EAT 356 WATER & WASTE

WATER ENGINEERING
MAHYUN AB WAHAB
SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

TODAYS OBJECTIVE

CO3:
Ability to DEFINE, DESCRIBE,
DESIGN and EXPLAIN basic
structure involved in physical
and biological unit process
applied in wastewater
treatment in Malaysia

30 minutes ASSIGNMENT
One sewerage with 225mm
diameter put at 1:200 slope.
Calculate high and sewage
velocity if its flowrate is
432m3/day. Assume n = 0.013

Please comment

Introduction
Why we treat sewage or wastewater?
Standard A

<20 ?

city

Wastewater
Treatment
Plant

BOD5 = 280mg/l
SS = 360 mg/l

<50?

river

Degree of discharge
Discharge by settlement
EXAMPLE for normal composition of sewage
Organic and inorganic

Organic
solid
(1)

Inorganic
(mineral)
(2)

Total
Organic
(1+2)

BOD5

Settlement
suspended solid

39

15

54

19

Non settlement
Suspended solid

26

10

36

23

90

42

160

12

TOTAL
Dissolved solid

80

80

Table 1 :Example of one sewage sample (all unit in mg/l), Bache, 1989

What are the conclusion??

54/90 = 60% from total suspended solid can settle
19/42 = 45% from BOD5 can discharge through
settlement
Settlement (physical operation) ONLY cannot
remove all BOD5
In other word, if we just use sedimentation tank to
treat sewage, its still have 55% BOD5 in our final
effluent

Determination of unit operation

In treating sewage, a few different unit
operation
involved,
either
physical,
biological or chemical unit operation.
This unit operation also can classified to
primary (physical), secondary (biological) or
tertiary treatment.
Every unit has different discharge efficiency

Example

o ASSUME IN THIS EXAMPLE % PRIMARY TREATMENT

DISCHARGE FOR BOD IS 40% AND SS IS 60%

BOD 280
SS 360
BOD 20
SS 50
Primary
treatment

*BOD 150
*SS 144

Secondary
treatment

Example

o ASSUME IN THIS EXAMPLE % PRIMARY TREATMENT

DISCHARGE FOR BOD IS 40% AND SS IS 60%

From previous figure, if we have to comply

standard A, we need biological unit
operation that can discharge
((150-20)/150) (100) BOD5 = % BOD5
((144-50)/144) (100) SS = ..% SS
So, we have to choose suitable unit
operation

TYPE OF TREATMENT
General
A few technique to treat sewerage depend on type of
sewerage.
Optional treatment

Physical

Chemical

Biology

screensing

Precipitation

Activated sludge

Mixing

Disinfection

Rotating Biological
Contractors (RBC)

Flocculation

Absorption

Aerated lagoon

Sedimentation

Neutralization

Trickling Filter

Floatation

Oxidation

Filtration

Settling

Cont
Conventional
Normally we just apply physical and biological
treatment for municipal sewerage
When we use chemical treatment?
type of treatment can classified as below
Pre-treatment
First stage in treat sewerage
Physical treatment and one of the primary treatment
Objective : protect incoming treatment from course object
such as wood, rock, metal and etc.
Example : screens, communitor, grit chamber,
sedimentation tank

Cont
Primary treatment
Refer to pre-treatment process and primary
sedimentation tank
Objective : remove suspended solid from
wastewater, so that biological plant will not over
loaded.
Main function : remove big portion of suspended
solid from wastewater and a few of BOD5
Wastewater volume in primary treatment have to
control. Not too slow and too fast. WHY?
Effluent from primary sedimentation tank are called
sludge

Cont
Secondary treatment
Refer to biological plant
Objective : remove organic biodegradable and suspended
solid that cannot remove in primary treatment

Sludge treatment
Beside primary sedimentation tank, sludge also can find in
secondary sedimentation tank (after biological plant)
Its mean, output from biological plant have to settle in other
tank, commonly called as secondary sedimentation tank.
Sludge also can perform in other process such as septic tank,
Imhoff tank and oxidation pond.

Cont
Tertiary treatment
Advanced treatment
Done when high standard of wastewater
required
Its also done when we want to remove specific
parameter such as nitrogen and phosphorus
Normally include absorption, reverse osmosis
and etc.

Cont
Practically, not all phase or type of
treatment are use
Its engineer responsibility to decide which
unit suitable for the wastewater they have
to treat.
For example,
influent

screens

Primary
Sedimentation
tank

Aerated lagoon
Activated
sludge

Secondary
Sedimentation
tank

effluent

Table : Sewage Treatment Method

Sewage
inflow

Preliminary
Treatment

Primary
Treatment

Secondary
Treatment

Tertiary Treatment

screensing

sedimentation

Activated
sludge

filtration

grit removal

floatation

biofiltration

disinfection

sedimentation

tertiary ponds

Biological
treatment to
Remove
organic and
Suspended
solids

biological and
chemical treatment
to remove nutrients
and pathogens

grease tank
pre-aeration
flow
measurem
ent
flow balancing
removal of
rags,
rubbish,
grit, oil,
grease

removal of
settleable and
Floatable
materials

effluent
discharge

Primary treatment
Screens
Objective : remove course object to avoid
problem in the next unit treatment
First unit in wastewater treatment unit series
2 type of screens
Mechanical screens
Manual screens

2 type of screens
Course screens
Fine screens

Cont

Manual screens
Mechanical screens

Manual screens

Cont
Parameter

Design criteria
Manually raked

Mechanical raked

Qpeak = ?

Qpeak = ?

Maximum clear spacing

25mm

25mm

Slope to vertical

0-45

0-45

Max. approach velocity

1.0m/s

1.0m/s

Max. flow through velocity

1.0m/s

1.0m/s

Min. freeboard

150mm

150mm

30m3/106 m3

See figure

Storage period of screens

7 days

7 days

Screens thickness

25mm

N/A

No

Yes

Flowrate, Q

Estimated volume of screens per

volume of sewage

Washing and dewatering of screens

Cont
After we know a few design criteria, so, width of
screens chamber can determine by this formula

(B S )
F
W
X
S
VD

Where,

W = chamber width (m)

B = screensing thickness (mm)
S = maximum clear spacing (mm)
F = Qpeak (m3/s)
V = maximum flow through velocity (m/s)
D = depth (m)

Cont
Screens output quantity based on sewage
age and clear spacing.
Sewage volume is between 1.3x10-6 to
3.67x10-5per m3 flowrate with average value
is 1.5x10-5m3/m3 flowrate (Mc Ghee, 1991)

SKETCH ON SCREENS DESIGN

Example
One wastewater treatment plan are planned to
cater 50,000 people. Determine width of screens
chamber and appropriate number of screens
thickness, based on these design criteria:

People, P = 50000
Maximum clear spacing = 25mm
Screens thickness = 10mm
q = standard water consumption for Malaysia
Qpeak = 4.7 p-0.11 DWF
Volume = 0.9m/s
Depth = 0.85m

FROM QUESTION WE KNOW THAT,

Screens thickness
Maximum clear spacing
Volume
Depth

B=
S=
V=
D=
QPEAK
DWF

10
mm
25
mm
0.9
m/s
0.85
m
= 4.7 p-0.11 DWF
=
qP
11250 m3/day

Q peak =

0.01
0.025

34384.577 m3/day

0.39797 m3/s
W=
W=
W=
W is taken as

(B+S)
S
1.4
0.73

0.8

Number of screensing thickness

No. of B =
No. of B is taken as
so, new width for this chamber is
W=

22.8571
23

pieces

(B+S)*(no. of B)
0.805 m

F
VD
0.5202

m
m

Comminutor

Cont
Another primary unit operation like screens
However, its not function as a screens but as a
grinder. Grind course thing to smaller size and
discharge
Comminutor will not effect the rest of operation
with their output
But, its still have their disadvantage.
Comminutor will increase load for next
operation (especially biological operation)

Grit Removal
Grit is a inorganic material such as
.and..and..
etc
Grit will damage pumps by abrasion and
cause serious operation difficulties in
sedimentation tanks and sludge
digesters by accumulation around and
plugging of outlets and pump suctions

 Normally, grit remover is designed to

remove inorganic material especially sand
with 0.2mm diameter or bigger (Hammer
and Hammer, 1996)
In this research finding also shows 0.2mm
grit with specific gravity 2.65, will have
1.2m/min velocity, it is higher than
suspended velocity of organic solid in
wastewater (Tebbutt, 1991)

Cont
Grit remover is one of the most important part in
combined sewerage system.
Can u think what are the principle using in grit
chamber?
A lots of different types of grit chamber, such as :

Grit chamber
Gravity Channel
Aerated Grit Channels
Vortex Grit Traps
Detritor

Cont
Every grit removal have different design
approach
It is common practice to remove this
material by grit chambers .
So that, we will only learn how to design grit
chamber.

Design Grit Chamber

Grit chambers are basin to remove the
inorganic particles to prevent damage to the
pumps, and to prevent their accumulation in
sludge digestors.
Grit chamber is a shallow tank, commonly
rectangle, and designed to settle grit
Grit chambers are usually located after the bar
screens and before the primary sedimentation
tanks.

 Grit chambers are generally designed as long

channels
Grit chambers are designed to be cleaned
manually or by mechanically operated
devices

Cont
Parameter

Design characteristics

Flowrate, Q

Qpeak = ?

Minimum retention time, t

1 minutes

Surface Load Rate, SLR (m3/m2.day)

<1000

Type

Horizontal flowrate or
vortex

Horizontal Velocity, Vh (m/s)

0.2

Expected grit quantity (m3/103 wastewater)

0.03

Design principle
Flowrate, Q
Using Qpeak = .

Retention Time, t

t = volume / flowrate
Surface Load Rate (SLR)

SLR = Q / As

= flowrate / area of tank

= m3/m2.day

Cont
Horizontal velocity, Vh
Vh is a horizontal velocity enter
the tank
You must know how to
differentiate between vertical
velocity and horizontal velocity
Vertical velocity occur because
of gravity

Vh

Cont
We know that,

V
t
Q

(3.1)

Q
SLR
As

(3.2)

Cont
Its 2 option when we want to design
grit chamber
Starting from retention time, t
Starting from Surface Load Rate,
(SLR)

Starting from retention time, t

Starting from Equation 3.1
We can determine retention time (t) according to
value given in previous table. With knowing t and
Q value, we will get V.
With knowing depth of tank, we will get As (how?)
We have Q and As, so that we will get SLR
Compare value of SLR we obtained from this
calculation and reference value in table given. If
still in range, its acceptable.

Starting from SLR

Starting from equation 3.2
Determine SLR value from table
From Q and SLR value, we can obtain As
With knowing depth of tank, we will get V
(how?)
From V, we will get retention time, t

Example
One grit chamber is designed for a domestic
wastewater treatment plant. This plant
receives waste from 8000 people. If Qpeak is
used in this design, calculate length, width
and depth of this chamber. Given, SLR is
1500 m3/m2 and horizontal velocity is 25
cm/s.

SOLUTION
Qpeak = 4.7 p-011 DWF
SLR = 1,500 m3 /m2 .day
Vh = 25 cm/s
Width (W) _ ?
Length (L) _ ?
Depth (d) _ ?

 DWF

= q*P
= (0.225 m3/cap.day) (8000)
= .m3/day

Qpeak = 4.7 (8)-0.11 DWF, p = 8

= 3.739 (1800)

= 6730 m3/day

 Given, SLR = Q/As

= 1,500 m3/m2.hari
= 6730/As = 1,500 m3 /m. hari

As
= 4.487m2
Assume depth, d = 1 m; So,
Volume, V
= As (d)

= 4.487 (1)

= 4.487 m3

 Retention Time, t
= V/Q
= (4.487 m3)/(6,730 m3/day)
= ..day
= (6.67 x 10-4 day) (24 x 3600 second)
= .. second,

 Given Vh
= 25 sm/s
Vh
= L/t
(Horizontal velocity = Length/time taken)
25
= L/57.6
L
= (25 sm/s) * (57.6 s)

= 1,440 sm

= 14.4 m

= .m

 As = BL
4.186 m2 = B (14.5)
L = .. m
B
= 0.288 m
d =.. m
Take B as = m
We have assume depth, d =1.0m
Conclusion
L = .m ; B = . m ; d =.m

B = .. m

Grease tank
Grease tank is one of the pre-treatment unit
designed to remove greasy material and lighter
than water.
Some of wastewater consist high composition of
fat, grease and oil. Example, wastewater from
.
So that, we have to remove this greasy material
before its enter next unit operation.
But, grease tank is very rare in domestic
wastewater treatment

Equalization tank
Wastewater is held in the equalization tank to
allow solids to begin settling.
Activated sludge from the leveling ponds is mixed
with the wastewater in the equalization tanks to
begin biological digestion of organic contaminants.
The equalization tank also helps to maintain a more
constant flow rate through the treatment plant.

Sedimentation tank
Sedimentation tank function to settle suspended
solid in wastewater or in easy word, sedimentation
tank separate solids from the liquid stream
Sedimentation tank also known as clarifier
Theoretically, purpose of sedimentation tank is to
divide two component, which is :
Sludge (settled suspended solid)
Effluent

Cont
The purpose of the scraper mechanism mounted
inside the tank, is to collect the settled solids for
removal from the tank by pumping
In circular sedimentation tanks the clarifier
mechanism has sludge scrapers attached to a
rotating arm scraping the sludge towards a central
hopper.
In rectangular clarifiers scrapers are carried along
the tank bottom collecting the sludge into a trough
or hopper at the influent end of the tank.

Separation in sedimentation tank

Design primary sedimentation tank

Primary sedimentation tank is one of the physical
unit operation
It just after grit chamber (if needed)
Function of this tank is ..
What will happen if this solid did not remove well?
Primary sedimentation tank usually design to
remove 25-40% BOD and 50-70% SS

Cont
A few types of primary sedimentation tank
Rectangular Tank
Circular Tank
Upward flow tank

All this three types has their own advantages

and disadvantages

PARAMETER

UNIT

DESIGN CRITERIA

Flowrate

m3/day

Q peak = ?

Minimum retention time at Q

peak

Hour

1.5-2.0

SLR at Q peak
Circular (<50 diameter and 3.0
m depth)
Rectangular

m3/m2.day

Weir Overflow Rate, WOR at Q

peak

m3/m.day

100< WOR < 200

Horizontal velocity

mm/s

<15

<45
<30

Length : Width ratio

Depth of tank
Rectangular Tank
Circular Tank
Upward flow tank
Slope to horizontal

3:1

m
m
m

2.0 3.5
1.5
5.0-9.0

Degree

< 60 (Upward flow tank)

< 45 circular tank)

Cont
Using Retention time

t = V/Q
Example
Volume = 1000 m3
Flowrate = 50000m3/ day
Retention time = ??

Cont
Using SLR = Q / As
SLR = flowrate / area tank surface
= flowrate / b.l
Unit ???
l
b

Horizontal velocity, Vh
Horizontal velocity is a even velocity enter the tank

Cont
Differentiate between Vh and Vo (Settlement
velocity)
Settlement velocity, Vo is a vertical velocity cause
by gravity
Settlement theory stated design sedimentation
tank (Rectangular or Circular Tank) based on
reference particle moving from top of the tank to
base of the tank (from point A to point B)
Design have to be done with Vh and Vo in almost
same magnitude, so that the particle can settle
ideally.

Cont
REMEMBER : depth of tank NOT
influencing particle settlement

Vh = Q / Ah
Where,
Ah = area of cross section
=bxd
d

Ah

Cont
3 settlement cases
If settlement velocity > horizontal velocity
= particle will settle in front of tank

If horizontal velocity > settlement velocity

= particle will settle at the end of tank

If horizontal velocity ~ settlement velocity

= ideal settlement will occur

Why we have to avoid case 1 and 2 ?

Weir Overflow Rate, WOR

Settlement tanks must therefore be designed deep
enough to allow all particles to settle, and also to
have flow such that settled solids are not disturbed
and carried over the weir at the outlet of the
settlement tank. In designing sedimentation tank,
Another important parameter in settlement tanks
is the rate at which water flows over the weir,
known as the Weir Overflow Rate (WOR)

Cont

WOR also have its own important function.

WOR control settled sludge.
WOR is a barrier at tank perimeter controlling
discharge of effluent from this tank to the next
unit operation
Length of WOR have to design properly so that,
settled sludge will not suspend again and flow
with effluent

Cont
Weir overflow rate

Production of sludge
Settled sludge in primary sedimentation tank can be
estimate using this equation
Dry weight =
(kg.day)

%
removal
of
suspended
x
(1DWF) x
suspended
solid
solid

Cont
Sludge is produced by settled suspended solid
Sludge production can be estimated from output
per capita
Rough estimation by Fuaad, 1990 is
0.0014m3/people.day or 50gram/capita.day
In designing sedimentation tank, volume of sludge
storage also needed. 2-5% of sedimentation tank
volume is using as a rough estimation.

Cont
In calculating sludge storage volume,
dislodging frequency has to determine.
If dislodging is done every day, so that
storage volume needed is just one day.
Design approach of sedimentation tank is
similar with design of grit chamber. Its can
be started from SLR or from retention time.

Design step by step

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.

List out all the data given

What are the equation we have?
1. t =
2. SLR = ..
Find As
If we got the depth of tank (From reference table) , we will get
volume of tank, V
From V, we will know retention time, t
Check your design
1. SLR
2. Horizontal velocity (for rectangular sedimentation tank)

EXAMPLE
One primary sedimentation tank are receiving influence
from one housing area with 100,000 people. Water
consumption is 200 liter/capita.day. If SLR is 30m3/m2.day,
design:
One rectangular primary sedimentation tank
One circular primary tank with slope 7.5. Determine
sludge produced.
Using this design data:

Use Qpeak as design flowrate

SS in influence is 400mg/l
Efficiency of SS removal is 70%
Assume no slope

EXAMPLE
One small city consist 15000 person. Design
one upward flow tank to cater this city using
given design criteria:

q = standard
Retention time at maximum flowrate is 2 hours
SLR = 35m3/m2.day
Sludge production = 0.0016m3/person.day
Dislodging frequency = every day
Slope to horizontal 60

Secondary sedimentation tank, SST

Secondary sedimentation tank is a tank AFTER biological
tank
Its purposely to settle sludge that produce in biological
tank. This sludge is pumped back into the inlet end of the
primary sedimentation tanks and settles with the raw
sludge
We know in biological tank, a lots of sludge produced from
synthesis and microorganism oxidation process
This tank has to design properly to make sure effluent
discharged comply to standard

Cont
Compare to primary sedimentation tank that has 3
option of tank, in SST, normally we design circular
tank
This SST is very important to specific unit
operation, especially ASP and aerated lagoon.
Without this tank, that two process cannot operate
because sludge produce cannot settle. As a result,
effluent will consist high number of SS

Cont
The sludge that collects in the SST is called
aerated sludge or activated sludge because
it is fully aerated.

Design parameter for secondary sedimentation tank

Parameter
Retention
time
SLR

WOR
Minimum
depth
Solid Load
Rate @ Qpeak
Flowrate

Value for PE 5000

< 2 hours
30 m3/m2.day

150-180 m3/m.day
3m

< 150 kg/m2.day

Qpeak

Basic Activated Sludge Process

Primary
sedimentation
tank

Aerated tank

Return sludge

Secondary
sedimentation
tank

effluent