EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

ARM

INTRODUCTION TO
CORTEX-M MICROCONTROLLERS

Volume 1
Fourth Edition

Jonathan W. Valvano

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Jonathan Valvano

Fourth edition
May 2013

ARM and uVision are registered trademarks of ARM Limited.

Cortex and Keil are trademarks of ARM Limited.
Stellaris is a registered trademark Texas Instruments.
Code Composer Studio is a trademark of Texas Instruments.
All other product or service names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners.

In order to reduce costs, this college textbook has been self-published. For more information about my
classes, my research, and my books, see http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~valvano/
For corrections and comments, please contact me at: [email protected]. Please cite this book as:
J. W. Valvano, Embedded Systems: Introduction to ARM Cortex-M Microcontrollers, Volume 1,
http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~valvano/, ISBN: 978-1477508992.
Copyright 2013 Jonathan W. Valvano
All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced,
transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but
not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, web distribution, information
networks, or information storage and retrieval, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976
United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
ISBN-13: 978-1477508992
ISBN-10: 1477508996

Jonathan Valvano

Table of Contents
Preface to the Fourth Edition.................................................................... ix
Preface........................................................................................................ x
Acknowledgements ................................................................................... xi
1. Introduction to Computers and Electronics ........................................ 1
1.1. Review of Electronics..................................................................... 2
1.2. Binary Information Implemented with MOS transistors .............. 7
1.3. Digital Logic .................................................................................... 8
1.4. Digital Information stored in Memory ........................................... 16
1.5. Numbers .......................................................................................... 17
1.6. Character information .................................................................... 29
1.7. Computer Architecture................................................................... 30
1.8. Flowcharts and Structured Programming .................................... 33
1.9. Concurrent and Parallel Programming ......................................... 37
1.10. Exercises....................................................................................... 40
2. Introduction to Embedded Systems..................................................... 47
2.1. Embedded Systems........................................................................ 48
2.2. Applications Involving Embedded Systems ................................ 50
2.3. Product Development Cycle .......................................................... 53
2.4. Successive Refinement.................................................................. 57
2.5. Quality Design ................................................................................ 60
2.5.1. Quantitative Performance Measurements ....................................... 60
2.5.2. Qualitative Performance Measurements ......................................... 61
2.5.3. Attitude ................................................................................................. 61
2.6. Debugging Theory .......................................................................... 63
2.7. Switch and LED Interfaces............................................................. 66
2.8. Introduction to C............................................................................. 69
2.9. Exercises......................................................................................... 77
3. Introduction to the ARM Cortex-M Processor ............................... 79

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3.1. Cortex-M Architecture..................................................................80

3.1.1. Registers................................................................................................80
3.1.2. Reset.......................................................................................................82
3.1.3. Memory.................................................................................................82
3.1.4. Operating Modes .................................................................................85
3.2. The Software Development Process..............................................85
3.3. ARM Cortex-M Assembly Language ........................................88
3.3.1. Syntax ....................................................................................................88
3.3.2. Addressing Modes and Operands ....................................................90
3.3.3. Memory Access Instructions..............................................................95
3.3.4. Logical Operations ..............................................................................97
3.3.5. Shift Operations ...................................................................................99
3.3.6. Arithmetic Operations ........................................................................101
3.3.7. Stack.......................................................................................................118
3.3.8. Functions and Control Flow ..............................................................120
3.3.9. Assembler Directives ..........................................................................122
3.3.10. First Example Project ........................................................................123
3.4. Simplified Machine Language Execution ......................................127
3.5. CISC versus RISC............................................................................131
3.6. Details Not Covered in this Book ...................................................132
3.7. Exercises..........................................................................................134
4. Introduction to Input/Output ..................................................................137
4.1. Stellaris LM3S/TM4C I/O pins ......................................................138
4.1.1. LM3S811 I/O pins ...............................................................................139
4.1.2. LM3S1968 I/O pins .............................................................................141
4.1.3. Stellaris LM4F120/TM4C123 LaunchPad I/O pins ....................144
4.2. Basic Concepts of Input and Output Ports ...................................148
4.2.1. I/O Programming and the Direction Register ................................150
4.2.2. Switch Inputs and LED Outputs .......................................................156
4.3. Phase-Lock-Loop ............................................................................166

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4.4. SysTick Timer ................................................................................. 170

4.5. OLED Display Driver and the printf Function............................... 175
4.6. Debugging monitor using an LED................................................. 179
4.7. Performance Debugging ................................................................ 179
4.7.1. Instrumentation ................................................................................... 179
4.7.2. Measurement of Dynamic Efficiency ............................................... 180
4.8. Exercises......................................................................................... 181
4.9. Lab Assignments............................................................................ 183
5. Modular Programming........................................................................... 185
5.1. C Keywords and Punctuation........................................................ 186
5.2. Modular Design using Abstraction ............................................... 190
5.2.1. Definition and Goals ........................................................................... 190
5.2.2. Functions, Procedures, Methods, and Subroutines........................ 192
5.2.3. Dividing a Software Task into Modules .......................................... 193
5.2.4. How to Draw a Call Graph ................................................................ 196
5.2.5. How to Draw a Data Flow Graph ..................................................... 198
5.2.6. Top-down versus Bottom-up Design ............................................... 199
5.3. Making Decisions ........................................................................... 200
5.3.1. Conditional Branch Instructions ....................................................... 200
5.3.2. Conditional if-then Statements..................................................... 202
5.3.3. switch Statements ............................................................................. 207
5.3.4. While Loops ......................................................................................... 209
5.3.5. Do-while Loops.................................................................................... 210
5.3.6. For Loops .............................................................................................. 210
5.4. *Assembly Macros.......................................................................... 212
5.5. *Recursion....................................................................................... 214
5.6. Writing Quality Software ................................................................ 218
5.6.1. Assembly Language Style Guidelines.............................................. 218
5.6.2. Comments............................................................................................. 223
5.6.3. Inappropriate I/O and Portability .................................................... 224

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5.7. How Assemblers Work....................................................................225

5.8. Functional debugging .....................................................................226
5.8.1. Stabilization ..........................................................................................226
5.8.2. Single Stepping ....................................................................................227
5.8.3. Breakpoints without Filtering............................................................227
5.8.4. Instrumentation: Print Statements ....................................................228
5.9. Exercises..........................................................................................228
5.10. Lab Assignments...........................................................................230
6. Pointers and Data Structures ................................................................231
6.1. Indexed Addressing and Pointers..................................................232
6.2. Arrays ...............................................................................................235
6.3. Strings ..............................................................................................240
6.4. Structures ........................................................................................242
6.5. Finite State Machines with Linked Structures ..............................244
6.5.1. Abstraction ...........................................................................................244
6.5.2. Moore Finite State Machines..............................................................245
6.5.3. Mealy Finite State Machines ..............................................................250
6.6. *Dynamically Allocated Data Structures .......................................252
6.6.1. *Fixed Block Memory Manager.........................................................253
6.6.2. *Linked List FIFO ................................................................................254
6.7. *Matrices ..........................................................................................257
6.8. *Tables..............................................................................................262
6.9. Functional Debugging.....................................................................265
6.9.1. Instrumentation: Dump into Array without Filtering ...................265
6.9.2. Instrumentation: Dump into Array with Filtering. ........................266
6.10. Exercises........................................................................................267
6.11. Lab Assignments...........................................................................270
7. Variables, Numbers, and Parameter Passing.......................................271
7.1. Local versus global .........................................................................272
7.2. Stack rules .......................................................................................274

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7.3. Local variables allocated on the stack ......................................... 276

7.4. Stack frames ................................................................................... 278
7.5. Parameter Passing ......................................................................... 281
7.5.1. Parameter Passing in C....................................................................... 282
7.5.2. Parameter Passing in Assembly Language...................................... 284
7.5.3. C Compiler Implementation of Local and Global Variables......... 287
7.6. Fixed-point Numbers...................................................................... 289
7.7. Conversions.................................................................................... 293
7.8. LCD Interface with the HD44780 Controller.................................. 295
7.9. *IEEE Floating-point numbers ....................................................... 300
7.10. Exercises....................................................................................... 305
7.11. Lab Assignments.......................................................................... 308
8. Serial and Parallel Port Interfacing....................................................... 309
8.1. General Introduction to Interfacing............................................... 310
8.2. Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART).............. 312
8.2.1. Asynchronous Communication ........................................................ 314
8.2.2. LM3S/TM4C UART Details .............................................................. 316
8.2.3. UART Device Driver........................................................................... 318
8.3. Synchronous Serial Interface, SSI ................................................ 320
8.4. Scanned Keyboards ....................................................................... 324
8.5. Binary actuators ............................................................................. 325
8.5.1. Interface ................................................................................................ 325
8.5.2. Electromagnetic and Solid State Relays ........................................... 327
8.5.3. Solenoids............................................................................................... 328
8.6. *Pulse-width modulation................................................................ 329
8.7. *Stepper motors.............................................................................. 330
8.8. Exercises......................................................................................... 335
8.9. Lab Assignments............................................................................ 336
9. Interrupt Programming and Real-time Systems.................................. 337
9.1. I/O Synchronization ........................................................................ 337

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9.2. Interrupt Concepts ..........................................................................342

9.3. Interthread Communication and Synchronization........................346
9.4. NVIC on the ARM Cortex-M Processor ....................................348
9.5. Edge-triggered Interrupts ...............................................................353
9.6. SysTick Periodic Interrupts ............................................................360
9.7. Timer Periodic Interrupts................................................................362
9.8. Hardware debugging tools .............................................................366
9.9. Profiling............................................................................................367
9.9.1 Profiling using a software dump to study execution pattern ........367
9.9.2. Profiling using an Output Port..........................................................368
9.9.3. *Thread Profile .....................................................................................369
9.10. Exercises........................................................................................370
9.11. Lab Assignments...........................................................................372
10. Analog I/O Interfacing ..........................................................................373
10.1. Approximating continuous signals in the digital domain..........373
10.2. Digital to Analog Conversion .......................................................375
10.3. Music Generation ..........................................................................377
10.4. Analog to Digital Conversion .......................................................381
10.4.1. LM3S/TM4C ADC details................................................................382
10.4.2. ADC Resolution .................................................................................385
10.6. Real-time data acquisition ............................................................386
10.7. Exercises........................................................................................387
10.8. Lab Assignments...........................................................................389
11. Communication Systems.....................................................................391
11.1. Introduction ...................................................................................391
11.2. Reentrant Programming and Critical Sections ...........................394
11.3. Producer-Consumer using a FIFO Queue ...................................399
11.3.1. Basic Principles of the FIFO Queue.................................................399
11.3.2. FIFO Queue Analysis ........................................................................405
11.3.3. FIFO Queue Implementation...........................................................406

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11.3.4. Double Buffer..................................................................................... 409

11.4. Serial port interface using interrupt synchronization ............... 410
11.5. *Distributed Systems.................................................................... 414
11.6. Exercises....................................................................................... 417
11.7. Lab Assignments.......................................................................... 419
Appendix 1. Glossary ................................................................................ 420
Appendix 2. Solutions to Checkpoints .................................................... 433
Appendix 3. How to Convert Projects from Keil to CCS......................... 441
Appendix 4. Assembly Reference ............................................................ 443
Index ........................................................................................................... 474
Reference Material ..................................................................................... 482

Preface to the Fourth Edition

There are many new features added to this fourth edition. This fourth edition now focuses on the
LM4F120 and TM4C123, which are new ARM Cortex-M4 microcontrollers from Texas
Instruments. The new development platform based on the LM4F120 and TM4C123 is called
Stellaris LaunchPad. Material in this book on the TM4C also applies to the LM4F because Texas
Instruments rebranded the LM4F series as TM4C (same chips new name), and rebranded
StellarisWareTM as TivaWareTM. These new microcontrollers run at 80 MHz, include singleprecision floating point, have two 12-bit ADCs, and support DMA and USB. A wonderful feature
of these new boards is their low cost. As of May 2013, the boards are available on TI.com as part
numbers EK-LM4F120XL or EK-TM4C123GXL for $12.99. They are also available from $13 to
$20 at regular electronics retailers like arrow.com, newark.com, mouser.com and digikey.com.
The book can be used with either a LM3S or TM4C microcontroller. Although the book focuses
on the M4, the concepts apply to the M3, and the web site associated with this book has example
projects based on the LM3S811, LM3S1968, and LM3S8962. Additional material on C
programming, floating point, and debugging were added in the fourth edition.

(see Section 6.5.2)