Basic Java

Unit 2 Language Fundamentals

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Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Topics

Keywords

Identifiers

Data Types

Literals

Type Conversion

Formatted Output

Operators

Comments

Conditional Constructs

Looping Constructs

Break and Continue

Processing Arrays

Recursion
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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Keywords
Keywords are standard words that constitute Java.
Have pre-defined meaning and cannot be redefined.
Are always in lowercase.
There are about 50 keywords in Java.

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Identifiers
Identifiers are user-defined names that are given to variables, functions,
arrays, classes, etc.
Naming Rules

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Data Types
Data type determines the values that a variable can contain and the
operations that can be performed.
Two types:
Primitive Types
Reference Types

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Primitive Types


There are eight primitive types in Java.

 The size of these data types are

independent of the platform.

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Primitive
type

Size

boolean

1-bit

char

16-bit

byte

8-bit

short

16-bit

int

32-bit

long

64-bit

float

32-bit

double

64-bit

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Literals
Literals are values assigned to identifiers.
Examples of literals:


3L
Long literals take constant L.

100
Integer literal

98.6 or 98.6D
Double literals optionally take double
constant D.

98.6f
Float literals take floating point constant f.

A
Character literals are enclosed in .

This is a test
String literals are enclosed in .

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Declaring Variables
General format of variable declaration: type var1, var2, varN;
Few examples:
 int num1, num2, sum;
 char ch;
 double x, y;
You can also initialize the variables at the time of declaration:
 int a = 10 , b = 20;
 char ch = A;
Sample Code : PrimitiveDemo.java

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Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Knowledge Check
Question
Write a program to swap the values of two numbers. Display the numbers
before swapping and display them again after values are swapped.

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Type Casting of Primitives

A primitive of one data type can be cast to another data type in Java.
 Casting is possible, if the two data types are compatible.
 Casting is implicit, if destination type is larger than source
type.
 Casting needs to be explicit, if the destination type is smaller than source type.
This may lead to loss of data.

Sample Code : PrimitiveTypeCast.java

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Knowledge Check
Question
Write a program to extract the whole and decimal parts of a fractional
number by developing a DecimalSplitter class with methods:
 getWhole(double d): Contains logic of extracting the
whole part of d
 getFraction(double d): Contains logic of extracting
the fractional part of d

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

The String data type

Management of data containing multiple characters can be done

through a String object

 The built-in library class String provides support for representing string
of characters and performing basic operations on them.
 Concatenation of strings is done by using the + operator.
Sample Code : StringDemo.java

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Formatted Output
Consider the below code and its output:
class Unformatted
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
double pi = 22.0/7;
System.out.println ("Value of pi is : " + pi);
}
}
What if you
want to display
the value as
3.143?

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Formatted Output


Java 1.5 introduces the C-style printf() method for making formatted
output.

 System.out.printf() method lets you format a string, in accordance

with a format specifier, before making an output on the console.
 Each argument to be formatted is described by using a string that begins
with % and ends with the formatted object's type.
 Simplest overloaded form of this method:
 printf (String format, Object... args)
 printf (%d,i)

// where i is an integer

 Most of Cs string formats are available in Java.

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Formatted Output
class Unformatted
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
double pi = 22.0/7;
System.out.printf ("Value of pi is : %.3f" + pi);
}
}

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Formatted Output
The table below lists some important format specifiers:
Specifier

Description

%n

Outputs the line separator for the platform

%d

 Formats the value as a base-10 integer

 Arguments must be Byte, Short, Integer, and Long

%f

 Formats the value as a floating-point number in base-10 without

exponential notation
 Arguments must be Float or Double

%e

 Formats the value as a base-10 floating-point number by using

exponential notation
 Arguments must be Float or Double

%%

Escape sequence to allow printing of % in a String

%c

 Formats the value supplied as a single character

 Supplied value must be a Byte, Short, Character, or Integer

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Formatted Output


System.out.format() method performs the same function as

System.out.printf() and they can be used interchangeably.

 For a complete list of all format specifiers, please refer to java docs for
class Formatter.
 Sample Code : PrintfDemo.java

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Java Language Operators

Operators are used to perform a function on variables.

Types of
Operators

Description

Examples

Unary

Requires only one operand

num++;

Binary

Requires two operands

num1 = num2;

Ternary

Requires three operands

num1>0 ? num1=100 :
num1=200;

Arithmetic

Is used for all floating-point and integer numbers

+ (addition), - (subtraction), *
(multiplication), / (division),
and % (modulo)

Relational and
Conditional

Relational operator compares two values and

determines the relationship between them.

Relational: >, <, <=, >=, ==, !=

Bitwise and
Logical

Bitwise operator allows you to perform bit

manipulation on data;

Bitwise: <<, >>, |, &, ^, ~

Assignment

Is used to assign one value to another

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Conditional: &&, ||

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Operator Precedence

 The operators in this table are listed in precedence order: the higher an operator appears, the
higher its precedence.
 Operators with higher precedence are evaluated before operators with a relatively lower precedence.
 Operators on the same line have equal precedence.
Operators

Examples

postfix

[ ] . (params) expr++ expr-

unary

++expr expr +expr expr ~ !

creation or cast

New (type)expr

multiplicative

additive

shift

<<

>>

relational

<

equality

==

bitwise AND

&

bitwise exclusive OR

bitwise inclusive OR

logical AND

&&

logical OR

||

conditional

?:

assignment

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>

<=

>=

instanceof

!=

+= -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>=

Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Knowledge Check
Question
Evaluate the following expression: a + b c * d / e, wherein a = 2, b = 2,
c = 1, d = 3, and e = 10.

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Knowledge Check
Question 2
Write a program to accept a number and display whether a number is odd
or even using the ternary operator.
Question 2
Find the largest of three numbers using ternary operator:
 Develop a LargestFinder class with the following method:
public int getLargest (int num1, int num2, int num3)
 Also, write the logic of finding the largest of three numbers using
the ternary operator.

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Comments
Three kinds of comments:
 Double slashes
 // Single line comment
 C-style
 /* C-style comment
Is used to comment out multiple
lines */
 Javadoc comments
Used to generate documentation
/** This class displays a text string at
* the console.
*/

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Javadoc Comments
Sample Javadoc comments:
/** This program is to demonstrate the use of javadoc tool
@author Sindhu
*/
public class JavaDocDemo
{
/** This variable holds the value of the computed sum
*/
public static int sum = 0;
/** This is the main() method
This is the point at which execution starts */
public static void main(String[] args)
{
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
sum = sum + i;
System.out.println(sum);
}
}

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Generating Java Docs

The generated
HTMLs follow a
standard format
defined by Sun
Microsystems.

All of Javas
built-in classes
are documented
similarly.

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Conditional Statements


Some statements are executed only if certain conditions are met

 A condition is represented by a logical (Boolean) expression that has
a value of either true or false.
 A condition is met, if it evaluates to true.

For decision making:

 if else
 switch case

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

if-else Statement

if else statement

if (condition)
{
statements
}
else
{
statements
}

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Nested ifelse statement

if (condition)
{
statements
}
else if (condition)
{
statements
}
else
{
statements
}

Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Knowledge Check
Question
Display a students result by:
 developing a class TestResult with the following method
public String getResult( int marks, int marks2, int marks3).

 Write the logic of returning the result as First Class, Second Class, Pass
Class, or Fails based on the average marks secured.

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

switch case Statement



A switch statement is a multi-way decision maker that tests the value of an

expression against a list of values.

When a match is found, the statements associated with that value are
executed.
Note:
Variable can
only be of type
int, short, byte,
char or enum.

 Syntax:

switch(variable)
{
case value-1 : statements
break;
case value-2 : statements
break;
default : statements
}
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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Structured Loops


A loop maybe defined as a set of statements that are repeatedly executed.

A loop permits the repeated execution of a sequence of statements while

some condition is true.

 There are three types of loops:

 while loop
 dowhile loop
 for loop

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

while Loop
 The general form of the while statement is:
while(expression)
{
statement.
}
 The loop is entered when the expression is true.
 The loop is terminated when the expression is false.
 This is a pre-tested loop.
 This loop need not be compulsorily executed once.

int i =1;
while(i<=10)
{
System.out.print(i+\t);
i++;
}

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Knowledge Check
Question
Display a number in words by:
 developing a class NumToWordsConverter with the following method
public String numToWords(int number).
 Write the logic of constructing a string that represents the number in words.

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

do while Loop
 The general form of the dowhile statement is:
do
{
statement.
} while(expression);
 This loop will be executed at least once.
 The loop is re-entered when the expression is true.
 The loop is terminated when the expression is false.
 This is a post-tested loop.

int i =1;
do
{
System.out.println(i);
i++;
} while(i<=10);

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Knowledge Check
Question
Accept users choice and perform mathematical computation.

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

for Loop


The general form of the for statement is:

for (init counter; testcondition; re-valuation counter)
{
statement..
}

Steps involved in execution:

 The initial statement executes.
 The loop condition is evaluated.
 If the loop condition evaluates to true:
 execute the for loop statement.
 execute the update statement (the third
expression in the parentheses).
 Repeat the previous step until the loop condition
evaluates to false.
for(int i=0;i <=10;i++)
{
System.out.println(i);
}

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Knowledge Check
Question
 Display the following pattern
*
*
*
*

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*
*
*

*
* *

Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

break Statement



The break statement, when executed in a switch structure, provides an immediate exit from the
switch structure.
When the break statement executes in a repetition structure, it immediately exits from these
structures.

The break statement is typically used for two purposes:

 To exit early from a loop
 To skip the remainder of the switch structure


After the break statement executes, the program

continues to execute with the first statement
after the structure.

The use of a break statement in a loop can

eliminate the use of certain (flag) variables.

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Syntax:
while(condition)
{
statement;
if(condition)
break;
statement;
}
statement;

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Knowledge Check
Question
 Write a program to find the sum of all the prime numbers in the range n to m.
Display each prime number and also the final sum.

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

continue Statement




The continue statement is used in while, for, and do while structures.

In a while and do while structure, the expression (loop-continue test) is evaluated
immediately after the continue statement.
In a for structure, the update statement is executed after the continue statement,
and then the loop condition executes.

When the continue statement is executed in a loop, it skips the remaining

statements and proceeds with the next iteration of the loop.
Syntax:
while(condition)
{
statement;
if(condition)
continue;
statement;
}

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Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Knowledge Check
Question
Write a program to display the 1st, 2nd, and 4th multiple of 7, which gives the
remainder 1 when divided by 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Arrays


Array is a collection of a fixed number of components wherein all of the components

are of the same data type.
 It is a homogeneous data type.

 Whenever an array is used, the subscript or the index is involved. The value to
be stored or retrieved from the array has to be specified by using both the name of
the array and the subscript.

arr =

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

arr[0] = 5;
System.out.println(arr[0]);

In an array of size n, the first subscript is always 0 and the last subscript is n 1.

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Declaring an Array


To declare an array that can hold integer values:

NOTE
int[ ] arrayOfInts;

//
memoryuse
notofallocated
Without

int arrayOfInts[ ];

new keyword, the

// array
memory
not allocated
is not
allocated memory

int[ ] arrayOfInts= new int[10]; // memory allocated

Note: Without use of new keyword, the array is not allocated memory.

 Arrays can contain any legal Java data type including reference types such as
objects or other arrays.
 For example, the following declares an array that can contain ten Customer
objects:

Customer[ ] arrayOfCust = new Customer[10];

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Initializing an Array


We can store values into an array by using the index to specify position:
int a[
a[0] =
a[1] =
a[2] =
a[3] =
a[4] =

] = new int[5];
10;
20;
30;
40;
50;

An array can also be initialized at the time of declaration:

int iArray[ ] = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 };

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Accessing Elements of an Array



Elements of an array can be accessed by looping through the array, and

accessing the element stored at a particular index:
int[ ] arr = new int[5];
for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++)
System.out.print(arr[i] + \t);

 Sample Code : ArrayDemo.java

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Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Knowledge Check
Question
 Write a program to store N elements in an array of integer. Display the
elements. Accept a number to be searched. Display whether the number is
found or not in the array (LINEAR SEARCH).

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Multi-Dimensional Arrays


An array where elements can be accessed by using more than one subscript is
known as multi-dimensional array.

 A two-dimensional array can be logically visualized as a collection of rows and

columns, like in a matrix.
[0]

[1]

[2]

a[0]

100

200

300

a[1]

400

500

600

700

800

900

a[2]

a[1][2]

int a[ ][ ] = new int[3][3];

Logically, the array can be

visualized as a 3x3 matrix.

A two-dimensional array requires two subscript for accessing its elements.

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Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Knowledge Check
Question
Check if a given square matrix is identical and / or symmetric by:
Developing a MatrixWizard class with the following methods:
public boolean isIdentity(int[ ][ ] matrix)

(Check if the matrix is identity or not and return a boolean value

indicating it
public boolean isSymmetric(int[ ][ ] matrix)

(Check if the matrix is symmetric or not and return a boolean value

indicating it)

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Recursion


Recursion is an algorithmic technique where a function/ method, in order to

accomplish a task, calls itself with some part of the task.
Example:
public void recurse (int n)
{
System.out.println(n);
recurse(n-1);
}

 Method call should terminate at some point, else the recursive method will be
called infinitely.
public void recurse(int n)
{
System.out.println(n);
recurse(n-1);
if(n == 0)
return;
}

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Recursion


Consider finding the sum of elements in an array from a start index to the last
element in the array.

This can be recursively performed.

Sample Code : RecursionDemo.java

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Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Knowledge Check
Question
Find the factorial of a number using recursion by:
 Develop a class FactorialGenerator with the following method
public int getFactorial(int num)

 Write the logic of finding the factorial by using

the technique of recursion.

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Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Building Applications
 All programs written in the Java language are built from
classes.
 Every application needs one class with the main method.
 The class is the entry point for the program and is passed
to the java interpreter command to run the application.
 Signature of main() method
public static void main(String args[]) {}

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Command line arguments

 Passing Command line arguments
 These arguments are then parsed according to requirements.
 The java program must handle the arguments within it.
class CmdLine
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String name=args[0];
System.out.println(Hello +name);
}
}
Execute the program as below
c:\> java CmdLine Jane
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Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Question time
Please try to limit the questions to the topics discussed during the session. Thank you.

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Keywords
Keywords are standard words that constitute Java.
Have pre-defined meaning and cannot be redefined.
Are always in lowercase.
There are about 50 keywords in Java.
abstract

continue

for

new

switch

assert

default

goto

package

synchronized

boolean

do

if

private

this

break

double

implements

protected

throw

byte

else

import

public

throws

case

enum

instanceOf

return

transient

catch

extends

int

short

try

char

final

interface

static

void

class

finally

long

strictfp

volatile

const

float

native

super

while

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Identifiers
Identifiers are user-defined names that are given to variables, functions,
arrays, classes, etc.
Naming Rules
 Only numeric and alphabetic
characters are permitted
 Special characters permitted are _
(underscore) and $ (dollar)
 Should not start with a digit
 Case-sensitive; uppercase and
lowercase letters are distinct
 Keyword cannot be used as a
variable name

Knowledge Check

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int age;
class Employee
{
//
}
void setName(Stringname)
int [ ] scores = new int [10];

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Knowledge Check
Question
Identify legal and illegal identifiers from the following (state your
reasons):
 first
 Employee Salary
 Conversion
 Hello!
 One+two
 $test
 2nd
 _myName
 Employee

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Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Data Types
Data type determines the values that a variable can contain and the
operations that can be performed.
Two types:
Primitive Types
Reference Types
Classification

Examples
 100
 23.667
 c
 true

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Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Data Types
Data type determines the values that a variable can contain and the
operations that can be performed.
Two types:
Primitive Types
Reference Types
Classification

Examples
classes
interfaces
arrays

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 customer
 intArr[ ]
 empArr[ ]

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Primitive Types


There are eight primitive types in Java.

 The size of these data types are

independent of the platform.

boolean
Can take values true or false.
Cannot be used interchangeably
with 1 and 0

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Primitive
type

Size

boolean

1-bit

char

16-bit

byte

8-bit

short

16-bit

int

32-bit

long

64-bit

float

32-bit

double

64-bit

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Primitive Types


There are eight primitive types in Java.

 The size of these data types are

independent of the platform.

char
Unicode character set

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Primitive
type

Size

boolean

1-bit

char

16-bit

byte

8-bit

short

16-bit

int

32-bit

long

64-bit

float

32-bit

double

64-bit

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Primitive Types


There are eight primitive types in Java.

 The size of these data types are

independent of the platform.

byte
Takes values in the range -128
to 127

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Primitive
type

Size

boolean

1-bit

char

16-bit

byte

8-bit

short

16-bit

int

32-bit

long

64-bit

float

32-bit

double

64-bit

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Primitive Types


There are eight primitive types in Java.

 The size of these data types are

independent of the platform.

short
Takes values in the range
-32768 to 32767

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Primitive
type

Size

boolean

1-bit

char

16-bit

byte

8-bit

short

16-bit

int

32-bit

long

64-bit

float

32-bit

double

64-bit

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Primitive Types


There are eight primitive types in Java.

 The size of these data types are

independent of the platform.

int
All integer values are signed int
Takes values in the range
-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

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Primitive
type

Size

boolean

1-bit

char

16-bit

byte

8-bit

short

16-bit

int

32-bit

long

64-bit

float

32-bit

double

64-bit

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Primitive Types


There are eight primitive types in Java.

 The size of these data types are

independent of the platform.

long
Takes values in the range
-9223372036854775808 to
9223372036854775807

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Primitive
type

Size

boolean

1-bit

char

16-bit

byte

8-bit

short

16-bit

int

32-bit

long

64-bit

float

32-bit

double

64-bit

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Primitive Types


There are eight primitive types in Java.

 The size of these data types are

independent of the platform.

float
Takes floating point constant f
Fractional precision of --- digits
after decimal
Takes values in the range
1.40239846e-45 to
3.40282347e+38

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Basic Java

Primitive
type

Size

boolean

1-bit

char

16-bit

byte

8-bit

short

16-bit

int

32-bit

long

64-bit

float

32-bit

double

64-bit

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Primitive Types


There are eight primitive types in Java.

 The size of these data types are

independent of the platform.

double
Takes floating point constant d
Fractional precision of ---digits
after decimal
Takes values in the range
4.94065645841246544e-324 to
1.79769313486231570e+308

Copyright 2008 Pratian Technologies

www.pratian.com

Basic Java

Primitive
type

Size

boolean

1-bit

char

16-bit

byte

8-bit

short

16-bit

int

32-bit

long

64-bit

float

32-bit

double

64-bit

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Type Casting of Primitives

A primitive of one data type can be cast to another data type in Java.
 Casting is possible, if the two data types are compatible.
 Casting is implicit, if destination type is larger than source
type.
 Casting needs to be explicit, if the destination type is smaller than source type.
This may lead to loss of data.
 All numeric types are compatible with each other.
 Integers are compatible with characters.
 Boolean is not compatible with any of the data type.

Sample Code : PrimitiveTypeCast.java

Copyright 2008 Pratian Technologies

www.pratian.com

Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Type Casting of Primitives

A primitive of one data type can be cast to another data type in Java.
 Casting is possible, if the two data types are compatible.
 Casting is implicit, if destination type is larger than source
type.
 Casting needs to be explicit, if the destination type is smaller than source type.
This may lead to loss of data.
For example: int to double, int to long, and short to int

Sample Code : PrimitiveTypeCast.java

Copyright 2008 Pratian Technologies

www.pratian.com

Basic Java

Unit 2 Language fundamentals

Type Casting of Primitives

A primitive of one data type can be cast to another data type in Java.
 Casting is possible, if the two data types are compatible.
 Casting is implicit, if destination type is larger than source
type.
 Casting needs to be explicit, if the destination type is smaller than source type.
This may lead to loss of data.

For example: double to int and long to int

Sample Code : PrimitiveTypeCast.java

Copyright 2008 Pratian Technologies

www.pratian.com

Basic Java