Module3/Lesson2

3.2.4 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

Example 3.1
A sheet of metal is deformed uniformly in its own plane that the strain components
related to a set of axes xy are

x = -20010-6
y = 100010-6
xy = 90010-6
(a) Find the strain components associated with a set of axes x y inclined at an angle of
30o clockwise to the x y set as shown in the Figure 3.5. Also find the principal
strains and the direction of the axes on which they act.

y
300

300

x
Figure 3.5

Solution: (a)
The transformation equations for strains similar to that for stresses can be written as below:

x =
y =

x y
2

x y
2

+
-

x y
2

x y
2

cos2 +
cos2 -

xy
2

xy
2

sin2
sin2

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x'y'
x y
=
2
2

xy

sin2 +
cos2
2

Using Equation (3.19), we find

450
0
2 = tan-1
= 36.8
600
Radius of Mohrs circle = R =

(600 ) 2 (450 ) 2 = 750

Therefore,

x = 400 10 6 750 10 6 cos60 0 36.80

= 290 10 6

y = 400 10 6 750 10 6 cos60 0 36.80

1090 10 6
Because point x lies above the axis and point y below axis, the shear strain xy is
negative.
Therefore,

x'y'
= 750 10 6 sin 60 0 36.80
2
295 10 6
hence, xy = 590 10 6
Solution: (b)
From the Mohrs circle of strain, the Principal strains are

1 1150 10 6
2 350 10 6

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Figure 3.6 Construction of Mohrs strain circle

The directions of the principal axes of strain are shown in figure below.

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Figure 3.7

Example 3.2
By means of strain rosette, the following strains were recorded during the test on a
structural member.

0 13 10 6 mm / mm, 45 7.5 10 6 mm / mm, 90 13 10 6 mm / mm

Determine (a) magnitude of principal strains
(b) Orientation of principal planes
Solution: (a) We have for a rectangular strain rosette the following:

x 0

y 90

xy 2 45 0 90

Substituting the values in the above relations, we get

x 13 10 6

y 13 10 6

xy 2 7.5 10 6 12 10 6 13 10 6

xy 15 10 6

The principal strains can be determined from the following relation.

x y
2

1

x y 2 xy2
2

13 13 6 1
13 1310 6 2 15 10 6 2
max or min
10
2
2

max or min 15 10 6

max or min

Hence max 15 10 6 and min 15 10 6

(b) The orientation of the principal strains can be obtained from the following relation

tan 2

xy
x y

15 10 6
13 1310 6
tan 2 0.577
2 150 0
75 0

Hence the directions of the principal planes are 1 75 0 and 2 165 0

Example 3.3
Data taken from a 450 strain rosette reads as follows:
0 750 micrometres/m

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45 110 micrometres/m
90 210 micrometres/m
Find the magnitudes and directions of principal strains.
Solution: Given 0 750 10 6

45 110 10 6
90 210 10 6
Now, for a rectangular rosette,

x 0 750 10 6

y 90 210 10 6
xy 2 45 0 90

2 110 10 6 750 10 6 210 10 6

xy 1180 10 6
The magnitudes of principal strains are
x y
2

max or min
i.e.,

1

2

y xy2
2

750 210 6 1
10
2
2

max or min

480 10 6

750 210 10 1180 10

6 2

6 2

1
1297 .7 10 6
2

480 10 6 648 .85 10 6

max 1 1128 .85 10 6

min 2 168.85 10 6
The directions of the principal strains are given by the relation

tan 2

xy
x y

tan 2

1180 10 6
2.185
750 210 10 6

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2 114 .6 0

1 57.30 and 2 147.30

Example 3.4
If the displacement field in a body is specified as u x 2 3 10 3 , v 3 y 2 z 10 3 and

w x 3z 10 3 , determine the strain components at a point whose coordinates

are (1,2,3)
Solution: From Equation (3.3), we have

u
2 x 10 3 ,
x

v
6 yz 10 3 ,
y

w
3 10 3
z

xy x 2 3 10 3 3 y 2 z 10 3
x
y

xy 0

yz 3 y 2 z 10 3 x 3z 10 3
y
z

yz 3 y 2 10 3

and zx x 3z 10 3
x 2 3 10 3
z
x

zx 1 10 3
Therefore at point (1, 2, 3), we get

x 2 10 3 , y 6 2 3 10 3 36 10 3 , z 3 10 3 ,
xy 0, yz 12 10 3 , zx 1 10 3
Example 3.5
The strain components at a point with respect to x y z co-ordinate system are

x 0.10, y 0.20, z 0.30, xy yz xz 0.160

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If the coordinate axes are rotated about the z-axis through 450 in the anticlockwise
direction, determine the new strain components.
Solution: Direction cosines

x
x

y
1

1
2

z
Here l1

2
1

1
2

0
1

2
2
1
1
l2
, m2
,
2
2
l3 0, m3 0, n3 1

m1

z ( Z )

n1 0

45

n2 0

x
x

Now, we have,

Figure 3.8

a aT
1
2

a 1
2

0.127
0.014
0.08

0
0.1 0.08 0.08
0 0.08 0.2 0.08

0
.
08
0
.
08
0
.
3

0.198 0.113
0.085
0
0.08
0.3
1
1

2 2 0
0.127 0.198 0.113

1
0.014 0.085 0 1
0
2
2

0.08
0.3 0
0.08
0
1

1
2
1
2
0

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0.23 0.05 0.113

0.05 0.07 0
0.113 0.3
0.3
Therefore, the new strain components are

x 0.23, y 0.07, z 0.3

1
xy 0.05 or xy 0.05 2 0.1
2

yz 0, zx 0.113 2 0.226
Example 3.6
The components of strain at a point in a body are as follows:

x 0.1, y 0.05, z 0.05, xy 0.3, yz 0.1, xz 0.08

Determine the principal strains and the principal directions.
Solution: The strain tensor is given by

ij xy
2
xz

xy
2

y
yz
2

xz

2 0.1
0.15 0.04
yz
0.15 0.05 0.05

0
.
04
0
.
05
0
.
05

The invariants of strain tensor are

J 1 x y z 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.1

J 2 x y y z z x

1 2
xy 2 yz 2 zx
4

0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1

J 2 0.0291
J 3 0.1 0.05 0.05

1
0.32 0.12 0.082
4

1
0.30.1(0.08) 0.1 (0.1) 2 0.05 (0.08) 2 0.05 (0.3) 2
4

J 3 0.002145
The cubic equation is
3 0.1 2 0.0291 0.002145 0

(i)

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Now cos 3 4 cos3 3 cos

Or cos3

3
1
cos cos 3 0
4
4

Let r cos
= r cos

(ii)

J1
3

0.1
3

r cos 0.033
(i) can be written as

r cos 0.033 3 0.1r cos 0.033 2 0.0291r cos 0.033 0.002145 0

r cos 0.033 r cos 0.033 2 0.1r cos 0.033 2 0.0291r cos
0.00096 0.002145 0

r cos 0.033 r 2 cos2 0.067 r cos 0.00109

0.1 r 2 cos2 0.067 r cos 0.00109 0.0291r cos 0.00096 0.002145 0

r 3 cos3 0.067 r 2 cos2 0.00109 r cos 0.033 r 2 cos2 0.0022 r cos
0.000036 0.1r 2 cos2 0.0067 r cos 0.000109 0.0291r cos 0.00096
0.002145 0
i.e., r 3 cos3 0.03251 r cos 0.00112 0
or cos3

0.03251
0.00112
cos
0
2
3
r
r

(iii)

Hence Equations (ii) and (iii) are identical if

0.03251 3

r2
4
4 0.03251
i.e., r
0.2082
3
cos 3 0.00112

and
4
r3
4 0.00112
or cos 3
0.496 0.5
0.2082 3

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60
20 0
3
3 140 0

or 1

3 60 0

2 100 0
1 r1 cos1

J1
3

0.2082 cos 20 0

1 0.228

0.1
3

J1
0.1
0.2082 cos100 0
0.0031
3
3
J
0.1
3 r3 cos 3 1 0.2082 cos140 0
0.126
3
3

2 r2 cos 2

To find principal directions

(a) Principal direction for 1

0.15
0.04
0.1 1
0.15
0.05 1
0.05

0.04
0.05 1
0.05
0.15
0.04
0.1 0.228

0.05 0.228

0.15
0.05

0.04
0.05 0.228
0.05

0.15
0.04
0.128

0.15
0.278
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.178
Now, A1

0.278

0.05

0.05

0.178

0.278 0.178 0.05 0.05

A1 0.046984
B1

0.15

0.05

0.04 0.178

0.15 0.178 0.05 0.04

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B1 0.0247
C1

0.15

0.278

0.04

0.05

0.15 0.05 0.278 0.04

C1 0.00362
2

A1 B1 C1

0.046984 2 0.0247 2 0.00362 2

= 0.0532

A1

l1

A1 B1 C1

m1
n1

B1
2

A1 B1 C1
C1
2

A1 B1 C1

0.046984
0.883
0.0532

0.0247
0.464
0.0532

0.00362
0.068
0.0532

Similarly, the principal directions for 2 can be determined as follows:

0.1 0.0031

0.15

0.04

0.15

0.05 0.0031
0.05

0.04

0.05

0.05 0.0031

0.15
0.04
0.1031
0.15 0.0469 0.05
0.04
0.05
0.0531
0.0469 0.05
A2
0.00249 0.0025 0.00499
0.05
0.0531
B2
C2

0.15

0.05

0.04 0.0531

(0.007965 0.002 ) 0.009965

0.15

0.0469

0.04

0.05

Now,

l2

0.0075 0.00188 0.00562

0.00499 2 0.009965 2 0.00562 2

A2 B2 C 2

A2
A22 B22 C 22

0.0125

0.00499
0.399
0.0125

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B2

m2

A B C
2
2

2
2

2
2

C2

n2

A22 B22 C 22

0.009965
0.797
0.0125

0.00562
0.450
0.0125

And for 3 0.126

0.1 0.126
0.15

0.15
0.05 0.126

0.04

0.05

0.04

0.05

Now, A3

C3
Now,

l3

m3
n3

0.05 0.126

0.15 0.04
0.076 0.05

0.226
0.15

B3

0.04
0.05

0.176

0.076

0.05

0.05

0.176

0.15

0.05

0.04 0.176
0.15

0.076

0.04

0.05

0.0134 0.0025 0.0109

(0.0264 0.002 ) 0.0284

0.0075 0.00304 0.01054

0.0109 2 0.0284 2 0.01054 2

A3 B3 C3

A3
A B C
2
3

2
3

2
3

B3
A32 B32 C32
C3
A32 B32 C32

0.0109
0.338
0.0322

0.0284
0.882
0.0322

0.01054
0.327
0.0322

0.0322

Example 3.7
The displacement components in a strained body are as follows:

u 0.01xy 0.02 y 2 , v 0.02 x 2 0.01z 3 y, w 0.01xy 2 0.05 z 2

Determine the strain matrix at the point P (3,2, -5)
Solution: x

u
0.01 y
x

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v
0.01z 3
y
w
z
0.1z
z
v u
xy
0.04 x 0.01x 0.04 y
x y
w v
yz

0.02 xy 0.03 z 2 y
y z
u w
zx

0 0.01 y 2
z x
At point P (3, 2, -5), the strain components are
x 0.02, y 1.25, z 0.5

xy 0.23, yz 1.62, zx 0.04

Now, the strain tensor is given by

1
1

xy
xz
x
2
2
1
1
ij yx y
yz
2
2
1
1
zy
z
zx
2

2
Strain matrix becomes
0.02 0.115 0.02
ij 0.115 1.25 0.81
0.02
0.81 0.50
Example 3.8
The strain tensor at a point in a body is given by

0.0001 0.0002 0.0005

ij 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004
0.0005 0.0004 0.0005
Determine (a) octahedral normal and shearing strains. (b) Deviator and Spherical
strain tensors.
Solution: For the octahedral plane, the direction cosines are l m n

1
3

(a) octahedral normal strain is given by

n oct x l 2 y m 2 z n 2 2 xy lm yz mn zx nl

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Here xy

1
xy ,
2

1
2

1
2

yz yz and zx zx
2

1
1
1
n oct 0.0001
0.0003
0.0005

3
3
3

1
1
1
20.0002 0.0004 0.0005
3
3
3

n oct 0.001
Octahedral Shearing Strain is given by
2
2
oct 2 R oct
n oct

where R oct = Resultant strain on octahedral plane

R oct

1
x xy xz 2 xy y yz 2 xz yz y 2
3

1
0.0001 0.0002 0.0005 2 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 2 0.0005 0.0004 0.0005 2
3

R oct 0.001066
oct 2 0.00106 0.001
2

oct 0.000739
(b) Deviator and Spherical strain tensors.
Here Mean Strain = m

x y z

3
0.0001 0.0003 0.0005

m 0.0003

0.0002
0.0001 0.0003

0.0003 0.0003
0.0002
Deviator Strain tensor =

0.0005
0.0004
0.0002 0.0002 0.0005
E 0.0002
0
0.0004
i.e.,
0.0005 0.0004 0.0002

0.0005 0.0003
0.0005
0.0004

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0
m 0

and spherical strain tensor = E 0 m 0

0
0 m
0
0
0.0003

i.e.,
E 0
0.0003
0
0
0
0.0003

Example 3.9
The components of strain at a point in a body are as follows:

x c1 z x 2 y 2
y x2 z
xy 2c 2 xyz
where c1 and c2 are constants. Check whether the strain field is compatible one?
Solution: For the compatibility condition of the strain field, the system of strains must
satisfy the compatibility equations
2
2
2 x y xy

i.e.,
xy
y 2
x 2

Now, using the given strain field,

x
2 x
2c1 yz ,
2c1 z
y
y 2
y
2 y
2 xz ,
2z
x
x 2
xy
2 xy
2c2 yz ,
2c2 z
x
xy
2
2 xy
2 x y
2
2c1 z 2 z 2 z 1 c1 and
2c2 z
y
x 2
xy
2
2
2 x y xy

Since
, the strain field is not compatible.
xy
y 2
x 2
Example 3.10
Under what conditions are the following expressions for the components of strain at a
point compatible?

x 2axy 2 by 2 2cxy

y ax 2 bx

xy x 2 y xy ax 2 y

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Solution: For compatibility, the strain components must satisfy the compatibility equation.
2
2
2 x y xy
i.e.,

y 2
x 2
xy

or

(i)

2
2
2 x y xy

0
y 2
x 2
xy

(ii)

Now, x 2axy 2 by 2 2cxy

x
4axy 2by 2cx
y

2 x
4ax 2b
y 2

y ax 2 bx
y
x

2 y
x 2

2ax b

2a

xy x 2 y xy ax 2 y
xy
x

2 xy
xy

2xy y 2ax

2x

(i) becomes
4ax 2b 2a 2x

4ax 2a b 2x
4ax 2x
or 2a
and 2a b

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Example 3.11
For the given displacement field

u c x 2 2x
v c 4x 2 y 2 z
w 4cz 2
where c is a very small constant, determine the strain at (2,1,3), in the direction
1 1
,
0,
2 2

u
v u
2cx, xy

4c 0 4c
x
x y
v
w v
y
4cy , yz

0c c
y
y z
w
u w
z
8cz , zx

2c 0 2c
z
z x
At point (2,1,3),
x 2c 2 4c, xy 4c
Solution: x

y 4c 1 4c, yz c

z 8c 3 24c, zx 2c
The Resultant strain in the direction l 0, m

1
1
, n
is given by
2
2

r x l 2 y m 2 z n 2 xy lm yz mn zx nl
2

1
1
1 1
0 4c
24 c
4c0 c

2c0
2
2 2

r 13.5 c
Example 3.12
The strain components at a point are given by

x 0.01, y 0.02, z 0.03, xy 0.015, yz 0.02, xz 0.01

Determine the normal and shearing strains on the octahedral plane.

Solution: An octahedral plane is one which is inclined equally to the three principal
co-ordinates. Its direction cosines are

1 1 1
,
,
3 3 3

Now, the normal strain on the octahedral plane is

n oct x l 2 y m 2 z n 2 xy lm yz mn zx nl

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1
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.015 0.02 0.01
3
0.015

n oct

The strain tensor can be written as

xy

xz

xy
y
yz

0.015
0.01

0.01

2
2 0.01
xz
0.0075 0.005

0
.
015
0
.
02
0.0075 0.02
yz
0.02
0.01
2
2
z 0.01 0.02
0.03
0.005 0.01

0
.
03

2
2

Now, the resultant strain on the octahedral plane is given by

R oct

1
x xy xz 2 xy y yz 2 xz yz z 2
3

1
0.01 0.0075 0.005 2 0.0075 0.02 0.012 0.005 0.01 0.032
3
0.0004625
R oct 0.0215

and octahedral shearing strain is given by

S oct 2 R 2 n 2
S oct 0.031

2 0.0215 0.015

Example 3.13
The displacement field is given by

u K x 2 2z , v K 4x 2 y 2 z , w 4Kz 2
where K is a very small constant. What are the strains at (2,2,3) in directions
1
1
(a) l 0, m
, n
, (b) l 1, m n 0, (c) l 0.6, m 0, n 0.8
2
2
u
v
2 Kx, y
4 Ky,
x
y
v u
xy
4K 0 4K
x y
w v
yz

0 K K
y z
u w
zx

2K 0 2K
z x
At point (2,2,3),
Solution: x

w
8 Kz
z

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x 4K ,
xy 4 K ,

y 8K ,
yz K ,

z 24 K
zx 2 K

Now, the strain in any direction is given by

r x l 2 y m 2 z n 2 xy lm yz mn zx nl

(i)

Case (a)
Substituting the values in expression (i), we get
2

1
1
1 1
r 4 K 0 8K
24 K
4 K 0 K

2 K 0
2
2
2 2
1
r 4 K 12 K K
2
r 16.5K
Case (b)

r 4 K 12 8K 0 240 4 K 0 K 0 2 K 0
r 4K
Case (c)

r 4 K 0.62 8K 0 240.82 4 K 0 K 0 2 K 0.80.6

r 17.76 K

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