C# Programming Purvis Samsoodeen

listing 1
public interface ISeries {
int GetNext(); // return next number in series
void Reset(); // restart
void SetStart(int x); // set starting value
}

listing 2
// Implement ISeries.
class ByTwos : ISeries {
int start;
int val;

public ByTwos() {
start = 0;
val = 0;
}

public int GetNext() {

val += 2;
return val;
}

public void Reset() {

start = 0;
val = 0;
}

public void SetStart(int x) {

start = x;
val = x;
}
}

listing 3
// Demonstrate the ByTwos interface.
using System;

class ISeriesDemo {
static void Main() {
ByTwos ob = new ByTwos();

for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)

Console.WriteLine("Next value is " +
ob.GetNext());

Console.WriteLine("\nResetting");
ob.Reset();
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
Console.WriteLine("Next value is " +
ob.GetNext());

Console.WriteLine("\nStarting at 100");
ob.SetStart(100);
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)

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Console.WriteLine("Next value is " +

ob.GetNext());
}
}

listing 4
// Implement ISeries and add GetPrevious().
class ByTwos : ISeries {
int start;
int val;
int prev;

public ByTwos() {
start = 0;
val = 0;
prev = -2;
}

public int GetNext() {

prev = val;
val += 2;
return val;
}

public void Reset() {

start = 0;
val = 0;
prev = -2;
}

public void SetStart(int x) {

start = x;
val = x;
prev = x - 2;
}

// A method not specified by ISeries.

int GetPrevious() {
return prev;
}
}

listing 5
// Implement ISeries.
class ByThrees : ISeries {
int start;
int val;

public ByThrees() {
start = 0;
val = 0;
}

public int GetNext() {

val += 3;

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return val;
}

public void Reset() {

start = 0;
val = 0;
}

public void SetStart(int x) {

start = x;
val = x;
}
}

listing 6
// Demonstrate interface references.
using System;

// Define the interface

public interface ISeries {
int GetNext(); // return next number in series
void Reset(); // restart
void SetStart(int x); // set starting value
}

// Implement ISeries one way.

class ByTwos : ISeries {
int start;
int val;

public ByTwos() {
start = 0;
val = 0;
}

public int GetNext() {

val += 2;
return val;
}

public void Reset() {

start = 0;
val = 0;
}

public void SetStart(int x) {

start = x;
val = x;
}
}

// Implement ISeries another way.

class ByThrees : ISeries {
int start;
int val;

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public ByThrees() {
start = 0;
val = 0;
}

public int GetNext() {

val += 3;
return val;
}

public void Reset() {

start = 0;
val = 0;
}

public void SetStart(int x) {

start = x;
val = x;
}
}

class ISeriesDemo2 {
static void Main() {
ByTwos twoOb = new ByTwos();
ByThrees threeOb = new ByThrees();
ISeries ob;

for(int i=0; i < 5; i++) {

ob = twoOb;
Console.WriteLine("Next ByTwos value is " +
ob.GetNext());
ob = threeOb;
Console.WriteLine("Next ByThrees value is " +
ob.GetNext());
}
}
}

listing 7
// A character queue interface.
public interface ICharQ {
// Put a character into the queue.
void Put(char ch);

// Get a character from the queue.

char Get();
}

listing 8
// Demonstrate the ICharQ interface.

using System;

// A simple, fixed-size queue class for characters.

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class SimpleQueue : ICharQ {

char[] q; // this array holds the queue
int putloc, getloc; // the put and get indices

// Construct an empty queue given its size.

public SimpleQueue(int size) {
q = new char[size+1]; // allocate memory for queue
putloc = getloc = 0;
}

// Put a character into the queue.

public void Put(char ch) {
if(putloc==q.Length-1) {
Console.WriteLine(" -- Queue is full.");
return;
}

putloc++;
q[putloc] = ch;
}

// Get a character from the queue.

public char Get() {
if(getloc == putloc) {
Console.WriteLine(" -- Queue is empty.");
return (char) 0;
}

getloc++;
return q[getloc];
}
}

listing 9
// A circular queue.
class CircularQueue : ICharQ {
char[] q; // this array holds the queue
int putloc, getloc; // the put and get indices

// Construct an empty queue given its size.

public CircularQueue(int size) {
q = new char[size+1]; // allocate memory for queue
putloc = getloc = 0;
}

// Put a character into the queue.

public void Put(char ch) {
/* Queue is full if either putloc is one less than
getloc, or if putloc is at the end of the array
and getloc is at the beginning. */
if(putloc+1==getloc ||
((putloc==q.Length-1) && (getloc==0))) {
Console.WriteLine(" -- Queue is full.");
return;
}

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putloc++;
if(putloc==q.Length) putloc = 0; // loop back
q[putloc] = ch;
}

// Get a character from the queue.

public char Get() {
if(getloc == putloc) {
Console.WriteLine(" -- Queue is empty.");
return (char) 0;
}

getloc++;
if(getloc==q.Length) getloc = 0; // loop back
return q[getloc];
}
}

listing 10
// A dynamic circular queue.
// This implementation automatically doubles the
// size of the queue when it is full.
class DynQueue : ICharQ {
char[] q; // this array holds the queue
int putloc, getloc; // the put and get indices

// Construct an empty queue given its size.

public DynQueue(int size) {
q = new char[size+1]; // allocate memory for queue
putloc = getloc = 0;
}

// Put a character into the queue.

public void Put(char ch) {
/* If the queue is full, double the size of the
underlying array. */
if(putloc+1==getloc ||
((putloc==q.Length-1) && (getloc==0))) {

// Allocate a larger array for the queue.

char[] t = new char[q.Length * 2];

// Copy elements into the new array.

int i;
for(i=1; putloc != getloc; i++)
t[i] = Get();

// Reset the getloc and putloc indexes.

getloc = 0;
putloc = i-1;

// Make q refer to the new queue.

q = t;
}

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putloc++;
if(putloc==q.Length) putloc = 0; // loop back
q[putloc] = ch;
}

// Get a character from the queue.

public char Get() {
if(getloc == putloc) {
Console.WriteLine(" -- Queue is empty.");
return (char) 0;
}

getloc++;
if(getloc==q.Length) getloc = 0; // loop back
return q[getloc];
}
}

listing 11
// Demonstrate the queues.
class IQDemo {
static void Main() {
SimpleQueue q1 = new SimpleQueue(10);
DynQueue q2 = new DynQueue(5);
CircularQueue q3 = new CircularQueue(10);

ICharQ iQ;

char ch;
int i;

// Assign iQ a reference to a simple, fixed-size queue.

iQ = q1;

// Put some characters into queue.

for(i=0; i < 10; i++)
iQ.Put((char) ('A' + i));

// Show the queue.

Console.Write("Contents of fixed-size queue: ");
for(i=0; i < 10; i++) {
ch = iQ.Get();
Console.Write(ch);
}
Console.WriteLine();

// Assign iQ a reference to a dynamic queue.

iQ = q2;

// Put some characters into dynamic queue.

for(i=0; i < 10; i++)
iQ.Put((char) ('Z' - i));

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// Show the queue.

Console.Write("Contents of dynamic queue: ");
for(i=0; i < 10; i++) {
ch = iQ.Get();
Console.Write(ch);
}

Console.WriteLine();

// Assign iQ a reference to a circular queue.

iQ = q3;

// Put some characters into circular queue.

for(i=0; i < 10; i++)
iQ.Put((char) ('A' + i));

// Show the queue.

Console.Write("Contents of circular queue: ");
for(i=0; i < 10; i++) {
ch = iQ.Get();
Console.Write(ch);
}

Console.WriteLine();

// Put more characters into circular queue.

for(i=10; i < 20; i++)
iQ.Put((char) ('A' + i));

// Show the queue.

Console.Write("Contents of circular queue: ");
for(i=0; i < 10; i++) {
ch = iQ.Get();
Console.Write(ch);
}

Console.WriteLine("\nStore and consume from" +

" circular queue.");

// Use and consume from circular queue.

for(i=0; i < 20; i++) {
iQ.Put((char) ('A' + i));
ch = iQ.Get();
Console.Write(ch);
}

}
}

listing 12
// Use a property in an interface.
using System;

public interface ISeries {

// An interface property.

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int Next {
get; // return the next number in series
set; // set next number
}
}

// Implement ISeries.
class ByTwos : ISeries {
int val;

public ByTwos() {
val = 0;
}

// Get or set value.

public int Next {
get {
val += 2;
return val;
}
set {
val = value;
}
}
}

// Demonstrate an interface property.

class ISeriesDemo3 {
static void Main() {
ByTwos ob = new ByTwos();

// Access series through a property.

for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
Console.WriteLine("Next value is " + ob.Next);

Console.WriteLine("\nStarting at 21");
ob.Next = 21;
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
Console.WriteLine("Next value is " + ob.Next);
}
}

listing 13
// Add an indexer in an interface.
using System;

public interface ISeries {

// An interface property.
int Next {
get; // return the next number in series
set; // set next number
}

// An interface indexer.
int this[int index] {

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C# Programming Purvis Samsoodeen

get; // return the specified number in series

}
}

// Implement ISeries.
class ByTwos : ISeries {
int val;

public ByTwos() {
val = 0;
}

// Get or set a value using a property.

public int Next {
get {
val += 2;
return val;
}
set {
val = value;
}
}

// Get a value using an indexer.

public int this[int index] {
get {
val = 0;
for(int i=0; i<index; i++)
val += 2;
return val;
}
}
}

// Demonstrate an interface indexer.

class ISeriesDemo4 {
static void Main() {
ByTwos ob = new ByTwos();

// Access series through a property.

for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
Console.WriteLine("Next value is " + ob.Next);

Console.WriteLine("\nStarting at 21");
ob.Next = 21;
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
Console.WriteLine("Next value is " +
ob.Next);

Console.WriteLine("\nResetting to 0");
ob.Next = 0;

// Access series through an indexer.

for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
Console.WriteLine("Next value is " + ob[i]);

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}
}

listing 14
// One interface can inherit another.
using System;

public interface IA {
void Meth1();
void Meth2();
}

// IB now includes Meth1() and Meth2() -- it adds Meth3().

public interface IB : IA {
void Meth3();
}

// This class must implement all of IA and IB.

class MyClass : IB {
public void Meth1() {
Console.WriteLine("Implement Meth1().");
}

public void Meth2() {

Console.WriteLine("Implement Meth2().");
}

public void Meth3() {

Console.WriteLine("Implement Meth3().");
}
}

class IFExtend {
static void Main() {
MyClass ob = new MyClass();

ob.Meth1();
ob.Meth2();
ob.Meth3();
}
}

listing 15
interface IMyIF {
int MyMeth(int x);
}

listing 16
class MyClass : IMyIF {
int IMyIF.MyMeth(int x) {
return x / 3;
}
}

listing 17

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C# Programming Purvis Samsoodeen

// Explicitly implement an interface member.

using System;

interface IEven {
bool IsOdd(int x);
bool IsEven(int x);
}

class MyClass : IEven {

// Explicit implementation.
bool IEven.IsOdd(int x) {
if((x%2) != 0) return true;
else return false;
}

// Normal implementation.
public bool IsEven(int x) {
IEven o = this; // reference to invoking object

return !o.IsOdd(x);
}
}

class Demo {
static void Main() {
MyClass ob = new MyClass();
bool result;

result = ob.IsEven(4);
if(result) Console.WriteLine("4 is even.");
else Console.WriteLine("3 is odd.");

// result = ob.IsOdd(); // Error, not exposed.

}
}

listing 18
// Use explicit implementation to remove ambiguity.
using System;

interface IMyIF_A {
int Meth(int x);
}

interface IMyIF_B {
int Meth(int x);
}

// MyClass implements both interfaces.

class MyClass : IMyIF_A, IMyIF_B {
IMyIF_A a_ob;
IMyIF_B b_ob;

// Explicitly implement the two Meth()s.

int IMyIF_A.Meth(int x) {

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return x + x;
}
int IMyIF_B.Meth(int x) {
return x * x;
}

// Call Meth() through an interface reference.

public int MethA(int x){
a_ob = this;
return a_ob.Meth(x); // calls IMyIF_A
}

public int MethB(int x){

b_ob = this;
return b_ob.Meth(x); // calls IMyIF_B
}
}

class FQIFNames {
static void Main() {
MyClass ob = new MyClass();

Console.Write("Calling IMyIF_A.Meth(): ");

Console.WriteLine(ob.MethA(3));

Console.Write("Calling IMyIF_B.Meth(): ");

Console.WriteLine(ob.MethB(3));
}
}

listing 19
// Demonstrate a structure.
using System;

// Define a structure.
struct Account {
public string name;
public double balance;

public Account(string n, double b) {

name = n;
balance = b;
}
}

// Demonstrate Account structure.

class StructDemo {
static void Main() {
Account acc1 = new Account("Tom", 1232.22); // explicit constructor
Account acc2 = new Account(); // default constructor
Account acc3; // no constructor

Console.WriteLine(acc1.name + " has a balance of " + acc1.balance);

Console.WriteLine();

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if(acc2.name == null) Console.WriteLine("acc2.name is null.");

Console.WriteLine("acc2.balance is " + acc2.balance);
Console.WriteLine();

// Must initialize acc3 prior to use.

acc3.name = "Mary";
acc3.balance = 99.33;
Console.WriteLine(acc3.name + " has a balance of " + acc3.balance);
}
}

listing 20
// Demonstrate an enumeration.
using System;

class EnumDemo {
enum Coin { Penny, Nickel, Dime, Quarter, HalfDollar, Dollar };

static void Main() {

Coin c; // declare an enum variable

// Use c to cycle through the enum by use of a for loop.

for(c = Coin.Penny; c <= Coin.Dollar; c++) {
Console.WriteLine(c + " has value of " + (int) c);

// Use an enumeration value to control a switch.

switch(c) {
case Coin.Nickel:
Console.WriteLine("A nickel is 5 pennies.");
break;
case Coin.Dime:
Console.WriteLine("A dime is 2 nickels.");
break;
case Coin.Quarter:
Console.WriteLine("A quarter is 5 nickels.");
break;
case Coin.HalfDollar:
Console.WriteLine("A half-dollar is 5 dimes.");
break;
case Coin.Dollar:
Console.WriteLine("A dollar is 10 dimes.");
break;
}
Console.WriteLine();
}
}
}

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