Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

COURSE OBJECTIVES
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

On completion of this Subject/Course the student shall be able to:
S.No
1
2
3

Objectives
To deal with the importance of HVDC Transmission and HVDC Converters
To deal with power conversion between Ac to DC and DC to AC.
To deal with firing angle of HVDC System

To deal with Reactive power control of HVDC system

To deal with Power factor improvement of HVDC system

To deal with the protection of HVDC system

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Note: Please refer to Blooms Taxonomy, to know the illustrative verbs that can be used to state the objectives.

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

COURSE OUTCOMES
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester
Name of the Program: B.Tech

: II
IV Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

The expected outcomes of the Course/Subject are:
S.No

Outcomes

Students will be able to understand the importance of Transmission power through HVDC

Ability to calculate power conversion between Ac to DC and DC to AC.

Ability to discuss 6 pulse,12 pulse circuits.

Ability to discuss firing angle control.

Ability to control reactive power through HVDC.

Ability to discuss power flow analysis HVDC.

Ability to discuss protection of HVDC.

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Note: Please refer to Blooms Taxonomy, to know the illustrative verbs that can be used to state the outcomes.

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(An Autonomous Institute under JNTUH)
Department/Program-EEE
Vision of the Institute
To be among the best of the institutions for engineers and technologists with attitudes, skills and
knowledge and to become an epicenter of creative solutions.

Mission of the Institute

To achieve and impart quality education with an emphasis on practical skills and social relevance.

Vision of the Department

To impart technical knowledge and skills required to succeed in life, career and help society to achieve
self sufficiency.

Mission of the Department

To become an internationally leading department for higher learning.

To build upon the culture and values of universal science and contemporary education.
To be a center of research and education generating knowledge and technologies which lay
groundwork in shaping the future in the fields of electrical and electronics
engineering.
To develop partnership with industrial, R&D and government agencies and actively participate
in conferences, technical and community activities.

Program Educational Objectives:

This programme is meant to prepare our students to professionally thrive and to lead. During
their progression:
PEO 1: Graduates will have a successful technical or professional careers, including supportive
and leadership roles on multidisciplinary teams.
PEO 2: Graduates will be able to acquire, use and develop skills as required for effective
professional practices.

PEO 3: Graduates will be able to attain holistic education that is an essential prerequisite for
being a responsible member of society.
PEO 4: Graduates will be engaged in life-long learning, to remain abreast in their profession and
be leaders in our technologically vibrant society.
Program outcomes.
a) Ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering.
b) Ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data.
c) Ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic
constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety,
manufacturability, and sustainability.
d) Ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams.
e) Ability to identify, formulates, and solves engineering problems.
f) Understanding of professional and ethical responsibility.
g) Ability to communicate effectively.
h) Broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global,
economic, environmental, and societal context.
i) Recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning.
j) Knowledge of contemporary issues.
k) Ability to utilize experimental, statistical and computational methods and tools

necessary

for engineering practice.

l) Graduates will demonstrate an ability to design electrical and electronic circuits, power
electronics, power systems; electrical machines analyze and interpret data and also an ability
to design digital and analog systems and programming them.

Name of the Course: HVDC Transmission

Course educational objectives:
On completion of this Subject/Course the student shall be able to
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

To deal with the importance of HVDC Transmission and HVDC Converters

To deal with power conversion between Ac to DC and DC to AC.
To deal with firing angle of HVDC System
To deal with Reactive power control of HVDC system
To deal with Power factor improvement of HVDC system
To deal with the protection of HVDC system

Course outcomes:
At the end of the course student will have ability to
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Students will be able to understand the importance of Transmission power through HVDC.
Ability to calculate power conversion between Ac to DC and DC to AC.
Ability to discuss 6 pulse,12 pulse circuits.
Ability to discuss firing angle control.
Ability to control reactive power through HVDC.
Ability to discuss power flow analysis HVDC.
Ability to discuss protection of HVDC.

Assessment methods:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Regular attendance to classes.

Written tests clearly linked to learning objectives
Classroom assessment techniques like tutorial sheets and assignments.
Seminars

1. Program Educational Objectives (PEOs) Vision/Mission Matrix (Indicate the relationships

by mark X)
Mission of department
PEOs
Graduates will have a successful technical
or
professional
careers,
including
supportive and leadership roles on
multidisciplinary teams
Graduates will be able to acquire, use and
develop skills as required for effective
professional practices
Graduates will be able to attain holistic
education that is an essential prerequisite
for being a responsible member of society
Graduates will be engaged in life-long
learning, to remain abreast in their
profession and be leaders in our
technologically vibrant society.

Higher
Learning
X

Contemporary Technical
Education
knowledge
X

Research

2.
Program Educational Objectives(PEOs)-Program Outcomes(POs) Relationship
Matrix (Indicate the relationships by mark X)

P-Outcomes
PEOs
1
2
3
4

X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X

3. Course Objectives-Course Outcomes Relationship Matrix (Indicate the

relationships by mark X)
Course-Outcomes

X
X

X
X

X
X
X

X
X

Course-Objectives
1
2
3
4
5
6

4. Course Objectives-Program Outcomes (POs) Relationship Matrix (Indicate the

relationships by mark X)
P-Outcomes

C-Objectives
1

5
6

5. Course Outcomes-Program Outcomes(POs) Relationship Matrix (Indicate

the relationships by mark X)
P-Outcomes

C-Outcomes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX

X
X
X
X
X
X

6. Courses (with title & code)-Program Outcomes (POs) Relationship Matrix

(Indicate the relationships by mark X)

P-Outcomes

Courses
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
HVDC
Transmission
7. Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)-Course Outcomes Relationship Matrix
(Indicate the relationships by mark X)
P-Objectives (PEOs) 1

Course-Outcomes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

8. Assignments and Assessments - Program Outcomes (POs) Relationship Matrix

(Indicate the relationships by mark X)

P-Outcomes

Assessments
1
2
3
4

X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

7. Assignments and Assessments Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

Relationship Matrix (Indicate the relationships by mark X)

P-Objectives (PEOs)
Assessments
1
2
3
4

X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X

RUBRIC TEMPLATE
Objective: _____________________________________
Student Outcome:_____________________________

S.No.

Name of
the
Student

Performan
ce Criteria

Scale

Scale

Scale

Scale

Score

(Numeric

(Numeric

(Numeric

(Numeric

/descriptor)

/descriptor)

/descriptor)

/descriptor)

(Numer
ic)

Identifiable

Identifiable

Identifiable

Identifiable

performance

performance

characteristics

characteristic
s

performance performanc
e
characteristi
cs
characterist
ics
reflecting
this level
reflecting
this level

reflecting this
level

1.

Performan
ce

reflecting
this level

Criteria #1
Performan
ce
Criteria #2
Performan
ce
Criteria #3
Performan
ce
Criteria #4
Average
Score
2.

Average
Score

EXAMPLE OF FILLED RUBRIC

OBJECTIVE: Work effectively with others
STUDENT OUTCOME: Ability to function in a multi-disciplinary team
S.No.

Student
Name

Performance
Criteria

Unsatisfactory Developi
ng
1

1.

Research &
Gather
Information

Does not
collect any

Collects
very little

information
that relates to

informati
on--some
relates

Satisfactor Exemplary
y
3

Scor
e

Collects
some
basic

Collects a
great deal
of

informatio
n--most

information
--all relates

the topic.

Fulfill team
roles duty

to the
topic

relates

to

to the
topic.

the topic.

Performs
very little

Performs
nearly all

Performs
all duties of

duties.

duties.

assigned
team role.

Always relies
on others to
do

Rarely
does the
assigned

Usually
does the
assigned

Always
does the
assigned

the work.

work-often
needs

work-rarely
needs

work
without
having to

remindin
g.

reminding
.

be
reminded.

Usually
doing
most of
the

Listens,
Listens and
but
speaks a
sometimes fair

Does not
perform any
duties
of assigned
team role.

Share
Equally

Listen to
other team
mates

Is always
talking--never
allows anyone
else to speak.

talking-rarely
allows

talks too
much.

amount.

others to
speak.
Average
score
2.

Average
score

3.5

Assessment process and Relevant Surveys conducted:

10.
Constituencies -Program Outcomes (POs) Relationship Matrix (Indicate the relationships by
mark X).
P-Outcomes

Constituencies
1
2
3
4
5
6
Assessment Process and Areas of improvements:
Prepare the following Matrix:
11.

The improvements Matrix are summarized below and described in the text that follows.

Hint:
Example:
Proposed
Change

Year
Proposed

Add new real

time
applications

2013-2014

Year
Implemented

Old Version

New Version

Comments

No real time
applications in
curriculum

Real time
applications

To address need
for additional
material for
applications

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

GUIDELINES TO STUDY THE COURSE / SUBJECT

Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

.Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Guidelines to study the Course/ Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Design and Delivery System (CDD):

The Course syllabus is written into number of learning objectives and outcomes.
These learning objectives and outcomes will be achieved through lectures, assessments,
assignments, experiments in the laboratory, projects, seminars, presentations, etc.
Every student will be given an assessment plan, criteria for assessment, scheme of evaluation and
grading method.
The Learning Process will be carried out through assessments of Knowledge, Skills and Attitude
by various methods and the students will be given guidance to refer to the text books, reference
books, journals, etc.
The faculty be able to

Understand the principles of Learning

Understand the psychology of students
Develop instructional objectives for a given topic
Prepare course, unit and lesson plans
Understand different methods of teaching and learning
Use appropriate teaching and learning aids
Plan and deliver lectures effectively
Provide feedback to students using various methods of Assessments and tools of Evaluation
Act as a guide, advisor, counselor, facilitator, motivator and not just as a teacher alone

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

COURSE SCHEDULE
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech

IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

.Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

The Schedule for the whole Course / Subject is:
Duration (Date)
S. No.

Description
From

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Basic Concepts
Analysis of HVDC Converters
Converter and HVDC System Control
Reactive power control in HVDC
Power flow analysis in AC/DC Systems
Converter Fault and Protection
Harmonics
Filters

Total No.
Of Periods

To

21/12/12 29/12/12

4/01/13

25/01/13

10

01/02/13 22/02/13

12

23/02/13 08/03/13

09/03/13 16/03/13

22/03/13 30/03/13

05/04/13 05/04/13

06/04/13 06/04/13

Total No. of Instructional periods available for the course: 56 Hours / Periods

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

ILLUSTRATIVE VERBS FOR STATING

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
These verbs can also be used while framing questions for Continuous Assessment Examinations as well as for End
Semester (final)Examinations
ILLUSTRATIVE VERBS FOR STATING GENERAL OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES

Know

Understand

Analyze

Generate

Comprehend

Apply

Design

Evaluate

ILLUSTRATIVE VERBS FOR STATING SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES:

A.

COGNITIVE DOMAIN (KNOWLEDGE)

1

Knowledge

2
Comprehension
Understanding

3
Application
of knowledge &
comprehension

4
Analysis
Of whole w .r.t. its
constituents

6
Evaluation

Synthesis
Judgment

Define

Convert

Change

Breakdown

Categorize

Appraise

Identify

Defend

Compute

Differentiate

Combine

Compare

Label

Describe (a

Demonstrate

Discriminate

Compose

Conclude

List

Procedure)

Deduce

Distinguish

Compose

Contrast

March

Distinguish

Manipulate

Separate

Create

Criticize

Reproduce

Estimate

Modify

Subdivide

Devise

Justify

Select

Explain why/how

Predict

Design

Interpret

State

Extend

Prepare

Generate

Support

Generalize

Relate

Organize

Give examples

Show

Plan

Illustrate

Solve

Rearrange

Infer

Reconstruct

Summarize

Reorganize
Revise

B.
Adhere

AFFECTIVE DOMAIN (ATTITUDE)

Resolve

C.
Bend

PSYCHOMOTOR DOMAIN (SKILLS)

Dissect

Insert

Perform
Prepare

Assist

Select

Calibrate

Draw

Keep

Attend

Serve

Compress

Extend

Elongate

Change

Share

Conduct

Feed

Limit

Replace

Develop

Connect

File

Manipulate

Report

Help

Convert

Grow

Move Precisely Reset

Influence

Decrease

Increase

Paint

Remove

Set

Straighten
Strengthen
Time
Transfer
Type
Weigh

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

SCHEDULE OF INSTRUCTIONS
COURSE PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

UNIT NO.: I
Year: .. Section: A / B

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

S.No
1.
2.

Unit
No.

1.
1.

Lesson
No.

Date

Reference Textbooks

Author

EHV-AC, HVDC Transmission and

Distribution Engineering
HVDC Power Transmission Systems

S.Rao

No. of
Periods

Topics / Sub-Topics

21/12/12 2

Types of DC links

22/12/12 2

Apparatus required for HVDC

systems
Comparison of AC and DC
Transmission

1.
2.

1.

28/12/12 2
3.

1.

29/12/12 2

2.

4.
5.

4/01/13

2.

6.

11/01/13 2

2.

7.

18/01/13 2

2.

8.

19/01/13 2

2.

9.

25/01/13 2

3.

10.

01/02/13 2

3.

11.

08/02/13 2

3.

12.

09/02/13 2

Applications of DC
Transmission System
Choice of Converter
Configuration
Analysis of 6 pulse Graetz
Circuit
Analysis of 6 pulse Graetz
Circuit
Analysis of 6 pulse Graetz
Circuit
Analysis of 12 pulse Graetz
Circuit
Principle of DC link Control
Converter control
characteristics
Converter control
characteristics

K.R. Padiyar
Objectives &
Outcomes
Nos.
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2,3
2,3,4
1,2,3
2,3,4
1,2,3
2,3,4

References
(Text Book, Journal)
Page Nos.: ____to
____
1. Pg.no: 22-31
2. Pg,no: 8-12
1. Pg.no: 22-31
2. Pg,no: 12-14
1. Pg.no: 43-47
2. Pg,no: 15-18
1. Pg.no: 47-49
2. Pg,no: 18-19
2.Pg.no: 43-46
1. Pg.no: 84-97
2. Pg,no: 46-61
1. Pg.no: 84-97
2. Pg,no: 46-61
1. Pg.no: 84-97
2. Pg,no: 46-61
2.Pg,no: 61-65
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.

Pg.no:
Pg,no:
Pg.no:
Pg,no:
Pg.no:
Pg,no:

66-68
76-79
68-75
79-84
68-75
79-84

3.

13.

15/02/13 2

Firing angle control

1,2,3
2,3,4

3.

14.

16/02/13 2

Current and extinction angle

control

1,2,3
2,3,4

3.

15.

22/02/13 2

1,2,3
2,3,4

4.

16.

23/02/13 2

Effect of source inductance on

the system, Starting and
stopping of DC link
Reactive power requirements in
steady state, Conventional
Control Strategies

4.

17.

01/03/13 2

Alternate Control Strategies

4.

18.

08/03/13 2

Sources of Reactive power

5.

19.

09/03/13 2

Modelling of DC link

5.

20.

15/03/13 2

P.U system for d.c quantities

5.

21.

16/03/13 2

Solution of AC- DC load flow

6.

22.

22/03/13 2

6.

23.

23/03/13 2

Protection against over current

and overvoltage in converter
station
Surge arrestors, Smoothing
Reactors

3,4
4,5
3,4
4,5
3,4
5,6
3,4
5,6
3,4
5,6
6
7

6.

24.

30/03/13 2

DC Breakers, Corona effects on

DC lines

6
7

7.

25.

05/04/13 2

Generation of Harmonics,
Characteristic harmonics

5
6,7

7.

26.

05/04/13 2

Calculation of AC Harmonics,
Non Characteristics harmonics

5
6,7

8.

27.

06/04/13 2

Types of AC filters

5
6,7

8.

28.

06/04/13 2

Design of Single tuned filters,

High pass filters

5
6,7

1. Pg.no: 341346
2. Pg,no: 84-89
1. Pg.no: 346350
2. Pg,no: 89-90
2.Pg,no: 90-94

3,4
4,5

1. Pg.no: 200208
2. Pg,no: 130132
2.Pg,no: 132136
2.Pg,no: 136144
2.Pg,no: 188191
2.Pg,no: 193194
2.Pg,no: 194196
1. Pg.no: 387389
2. Pg,no: 97-108
1. Pg.no: 395416,512-525
2. Pg,no: 110113
1. Pg.no: 274278,842-845
2. Pg,no: 113118,122-126
1. Pg.no: 135147
2. Pg,no: 145147
1. Pg.no: 152159
2. Pg,no: 147149
1. Pg.no: 178181
2. Pg,no: 151
1. Pg.no: 181190
2. Pg,no: 151156

6
7

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:
Note:

Date:
1. ENSURE THAT ALL TOPICS SPECIFIED IN THE COURSE ARE MENTIONED.
2. ADDITIONAL TOPICS COVERED, IF ANY, MAY ALSO BE SPECIFIED IN BOLD
3. MENTION THE CORRESPONDING COURSE OBJECTIVE AND OUT COME NUMBERS AGAINST EACH TOPIC.

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

COURSE COMPLETION STATUS

Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

II

Name of the Program: B.Tech

IV

Course/Subject: HVDC

Section: A / B
Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

.Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

No. of
Objectives
Achieved

No. of
Outcomes
Achieved

Unit 1 Basic Concepts

1,2

1,2

Unit 2 Analysis of HVDC Converters

1,2

1,2

1,2,3

2,3,4

Unit 4 Reactive power control in HVDC

3,4

4,5

Unit 5 Power flow analysis in AC/DC Systems

3,4

5,6

Unit 6 Converter Fault and Protection

Unit 7 Harmonics

6,7

Unit 8 Filters

6,7

Units

Remarks

Unit 3 Converter and HVDC System Control

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:
Date:
Note: After the completion of each unit mention the number of Objectives & Outcomes Achieved.

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

SYLLABUS
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester
Name of the Program: B.Tech

II
IV

Course/Subject: HVDC
Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI
Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Section: A / B
Course Code: 58008
.Dept.: EEE

GRIET/PRIN/06/G/01/12-13
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
IV BTech ( EEE )A&B - II Semester
11:0011:50DAY/ HOUR
12:40- 1:30
BREAK
2:00 - 2:45
2:45-3:30
11:50
12:40

Dec//2012
Issue 1
3:30-4:15

4:15-5:00

HVDC
2308
JSD

HVDC
2308
JSD

MONDAY

TUESDAY

WEDNESDAY

THURSDAY

FRIDAY

SATURDAY

HVDC
2308
JSD

HVDC
2308
JSD

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

SCHEDULE OF INSTRUCTIONS
UNIT PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

UNIT NO.: I
Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson
No.

21/12/12 2

Types of DC links

22/12/12 2

Apparatus required for HVDC

systems
Comparison of AC and DC
Transmission

Objectives &
Outcomes
Nos.
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2

Applications of DC Transmission
System

1,2
1,2

Date

No. of
Periods

Topics / Sub - Topics

1.
2.
28/12/12 2
3.
29/12/12 2
4.
References:

References
(Text Book, Journal)
Page Nos.: ____to ____
3. Pg.no: 22-31
4. Pg,no: 8-12
3. Pg.no: 22-31
4. Pg,no: 12-14
3. Pg.no: 43-47
4. Pg,no: 15-18
3. Pg.no: 47-49
4. Pg,no: 18-19

1. EHV-AC, HVDC Transmission and Distribution Engineering - S.Rao

2. HVDC Power Transmission Systems - K.R. Padiyar

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Note:

1. ENSURE THAT ALL TOPICS SPECIFIED IN THE COURSE ARE MENTIONED.

2. ADDITIONAL TOPICS COVERED, IF ANY, MAY ALSO BE SPECIFIED IN BOLD
3. MENTION THE CORRESPONDING COURSE OBJECTIVE AND OUT COME NUMBERS AGAINST EACH TOPIC.

Introduction
The network of transmission and distribution lines
is formed by three phase alternating current
system.
For longer lines and higher power transfer, higher
transmission voltages are necessary.
The Electrical Power System (Network) is formed by
a 3 phase, 50 Hz, AC System with several AC
voltage levels for generation, transmission,
distribution and utilisation.
Choice of transmission voltage depends on power
and distance.

AC power transformers are installed in various

transmission and distribution substations and
near load points to step-up or step down AC
Voltages to required levels.
The entire AC Network operates synchronously at
common prevailing frequency (50 Hz, 3%).
3 Phase AC System has a tendency to operate
naturally in synchronism and the operation and
control is very easy.
Power transfer through an AC transmission link
is given by

 In an AC Network AC Power transfer through a

particular AC line cannot be controlled easily,
quickly and accurately.
The sin causes transient stability limit which is
almost 50% of steady state limit.
Reactive power flow causes additional (I2 Rt)
transmission losses and voltage regulation problems.
For very long, high power transmission lines (>
800km;> 1000 MW), for System Interconnections
between two or more independently controlled AC
Networks (Regional Grids) and for long submarine
cables.

High Voltage Direct Current Transmission (HVDC)

links are preferred due to technical and economic
superiority over equivalent EHV AC transmission
links for same power/distance.
Nominal Power transfer through an HVDC Link is
given by:
The H VDC power transfer can be controlled quickly
and accurately by thyristor control and tap changer
control.
There are no problems of reactive power flow,
voltage fluctuations and high transmission losses.

However HVDC voltages cannot be easily stepped up

or stepped down.
HVDC requires costly and complex substations, high
technology, complex controls.
The Modern TransmissionNetwork continues to be
of3 phase 50 Hz, AC System with a few specific HVDC
links integrated with the 3 phase AC Network.
HVDC links are considered only for specific projects
such as :
A few long high power, point to point, 2 terminal
HVDC Transmission Systems. (e.g. 500 kV, 1500
MW, 820 km, Rihand-Deihi Bipolar 2T HVDC
System (UP, India, 1992): 500 MW 1500 MW, 850
km Chandrapur-Padaghe Bipolar 2T HVPC System
(Maharashtra, India, 1997)

 Back to Back Interconnecting HVDC Coupling

Systems between Regional Grids (e.g. Vindhyachal
sack-to-Back, 500 MW Link between Western
Region and Northern Region, India (1989);
Chandrapur Back-to-Back, 1000 MW Link between
Western Region and Southern Region, India, 1996)
Multi-terminal HVDC Interconnecting Systems
(e.g. 5-Terminal Hydro-Quebeck : New England,
USA/Canada, 1987-96)
High Voltage long high power Cable transmission.
(e.g. UK? France submarine Link, 2000 MW, 65
km).

First commercial High Voltage Direct Current

transmission system (HVDC) was introduced
during 1953.
With the successfully development of high power
thyristor valves in early 1970s, the HVDC
transmission systems have become a technically
and commercially viable alternative to EHVAC
transmission particularly for (1) long distance bulk
power
transmission;
(2)
Submarine
cable
transmission and (3) system interconnection.
For these three applications HVDC transmission
systems have a distinct superiority over EHVAC
and are being increasingly preferred.

Choice of a Transmission System

The choice of the voltage is made from HVAC, EHVAC, HVDC on the basis of the following economical
and technical considerations.
Economic Considerations
Capital cost of transmission systems:
Cost of line conductors, towers, insulators,
installation land/right of way.
Capital cost of substations, intermediate
substations, compensating substations,
conversion substations, substation equipment
like transformers, switchgear; substation area,
buildings.
Cost of energy losses, maintenance.

Needs of future expansion and associated

cost.
Economic aspects telated with availability,
reliability.
Economic strategy for Energy Transmission.
Technical Considerations
Length of the transmission line and total
power to be transferred
Control over Power Transfer, magnitude, rate
of change.
Existing network and long term plans.
Choice of voltage considering power flow.
Stability considerations related with power
flow and frequency disturbances.
Reliability and security of power flew.
Availability of transmission link.

Reactive power compensation and voltage control.

Switching requirement.
Right of way for transmission lines.
Radial or Mesh.
21 or 31 or MT.
Type of line :
Overhead/underground/submarjne cables.
Network configuration, parallel lines, T-offs, multiterminals etc.
Application of EHV-AC Transmission
Voltage can be stepped-up or stepped-down in
transformer
substations
to
have
economical
transmission voltage.
Lines can be tapped easily, extended easily.

 Parallel lines can be easily added.

Control of Power flow in the Network is simple and
natural.
Power flow in a particular line cannot be controlled
easily and quickly.
Equipments are simple and reliable without need
of high- tech.
Operation is simple and adopts naturally to the
synchronously operating AC systems.
Generation and distribution is by AC.
Special Features and Technical Consideration for
EHVAC Lines
The most important requirement of an EHV-AC
transmission line is power transfer ability based on
transient stability limit.

at = 30, sin = 0.5. Hence AC line can transfer

only 50% of its steady state power limit.
EHV-AC line needs compensation of reactive power.
This is provided by SVS ; shunt reactors, Shunt
capacitors,
etc.
installed
in
sub-stations.
Intermediate substations are necessary at interval of
250 km to 400 km.
Power transfer ability of EHV lines may be
increased by using series capacitors or adding a
parallel line. For high power lines several parallel
circuits may be necessary.
The line design is based on limits of corona, radio
interference, TV interference, electrical field at
ground level, etc.

 For EHV-AC lines the voltage stress at conductor

surface should be kept below critical voltage. For
achieving this, the use of bundled conductors is
essential. Bundle conductors reduce the corona
losses, Radio Interference, TV Interference.
Switching surges occur during opening and
closing f unloaded lines. Line insulation is
designed on the basis of switching overvoltages.
Appropriate circuit-breakers and compensation is
necessary to limit switching surges. Insulation coordination is achieved with the use of suitable
surge arresters.
EHV-AC lines and Network have high shortcircuit levels and associated protection problems.
HVDC interconnection limits the short-circuit
levels of both the AC networks.

 EHV-AC lines experience power swings during

system
disturbances,
switching
and
faults.
Protection of EHV-AC lines is designed to block
during low power swings.
EHV-AC lines transmit bulk power. Outage of a
line causes stability problems in the network. Hence
alternative transmission paths should be plannd
along with the protection system design. For each
radial line, at least two three phase circuits are,
necessary.
In large interconnected networks, the effect of a
major fault in one of the networks can result in
cascade tripping and a large scale blackout To
prevent this the Network Segregation is carried out.
HVDC interconnection eliminates the problem of
cascade tripping.

Applications of HVDC
transmission
Long distance high Power transmission by overhead
lines.
Medium and long high power submarine or
underground cables.
System interconnection by means of overhead lines
or underground/submarine cables or back to back
HVDC coupling stations.
Multi-Terminal HVDC System for interconnecting
three or more 3 phase AC systems.
Frequency conversion (6O Hz 50 Hz ; 50 Hz 25
Hz)
Incoming lines in megacities.

Schematic diagram of an HVDC Transmission

System

An HVDC link has an AC system at each end.

The AC power is converted by thyristor-convertor
valves into DC power.

The energy is transmitted in HVDC form to the

other end.

At the other end the DC power is inverted in

thyristor-convertor valves and fed into the receiving
system.
An 2-Terminal HVDC transmission system has an
HVDC convertor substation at each end and an
HVDC transmission line in between.

In case of back-to-back coupling station, the

rectifier and inverter are at the same place and
there is no HVDC line.
A back-to-back HVDC station
asynchronous tie between two
Networks.

provides
adjacent

an
AC

Choice of HVDC Transmission

System

Long, high power transmission

For long distance, high power transmission

lines HVDC transmission systems are preferred
due to their economic advantage and exact, fast
and easy control of power flow from generating
station to load centre.
Though HVDC system needs costly terminal
substations, the line cost is lower than that of
equivalent AC line.
Power flow can be controlled.
Line losses are low.

 The per km cost of HVDC line is lesser than

that of an equivalent 3 phase double circuit AC
line.
For equal power transfer, the number of
conductors for 3 phase AC line is 6 to 24 as
against only 2 numbers required for Bipolar
HVDC line.

System Interconnections
Neighbouring independently controlled AC
Networks are interconnected by system
interconnections.
System interconnection is either by EHVAC/HVAC or HVDC.
The basic function of an interconnection is to
transfer energy from surplus zone to deficit
zone.
When
neighbouring
AC
Networks
are
connected by and AC interconnection they start
operate synchronously at the same frequency.
AC interconnection is called synchronous tie.
When
neighbouring
AC
Networks
are
interconnected by HVDC interconnection, they
can continue to have their independent load
frequency control.(Asynchronous tie)

System interconnection has following major

advantages.
Lesser overall installed capacity to meet
the peak demand.
Lesser spinning reserves.
Overall economic generation by optimum
use of high capacity economical generating
plants.
Better use of energy reserves such as
hydro, thermal, nuclear.
Better system support to week network.
Better system support to network having
emergency due to outage of a plant or a line.
Stronger grid with stable frequency.

EHV-AC interconnection:
It is simple.
Power flow adapts naturally to the needs and
prevailing surplus deficit between interconnected
networks.
Voltages and connections can be made suitably
by using transformer connection.
The limitations of EHV-AC interconnections include:
It is synchronous tie.
Frequency disturbance in one zone is quickly
transferred to the other.
Power swings in one network affect the other
network. A weak tie link gets tripped due to such
power swings.
Large interconnected networks suffer from
cascade tripping. and overall black-outs in the
event of major faults in any of the network.

HVDC interconnections:
It is an asynchronous tie.
Frequency disturbance from one AC Network is
not transferred to the other.
Direction and magnitude of power flow can be
changed quickly and accurately by controlling
the characteristics of rectifier/ inverter.
Power swings and frequency disturbances in
connected AC Network can be quickly dampened
by modulating the power flow through the HVDC
interconnection.
HVDC link can be used for interconnecting
systems having different frequencies.
HVDC link can be used for interconnection
between two networks separated by sea or lake
by using submarine cables.

 Back-to-back

asynchronous tie sub-stations

In back-to- back HVDC coupling stations the
interconnection is by a converter- substation
without any transmission line.
The HVDC inverter and rectifier are installed
in the same station.
Such a tie-link gives an asynchronous
interconnection
between
two
adjacent
independently controlled AC networks.
Multi-terminal HVDC Interconnection
Three or more AC networks can be
interconnected asynchronously by means of a
multi-terminal HVDC system.
Power flow from each connected AC Network
can be controlled suitably.
Large power can be transferred.
Overall stability can be improved.

 Cable Transmission
HVDC is preferred for underground or
submarine-cable
transmission
over
long
distance at high voltage.
The submarine cables are necessary to transfer
power across oceans, lakes etc.
In case of AC cables, the temperature rise due
to charging currents forms a limit for loading.
For each voltage rating there is a limit of
length beyond which an AC cable cannot be
used to transfer load current due to thermal
limit.
HVDC cables have no continuous charging
currents and can transfer bulk power over long
distances.

Types of HVDC Systems

Monopolar HVDC system

This system has, only one pole and the return path
is provided by permanent earth or sea.
The pole generally has negative polarity with respect
to the earth.
In monopolar HVDC system the full power and
current is transmitted through a line conductor with
earth or sea as a return conductor.

 The earth electrodes are designed for continuous

full- current operation and for any overload
capacity required in the specific case.
The sea or ground return is permanent and of
continuous rating.
Monopolar HVDC systems are used only for low
power rated links and mainly for cable
transmission.
Bipolar HVDC Transmission
This is most widely used of overhead long distance
HVDC systems, for point-to-point power transfer.
The HVDC substation and HVDC line has two
poles, one positive and the other negative with
respect to earth.

 The mid points of convertors at each terminal

station are earthed via electrode line and earth
electrode.
Power rating of one pole is about half of bipole
power rating.

During fault or trouble on one of the poles, the

bipolar HVDC system is switched over automatically
to monopolar mode.
Thereby, the service continuity is maintained.

Homopolar HVDC System

In such a system two transmission poles are of the

same polarity and the return is through permanent
earth.
Two homopolar overhead lines feeding to a common
monopolar cable termination.
One overhead transmission tower carrying insulator
strings supporting two homopolar transmission line
conductors.
Applications of homopolar transmission are limited.

Limitations of HVDC
Transmission Systems
HVDC system does not have step-up and stepdown transformers.
HVDC system does not have suitable HVDC circuit
breakers.
HVDC Transmission cannot be used economically
for
main
transmission,
subtransmission,
distribution. It is used only for specific long
distance/cable/interconnection projects.
Cost of HVDC terminal substations is very high.
Operation
of
HVDC
transmission
required
continuous firing of thyristor valves. Controls of
HVDC are complex. Several additional abnormal
conditions are possible on DC side and in controls.

 HVDC substation require additional harmonic filters

and shunt capacitors.
Converter station
The major components of a HVDC transmission
system are converter stations where conversions from
AC to DC (Rectifier station) and from DC to AC
(Inverter station) are performed.
A point to point transmission requires two converter
stations.
The role of rectifier and inverter stations can be
reyersed (resulting in power reversals) by suitable
converter control.
The various components of a converter station are
discussed below.

Converter unit

Each valve is used to switch

in a segment of an AC
voltage waveform.
The converter is fed by
converter
transformers
connected in star/star and
star/delta arrangements.
The valves are cooled by air,
oil, water or freon.
Liquid
cooling
using
deionized water is more
efficient and results in the
reduction of station losses.

The ratings of a valve group are limited more by the

permissible short circuit currents than steady state
load requirements.
The design of valves is based on the modular
concept where each module contains a limited
number of sedes connected thyristor levels.
Valve firing signals are generated in the converter
control at ground potential and are transmitted to
each thyristor in the valve through a fiber optic light
guide system.
The light signal received at the thyristor level is
converted to an electrical signal using gate drive
amplifiers with pulse transformers.
The valves are protected using snubber circuits,
protectiye firing and gapless surge arresters.

Converter Transformer
The converter transformer can have different
configurations - (i) three phase, two winding,
(ii) single phase,three winding,
(iii) single phase, two winding.
The valve side windings are connected in star and
delta with neutral point ungrounded.

On the AC side, the transformers are connected in

parallel with neutral grounded .
The leakage reactance of the transformer is chosen to
limit the short circuit currents through any valve.
The converter transformers are designed to withstand
DC voltage stresses and increased eddy current losses
due to harmonic currents.

One problem that can arise is due to the DC

magnetization of the core due to unsymmetric firing of
valves
In back to back links, which are designed for low DC
voltage levels an extended delta configuration can
result in identical transformers being used in twelve
pulse converter units.
Filters
There are three types of filters used:
AC filters : These are passive circuits used to provide
low impedance, shunt paths for AC harmonic
currents.
Both tuned and damped filter arrangements are used.
DC filters : These are similar to AC filters and are
used for the filtering of DC harmonics.

High frequency (RFIPLC) filters: These are

connected between the converter transformer and the
station AC bus to suppress any high frequency
currents.
Sometimes such filters are provided on high-voltage
DC bus connected between the DC filter and DC line
and also on the neutral side
Reactive power source
Converter stations require reactive power supply
that is dependent on the active power loading.
Fortunately, part of this reactive power requirement
is provided by AC filters.
In
addition,
shunt
(switched)
capacitors.
synchronous condensors and static var systems are
used depending on the speed of control desired.

Smoothing reactor
A sufficiently large series reactor is used on DC side
to smooth DC current and also for protection.
The reactor is designed as a linear reactor and is
connected on the line side, neutral side or at
intermediate location.
DC switchgear
This is usually a modified AC equipment used to
interrupt small DC currents.
DC breakers or metallic return transfer breakers
(MRTB) are used, if required for interruption of rated
load currents.
In addition to the equipment described above, AC
switchgear and associated equipment for protection
and measurement are also part of the converter
station.

EHV-AC Versus HVDC Transmission

For backbone network.
Voltage can be easily stepped-up, stepped-down.
The network has natural tendency to maintain
synchronism. Load-frequency control is easy and
simple. Network can be tapped at intermediate
points to feed underlying subtransmission
network.
Bulk power long distance transmission lines.
HVDC proves economical above breakeven point.
Number of lines are less. No need of intermediate
substations for compensation.
Stability of transmission system.
HVDC gives asynchronous tie and transient
stability does not pose any limit. Line can be
loaded upto thermal limit of the line or valves
(whichever is lower).

Line loading.
The permissible loading of an EHV-AC line is
limited by transient stability limit and line
reactance to almost one third of thermal rating of
conductors. No such limit exists in case of HVDC
lines.
Surge impedance loading.
Long ERV-AC lines are loaded to less than 0.8 Pn.
No such condition is imposed on HVDC line.
Voltage along the line.
Long EHV lines have varying voltage along the line
due to absorption of reactive power. This voltage
fluctuates with load. Such a problem does not arise
in HVDC line. EHV-AC line remains loaded below
its thermal limit due to the transient stability limit.
Conductors are not utilized fully.

Number of lines.
EHVAC needs at least two three phase lines and
generally more for higher power. HVDC needs
only one bipole line for majority of application.
Intermediate substations.
EHV-AC
transmission
needs
intermediate
substations at an interval of 300 km for
compensation.
HVDC line does not need intermediate
compensating substation.
Asynchronous tie.
System having different prevailing frequencies or
different rated frequencies can be interconnected.
HVDC link provides asynchronous tie. Frequency
disturbance does not get tranferred large
blackouts are avoided.

Better control.
Power flow through HVDC tie line can be controlled
more rapidly and accurately than that of EHV-AC
interconnector. HVDC-Power flow can be increased at
a rate of 30 MW per minute. This is not possible with
EHV-AC line.
Corona loss and radio interference.
For the same power transfer and same distance, the
corona losses and radio interference of DC systems is
less than that of AC systems, as the required d.c.
insulation level is lower than corresponding a.c.
insulation.
Power Transfer and Reactive Power.
The main difference between EHV-AC and HVDC
transmission systems is in control of Real Power flow
and Reactive Power Flow.

The AC line can be loaded upto transient stability limit

which occurs at =300 and is given by

AC line power cannot be changed easily, quickly and

accurately as |V1 | and |V2| should be kept around
rated voltage levels and angle cannot be changed
easily.
Secondly, the series reactance and shunt reactance of
AC line result in reactive power flow, voltage
regulation problems and additional transmission
losses due to reactive component of current.

Power flow through HVDC link is given by

By varying (Ud1 Ud2) by means of thyristor converter

control and tap-changer control; the power flow Pdc
can be changed quickly, accurately and easily.
Secondly, HVDC transmission does not have series
reactance and shunt reactance; reactive power flow.
Hence voltage regulation problems and stability
problems transmission losses etc. due to the flow of
reactive power flow are absent in HVDC transmission
systems. Transmission losses are low.
Skin effect.
This is absent in d.c. current. Hence current
density is uniformly distributed across the crosssection of the conductor.

Charging current.
Continuous line charging currents are absent in
HVDC lines. Reactive Power (MVAr) does not flow
continuously. Hence transmission losses are low.
Tower size.
The phase-to-phase clearance, phase to ground
clearances and tower size is smaller for d.c.
transmission as compared to equivalent AC
transmission for same power and distance. Tower
is simpler, easy to install and cheaper.
Number of conductors.
Bipolar HVDC transmission lines require two-pole
conductors to carry DC power. Hence HVDC
transmission becomes economical over AC
transmission at long distance when the saving in
overall conductors cost, losses, towers etc.
compensates the additional cost of the terminal
apparatus such as rectifiers and converters.

Earth return.
HVDC transmission can utilize earth return and
therefore does not need a double circuit. EHV-AC
always needs a double circuit.
Reactive power compensation.
HVDC line does not need intermediate reactive
power compensation like EHV-AC line.
Flexibility of operation.
Bipolar line may be operated in a monopolar
mode by earth as a return path when the other
pole develops a permanent fault.
Staging facility.
DC valves may be connected in series and
parallel to get desired DC voltage and current.
Multiterminal schemes are now possible.

Short-circuit level.
In AC transmission, additional parallel lines
result in higher fault level at receiving end due to
reduced equivalent reactance. When an exiting
AC system is interconnected with another AC
system by AC transmission line, the fault level of
both he system increases. However, when both
are interconnected by DC transmission, the fault
level of each system remain unchanged.
Rapid power transfer.
The control of convertor valves permit rapid
changes in magnitude and direction of power
flow. Limitation is imposed by power generation
and AC system conditions.

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

SCHEDULE OF INSTRUCTIONS
UNIT PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

UNIT NO.: II
Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson
No.

Date
4/01/13

No. of
Periods

Topics / Sub - Topics

Choice of Converter Configuration

11/01/13 2

Analysis of 6 pulse Graetz Circuit

18/01/13 2

Analysis of 6 pulse Graetz Circuit

19/01/13 2

Analysis of 6 pulse Graetz Circuit

25/01/13 2

Analysis of 12 pulse Graetz

Circuit

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Objectives &
Outcomes
Nos.
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2

References
(Text Book, Journal)
Page Nos.: ____to ____
2.Pg.no: 43-46
1. Pg.no: 84-97
2. Pg,no: 46-61
1. Pg.no: 84-97
2. Pg,no: 46-61
1. Pg.no: 84-97
2. Pg,no: 46-61
2.Pg,no: 61-65

References:
1. EHV-AC, HVDC Transmission and Distribution Engineering - S.Rao
2. HVDC Power Transmission Systems - K.R. Padiyar

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Note:

1. ENSURE THAT ALL TOPICS SPECIFIED IN THE COURSE ARE MENTIONED.

2. ADDITIONAL TOPICS COVERED, IF ANY, MAY ALSO BE SPECIFIED IN BOLD
3. MENTION THE CORRESPONDING COURSE OBJECTIVE AND OUT COME NUMBERS AGAINST EACH TOPIC.

Static Power Conversion Adopted in

HVDC Transmission

A Bipolar HVDC transmission system has an

HVDC terminal substation at each end. Each
terminal substation has AC/DC convertor. The
convertors change AC to DC or DC to AC.
The convertor terminal operating in rectifier mode
changes AC power to DC power. Delay angle is
held at 15 to 18.
The convertor terminal operating in inverter mode
changes DC power to AC power. Extinction angle
is held at 15 to 18.
The complete HVDC Tansmission transfers electric
power from one AC Network to another AC Network
in the form of high voltage direct current.

The convertor has two types of circuits:

Main circuit through which high power flows. This
comprises convertor transformers, thyristor valves,
busbars, series reactor etc.
Control and protection circuits for firing/blocking
the valves in desired sequence, monitoring etc.

Six Pulse Converter Bridge (Graetz Bridge)

A 6-pulse bridge has 6 valves arranged or 3 limbs
for the vertical valve structure.
AC supply is given from the three secondary leads of
a converter transformer.
The six valves are fired in a definite sequence (1,
2,...6).

 At any instant, two valves are conducting in the

bridge, one from the upper commutation group and
the second from the lower commutation group.
The firing of the next valve in a particular group
results in the turning off of the valve that is already
conducting.
The assumption is that there is no overlap
between the two valves in a group.
Thus the valve 2 is fired 600 after the firing of
valve 1 and valve 3 is fired 600 after the firing of
second valve.
Each valve conducts for 1200 and the interval
between consecutive firing pulse is 600 in steady
state.

Assumptions:
The d.c current is constant.
The valves can be modelled as ideal switches with
zero impedance when ON and with infinite
impedance when OFF.
The AC voltages at the converter bus are sinusoidal
and remains constant.
DC voltage waveform
The increase in the delay angle
causes
corresponding delay in transfer from one valve arm to
another, resulting in reduction of mean direct voltage.
It is assumed that a large smoothing is connected on
the DC side.
With = 0 the commutation takes place naturally
and the convertor acts as a rectifier.
With increase in , the average value of DC voltage is
reduced.

 When
becomes more than 60, some negative
spikes begin to appear in the DC voltage. i.e. the
energy will flow from DC system to AC system
through the convertor without change in the direction
of current.
= 900. the area of positive portion of DC
For
voltage spikes and negative portion of DC voltage
spikes per cycle are equal. The mean value of DC
voltage per cycle of AC wave is zero. The convertor is
acting neither as rectifier nor as inverter. Energy
transfer is zero.
For more than 900 ,the negative pulses have more
area than positive pulses, Mean value of DC voltage
is negative i.e. the energy flows from DC system to AC
systems indicating inversion mode.
For = 180, Full inversion is obtained.

Valve Voltage
When the valve is conducting, this voltage is zero.
When valve is not conducting, and the other valve
arm of the same group is conducting, the voltage
across the non-conducting valve arm corresponds to
phase to phase voltage of transformer secondary
terminals.
is the
Definition of Delay Angle . Delay angle
time expressed in electrical angle from the zero
crossing(s) of the idealised sinusoidal commutating
voltage and starting of forward current conduction(s).
It can be conveniently understood as the angle
between the Instant of natural commutaton (zero
crossing) and instant of delayed commutation, (C).

By delaying the triggering pulses, the duration of

conduction a cycle is reduced, thereby the average
value of DC voltage is reduced.
By varying from zero to 90 elec., the no load
direct voltage changes from maximum(at = 0) to
zero (at = 90).
The following are noted: = 00 Rectifier mode maximum DC voltage
= 15 Rectifier mode reduced DC voltage
= 90 Rectifier mode No power transfer, Zero
DC voltage
> 90 Inverter mode
= 1800 Full inverter mode.

 The limits of delay angle are 0 to 450

In practice, for normal rectifier operating mode, the
delay angle is held between 50 to 15.
The choice of has two opposite constraints.
(1) The reactive power demand of convertor valves
reduces with reduction in delay angle . Hence
smaller value of
is preferred with respect to
reactive
power
requirements
(AC
shunt
compensation)
(2) But with smaller value of a the possibility of
further increase in DC voltage on rectifier side is
reduced.

No-load Voltage Equation for Rectifier with Zero

Delay Angle

Secondary
phase-to-phase
voltage
between
terminals A and B of a six-pulse convertor bridge .
It is a sinusoidal voltage with an equation

RMS value of the wave us, is equal to Us, which

corresponds to phase-to-phase secondary voltage of
a convertor transformer which feeds a six-pulse
convertor. The crest value (peak value) of the voltage
waveform Usm occurs at XX and is given by

Integrating u s over segment ABCD between /6

and + /6 as shown is Fig. and dividing by period
/3

where Us = secondary, rms, phase to phase voltage

This fundamental, important equation co-relates
DC voltage with phase-to-phase secondary AC
voltage for a six-pulse-bridge.
For a six-pulse bridge

where Udo = No-load direct voltage with zero phase

control, for a six pulse bridge
Us = Phase to phase rms voltage for secondary.

Rectifier Voltage Equations with No-Load and

Delay Angle

The average value of DC voltage of a six-pulse

convertor unit can be determined by finding average
value of one segment between (- /6+ ) and ( +
/6+ ) with respect to peak phase to phase voltage at
XX.

 Each segment covers /3 duration. Hence

Where Usm =

Crest value of phase to phase AC

secondary voltage
=2 Us
Us = Secondary phase to phase rms voltage
Ud = Direct voltage between terminals of one sixpulse unit operating at no load with delay
angle .

Comparing with delay angle , we get

The Direct voltage with delay angle

is
proportional to cos .
By increasing delay angle , the average DC
voltage reduces.
Maximum DC voltage occurs at = 0 and is equal
to Udo

Analysis of Graetz circuit with

overlap
Due to the leakage inductance of the converter
transformers and the impedance in the supply
network, the current in a valve cannot change
suddenly.
Thus commutation from one valve to the next
cannot be instantaneous.
For example, when valve 3 is fired, the current
transfer from valve 1 to valve 3 takes a finite period
during which both valves are conducting.
This is called overlap and its duration is measured
by the overlap (commutation) angle .

Each interval of the period of supply can be divided

into two subintervals
In the first subinterval, three valves are conducting
and in the second subinterval, two valves are
conducting. This is based on the assumption that the
overlap angle is less than 60.
As the overlap angle increases to 60, there is no
instant when only two valves are conducting.

 As the overlap angle increases beyond 600,there is a

finite period during an interval, when four valves
conduct and the rest of the interval during which
three valves conduct.
Commutation
The process of transfer of direct current from one
path to another with both paths carrying currents
simultaneously is called commutation.
The commutation process takes place sequentially
between two consecutive valve arms of group A
connected to positive terminal.
In forced commutation process, the commutating
reactance of the load circuit of two valves undergoing
commutaion causes the delay in the transfer from one
path to another.

During commutation process, the current is outgoing

valve arm(1) reduces from full value Id to zero in a
small time interval.
During the same interval of time, the current of
incoming valve arm(3) rises from zero to full value(Id ).
The time interval during which both the incoming
and outgoing valves are conducting is measured in
terms of electrical radians or degrees and is called
angle of overlap.
Commutating Reactance
The commutating reactance is defined as the
reactance of the circuit consisting of commutating
arms and the commutating voltage source during the
process of active commutation.

 The commutating reactance reduces the steepness of

the fall in current (i1) in the outgoing valve arm.
The commutating reactance also reduces the
steepness of rise of current (i3) in incoming valve arm.
Without commutating reactance the current transfer
from one path to another path would have been
instantaneous.

But
the
transformer
secondary
winding
has
inherent reactance which
prevents the step change in
current.
The commutating reactance
is predominantly active due
to
the
reactance
of
transformer winding.

 The angle of overlap appears due to voltage drop

in commutating reactance Xc.
The path of is is through commutating reactances
2Xc offered by the secondary windings and the
conducting path.
The flow of is produces reactance voltage drop is.Xc
per phase.
The waveform of mean voltage during commutation
is shown in Fig.

Voltage Equation.
Let vs be the voltage between secondary phases which
is responsible for commutating current is.

Where

Usm = peak secondary ph. to ph. voltage

Us = rms, ph. to. ph. secondary voltage
From basic circuit fundamentals, we know

In the local circuit of current is total inductance is 2Lc

and current is.

Where Lc = Inductance of commutating circuit per

phase.
Integrating both sides,

Substituting initial condition, i.e. at wt =

; is =0

Therefore,

Substituting final commutating condition, i.e. at wt =

+u; is=Id
There is a small voltage drop due to area A between
and + as shown in Fig.

Average value of voltage drop during the period /3 is

where Udo = No load direct voltage

Ud = Direct voltage on load with delay angle
and overlap angle .
Therefore,

Equivalent Circuit of Rectifier

Extinction angle , Angle of advance

Definitions
1. Delay angle . The time expressed in electrical
angular measure from zero crossing of idealised
sinusoidal commutating voltage to starting instant
of forward current.
2.Angle of Advance . Time expressed in electrical
angular measure from starting of current to zero
crossing of idealised sinusoldal commutating
voltage.
3.Relation between and .
4.Angle of overlap u. Time during which two
consecutive
convertor
arms
carry
current
simultaneously.
5. Extinction angle
(Margin angle). Time from
end of current conduction to zero crossing of
idealized commutating sinusoidal voltage.
6. Relationship between , , .

Operation of inverter
Consider a six pulse bridge working as a rectifier.

The operation of the convertor in following modes:

(1) < 900, Ud positive. Ud Id = positive, Rectifier
mode
(2) = 90, Ud zero, Ud Id = zero. No power flow
(3) > 90, Ud negative Ud Id = Negative,
Inversion.
With above 90, the average DC voltage per cycle
of AC wave is negative and power flows from DC to
AC resulting inversion.
This needs a large smoothing reactor on DC side
and power source on DC side.

 At = 180, Ud = Udocos 180 = Ud, i.e. polarity is

reversed, current Id continues in forward direction.
When a is more than 90, it is more convenient to
define angle of advance such that

Hence we can substitute =

following relation for inverter.

resulting in the

Equivalent circuit of inverter with cos

From Fig), it is observed that,

Where

= angle of advance (for inverter)

= delay angle (for rectifier)

Where = angle of extinction (for inverter)

= angle of advance (for inverter)
= angle of overlap (for rectifier)
By substituting the above equations,

For inverter Ud is negative.

For inverter Ud is negative.

Equivalent circuit of inverter with cos

Equivalent circuit of HVDC link

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

SCHEDULE OF INSTRUCTIONS
UNIT PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

UNIT NO.: III

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson
No.

Date

No. of
Periods

Topics / Sub - Topics

01/02/13 2

Principle of DC link Control

08/02/13 2

Converter control characteristics

09/02/13 2

Converter control characteristics

1.
2.
3.
15/02/13 2

Firing angle control

4.
5.

16/02/13 2

6.

22/02/13 2

Current and extinction angle

control
Effect of source inductance on the
system, Starting and stopping of
DC link

Objectives &
Outcomes
Nos.
1,2,3
2,3,4
1,2,3
2,3,4
1,2,3
2,3,4
1,2,3
2,3,4
1,2,3
2,3,4
1,2,3
2,3,4

References
(Text Book, Journal)
Page Nos.: ____to ____
1. Pg.no: 66-68
2. Pg,no: 76-79
1. Pg.no: 68-75
2. Pg,no: 79-84
1. Pg.no: 68-75
2. Pg,no: 79-84
1. Pg.no: 341-346
2. Pg,no: 84-89
1. Pg.no: 346-350
2. Pg,no: 89-90
2.Pg,no: 90-94

References:
1. EHV-AC, HVDC Transmission and Distribution Engineering - S.Rao
2. HVDC Power Transmission Systems - K.R. Padiyar

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Note:

1. ENSURE THAT ALL TOPICS SPECIFIED IN THE COURSE ARE MENTIONED.

2. ADDITIONAL TOPICS COVERED, IF ANY, MAY ALSO BE SPECIFIED IN BOLD
3. MENTION THE CORRESPONDING COURSE OBJECTIVE AND OUT COME NUMBERS AGAINST EACH TOPIC.

Converter & HVDC System Control

Principles of DC Link Control

Steady state equivalent circuit of a 2-terminal DC link

Schematic of a DC link showing transformer ratios

 The control of power in a DC link can be achieved

through the control of current or voltage.
From minimization of loss considerations, it is
important to maintain constant voltage in the link
and adjust the current to meet the required power.

This strategy is also helpful for voltage regulation in

the system from the considerations of the optimal
utilization of the insulation.
It is to be noted that the voltage drop along a DC
line is small compared to the AC line, mainly
because of the absence of the reactive voltage drop.
Consider the steady state equivalent circuit of a two
terminal DC link shown in Fig.

The number of series connected bridges (nb) in both

stations (rectifier and inverter) are the same.
The voltage sources Edr and Edi are defined by

where Evr and Evi are the line to line voltages in the
valve side windings of the rectifier and inverter
transformer respectively.
These voltages can be obtained as

where Er and Ei are the AC (line to line) voltages of the

converter buses on the rectifier and the inverter side.
Tr and Ti are the off-nominal tap ratios on the rectifier
and inverter side.

where Ar and Ai are constants.

It is to be noted that Edi is defined in terms of the
extinction angle i rather than i.
Edi can also be written as

where Xcr and Xci are the leakage reactances of the

converter transformers in the rectifier and inverter
station respectively.
The steady-state current Id, in the DC link is
obtained as

It is to be noted that the control variables are Tr, Ti,

and r, i.
However, for maintaining safe commutation margin,
it is convenient to consider i as control variable
instead of i.
The denominator is small, even small changes in the
voltage magnitudes Er or Ei can result in large
changes in the DC current, if the control variables
are held constant.

It is desirable to have current control at the rectifier

station under normal conditions.
The increase of power in the link is achieved by
reducing r, which improves the power factor, at
the rectifier for higher loadings and minimizes the
reactive power consumption.
The inverter can now be operated at minimum i,
thereby
minimizing
the
reactive
power
consumption at the inverter also.
It is to be noted that the current control at the
inverter worsens the power factor at the higher
loadings as has to be increased. Increased also
implies higher losses in the valve snubber circuits.

The operation at minimum extinction angle at the

inverter and current control at the rectifier results in
better voltage regulation than the operation with
minimum delay angle at the rectifier and current
control at the inverter.

The currents during line faults are automatically

limited with rectifier station in current control.
While there is a need to maintain a minimum
extinction angle of the inverter to avoid
commutation failure, it is economical to operate the
inverter at constant extinction angle (CEA) which is
slightly above the absolute minimum required for
the commutation margin.

However, the main drawback of CEA control is the

negative resistance characteristic of the converter
which makes it difficult to operate stably when the
AC system is weak.
Under normal conditions, the rectifier operates at
constant current (CC) control and inverter at the
CEA control.

Under conditions of reduced AC voltage at the

rectifier, it is necessary to shift the current control
to the inverter to avoid run down of the DC link
when the rectifier control hits the minimum limit.
This implies that current controller must also be
provided at the inverter in addition to the CEA
controllers.

Characteristics of rectifier and inverter

Rectifier is equipped with constant current
regulator.
Inverter is equipped with a constant extinction
angle regulator.
Inverter characteristics is given by
There has a - ve slope.

At common point, there

is only one voltage and
current which is E.

Steady-state Ud/Id Characteristic of an HVDC

Convertor

The horizontal segment RS has certain slope

representing voltage drop in the DC line resistance (Id.
R).
The slope of vertical segment Ids is due to actual
characteristic of constant current controller.

 Horizontal segment RS representing constant value

of Ud as obtained by natural voltage characteristic of a
convertor.
Vertical segment ST representing constant value of
current Id as obtained by constant current controller
fitted to the convertor control system.
Control functions are so arranged as to shift the
horizontal segment RS for voltage change and shift
the vertical segment ST for current change.

If inverter voltage is changed, the rectifier voltage

should also be appropriately changed to satisfy the
equation

Intersecting Characteristics of Rectifier and

Inverter Under Normal Operating Mode
For stable operation, the operating point should lie
on the Ud/Id characteristic of Rectifier and Inverter
simultaneously.
The idealised steady state characteristic of Rectifier
(1) and inverter (2) drawn on a common diagram,
assuming higher DC voltage on rectifier-end than
that at the inverter end.
This diagram is applicable for the normal operating
mode of the HVDC link, NVC of rectifier (R1S1) is
above NVC of inverter (R2 S2).

 Point A lies on the constant current characteristic

(CCC) (1) of rectifier and natural voltage characteristic
(NVC) of the inverter.
For this operating point, the current (Id) is determined
by the constant current setting of the rectifier.
The voltage Ud2 is determined by the natural voltage
characteristic of the inverter.
Hence for stable operation with normal steady state
operation mode.

The operating point A moves naturally on segment

S1T1 for changing load requirements.
R1, S1, T1, represents rectifier characteristic (1) ; R2,
S2, T2 represents the inverter characteristic (2) as seen
from rectifier end i.e., the voltage drop of line is taken
into account such that

The
constant
current
segment
of
inverter
characteristic (S2T2) has a current margin (id) with
respect to constant current segment of rectifier
characteristic (S1T1).

Intersecting Characteristic under Steady Condition

with Current Margin Control

This is not for a normal situation but for contingency

arising in the event of fall of rectifier DC voltage due to
say a fall in AC side voltage at rectifier end.
Under such eventuality, the operating point A should
remain on constant current segment and should be on
point of intersection.

 To fulfil these conditions, the inverter is also

provided with a constant current control (Segment
S2T2) with a current margin (I) with respect to
current setting of rectifier (S1T1).
This control mode is called current margin control.
In this mode of control, the rectifier-end has a
1ower DC voltage than the inverter-end.
The direct current Id in the link is determined by
inverter constant current controller setting (Id2).
The voltage of the inverter is adjusted along the
natural voltage characteristic passing through point
A.

Reversal of Power Through an HVDC Link

Necessity of Reversal of Power
Normal operation of an interconnecting HVDC line in
which power flow is scheduled in either forward of
reverse direction.
Sudden need of power for AC system at sending end
due to deficit power generation and drop in frequency.
Fault on HVDC line pole during which the line is
temporarily de-energized by changing over the rectifier
to inverter. After a certain lapse of time attempts are
made to re-energized the line by changing the same to
rectifier. These operations require ability of each
convertor to operate as a rectifier or an inverter.
During frequency oscillations in AC system, the power
flow through DC line is modulated to dampen the
oscillations.

 The convertor at each, terminal is provided with

controls such that their delay angles can be adjusted
at desired value.
For forward power flow, the convertor at Terminal 1 is
operated as rectifier by setting angle between 00 to
900 and convertor at Terminal 2 is operated as an
inverter by setting angle between 90 and 180.

FIRING ANGLE CONTROL

There are two basic firing schemes, namely:
Individual phase control (IPC)
Equidistant pulse control (EPC)
IPC was used in the past and has now been replaced
by EPC for reasons that will be explained.
Individual phase control (IPC)

1. Current control, unit amplifier

2. Valves firing units pulse generator
3. Pulse distribution unit
4. Pulse transmission system
5. Current feed back
6. 6 pulse convertor unit

This principle is applied for individual valve. Normally

with zero delay angle, the valves will start conducting
at respective zero crossing in a sequence.
However by delaying the instant of firing pulse by
delay angle , the start of conduction of individual
valve is delayed with reference to phase angle of zero
crossing.

The control pulses are given to each valve at definite

phase angle with respect to earlier zero crossing.
In individual phase control the control function for
initiating the control pulse is derived from
commutation voltage.

Three phase alternating voltage UAC is supplied to

valve firing control unit.

Control function (Uc) is derived from the feed back

current control system which converts the
summation of Reference current command IREF,
current margin I and feedback current IRES to
proportiate Uc.
The level of Uc with reference to sinusoidally
varying UAC determining angle of output pulses.

Each valve gets firing pulse in a definite sequence.

Each pulse has angle with reference to earlier
zero crossing.

The instant of control pulse and the phase angle

for each valve depends on phase voltage UAC and
control function Uc.
Control function (Uc) is governed by feed back
current control system.

By varying Uc, the instant of triggering of each

individual valve is changed.
But for all the valves, same delay is used at a time.

This method was used in earlier HVDC schemes and

had a disadvantage that the distortion in AC supply
waveform UAC causes variation in the delay angle .
The distortion in angle results in enhancing the
disturbance.
Hence this method is not used in new projects.
Instead, the equidistance firing control is used.

Drawbacks of IPC Scheme

Any distortion in the system voltage leads
perturbations in the zero crossings which affect the
instants of firing pulses in scheme.
This implies that even when the fundamental
frequency voltage component balanced, the firing
pulses are not equidistant in steady-state. This in
turn leads to generation of noncharacteristic
harmonics.
The problem of harmonic instability can be overcome
by the following
1. Use of filters in control circuit to filter out
non characteristic harmonics
2. The use of firing angle control independent of
the zero crossings of the AC voltages.

Equidistant Firing Control (EFC)

The pulses derived from control pulse generator are

of nominal frequency fc proportional to (6f0) or
(12f0)for 6 pulse and 12 pulse convertor unit
respectively.
Where f0 is the fundamental frequency of AC
Network.
The pulses of (6f0) or (12f0) are separated in pulse
distribution unit and are supplied to individual
valves.
As frequency f0 of AC system is always constant,
the control pulses are with constant frequency and
equidistant with respect to timing.

The train of pulses is delivered to the six-pulse

convertor unit or 12 pulse convertor unit via a six or
twelve stage ring counter.
The ring counter has 6 or 12 stages with only one
stage ON at a time. The stages are made ON
sequentially giving a short output pulse.
The train of pulses is resolved by a ring counter,
distributing them to the individual valves.
They are also given to the proceeding valve in the
other commutation group, in order to obtain the
correct length of deblocked time.

The voltage controlled oscillator gives a train of

control pulses of frequency (fc). The frequency of
output pulses is by control function (Uc).

Further, there are two possible

Commutation Margin control namely;

types

of

1. Feedback Control system or

2. Predictive system.
The feedback control system receives response of
current as a feedback and uses to vary the control
function Uc as described earlier.

Predictive Control
During disturbance in power flow, predictive control
is preferred to obtain quick response of DC line current
Id and AC line voltage UAC.
In the predictive control, based on instantaneous
measurements of Ud and Id, the instant of firing of a
valve is predicted (by using commutation margin area
prediction Ap).
Prediction is by calculation through
microprocessor provided with a software.

on

line

The actual firing instant for a valve (with actual

commutation margin area Am) is measured.
The difference between predicted commutation margin
Ap and actual commutation margin Am is A.

 The difference A calculated for the preceeding valve

firing is used as a correction for the firing instant of a
later valve e.g. one period later.
This difference A is added to the reference
(Am.ref).i.e. reference command commutation margin
area (Am ref.).
Thus the feedback system of valve firing control has
a predictive loop which feeds of the difference A form
the preceeding valve to the firing control of the later
valve (e.g. one cycle later).

By using predictive principle, quick response of

disturbances in Id and Ud are fed to the valve firing
unit and the corrective actions are taken one period
earlier based on the predictions.

STARTING AND STOPPING OF DC LINK

Consider N series connected bridges at a converter
station.

If one of the bridges is to be taken out of service, there is

need to not only block, but bypass the bridge.
This is because of the fact that just blocking the pulses
does not extinguish the current in the pair of valves that
are left conducting at the time of blocking.
The continued conduction of this pair injects AC voltage
into the link which can give rise to current and voltage
oscillations due to lightly damped oscillatory circuit in
the link formed by smoothing reactor and the line
capacitance.
The transformer feeding the bridge is also subjected to
DC magnetization when DC current continues to flow
through the secondary windings.

 The bypassing of the bridge can be done with the help

of a separate bypass valve or by activating a bypass
pair in the bridge (two valves in the same arm of the
bridge).
The bypass valve was used with mercury arc valves
where the possibility of arc backs makes it impractical
to use bypass pairs.

With thyristor valves, the use of bypass pair is the

practice as it saves the cost of an extra valve.

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

SCHEDULE OF INSTRUCTIONS
UNIT PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

UNIT NO.: IV
Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson
No.

Date

No. of
Periods

23/02/13 2
1.
01/03/13 2

Topics / Sub - Topics

Reactive power requirements in
steady state, Conventional Control
Strategies
Alternate Control Strategies

2.
08/03/13 2
3.
References:

Sources of Reactive power

Objectives &
Outcomes
Nos.
3,4
4,5

References
(Text Book, Journal)
Page Nos.: ____to ____
1. Pg.no: 200-208
2. Pg,no: 130-132

3,4
4,5
3,4
4,5

2.Pg,no: 132136
2.Pg,no: 136144

1. EHV-AC, HVDC Transmission and Distribution Engineering - S.Rao

2. HVDC Power Transmission Systems - K.R. Padiyar

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Note:

1. ENSURE THAT ALL TOPICS SPECIFIED IN THE COURSE ARE MENTIONED.

2. ADDITIONAL TOPICS COVERED, IF ANY, MAY ALSO BE SPECIFIED IN BOLD
3. MENTION THE CORRESPONDING COURSE OBJECTIVE AND OUT COME NUMBERS AGAINST EACH TOPIC.

Functions of Smoothing Reactor

A convertor bridge with a large smoothing reactor
acts like a DC side current convertor.
The functions of smoothing reactor
Smoothens the ripple from DC current waveform.
Reduces the requirement of DC filters and AC
filters.
Reduces current transients, during sudden
changes in DC power flow.
Reduces steepness of voltage and current surges
approaching from DC line. Thereby the stresses on
convertor valve and valve surge arresters are
reduced.
Reduces rate of rise transient short-circuit
currents on DC side on valve side and on DC pole
side.
Limits the short-circuit currents in DC line poles.

Disadvantages and limitations of smoothing

reactors.
Reactor has additional losses.
The resonance frequency is reduced and current
stabilization control becomes difficult.
High stored energy causes high short-circuit
currents on DC side between pole bus and earth.
High inductance of smoothing reactor on DC side
results in slowing down of response of current

Basic Principle of Inductance, Smoothing Effect

Smoothing reactor functions are a pure inductance.
From the basic principles of electromagnetic field
theory a coil with a magnetic core has inductance L
given by flux linkage per unit current
The behaviour of smoothing reactor is that
of a high inductance coil.
This behaviour is characterised as:
Energy is stored in magnetic circuit of
inductance (L) whenever current (Id) is present

where Wm = stored energy is inductance of

reactor, Joule
L = Inductance of reactor, Henry
Id= Current in reactor, Amp.

Current Id in inductance of the reactor cannot

change instantaneously.
The current change takes finite time of the order of
a few micro-seconds or milliseconds.
Thereby steepness of current surges is reduced.
Smoothing reactor gives damping effect.
Under steady state DC, frequency (f) is zero, hence
inductive reactance XL = (2 fL) at steady DC
current is zero.
Under changing current condition the emf is
induced in the reactor coil given by

This emf opposes the rate of change of current

(di/dt).

Reactive Power Requirements of IIVDC Convertor

The HVDC converts AC Power to DC power.
On AC side, U and I are not in phase. Hence I has
quadrature component.
The
convertor
requires
reactive
Power
Compensation for satisfactory operation.
AC system supplies active Power P0 as well as some
reactive power Q0 to the convertor. However, this is
not enough.
Hence additional compensation is provided on AC
side of convertor by means of AC Filter Capacitors,
shunt capacitors, synchronous condensers, or Static
VAr Sources (SVS).

Reactive Power Compensation Consumption of

convertors vary mainly with the following:
Active power Pd (Q increases with P)
Delay angle of rectifier (and extinction angle
ofinverter). (Q increases with and )
Also the other conditions to be considered include
AC busbar voltage. DC Pole Voltage.
Reduction in DC voltage by increasing or
results in increased Q.
Conditions on AC network side with reference to
connected generator transmission lines etc.
which affect reactive power supplied by AC
network.
Commutating reactance of convertors
Mode of operation of HVDC system viz, monopolar, bipolar
Convertor characteristic (Pd/Q)

As a standard convention, we say, in AC Circuits

Inductive loads take (absorb) reactive power Q is
positive.
Capacitive loads give (supply) reactive power Q is
ngative.
Synchronous condensers or static VAr Sources
(SVS) supply or absorb reactive power depending
upon control-setting.
In AC circuit; the reactive loads include
transformers, reactors, AC machines, transmission
lines (series inductive reactance) etc. They absorb
reactive power (kVAr).
Synchronous Generators have limited capability to
supply reactive power requirements and therefore
the reactive power requirement is supplied
(compensated) by means of specially installed
capacitor banks.

The basic means of reactive power compensation

used in AC substations and on AC side of AC
substations are
1. AC shunt capacitors or/and,
2.AC Filter capacitors (for HVDC only)
3.
Synchronous
condenser
(synchronous
machine with over- excitation)
4. Static VAr sources (SVS). Thyristor controlled
or switched capacitors/reactors).
Synchronous condensers and SVS give variable,
stepless control of reactive power required for
dynamic compensation.
Synchronous condensers also provide additional
moment ofinertia and short- circuit level to the AC
Bus.

Reactive Power Requirements of HVDC Convertor

The HVDC converts AC Power to DC power. On AC
side, U and I are not in phase. Hence I has
quadrature component.
Hence
convertor
required
reactive
Power
Compensation for satisfactory operation. AC system
supplies active Power P as well as some reactive
power Q to the convertor.
However, this is not enough. Hence additional
compensation is provided on AC side of convertor
control reactive power automatically.
The compensation on AC side is provided by one or
more of the following means.

1.
2.
3.
4.

AC filter capacitors
AC shunt capacitors
Synchronous condensers
Static VAr sources (SVS).

Shunt compensation is also required for AC

transmission lines for voltage control.
Reactive Power Demand of convertors varies between
20 to 60% of active power flow.
Generally AC filter capacitors are arranged in
suitable switchable banks such that the requirements
of AC harmonic filters and reactive power
compensation on AC side
In case higher compensation is required additional
shunt capacitors are installed.
Synchronous condensers are used in special cases
where the AC busbars needs compensation of reactive
power as well as additional short-circuit level for
satisfactory convertor operation and rotating inertia
for improvement in dynamic stability.

Reactive Power Requirements In Steady State

The equations for the reactive power as a function of
the active power are conveniently expressed in terms
of per unit quantities.
The following per unit system is used for convenience.

Where nb is the number of bridges connected in

series.

The average DC voltage across a converter bridge is

given by

Where

The power factor is given by

The power and reactive power in per unit are given by

the following equations

For typical values of

variation of Qd versus Pd

the

Fig. 7.1 shows that Qd increases by about 60% at

the rated power.
This shows the importance of maintaining low firing
angles in steady state. However, too low values of
can result increased frequency of mode shifts
(transfer of current control from rectifier to inverter)
and too low values of can result in increased
incidence of the commutation failure.
The reactive power is also affected by the magnitude
of the AC voltage.
The reduction in V leads to increase in Qd
However, on-load tap changer can control V within
limits.
A 10% reduction of voltage from 1.0 p.u. To 0.9 p.u.
requires about 15% increased current at rated power,
which results in over 30% increase in the losses.

Alternate Control Strategies

The region of operation of a converter bridge is
bounded by the limits on the DC current and the firing
angle.
Neglecting the minimum current limit, the operating
region of a bridge in Pd-Qd plane is shown

This region is bounded by

(i) minimum characteristic
(ii) minimum characteristic
(iii) constant rated DC current.

The operation at constant DC voltage implies

constant power factor characteristic at the converter
bus, (if the valve side AC voltage is kept constant
through the action of the tap-changer).
At the rectifier, the characteristic is that of a load
with lagging power factor, while at the inverter, this
can be viewed as a generator with leading power
factor operation.
If there is no voltage support provided at the
converter bus, the stability limit is considerably
reduced.

From the phasor diagram

The power expression is given by

 It can be shown that the maximum power transfer

is obtained when
The maximum power (for = 300) is given by

It is to be noted that the provision of a shunt

capacitor (of susceptance, Bc) at the converter bus
results in the modification of the maximum power

For B = 3.0 p.u. B = 0.5 p.u., this results in an

increase of 20% in the maximum power
The above analysis shows that there is a need to
modify the reactive power characteristics of the
converter station by either
choice of the reactive power sources or
adjusting the converter control characteristics.
When the DC link involves long distance
transmission, the minimization of power losses in the
line dictates operation at constant DC voltage and
flexibility of converter operation is not feasible.

 The alternate converter control strategies can be

adopted. These are:
i) constant reactive power characteristic
ii) constant leading power factor characteristic

It is to be noted that by providing a constant reactive

power source of Qn at the converter bus, the
characteristic ab or ab results in unity power factor
operation of the converter.
Similarly, by providing a reactive source of 2 Qn, the
power factor angle is changed from to .
The expressions for the DC current and voltage for
the two characteristics are given by

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

SCHEDULE OF INSTRUCTIONS
UNIT PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

UNIT NO.: V
Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson
No.

Date

No. of
Periods

Topics / Sub - Topics

09/03/13 2

Modelling of DC link

15/03/13 2

P.U system for d.c quantities

16/03/13 2

Solution of AC- DC load flow

1.
2.
3.
References:

Objectives &
Outcomes
Nos.
3,4
5,6
3,4
5,6
3,4
5,6

References
(Text Book, Journal)
Page Nos.: ____to ____
2.Pg,no: 188191
2.Pg,no: 193194
2.Pg,no: 194196

1. EHV-AC, HVDC Transmission and Distribution Engineering - S.Rao

2. HVDC Power Transmission Systems - K.R. Padiyar

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Note:

1. ENSURE THAT ALL TOPICS SPECIFIED IN THE COURSE ARE MENTIONED.

2. ADDITIONAL TOPICS COVERED, IF ANY, MAY ALSO BE SPECIFIED IN BOLD
3. MENTION THE CORRESPONDING COURSE OBJECTIVE AND OUT COME NUMBERS AGAINST EACH TOPIC.

Power Flow Analysis in AC/DC

Systems

Power flow analysis is an essential component of

system studies carried out for planning, design and
operation of power systems.
The GaussSeidel method has given way to the use
of Newtons method which results in fast
convergence.
The computations are further simplified using fast
decoupled load flow method in which the
corrections to the bus voltage estimates are found
from solving the following equations

MODELLING OF DC LINKS
DC link
The DC network consisting of DC links, smoothing
reactors and converters can be viewed as a resistive
network excited by current or voltage sources in
steady state.
Depending on the series or shunt connections of
converters, it may be appropriate to consider loop
resistance or nodal conductance matrix.
The converters are not ideal sources, but are
described by the converter and controller equations.
The converters can be divided into either tree
branches or links. The equations describing the DC
network are:

where [g] is the matrix of element conductances

(diagonal),
vg and ig are the voltage and current vectors
corresponding to conductances.
IdL and IdT are currents through the converters that
are included in the links and the tree respectively.
VdL and VdT are the corresponding converter
voltages. BLg and BLT are the components of the
fundamental cutset matrix.

DC Converter

It is assumed that N converters can be put into m

groups such that for all the converters in a group, the
AC converter bus is identical.
Normally, all the converters in a station can be
grouped together.
The number of converters in ith group is ni. It is
obvious that

The voltage equation for the converter j in group is

Xcj is the leakage reactances of the transformer

referred to the secondary in ohms,
Npj and Nsj are the nominal turns of the primary and
the secondary windings,
Tj is the off-nominal turns ratio of the transformer,
Vbo is the base voltage at the converter bus and
E is the per unit AC voltage at the converter bus.
where

The power and reactive power injections into the AC

bus are

Where
It is to be noted that for an inverter station, both Vdj
and tanj are negative.
This results in P being positive while Q is negative.
For each converter, the extinction angle is obtained
from
Where j is the extinction angle of converter j.

Controller Equations
At each converter, the angle ( or ) and the
transformer tap (T) can be controlled directly within
limits to achieve
current control,
DC voltage control,
power control or
control of reactive power.
Generally, the angle control is continuous while the
tap changer control (which is mechanically operated)
is discrete.
Theoretically, if the taps are continuous and
unlimited, it is possible to control (in steady state)
the current! power or voltage/reactive power with the
tap changer control alone.

In a two terminal DC system, the tap changer at

the inverter is normally used to control the DC
voltage while the tap changer at the rectifier
controls the delay angle.
The discrete nature of the controller results in the
delay angle or DC voltage lying within narrow
bounds rather than at fixed values.
At a station, the converters may be series (or
parallel) connected and are fed from the same AC
bus.
In such cases, it is appropriate to specify the
total power at the station.
Although, usually each converter in a station
carries the same power, it is possible to have a
situation where the power is shared unequally by
different converters.

In such cases, the converter control will be used

to establish a certain proportion among voltage
or current in series or parallel connected
converters of a station.
This will result in the control equations of the
following type:

If the N converter DC system is connected to the

AC system at m stations (buses), it is obvious
that the power can be specified only at (m1)
stations at the most.

It is possible to have one of the control variables in

a converter (angle or tap) kept fixed, which will then
imply that only one variable can be specified.
Sometimes, instead of specifying the angle at
current (or power) controlled converters, it is usual
to specify a voltage margin (of usually 3%).
In this case, the following equation applies:

Solution of DC load flow

A simple approach to the load flow analysis of a

parallel connected (monopolar) multiterminal DC
system and which is also applicable for a two terminal
system is described below.
Choosing the last converter (by relabelling, if
necessary) as the reference converter with voltage
control, the voltage at the remaining converters is given
by

If power is specified at converter j, the initial estimate

of current at that converter is obtained from

It is assumed that Pdj is positive for the rectifier and

negative for the inverter.
The use of above equations iteratively, solves for Vd
and Id
If the tap limits are violated, then the voltage VdN has
to be rescheduled and the DC load flow solution
repeated.
The violation of the control angle may require mode
shift with the converter having the angle limit
violation taking over voltage control. This is indicated
when at a converter j,

The converter with the largest absolute value of dj is

set at voltage control with minimum angle control.

The concept of optimal power flow can also be

extended to the DC load flow where it can be
considered that the specifications for powers (and
reactive powers if any) at a converter station are set
by consideration of minimizing an objective function.
Assuming that the specifications are set by
optimization at a higher level, the solutions of power
flow equations can be viewed as the solution of the
following optimization problem.

Subject to the constraints

Theoretically, the optimization problem can be

complex as some of the control variables (transformer
taps) are discrete.
However, the solution of the optimization problem
can be simplified using iterative linear or quadratic
programming technique.
PER UNIT SYSTEM FOR DC QUANTITIES
In general, it is possible to choose independently the
base voltage and current in a converter as follows:
Base DC voltage (Vdb) = nominal (rated) value of DC
voltage per converter
Base DC current (Idb) = nominal (rated) value of
current.
If the converters are not identical, then, it is
necessary to choose a common base which may refer
to the largest converter.

The base resistance for a converter is then defined as

The voltage equation for a converter is then obtained

as

where Vd, Id and Rc are expressed in per unit.

It is to be noted that the AC voltage is always
expressed in p.u. Kv is defined as
If all the converters are identical, then it is
convenient to choose the base DC voltage such that

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

SCHEDULE OF INSTRUCTIONS
UNIT PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

UNIT NO.: VI
Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson
No.

Date

No. of
Periods

22/03/13 2
1.
23/03/13 2
2.
30/03/13 2
3.

Protection against over current and

overvoltage in converter station
Surge arrestors, Smoothing
Reactors

Objectives &
Outcomes
Nos.
6
7
6
7

DC Breakers, Corona effects on

DC lines

6
7

Topics / Sub - Topics

References
(Text Book, Journal)
Page Nos.: ____to ____
1. Pg.no: 387-389
2. Pg,no: 97-108
1. Pg.no: 395416,512-525
2. Pg,no: 110-113
1. Pg.no: 274278,842-845
2. Pg,no: 113118,122-126

References:
1. EHV-AC, HVDC Transmission and Distribution Engineering - S.Rao
2. HVDC Power Transmission Systems - K.R. Padiyar

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Note:

1. ENSURE THAT ALL TOPICS SPECIFIED IN THE COURSE ARE MENTIONED.

2. ADDITIONAL TOPICS COVERED, IF ANY, MAY ALSO BE SPECIFIED IN BOLD
3. MENTION THE CORRESPONDING COURSE OBJECTIVE AND OUT COME NUMBERS AGAINST EACH TOPIC.

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

SCHEDULE OF INSTRUCTIONS
UNIT PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

UNIT NO.: VII

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson
No.

Date

No. of
Periods

05/04/13 2
1.
05/04/13 2
2.
References:

Topics / Sub - Topics

Generation of Harmonics,
Characteristic harmonics
Calculation of AC Harmonics, Non
Characteristics harmonics

Objectives &
Outcomes
Nos.
5
6,7
5
6,7

References
(Text Book, Journal)
Page Nos.: ____to ____
1. Pg.no: 135-147
2. Pg,no: 145-147
1. Pg.no: 152-159
2. Pg,no: 147-149

3. EHV-AC, HVDC Transmission and Distribution Engineering - S.Rao

4. HVDC Power Transmission Systems - K.R. Padiyar

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Note:

1. ENSURE THAT ALL TOPICS SPECIFIED IN THE COURSE ARE MENTIONED.

2. ADDITIONAL TOPICS COVERED, IF ANY, MAY ALSO BE SPECIFIED IN BOLD
3. MENTION THE CORRESPONDING COURSE OBJECTIVE AND OUT COME NUMBERS AGAINST EACH TOPIC.

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

SCHEDULE OF INSTRUCTIONS
UNIT PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

UNIT NO.: VIII

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson
No.

Date

No. of
Periods

Topics / Sub - Topics

06/04/13 2

Types of AC filters

06/04/13 2

Design of Single tuned filters,

High pass filters

1.
2.
References:

Objectives &
Outcomes
Nos.
5
6,7
5
6,7

References
(Text Book, Journal)
Page Nos.: ____to ____
1. Pg.no: 178-181
2. Pg,no: 151
1. Pg.no: 181-190
2. Pg,no: 151-156

5. EHV-AC, HVDC Transmission and Distribution Engineering - S.Rao

6. HVDC Power Transmission Systems - K.R. Padiyar

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Note:

1. ENSURE THAT ALL TOPICS SPECIFIED IN THE COURSE ARE MENTIONED.

2. ADDITIONAL TOPICS COVERED, IF ANY, MAY ALSO BE SPECIFIED IN BOLD
3. MENTION THE CORRESPONDING COURSE OBJECTIVE AND OUT COME NUMBERS AGAINST EACH TOPIC.

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson No: 1

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson Title: Types of DC links

INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:
1. To deal with the importance of HVDC Transmission and HVDC Converters
2. To deal with power conversion between Ac to DC and DC to AC.

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: PPTs, White Board, LCD Projector, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about DC Links.
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: Explain briefly about different types of HVDC links. (Obj:1,2/Out:1,2)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson No: 2

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson Title: Apparatus required for HVDC systems

INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:
1. To deal with the importance of HVDC Transmission and HVDC Converters
2. To deal with power conversion between Ac to DC and DC to AC.

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: PPTs, White Board, LCD Projector, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about the apparatus required for HVDC systems.
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: Draw a schematic diagram of typical HVDC converter station and describe
the various components of the station. (Obj:1,2/Out:1,2)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson No: 3

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson Title: Comparison of AC and DC Transmission

INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:
1. To deal with the importance of HVDC Transmission and HVDC Converters
2. To deal with power conversion between Ac to DC and DC to AC.

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: PPTs, White Board, LCD Projector, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about comparision of AC and DC Transmission.
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: What is the need for interconnection of systems? Explain the merits of
connecting HVAC systems by HVDC tie -lines (Obj:1,2/Out:1,2)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson No: 4
Lesson Title: Applications of DC Transmission System
INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:

On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:

1. To deal with the importance of HVDC Transmission and HVDC Converters
2. To deal with power conversion between Ac to DC and DC to AC.

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: PPTs, White Board, LCD Projector, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about the applications of HVDC systems.
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: Explain the economic advantages of HVDC system. (Obj:1,2/Out:1,2)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson No: 5

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson Title: Choice of Converter Configuration

INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:
1. To deal with the importance of HVDC Transmission and HVDC Converters
2. To deal with power conversion between Ac to DC and DC to AC.

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: PPTs, White Board, LCD Projector, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about Choice of Converter Configuration.
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: What are the factors which help in deciding the number of pulse converters used
in a systems. Classify them as economic, technical and describe. (Obj: 1, 2/Out: 1, 2)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson No: 6
Lesson Title: Analysis of 6 pulse Graetz Circuit
INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:

On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:

1. To deal with the importance of HVDC Transmission and HVDC Converters
2. To deal with power conversion between Ac to DC and DC to AC.

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: PPTs, White Board, LCD Projector, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about Analysis of 6 pulse Graetz Circuit.
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: Obtain expression for the output voltage and direct current of a converter
working as a rectifier with delay angle `' and commutation angle `'. (Obj:1,2/Out:1,2)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson No: 7

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson Title: Analysis of 6 pulse Graetz Circuit

INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:
1. To deal with the importance of HVDC Transmission and HVDC Converters
2. To deal with power conversion between Ac to DC and DC to AC.

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: PPTs, White Board, LCD Projector, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about Analysis of 6 pulse Graetz Circuit.
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: With the help of neat sketches, analyze a six pulse rectifier bridge circuit with
an overlap angle greater than 600. Deduce the relevant equations and draw the necessary graphs.
(Obj:1,2/Out:1,2)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson No: 8

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson Title: Analysis of 6 pulse Graetz Circuit

INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:
1. To deal with the importance of HVDC Transmission and HVDC Converters
2. To deal with power conversion between Ac to DC and DC to AC.

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: PPTs, White Board, LCD Projector, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about Analysis of 6 pulse Graetz Circuit.
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: Sketch a timing diagram for a 3phase Graetz's circuit considering with and
without overlap angle less than 600. (Obj:1,2/Out:1,2)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson No: 9
Lesson Title: Analysis of 12 pulse Graetz Circuit
INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:

On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:

1. To deal with the importance of HVDC Transmission and HVDC Converters
2. To deal with power conversion between Ac to DC and DC to AC.

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: PPTs, White Board, LCD Projector, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about Analysis of 12 pulse Graetz Circuit.
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: What is the reason for using star-star and star-delta transformer configurations
for 12 pulse converter. Derive an equation for primary current using fourier analysis. (Obj:1,2/Out:1,2)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson No: 10

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson Title: Principle of DC link Control

INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:
1. To deal with the importance of HVDC Transmission and HVDC Converters
2. To deal with power conversion between Ac to DC and DC to AC.
3. To deal with firing angle of HVDC System

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: PPTs, White Board, LCD Projector, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about Principle of DC link Control.
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: Derive the mathematical model of d.c. link controllers of a d.c. link.
(Obj:1,2,3/Out:2,3,4)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson No: 11

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson Title: Converter control characteristics

INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:
1. To deal with the importance of HVDC Transmission and HVDC Converters
2. To deal with power conversion between Ac to DC and DC to AC.
3. To deal with firing angle of HVDC System

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: PPTs, White Board, LCD Projector, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about Converter control characteristics.
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: What are the basic characteristics of converter control? With the aid of V-I
characteristics, explain how power ow control is achieved? (Obj:1,2,3/Out:2,3,4)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson No: 12
Lesson Title: Converter control characteristics
INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:

On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:

1. To deal with the importance of HVDC Transmission and HVDC Converters
2. To deal with power conversion between Ac to DC and DC to AC.
3. To deal with firing angle of HVDC System

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: PPTs, White Board, LCD Projector, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about Principle of Converter control characteristics.
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: What are the desired features of control? Explain in detail. (Obj:1,2,3/Out:2,3,4)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson No: 13

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson Title: Firing angle control

INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:
1. To deal with the importance of HVDC Transmission and HVDC Converters
2. To deal with power conversion between Ac to DC and DC to AC.
3. To deal with firing angle of HVDC System

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: PPTs, White Board, LCD Projector, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about Firing angle control.
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: What is equivalent pulse control? What are the advantages of equivalent pulse
contur over individual phase control? (Obj:1,2,3/Out:2,3,4)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson No: 14

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson Title: Current and extinction angle control

INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:
1. To deal with the importance of HVDC Transmission and HVDC Converters
2. To deal with power conversion between Ac to DC and DC to AC.
3. To deal with firing angle of HVDC System

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: PPTs, White Board, LCD Projector, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about Current and extinction angle control.
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: What is the necessity of having constant ignition angle, constant current and
constant extinction angle controllers at each converter station? (Obj:1,2,3/Out:2,3,4)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson No: 15

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson Title: Effect of source inductance on the system, Starting and stopping of DC link
INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:
1. To deal with the importance of HVDC Transmission and HVDC Converters
2. To deal with power conversion between Ac to DC and DC to AC.
3. To deal with firing angle of HVDC System

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: PPTs, White Board, LCD Projector, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about Effect of source inductance on the system, Starting and
stopping of DC link.
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: Explain the working of working basic power controller using VDCOL (Voltage
Dependent Current Order Limiter). (Obj:1,2,3/Out:2,3,4)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson No: 16

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson Title: Reactive power requirements in steady state, Conventional Control Strategies
INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:
1. To deal with firing angle of HVDC System.
2. To deal with Reactive power control of HVDC system

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: PPTs, White Board, LCD Projector, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about Reactive power requirements in steady state, Conventional
Control Strategies.
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: What is meant by Reactive power control and also give different sources of
reactive power. (Obj:3,4/Out:4,5)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson No: 17

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson Title: Alternate Control Strategies

INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:
1. To deal with firing angle of HVDC System.
2. To deal with Reactive power control of HVDC system

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: PPTs, White Board, LCD Projector, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about Alternate Control Strategies
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: Write a note on Alternate control strategies. (Obj:3,4/Out:4,5)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson No: 18

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson Title: Sources of Reactive power

INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:
1. To deal with firing angle of HVDC System.
2. To deal with Reactive power control of HVDC system

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: PPTs, White Board, LCD Projector, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about Sources of Reactive power
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: Give different sources of reactive power. (Obj:3,4/Out:4,5)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson No: 19

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson Title: Modelling of DC link

INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:
1. To deal with firing angle of HVDC System.
2. To deal with Reactive power control of HVDC system

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: PPTs, White Board, LCD Projector, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about Modelling of DC link.
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: Explain by means of a schematic diagram and with theortical expression, how
power ow through HVDC link, is controlled? (Obj:3,4/Out:4,5)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson No: 20

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson Title: P.U system for d.c quantities

INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:
1. To deal with firing angle of HVDC System.
2. To deal with Reactive power control of HVDC system

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: PPTs, White Board, LCD Projector, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about P.U system for d.c quantities.
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: Write a short notes on:

(a) Modeling of H.V.D.C. links
(b) P.U. system for d.c. quantities. (Obj:3,4/Out:4,5)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson No: 21
Lesson Title: Solution of AC- DC load flow
INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:

On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:

1. To deal with firing angle of HVDC System.
2. To deal with Reactive power control of HVDC system

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: PPTs, White Board, LCD Projector, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about Solution of AC- DC load flow.
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: What do you understand by a load flow? Is the load flow chart different for a DC
Load flow as compared to AC load flow? (Obj:3,4/Out:4,5)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson No: 22

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson Title: Protection against over current and overvoltage in converter station
INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:
1. To deal with the protection of HVDC system

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: White Board, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about Protection against over current and overvoltage in converter
station.
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: What are the basic principles of over current protection. (Obj:6/Out:7)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson No: 23

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson Title: Surge arrestors, Smoothing Reactors

INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:
1. To deal with the protection of HVDC system

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: White Board, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about Surge arrestors, Smoothing Reactors.
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: Give the necessity of smoothing reactor in a HVDC system and list out main
functions of it. (Obj:6/Out:7)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson No: 24
Lesson Title: DC Breakers, Corona effects on DC lines
INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:

On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:

1. To deal with the protection of HVDC system

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: White Board, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about DC Breakers, Corona effects on DC lines
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: How is the effect of corona neglected in a HVDC system? Compare this with
corona effect of a HVDC system. (Obj:6/Out:7)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson No: 25

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson Title: Generation of Harmonics, Characteristic harmonics

INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:
1. To deal with Power factor improvement of HVDC system

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: White Board, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about Generation of Harmonics, Characteristic harmonics
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: Why are harmonics generated in HVDC converter and what are the problems associated with the harmonics. Suggest some remedial measures. (Obj:5/Out:6, 7)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson No: 26

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson Title: Calculation of AC Harmonics, Non Characteristics harmonics

INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:
1. To deal with Power factor improvement of HVDC system

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: White Board, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about Calculation of AC Harmonics, Non Characteristics harmonics
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: How is Total Harmonic Distortion estimated in a circuit? Explain the relevance
of THD to a HVDC system. (Obj:5/Out:6, 7)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson No: 27

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson Title: Types of AC filters

INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:
1. To deal with Power factor improvement of HVDC system

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: White Board, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about Types of AC filters
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: What are the various types of _lters that are employed in HVDC converter
station? Discuss them in detail. (Obj:5/Out:6, 7)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

LESSON PLAN
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC Transmission

Course Code: 58008

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI

Dept.: EEE

Designation: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.

Lesson No: 28

Duration of Lesson: 1hr 30 Minutes

Lesson Title: Design of Single tuned filters, High pass filters

INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:
1. To deal with Power factor improvement of HVDC system

TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING POINTS

: White Board, Marker

:

5 min.: Taking attendance

10 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.
70 min.: Explain in detail about Design of Single tuned filters, High pass filters
5 min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: Compare the schematics of a low pass filter and a high pass filter. What are the
key elements common features and the dissimilarities. (Obj:5/Out:6, 7)

Signature of faculty

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

ASSIGNMENT SHEET 1
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

Date: 29.12.12.

II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV Year:

Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI
Designation

Dept.: EEE

: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

This Assignment corresponds to Unit No. I

Q1. Explain briefly about different types of HVDC links

Q2. What is the need for interconnection of systems? Explain the merits of connecting HVAC systems by
HVDC tie -lines
Q3. Explain the economic advantages of HVDC system
Q4. Draw a schematic diagram
the various components of the station.

of

typical

HVDC

converter

station

and

describe

Please write the Questions / Problems / Exercises which you would like to give to the students and also
mention the Objectives/Outcomes to which these Questions / Problems / Exercises are related.
Objective Nos.: 1,2
Outcome Nos.: 1,2

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

ASSIGNMENT SHEET 2
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

Date: 25.01.13

II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV Year:

Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI
Designation

Dept.: EEE

: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

This Assignment corresponds to Unit No. II

Q1. Draw a schematic of a 6 pulse converter circuit and derive from fundamentals, the expression for
voltage and currents for the operation of converter as a rectifier and inverter with relevant waveforms.
Q2. Sketch a timing diagram for a 3phase Graetz's circuit considering with and without overlap angle less
than 600.

Q3. Draw the equivalent circuits of both recti_er and inverter.

Please write the Questions / Problems / Exercises which you would like to give to the students and also
mention the Objectives/Outcomes to which these Questions / Problems / Exercises are related.
Objective Nos.: 1,2.

Outcome Nos.: 1,2

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

ASSIGNMENT SHEET 3
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

Date:22.02.13.

: I / II

Name of the Program: B.Tech

IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI
Designation

Dept.:EEE

: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

This Assignment corresponds to Unit No. III

Q1. Discuss the effect of source inductance on the HVDC converter system performance.
Q2. Explain in detail the converter control characteristics of a HVDC systems.
Q3. Explain the drawbacks in Individual phase control and equidistant pulse control schemes used in
HVDC projects.
Q4. Write short notes on the following
a) Constant Alpha control
b) Inverse cosine control

Please write the Questions / Problems / Exercises which you would like to give to the students and also
mention the Objectives/Outcomes to which these Questions / Problems / Exercises are related.
Objective Nos.: 1,2,3
Outcome Nos.: 2,3,4

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

ASSIGNMENT SHEET 4
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

Date: 08.03.13

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION
Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI
Designation

Dept.:EEE

: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

This Assignment corresponds to Unit No. IV

Q1. What are the alternate reactive power control strategies?
Q2. Discuss the various sources of reactive power for HVDC converters.
Q3. Explain in detail , the concept of reactive power requirement in HVDC converters.

Please write the Questions / Problems / Exercises which you would like to give to the students and also
mention the Objectives/Outcomes to which these Questions / Problems / Exercises are related.
Objective Nos.:.3,4
Outcome Nos.: 4,5

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

ASSIGNMENT SHEET 5
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

Date:16.03.13.

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION
Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI
Designation

Dept.:EEE.

: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

This Assignment corresponds to Unit No. V

Q1. What is the condition for minimum reactive power requirement of a DC link
under normal conditions?
Q2. Classify the solution methodology for AC-DC load flow and explain
Q3. Explain the per unit system for DC quantities.

Please write the Questions / Problems / Exercises which you would like to give to the students and also
mention the Objectives/Outcomes to which these Questions / Problems / Exercises are related.
Objective Nos.: 3,4

Outcome Nos.: 5,6

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

ASSIGNMENT SHEET 6
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

Date: 30.03.13.

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION
Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI
Designation

Dept.:EEE

: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

This Assignment corresponds to Unit No. VI

Q1. Classify the faults on a converter
Q2. Write a brief note on short circuits in a converter.
Q3. Explain the difference between the A.C. circuit breaker and H.V.D.C. circuit breaker.
Q4. Explain the causes of over voltages on D.C. side of H.V.D.C converter.

Please write the Questions / Problems / Exercises which you would like to give to the students and also
mention the Objectives/Outcomes to which these Questions / Problems / Exercises are related.
Objective Nos.: 6

Outcome Nos.: 7

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

ASSIGNMENT SHEET 7
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

Date: 05.04.13.

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION
Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI
Designation

Dept.:EEE.

: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

This Assignment corresponds to Unit No. VII

Q1. Derive the expression for a total harmonic distortion in a 12 pulse converter.
Q2. How the voltage and current harmonics are calculated.
Q3. Explain in detail the non characteristic harmonics

Please write the Questions / Problems / Exercises which you would like to give to the students and also
mention the Objectives/Outcomes to which these Questions / Problems / Exercises are related.
Objective Nos.: 5

Outcome Nos.: 6,7

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

ASSIGNMENT SHEET 8
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

Date: 06.04.13

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV Year: .. Section: A / B /C /D

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION
Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI
Designation

Dept.:EEE.

: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

This Assignment corresponds to Unit No. / Lesson .

Q1. How do you design a single tuned filter? Explain the precantions taken while
designing.

Q2. Mention the configurations and impedance characteristics of various types of filters. Give design
aspects of single tuned filter.

Please write the Questions / Problems / Exercises which you would like to give to the students and also
mention the Objectives/Outcomes to which these Questions / Problems / Exercises are related.
Objective Nos.: 5

Outcome Nos.: 6,7

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

TUTORIAL SHEET - 1
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

Date: 29.12.12.

II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV Year:

Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI
Designation

Dept.: EEE

: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

This Tutorial corresponds to Unit No. I

Q1. What is the need of interconnection of systems?
Q2. Explain the merits of connecting HVAC systems by HVDC tie-lines?
Q3. Discuss the relative merits and demerits of using E.H.V.A.C transmission and
HVDC transmission for bulk power transmission over long distances.
Please write the Questions / Problems / Exercises which you would like to give to the students and also
mention the Objectives/Outcomes to which these Questions / Problems / Exercises are related.
Objective Nos.: 1,2
Outcome Nos.: 1,2

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

TUTORIAL SHEET - 2
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

Date: 25.01.13

II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV Year:

Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI
Designation

Dept.: EEE

: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

This Tutorial corresponds to Unit No. II

Q1. With the help of neat sketches, analyze a six pulse recti_er bridge circuit with
an overlap angle greater than 600. Deduce the relevant equations and draw the necessary graphs.

Q2 . With the help of neat sketches, analyze a six pulse recti_er bridge circuit with an
overlap angle less than 600. Deduce the relevant equations and draw the necessary
graphs.

Please write the Questions / Problems / Exercises which you would like to give to the students and also
mention the Objectives/Outcomes to which these Questions / Problems / Exercises are related.
Objective Nos.: 1,2
Outcome Nos.: 1,2

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

TUTORIAL SHEET - 3
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

Date: 22.02.13

II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV Year:

Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI
Designation

Dept.: EEE

: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

This Tutorial corresponds to Unit No. III

Q1. What are the limitations of manual control of a DC line operation?
Q2. Name the different types of Equidistant pulse control and explain them in
detail.
Q3. Distinguish between constant voltage and constant current controls.
Please write the Questions / Problems / Exercises which you would like to give to the students and also
mention the Objectives/Outcomes to which these Questions / Problems / Exercises are related.
Objective Nos.: 1,2,3
Outcome Nos.: 2,3,4

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

TUTORIAL SHEET - 4
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

Date: 08.03.13.

II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV Year:

Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI
Designation

Dept.: EEE

: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

This Tutorial corresponds to Unit No. IV

Q1. With a neat sketch, explain about Thyristor Switched Capacitor.
Q2. What is a Static VAR system? How many types of SVS schemes are present
and what are they?
Q3. Discuss the relative features of di_erent reactive power control schemes in
HVAC and HVDC systems.

Please write the Questions / Problems / Exercises which you would like to give to the students and also
mention the Objectives/Outcomes to which these Questions / Problems / Exercises are related.
Objective Nos.:.3,4
Outcome Nos.: 4,5

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

TUTORIAL SHEET - 5
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

Date: 16.03.13.

II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV Year:

Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI
Designation

Dept.: EEE

: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

This Tutorial corresponds to Unit No. V

Q1. Write a short notes on:
(a) Modeling of H.V.D.C. links
(b) P.U. system for d.c. quantities.
Q2. Compare simultaneous and sequential methods of power flow analysis.
Q3. Draw the flow chart for AC/DC load flow.

Please write the Questions / Problems / Exercises which you would like to give to the students and also
mention the Objectives/Outcomes to which these Questions / Problems / Exercises are related.
Objective Nos.: 3,4
Outcome Nos.: 5,6

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

TUTORIAL SHEET - 6
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

Date: 30.03.13.

II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV Year:

Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI
Designation

Dept.: EEE

: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

This Tutorial corresponds to Unit No. VI

Q1. Explain the effects of single commutation failure in converter.
Q2. Explain briefly the factors on which recovery from a commutation failure depends.
Q3. Explain the fault clearing process in H.V.D.C. poles. Explain how are the
H.V.D.C.equipment protected against prolonged short circuit currents though
there is no H.V.D.C. circuit breaker on H.V.D.C. pole side.

Please write the Questions / Problems / Exercises which you would like to give to the students and also
mention the Objectives/Outcomes to which these Questions / Problems / Exercises are related.
Objective Nos.: 6
Outcome Nos.: 7

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

TUTORIAL SHEET - 7
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

Date: 05.04.13.

II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV Year:

Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI
Designation

Dept.: EEE

: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

This Tutorial corresponds to Unit No. VII

Q1. What are the various sources of harmonics generation in a HVDC line? Describe
how a double tuned filter can be designed for a HVDC system.

Q2. How is Total Harmonic Distortion estimated in a circuit? Explain the relevance of
THD to a HVDC system.

Q3. Explain the effect of firing angle errors on non characteristic harmonics.

Please write the Questions / Problems / Exercises which you would like to give to the students and also
mention the Objectives/Outcomes to which these Questions / Problems / Exercises are related.
Objective Nos.: 5
Outcome Nos.: 6,7

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

TUTORIAL SHEET - 8
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

Date: 06.04.13.

II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV Year:

Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI
Designation

Dept.: EEE

: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

This Tutorial corresponds to Unit No. VIII

Q1. What are the various types of filters that are employed in HVDC converter station?
Discuss them in detail.
Q2. Draw the loci of Network impedance and filter impedance and analyze the impact
of network impendence or admittance on the design of single tuned filter.
Please write the Questions / Problems / Exercises which you would like to give to the students and also
mention the Objectives/Outcomes to which these Questions / Problems / Exercises are related.
Objective Nos.: 5
Outcome Nos.: 6,7

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)

Bachupally, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 090, A.P., India. (040) 6686 4440

EVALUATION STRATEGY
Academic Year

: 2012-2013

Semester

: II

Name of the Program: B.Tech IV

Year: .. Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Name of the Faculty: J.SRIDEVI
Designation

Dept.:EEE

: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

1. TARGET:
A) Percentage for pass: 100
b) Percentage of class: 95
2. COURSE PLAN & CONTENT DELIVERY

PPT presentation of the Lectures

Solving exercise problems

Model questions

3. METHOD OF EVALUATION

3.1

Continuous Assessment Examinations (CAE-I, CAE-II)

3.2

Assignments/Seminars

3.3

Mini Projects

3.4

Quiz

3.5

Semester/End Examination

3.6

Others

Signature of HOD

Signature of faculty

Date:

Date:

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

RESULT ANALYSIS
Name of the Program: B.Tech IV Year

Section: A / B

Course/Subject: HVDC TRANSMISSION

Academic
Year

2012-2013

Subject

HVDC

Total
No. of
students
appeared

No. of
student
s

126

126

No. of
students
failed
00

< 60

60 to
70

> 70

Pass
percenta
ge

16

43

67

100%

passed

This is an Elective subject. In 2010-11,2011-12 we have not taken as an elective subject.

2007-2008

HVDC

64

53

11

43

09

01

82.81