cambridge University Press.
5. Helfrick and Cooper, Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques, PrenticeHall of India
6. Jones, B.E., Instrumentation Measurement and Feedback, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1986.
7. Golding, E.W., Electrical Measurement and Measuring Instruments, 3rd Edition
8. Stuart A. Boyer: SCADA-Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, Instrument Society of America
Publications,USA,2004
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be
answered by the student.

EPI 3001 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective: This subject provides sufficient knowledge about the promising new and renewable sources
of energy so as to equip students capable of working with projects related to it and to take up research work in
connected areas.
Module 1
Solar Thermal Systems : Solar radiation spectrum, radiation measurement, technologies. Applications:
Heating, Cooling, Drying, Distillation, Power generation. Design consideration of solar water heater.
Solar Photovoltaic Systems : Operating principles, photovoltaic cell concepts, Cell, module, array,
series and parallel connections, maximum power point tracking. Applications, Battery charging. Design of
standalone PV system.
Fuel Cell: Principle of working, construction and applications.
Module 2
Wind Energy: Wind patterns and wind data, factors influencing wind, wind shear, turbulence, wind
speed monitoring, Betz limit, WECS: classification, characteristics, applications, site selection. Types of
windmills. Design of wind turbines. Characteristics of wind generators. Load matching
Microhydel :Operating principles, components of a microhydel power plant. types and characteristics of
turbines, selection and modification, load balancing.
Module 3
Biomass: Operating principles, combustion and fermentation, types of biogas plants, applications, bio diesel
Ocean Energy: Ocean energy resources, principles of ocean thermal energy conversion systems, ocean thermal
power plants- wave energy, characteristics, energy and power from the waves, wave energy conversion devices.
Tidal power, energy estimation, site selection, types, tidal power plants.
Geothermal energy: Types of geothermal energy sites, site selection, geothermal power plants.

Reference
1. John W Twidell and Anthony D Weir, Renewable energy sources, English Language, Book society
(ELBS), 1996
2. Godfrey Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford
3. D.P.Kothari, K.C.Singal, Rakesh Ranjan, Renewable Energy Sources and Emerging Technologies,
Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 2009
4. B.H. Khan, Non-Conventional Energy Resources, 2nd ,Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2010
5. Chetan Singh Solanki, Renewable Energy Technologies, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 2009
6. Tasneem Abbasi, S.A.Abbasi, Renewable Energy Sources, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 2010
7. Siraj Ahmed, Wind Energy- Theory and Practice, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 2010
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be
answered by the student.

EPI 3002

ENERGY AUDITING & MANAGEMENT

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective: Understanding, analysis and application of electrical energy management-measurement and
accounting techniques-consumption patterns- conservation methods-application in industrial cases.
Module 1
System approach and End use approach to efficient use of Electricity; Electricity tariff types; Energy auditing:
Types and objectives-audit instruments.
Electric motors-Energy efficient controls and starting efficiency-Motor Efficiency and Load Analysis- Energy
efficient /high efficient Motors-Case study; Load Matching and selection of motors.
Variable speed drives; Pumps and Fans-Efficient Control strategies- Optimal selection and sizing -Optimal
operation and Storage; Case study
Module 2
Transformer Loading/Efficiency analysis, Feeder/cable loss evaluation, case study.
Reactive Power management-Capacitor Sizing-Degree of Compensation-Capacitor losses-Location-PlacementMaintenance, case study.
Peak Demand controls- Methodologies-Types of Industrial loads-Optimal Load scheduling-case study.
Lighting- Energy efficient light sources-Energy conservation in Lighting Schemes- Electronic ballast-Power
quality issues-Luminaries, case study.
Module 3:
Cogeneration-Types and Schemes-Optimal operation of cogeneration plants-case study; Electric loads
of Air conditioning & Refrigeration-Energy conservation measures- Cool storage. Types-Optimal operationcase study; Electric water heating-Gysers-Solar Water Heaters- Power Consumption in Compressors, Energy
conservation measures; Electrolytic Process; Computer Controls- software-EMS
References
1. Handbook on Energy Audit and Environment Management , Y P Abbi and Shashank Jain, TERI, 2006
2. Handbook of Energy Audits, Albert Thumann, William J. Younger, Terry Niehus, 2009
3. Giovanni Petrecca, Industrial Energy Management: Principles and Applications., The Kluwer
international series -207,1999
4. Anthony J. Pansini, Kenneth D. Smalling, Guide to Electric Load Management., Pennwell Pub; (1998)
5. Howard E. Jordan, Energy-Efficient Electric Motors and Their Applications, Plenum Pub Corp; 2nd
edition (1994)
6. Turner, Wayne C., Energy Management Handbook, Lilburn, The Fairmont Press, 2001
7. Albert Thumann , Handbook of Energy Audits, Fairmont Pr; 5th edition (1998)
8. IEEE Bronze Book- Recommended Practice for Energy Conservation and cost effective planning in
Industrial facilities, IEEE Inc, USA. 2008
9. Albert Thumann, P.W, Plant Engineers and Managers Guide to Energy Conservation- Seventh
Edition-TWI Press Inc, Terre Haute, 2007
10. Donald R. W.,Energy Efficiency Manual, Energy Institute Press, 1986

Structure of the question paper

The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be
answered by the student.

EAI3001

AUTONOMOUS POWER SYSTEMS

3-0-0-3

Structure of the course

Lecture
Internal Assessment
End semester Examination

: 3Hrs /Week
: 40 Marks.
: 60 Marks.

Credits: 3

Course Objective: Objectives of the course is to introduce autonomous power systems to students
Module -1
Classification of EES systems -Roles of electrical energy storage (EES) system Emerging needs for EES Types and features of energy storage systems Mechanical storage systems - Pumped hydro storage (PHS) Compressed air energy storage (CAES) - Flywheel energy storage (FES) - Electrochemical storage systems:
Secondary batteries - Flow batteries - Chemical energy storage: Hydrogen (H2) - Synthetic natural gas (SNG) Electrical storage systems: Double-layer capacitors (DLC) -Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)Thermal storage systems - Standards for EES - Technical comparison of EES technologies
Module -2
Captive Power Plants: Selection Considerations - Diesel Generator Captive Power Plants Comparison of
different types of captive power plants - Selection and Installation Factors - Sizing of a Genset: High Speed
Engine or Slow/Medium Speed Engine, Capacity Combinations, Air Cooling Vs. Water Cooling, get overheated during summer months - Safety Features - Parallel Operation with Grid- Maximum Single Load on DG
Set - Unbalanced Load Effects - Neutral Earthing - Site Condition Effects on Performance Derating Operational Factors - Load Pattern & DG Set Capacity - Sequencing of Loads - Load Pattern - Load
Characteristics - Power Factor - Unbalanced Load Transient Loading
Module -3
SMPS- Characteristics Steady state Analysis - Control methods:-Design of feedback compression
UPS: Necessity - types - typical layouts of UPS. Stand alone high quality Electronics Power Supplies
Combined Cycle Power Plant: Introduction - Typical cycles - Gas Turbine - G as Turbine HRSG Systems Steam Turbine -Combined Cycle Plants -Availability and reliability

References:
1. Bueuru of Energy Efficiency, Study material for Energy manager programme, 2012
2. Irving M.Gottilieb Power supplies, Switching Regulators, Inverters and Converters BPB
Publications 1985
3. RK Chetty Switched Power Supply Design BPB Publication- 1987
4. Current Literature
Structure of the question paper
The question paper contains three questions from each module out of which two questions are to be
answered by the student.