Applied Mathematics and Mechanics

(English Edition, V ol. I No.3, Dec. 1980)

Published by Techmodern Business

Promotion Centre, Hong Kong

Bending of Uniformly Cantilever

Rectangular Plates
Chang Fo-van ( ~ l i ~ )
(Tsinghua University, Peking)
(Received on Apr. 15, 1980)
Abstract
Abstract
An exact solution is given for the bending of uniformly loaded rectangular cantilever plates by
one-dimensional
problem
the motion
oftogether
a rigid flying
platemethod
under of
explosive
attack has
using The
the idea
of generalized
simply of
supported
edge
with the
superposition.
As
an
analytic
solution
only
when
the
polytropic
index
of
detonation
products
equals
to
three.
In
illustrative examples, a square plate and a rectangular plate with the ratio of the clamped edge
to the
general,
a
numerical
analysis
is
required.
In
this
paper,
however,
by
utilizing
the
"weak"
shock
neighbouring free edge equal to two are solved numerically. The results are compared with those
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter purobtained from approximate methods to conf'Lrmthe validity of the method presented.
terbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying
plate driven by various high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
I. I n t r o d u c t i o n
an analytic formula with two parameters of high explosive (i.e. detonation velocity and polytropic
index) for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established.
Rectangular cantilever plate has one edge clamped, three edges free with two free corners. To
find an exact solution, which ,satisfies both the differential equation and all the boundary conditions
including the two free comers, has long 1.remained
Introduction
one of the most difficult problems in the theory
of elastic thin plates. However, due to the importance of this problem in engineering, much work has
been done.
For example,
the methodtechnique
of f'mite difference
and energy
to effect an
Explosive
driven flying-plate
ffmds its important
usemethod
in the were
studyused
of behavior
of
approximate
solution.
was usedoftodiamonds,
solve an and
infinitely
longwelding
rectangular
materials
under
intense Moreover,
impulsive Fourier
loading, integral
shock synthesis
explosive
and
cantileverofplate.
Probably,
L. V. of
Kantorovich
the velocity
earliest research
worker
who tried
solve an
cladding
metals.
The method
estimation was
of flyor
and the way
of raising
it aretoquestions
uniformly
of commonloaded
interest.square cantilever plate by using his own method. C. W. MacGregor solved the
rectangular
plate with
the clamped edge
inf'mitely
long, and arigid
concentrated
load
on
Undercantilever
the assumptions
of one-dimensional
plane
detonation
flying plate,
theacting
normal
the infinitely
long free
His of
solution
bythe
experiments.
D. L. Hell
used the
approach
of solving
the edge.
problem
motionwas
of verified
flyor is nicely
to solve
following system
of equations
method ofthe
finite
to get a solution
a cantilever
plate,
governing
flowdifference
field of detonation
productsofbehind
the flyor
(Fig.the
I):ratio of the clamped edge to
the adjacent free edge being equal to four and a concentrated load acting on the middle of the long
free edge. J. J. Jaramillo made further calculations of the infinitely cantilever plate by placing the
--ff
=o,
concentrated load respectively at distance
88 89 90+of the
ap +u_~_xp
au depth of the plate. W. A. Nash also used the
method of finite difference for solving an uniformly loaded rectangular cantilever plate, the ratio of
au
au
y1 to two.
=0,Shih Tsun-tong was the fhrst to use the
the clamped edge to the adjacent free edge being equal
generalized variational principle for the elastic thin plate. He attempted to get a solution of the (i.0
same
aS
a sprinciple was also used by H. J. Plass, Jr. and others
problem solved by Nash. Later, this variational
a--T
=o,
to work out a solution for an uniformly loaded square cantilever plate. Recently, with the advent of
p =p(p,
s),to attack this old problem, although much has to be
computer the method of finite elements
is used
improved.
where From
p, p, S,
are pressure,
density,
specific
detonation cantilever
products
theu works
mentioned
above,
it canentropy
be seenand
thatparticle
up to velocity
now "forof
a rectangular
respectively,
the trajectory
R of
reflected
shock of to
detonation
wavesolution
D as a of
boundary
and the
plate no exactwith
solution
is available.
This
paper attempts
get an exact
this well-known
trajectory
F ofthis
flyor
as another
are unknown;
positionedge
of R and
and the
the method
state paraproblem. For
purpose,
the boundary.
concept ofBoth
generalized
simply the
supported
of
meters
on it are
by the
the case
flowoffield
I of central
behind
the be
detonation
wave
superposition
aregoverned
used. Like
clamped
edgedrarefaction
rectangular wave
plates,
we shall
led to series
of
D
and by
initial stageequations
of motiontoof
also; the position of F and the state parameters of products
inf'mite
simultaneous
beflyor
solved.
2 9371
3

H.

Generalized Simply S u p p o r t e d Edges

For an ordinary simply supported edge, such as x = a, the corresponding boundary conditions
will be W = 0 and Mx = 0. Along a generalized simply supported edge such as x = a, the bending
moment Mx still vanishes but the deflection W does not vanish. Accordingly, when setting occurs
along an ordinary simply supported edge~ it becomes a generalized simply supported edge. And
along both kinds of simply supported edges there will be transverse forces acting.
The merit of adopting generalized simply supported edge is very plain. To start from it, we have
only to eliminate the transverse forces along the edge to fulf'd the boundary conditions of the free
edge.
As some preparatory work, we shall solve the following several simple problems involving
generalized simply supported edges.
(I) A rectangular plate has three simply supported edges and the fourth edge y = b is a
generalized simply r
edge, as shown in Fig. 1. Along this edge the deflections will be expressed by the sine series:

(W)y.b= ~

a . sin mTr____y__x

Abstract

I1-1

The one-dimensional
The deflection
surface of theproblem
plate is of the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
an analytic solution only when the polytropic index of detonation products equals to three. In
general, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
b
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter
purterbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying
2
, - i sinh a..
1 p
plate driven by various high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
+ a,, c o t h a= ) 9 s i n h mZYa
rnrCYa
an analytic formula with two parameters of high explosive (i.e. detonation velocity and polytropic
index) for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established.
~ ' a.,sin- 'nz---x" c o s h m : y } s i n tl~;tx

J_

(2.1)

1.

Introduction

!/
Explosive driven flying-plate technique ffmds its important use in Fig
the study
of behavior of
1
m~rb
inmaterials
which Otm
under
= - -a.intense
Along
impulsive
the edgeloading,
y = b the
shock
transverse
synthesis
forces
of diamonds,
are
and explosive welding and
cladding of metals. The method of estimation of flyor velocity and the way of raising it are questions
of common interest.
a-~-F-j~ + ( 2 - l,) -O-~-~s
Under the assumptions of one-dimensional plane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
approach of solving the problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following system of equations
z
[ 3 + tithe flyor (Fig. I):
m.Tr x
D of detonation rn~n
governing the flow field
products
behind
am ] sin - =
(1-U)2~,
a3
a,, 5 ~
coth
(2.2)
a,,, + s i n h z a~,

--ff
Along the edge x = a, the transverse forces
be +
ap will
+u_~_xp

au

=o,

( F ~ ) , . o = - D [ O~W

au
au
O~I'V 1]
Ox------7-+ (2 - P) OxOy ~y .... =0,

=-D2

(i.0

aS ~g] 3 3l" 3a s

a--T
=o, Qm
a~
s i n h a..
p =p(p, s),

(1 - / a ) z y-~
m=

9 [ ( a . c o t h a , , - 2) s i n h mn.va
- mnYa
-cosh
m:ry
] COS f n ~
(I
where p, p, S, u are pressure, density, specific entropy and particle velocity
ofj detonation
products
Expressing
the with
expression
in the brackets
in sine series,
Ei
respectively,
the trajectory
R of reflected
shock we
of get
detonation
wave D as a boundary and the
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state parameters on
E i it=-~.
are governed
(a,, cby
o t hthea .flow
. - 2)field
s i n hI oftony
central rarefaction
wave m=U
behind
cosh
in!/ dy wave
- m:ry
-a
' ] the
sindetonation
o of motion of flyor also; thetl position
a parameters
a
T of products
D and by initial stage
of
F and the state

372

293

4sinh a .

cos

n'

in

is=s

+ bz /

Substituting this equation into the above equation, we have:

(V.,) x - . = - D 2 ~:~ u)\~'Z]-""

ne-I

cos.,.E

i~l

is cos;=
bz

i~y

i 2 ~: sin --~--- (2.3)

Similarly, along the edge x = 0 we have the transverse forces:

(v.)..0----o 2 ( 1 ~ u ) \ ~

~ ~2

i~cosi~

bz

i2

i~y

x sin T

(2.4)

Along the edge y = 0 the deflection surface has its slopes:

( 8W )
-~

ma. rl+/~

Y-O

m~X

=~ 1 2 / ~ sinh a., t-]-Z-7+a, coth a. ] sin - Abstract

(2.5)

The concentrated forces acting respectively at the corners (a, b) and (0, b) are:
The one-dimensional problem of the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
{ 8polytropic
zW ~
n2
an analytic( R
solution
products
) w. .- |. : 2only
D ( : -when
# ) the
- ~,- =index
D ( 1 - of
# ) detonation
~
2 cosequals
mz to three. In
k
axOy
1,.;
~
- ~.a.,m
general, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however,
by utilizing the "weak" shock
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter pur9 L-I--XF 1 + .~first-order
~. solution
]
terbation method, an analytic,
approximate
is obtained for the problem of (2.6)
flying
- c o t h a,. + sinla" a=
plate driven by various high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
srz of high explosive
F 1+#
avelocity
.
]
an analytic (formula
R ) ~ . o =with
D ( ltwo
- U ) "parameters
9 a2 y]
a.,m' L - T Z - g - c(i.e.
o t h detonation
a.,+ ~nhi
a,.j and polytropic
(2.7)
W=b
i~ I
index) for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established.
When the generalized simply supported edge has its deflections symmetrical to the mid-point of the
edge, we have to change Z to 2;
1. Introduction
m=l
re=l, 3 , . . .
(2) A rectansular plate has its two edges y = 0, y = b which are simply supported and the
Explosive driven flying-plate technique ffmds its important use in the study of behavior of
other two edges x = 0, x = a are generalized simply supported edges, the deflections of which are
materials under intense impulsive loading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
given
by (Fig.
2): The method of estimation of flyor velocity
Dry and the way of raising it are questions
cladding
of metals.

( W ) = . , = ) - ~ b, sin b

of common interest.
9: m e
i-I
Under the assumptions of one-dimensional plane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
approach of solving the problem
of flyor ,is, Ito solve the following system of equations
! .... of .motion
~-.a~
governing the flow field of detonation
products
behind
(Fig.
I):
I
l
I
I the flyor
II a
"-

--ff
ap +u_~_xp+
au

au

aS

as

au

y1

=o,
,'I
=0,

OiSID

(i.0

a--T
=o,
p =p(p, s),
where p, p, S, u are pressure, density, specific entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
respectively, with the trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
Fig 2
The
deflection
is given
by:boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state paratrajectory
F ofsurface
flyor as
another
meters on it are governed by the flowcosh
field p:I of
rarefaction wave
detonation wave
- central
1
2 behind
) s i n hthei~r____~x
W=1-~2 ~.b , { .
D and by initial stage of motion of flyor also; the position
of F and the
sinhB~
1 - # state parameters
b of products
2373
93

i~rx

i~rx ]

+ - - - ~ cosh - - 7 _ 1 +

l_t-----T eosh

isrx

i//~
"~_ }
~'~X
: sinh
sin - o
b

(2.8)

in which/3i = --if-.
Along the edge x = a, the transverse forces are equal to:

(V.)x..=

(1-lt)'

isrrs c o s h , & - ]
sinhfl;

[ 3+~
" 1-:*

b, ~

fl'
sin
sin--fi,8;
-g--

(2.9)

Along the edge y = b, we have the transverse forces:

( V u ) u . b = D 4 ( " l - # ) * 'r~,5.2, b, cos i,~

b~

,-I

m~

~
=-l,s--.

( -o7.

4 v" b,

yT. m

(2-u)--r

(2.10)

+b z

Along the edge y = 0 the deflection surlace has its slopes:

Abstract ~1~

oW )

~i,~ -msrx
-

m 's

....

V ij sin-

The one-dimensional problem of the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
- the
"-t,s...
( --~i-m"+-~
a
an analytic solution only when
polytropic index
of detonation products
equals to three. In
general, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
The
concentrated
force acting
on the
corner
(a, b) isproducts,
equal to and applying the small parameter purbehavior
of the reflection
shock
in the
explosive
terbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying
, = D high
( 1 - l lexplosives
) z - o i ~ b iwithi2[
c oIsi__~_ff.fl~.
s h f l i -indicesfl;other
c o t hthan
f l , + but
--1-~~-l-b/a
' } -equal
fl,]cos
irr
plate driven(R),.
by ,various
polytropic
nearly
to three.
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
(2.12)
an analytic formula with two parameters of high explosive (i.e. detonation velocity and polytropic
(3) There is a simply supported rectangular plate and along the edge y = 0 are acting bending
index) for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established.
moments expressed by (Fig. 3):
M ( x ) = ~ E',,, sin mrr_x_x
1. Introduction
m-I

Explosive driven flying-plate technique ffmds its important use in the study of behavior of
materials under intense impulsive loading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
E ~ of
s l nflyor
m~rx
cladding of metals. The method of estimation
m-I
Gvelocity and the way of raising it are questions
/
/ ! / / r /
of common interest.
Under the assumptions of one-dimensional plane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
approach of solving the problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following system of equations
governing the flow field of detonation products behind the flyor (Fig. I):

--ff
ap +u_~_xp+
au

au

aS

as

b
au

y1

=o,

=0,
(i.0

,Y

a--T
=o,
p =p(p, s),

Fig 3
where p, p, S, u are pressure, density, specific entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
The
deflectionwith
surface
the plateR isof reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
respectively,
the of
trajectory
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state parasinhmsr9
mSrgsinhm~r
9
meters on it are governed by thea'flowX-"
fieldE ,I. [of centrala.,rarefaction
wave behind
the detonation
wave
W ~ 2Dz2 ./.~, m2 t
sinh*a,,,of F and athe statea parametersa of products
D and by initial stage of motion of flyor also; the position

374

293

+ e o t h a~, muY
a cosh ~ - - ~ ] s i n m
' aa y

(2.13)

The transverse forces along the edgey = b are:

mE,,
1 _lz
sinha "[l + ~ a , .

cot ha,~

m"x

(2.14)

Along the edges x = O, x = a the transverse forces are:

y-:

(V,,),,..= a

E~i

[ b2
i:
~_ + ( 2 - P ) ~
," b z

i2

,n ~ + - - ~

cosmzr

(2.zs)

, sin--b-.

)2

b*

iz
Abstract
sirl---~
(2.16)
m / ~b ~' ~ + ~i ~ -)~
,-,
.
The one-dimensional problem of the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
an analytic solution only when the polytropic index of detonation products equals to three. In
The deflection surface of the plate has the slope along one of the edges y = O:
general, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
behavior of the reflection
the small parameter purOW ~ shocka in~ theEexplosive
~ , l ' s o t h aproducts,
~
aand
. applying
"l . mrtx
.17)
~ - -analytic,
/ y . o = 2 - first-order
- D - ~ , - ' m -approximate
-t
sinh~a"
J s a . --a~
terbation method,- -an
solution
is obtained
for the problem of( 2flying
plate driven by various high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
The concentrated forces at the two corners (a, b), (0, b) are:
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
an analytic formula with two parameters of high explosive (i.e. detonation velocity and polytropic
( a . c o t h a . - 1)cos mz
(2.18)
(R)x.o
= - (velocity
1 - p ) of flying
s i nE
h~a ~ is
. established.
index) for estimation
of the
plate
mJl

(F")~-~ -f-~' ~

( R ) ~ . 0 = - ( 1 - p ) Y ~ , ~ . ~ 1. s i nE~
h a . (a., c o t h a . -- 1)
Introduction

(2.19)

mwl

(4) A rectangular plate N ~ n p l y supported and uniformly loaded, q being the load intensity.
Explosive driven flying-plate technique ffmds its important use in the study of behavior of
The transverse forces along the edge x = a are:
materials under intense impulsive loading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
cladding of metals. The method of estimation of flyor velocity and the way of raising it are questions
1
2
of common
interest. 2bq
(Vx),..----~-~ ~ . ~
(3-/~) tanh
-(1-#)
sin b
(2.20)
Under the assumptions
one-dimensional plane detonation cosh
and rigid
i - l C q * . of
~ 3~ flying plate, the normal
g
approach of solving the problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following
system of equations
governing
the flow
detonation
products
(Fig.equal
I): to:
Along
the edge
y = 0field
the of
deflection
surface
of thebehind
plate the
has flyor
its slopes
8W

2aaq

V~

.o=~-~

1 --ff
]
an,+
-- apt a n+u_~_xp
h

rau

m ~ 1,~$.- ,

au

Along the edge y = 17the transverse forces are:

aS
as

(Vy)y.6=

2aq
n~

~.
,,-I,s...

au

1 cosh* a,,

a--T
=o,
mz p =p(p,
( 3 - - / 0s),t a n h
1

~
=o,
2

=0,2 "

sin mu_.___zx
a

(2.21)

(i.0
a.,

9.

-~--- (1-/~)

- eosh z U,n
"~

m.rt.x

sin . . . .
ill

where
p, p, S, u reactive
are pressure,
specific
The
concentrated
forcedensity,
at the corner
(a, entropy
b) is: and particle velocity of detonation products
(2.22)
respectively, with the trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation
amwave D as a boundary and the
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state para) , . governed
. = 4(__by~)theqa,
Efield m
~ central rarefaction
~(2.2s)
meters on (itRare
flow
I of
wave
behind the detonation
wave
I - b
m. I~S,..
cosh"
D and by initial stage of motion of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters of products
-

239735

Having got the above four parts, we can superpose them to satisfy all the boundary conditions and
the free corner conditions. However, only these four parts are not sufficient to realize the displacements of the two free comers (t3, b), (a, b) as it should be. For the above four parts still keep these
two comers fastened. Therefore, we have to introduce an additional part to be superposed.
Let the deflection surface be
Y=ky
(2.24)
in which k is a constant to be determined. In fact this is a rotation of the plate as a rigidbody with
respect to the axis x. The angle of rotation can be expressed by:

oW.

=k=
y-o

HI.

4k
g

~
m=|tS-,,

. 1. sln
. .
r/l

(2.25)

Uniformly Loaded Rectangular Cantilever Plates

Let there is a rectangular cantilever plate for which the edge y = 0 is fixed and the other three
edges are free, as shown in Fig. 4. Our problem can be reduced to as follows:
Abstract
Within the boundary of the plate we have
to satisfy the equation

(a)
V V Wof- the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
The one-dimensional problem
D
an analytic solution only when the polytropic index of detonation products equals to three. In
$r
All
the boundary
conditions
are:is required. In this paper, however,
general,
a numerical
analysis
x .,, ,. by/ utilizing
(
/.the ("weak" shock
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter pur(b)
= 0first-order approximate
terbation method, an analytic,
solution is obtained for the problem of flying
plate driven by various high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
O=W of
O=W~
Final velocities
flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
-ay.v~-+/~ o x = / u o b = 0
b (i.e. detonation velocity and polytropic
an analytic formula with two parameters of high explosive
(c )
index) for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established.
OsW
.
O'W -I
? ~ - + ( z - u ) ax---r~ju. = o

-F

1.

Introduction

O=g"+ u ~
!
8X 1
--i"
=-o = 0
Oy
],,.,
G
Explosive driven flying-plate technique ffmds
( d ) its important use in the study of behavior of

materials
a s Wunder intense impulsive
03W "1 loading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
( 2 - uThe
) ~method of
=o
cladding--~-~+
of metals.
and the way of raising it are questions
OxOy J =~.o
- ,estimation of flyor velocity
Y
of common interest.
Fig. 4
The two
free comers
(a, b), (0,ofb)one-dimensional
require
Under
the assumptions
plane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
approach of solving the problem
of flyor
R = 2 D (of
1 - motion
~ O ( 02W
t ~is0 to solve the following system of equations
(e)
governing the flow field of detonation products behind the flyor (Fig. I):
The above five parts all satisfy the differential equation of the deflection surface of the plate.
Now we have only to superpose them to fulfd the conditions of a clamped edge and three free edges
--ff
=o,should belong to the category of exact
together with two free comers. The solution
thus+ obtained
ap +u_~_xp
au
solutions. As under uniform load the deflection surface of the plate will be symmetrical to the
au
au
1
=0, of am and Em should be 1,3, 5 , . . .
middle line perpendicular to the clamped edge, the y
lower index
(i.0by
To satisfy the condition of the clamped edges (b), we have to superpose the slopes given
aS
a
s
equations (2.5), (2.11), (2.17), (2.21), (2.25) and equate their sum to zero. Then we obtain
a--T
=o,
m~
az
+ (z-tO
p =p(p, s),
(I-/~) --~. ~
~ - v
coth a . + 2
-- 9
lrBz a2 )z
..
4 sinha=l_ 1 - / ~
( -i-r--of+detonation
~
where p, p, S, u are pressure, density, specific entropy and particle velocity
products
respectively, with the trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
trajectory F ~of flyor
of R and the state
para9 e,,.ras another boundary.
<,. Both
] areqounknown;
1 the position
a.
.
+ 4it~ r are
D governed
m: -L by the flow
sinhZa,,,
~-i-D-D'~
2
~ a~ wave
meters on
field I 'Jof+central
rarefactiontanh
wave behind
the detonation
cosn - - - ~ j
D and by initial stage of motion of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters of products

376

"1

293

9.
4

mz

ha

m~l,

- rr
-=0

3, 5"-

(3.1)

To make the transverse forces along one of the edges y = b vanish, the equations (2.2), (2.10),
(2.14), (2.22) are superposed and equated to zero. Thus we have:

i (3-P)tanh

qa"
2
- D ~ ~ 9 'n ~

_/~)~ a s ~

+4(1

ba ~

i~l

b~
i

+ sinhZa.," - ( l + / Z )

.....2

Ctm

am
-~--(1-~)

cosh'

cos ix

a.,

---~-

.,2

as f 3 + #

~-V-+-~-/

2~D

m2sinha,,.

1 + 1--i-u

(3.2)

To make the transverse forces Vx alongAbstract

one of the edges x = a vanish, superpose the equations
of transverse forces by (2.3), (2.9), (2.15), (3.2) and equate their sum to zero. The third equation
The one-dimensional problem of the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
becomes:
an analytic solution only when the polytropic index of detonation products equals to three. In
general, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
1[
fl,
9.._]
behavior of the reflection
shock
-Drr--~"
P in( 3the
- P )explosive
t a n h - - - f fproducts,
- - ( 1 - / ~ ) and applying
- - the small parameter pure o s h t for the problem of flying
terbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained
plate driven by various high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
Final velocities of flying plate obtained
agree very well with numerical
results by computers. Thus
bs
am
+(1
i_ __
an analytic formula with -~)
two parameters
of high
(i.e.
.~ ~osi~.
~ explosive
m (_--:rb~ detonation
i~ V velocity and polytropic
a + ml /
index) for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established.

qb"

b2

1.

i'-' " - ~

il

Introduction

b'

/2 V

m ( -its
- a iimportant
- + m* / use in the study of behavior of
Explosive driven flying-plate s-l,,..,
technique ffmds
materials under intense impulsive loading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
,,, of] raising
cladding of metals. The .method
of estimation of flyor velocity and the way
(1-v)'b,
=o it are questions
(3.3)
sinh fl;
1 -/~
sinh fli
of common interest.
assumptions
of 3one-dimensional
detonation
rigiditflying
plate,
the normal
In the Under
above the
equation
i = I, 2,
.... , but for theplane
f'trstterm
when iand
is even,
is equal
to zero.
Owing
approach
of
solving
the
problem
of
motion
of
flyor
is
to
solve
the
following
system
of
equations
to symmetry for the vanishing of transverse forces along one of the edges x = 0, we shall get an
governingentirely
the flowthe
field
of detonation
behind
the(a,
flyor
(Fig. I):
equation
same
as (3.3). Asproducts
at the free
corner
b) there
is no concentrated force acting,

+u

we have to superpose the concentrated reactive forces given by equations (2.6), (2.12), (2.18), (2.23)
and equate their sum to zero. Thus we --ff
obtain the following=o,
equation:
ap +u_~_xp+ au

~bt

~..bd ~ cos

i-,

i~r
au cosh
au f l i -11
sinh B;
y

o _~
1 +/~ \ -- fl,]
(fli
coth ~,,
T--~-~-~)
=0,

(i.0
1

~.
m~l13~

a 2aS

as

E,

a--T
=o,
p =p(p, s),
I+P
m~a,,. rI.-~-Z--~- coth a , +

(am coth a,~ - I)

a,,,

sinh'
a------~

where p, p, S, u are pressure, density, specific entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
respectively, with the trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation wave ~Ds as a boundary and the
trajectory F of flyor as 4another boundary.
Both are
qa'
1 unknown;
(
a,.the position2of R and) ~the
0 state para(3.4)
+--(1_~)~ .--~./u
~
r~a tanh g
meters on it are governed by the flow field
I
of
central
rarefaction
wave
behind
the
detonation
wave
mmll~oH
.cosh 2 ~
$
D and by initial stage of motion of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters
of products
2 93 37 7

From another free corner we shall get an identical equation. In this manner, we have got three series
o f int'mite ~ n u l t a n e o u s equations (3.1), (3.2), (3.3) and a single equation (3.4). Using them we can
ka
solve the unknown coefficients am, bi, Era, - - . As numerical examples, we shall solve two problems.
One is for a uniformly loaded square cantilever plate and the other is for the edges a : b equal to two.
(A)

An Uniformly Loaded Square Cantilever Plate

As the coefficients Em converge rather slowly, 24 terms are taken. However, the coefficients
am and bi converge very rapidly. Taking tt = 0.3 from equations (3.1), (3.2), (3.3), (3.4) the computer
gives:
qa 4
0 . 2 0 9 7 9 10 -s
0.23645 10 -~
O. 4 5 9 4 3 i0-*
a m = 0 . 16661 D ~ '
O. 15843 X 10 -4

0.71954 I0 -~

0. 39248 10 -a

O. 24276 I 0 -s

O. 1 8 3 8 1 1 0 - e

0.11742X I0 -~

0.87801 )< 10 -6

0.67675 JO-a

O. 53338 X 10-e

0.42755 I0 -e

Abstract 0. 34735 10 -6

0.28528 10 -e

. 2 3 6 4 9 1 0 - e problem
0 . ] 6 flying
6 3 1 plate
10 -6 under explosive
O. 19762
I0 -e of a rigid
0.14086 attack
I0 -s has
The 0one-dimensional
of the X
motion
an analyticO. solution
only
detonation
equals
to)<three.
. I 0 polytropic
2 8 0 10 -8 index of
1 2 0 0 1 10
-8 when 0the
0.88496
1 0 products
-'
O.
73545
I 0 - ' In
general, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter purqa4
- 0 . 4 3 6 8 approximate
1
- - 0 . 1 1 5is7 obtained
9
- - 0problem
049370of flying
b~-----2. 1193an D~r'
terbation
method,
analytic,
first-order
solution
for the
plate driven by various high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
-0.023495
-0.013385
- 0 . 7 9 5 7 4 , ' < 1 0 -2
- 0 . 5 2 2 1 9 ) < ] 0 -2
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
0 . 3 3 9 2 6 with

-~ parameters
- 0 . 2 4 9 2 2of
high -.=
- 0 . (i.e.
17934
",: 10 -2 velocity
- - 0 . 1and
2 5 2 polytropic
7 J0 -~
an analytic- - formula
two
explosive
detonation
index) for -estimation
is established.
0. 10234 of
the
1 0 - 'velocity
- - 0of
. 8 0flying
3 0 2 plate -8
- - 0 . 6 2 9 9 6 10 -3
- - 0 . 5 0 9 1 8 10 -3
--0.41063

10 -s

- - 0 . 1 9 8 8 1 10 -s

--0.33963

10 -s

--0.27992

-3

- - 0 . 1 6 91.1 8 Introduction
10 -s
--0.14379

10 -s

-0.23583

10 -3

--0.12470

10 -s

flying-plate
technique
ffmds its
use in the
EExplosive
, . = - 65.driven
8 6 0 qa2
- 20.
212
- important
10.780
- 6 study
8540 of behavior of
/I.4
materials under intense impulsive loading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
. 1325it are questions
cladding of --4.7718
metals. The method of--3.5163
estimation of flyor --2.6969
velocity and the way -of- 2raising
of common -interest.
1.7282
-- 1. 4297
-- 1.2039
- I . 0298
Under the assumptions of one-dimensional plane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
-- 0.89311
--0.78423
-0.69634
-0.62455
approach of solving the problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following system of equations
-- O.
56526
-- O.products
51583 behind -47424
governing the
flow
field of detonation
theO.flyor
(Fig. I): -- O. 43896
-0.38285

--0.40881

ka - - 4 0 l O 1
9

qa"

DITt

--0.36036

--ff
ap +u_~_xp+

au

--0.34075

=o,

au
au
From the calculated results it can be seen that am and
y1 bi converge
=0, very rapidly and that E47 is about
(i.0
0.5% o f E , . Now let us calculate the deflections along the free edge y = a.

aS

h = 4 . 0 1 0 1 - - ~a--T
8,

as

=o,
-----0.12933~
~

p =p(p, s),
The deflection curve o f the free edge y = a is
. , =pressure,
ka+
~density,
a ~ si~
-Em~r--~-x
where p, p,( W
S, )uv are
specific
entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
6
m-11~**.
respectively, with the trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state parameters on it are governed
by the flow
I of central
rarefaction
wave
the detonation
----0. 12933
+ field
Dn-----~
0. 16661
sin ~r._._xxa
+ 0 behind
0023645
sln 3~r.._._Xa wave
D and by initial stage of motion of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters of products

qa4 I

378

293

+0.00020979 sin

+ 0 oooo45943 sin
G

"

75--+0.000015842

The terms starting with 10 -s are all neglected.

The maximum deflection occurs at the mid-point of the edge and is equal to:
(W)=0.12933

~ - - + Dqa4
fn
n 4 Lv.16661-0.0023645+0.00020979

O. 000045943 + O. 000015842] = (0. 12933 + O. 0016879)~4-~a = O. 13102-~/)

-ha4

The earliest approximate result obtained by Kantorovich was 0.1192 D ~ " In the following
table are given the deflections at several points along the free edge y = a. And for comparison, the
results obtained by the method of finite elements are also listed*.
x

0.5a

0.375a

0.25a
0.125a
0
Abstract
0.13091
0.13056
0.12998
0.12933
(W)
0. 13102 qa"
D
The one-dimensional problem of the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
F.E.M. solution only
0.12905
0.12892
0.12788 equals0.12708
an analytic
when the polytropic
index of0.12851
detonation products
to three. In
general,
analysis
K a n at o numerical
rovich
0.1192is required. In this paper, however, by utilizing the "weak"
0.1211 shock
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter purThis deflected free edge is seen to be concave upwards. However, according t6 the solution of
terbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying
Kantorovich the deflections at the two comers are larger than that at the mid-point and the deflecplate driven by various high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
tion curve of this free edge will become concave downwards.
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
The free edge x = a will bend into a curve the equation of which is:
an analytic formula with two parameters of high explosive (i.e. detonation velocity and polytropic
index)
of the velocity
of flying plate is established.
qa4 I 2.1193 sin -----=-'
.,'ty
( Wfor
) ~ ,estimation
. , , ~ k y + ~--~.b~
sin iz!l
Dz"
a -=0.12933~. y
a
i-I

1.

Introduction

+ 0 . 4 3 6 8 1 sin 2 2 Y + 0 . 1 1 5 8 0 sin 3 n Y + 0 . 0 4 9 3 7 sin 4zy

r
o
o

Explosive driven flying-plate technique ffmds its important use in the study of behavior of
materials under +intense
loading,
explosive
" + 0 . 0shock
1 3 3 8 5synthesis
sin 6 ~of
Y +diamonds,
0 . 0 0 7 9 5 7and
4 sin
7ny welding and
0 . 0 2 3 4impulsive
9 5 sin 5n,]
__._
tl
0
O
cladding of metals. The method of estimation
of flyor velocity
and the way of raising
it are questions
of common interest.
0 . 0 0 5 2 2 1 9 ofsin
8 n Y + 0 . 0 0 3 3 plane
9 2 6 sin
9nY.+0.0024922
sin plate,
10Jrythe normal
Under the +assumptions
one-dimensional
detonation
and rigid flying
Q
a
a
approach of solving the problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following system of equations
governing the flow
of detonation
the sin
flyor- I2--'~'t!(Fig.
+ 0field
. 0017935
sin I Iproducts
0~ 0y 1- -2+5 20.8behind
a
0 0 1I):
0+2 30"4 a
sin 13rtYta
The terms of 10 -3 are all neglected.
--ff
=o,
In the following table are given the deflections
at +several
ap +u_~_xp
au points along the free edge x = a. And for
comparison the solution from the finiteau
elementsmethod
is also tabulated.
au
y10.5a =0,
y
0
0.25a
0.75a
a

ky

0
.

i~y

Y'~,b, sln -b-

qa ~

aS D a s
0. 032333

(i.0

0. 064666

a--T
=o,
p =p(p, s),
-0.020384
-0.020339

0. 096999
-0.011952

0.12933
0

i-I

where p, p, S, u are pressure, density, specific

qa ~entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
respectively,
the trajectory
shock0.044327
of detonation 0.085046
wave D as a boundary
( W with
)
0
0R. 0of
1 1reflected
949~
0.12933and the
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state parameters
on it are governed by the flow field I of central rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave
This finite elements solution was communicated to the author by Mr. Wu Liang-tze of Peking University as a
D and
by
initial
stage
of motion of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters of products
part of his
research
work.
23 7993

EE.M. (W)

0.01182

0.043221

0.083888

0.12708

The distribution of bending moments along the clamped edge is given by:
M(x)=

E , . s i n ~m-a-x

~qa" { 65. 859 sin zax + 2 0 . 2 1 2 sin 3~rx

mm 11~$**-

llzx

+ 1 0 . 7 8 0 sin 5zx
+ 6 . 8 5 4 0 sin 7~rx
+ 4 . 7 7 1 8 sin 9 za x + 3 . 5 1 6 3 sin - a
a
17zx
+ 2.6969 sin "13z----------~--4- 2. 1325 sin ~ISS--~-F 1.7282 sin . . . .
a

61

+ 1 . 4 2 9 8 sin 19S--~x + 1 . 2 0 3 9 sin 21~r------E-x-t-1.0297 sin

tl
tl
25~rx
27zx
+ 0 . 9 8 3 1 1 sin . . . .
+0.78422 sin~+0.69633
a
Abstract G

23zx
G

sin

29zrx
G

35zx
31zx
The one-dimensional
a rigid
attack has
. 5 6motion
5 2 6 sinof ~aavv~r_.
___.._flying
_~
+ 0 . 5 1plate
5 8 3 under
sin - explosive
-a
+ 0.62454 sinproblem
- -a of+ 0the
G
an analytic solution only when the polytropic index of detonation products equals to three. In
general, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
4 1 z x parameter pur37nx
39nx
behavior of the
reflectionsinshock
the -small
- - + a0 .in4 3the
8 6 9explosives iproducts,
n - - a and
+ 0 . 4applying
0 8 8 1 sin
-a
+ 0.47425
terbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying
plate driven by various high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
+ 0 .of38248
43S-~x
+ 0 . 3 6 0 3agree
5 a very
sinwell
45n____~Xa
0 . 3 4 0 7 5 results
sin 47z___~Xa
)
Final velocities
flying sin
plate
obtained
with +numerical
by computers.
Thus
an analytic formula with two parameters of high explosive (i.e. detonation velocity and polytropic
In
the following
table of
arethe
given
the bending
moments
at several points along the clamped edge.
index)
for estimation
velocity
of flying
plate is established.

0.5a

0.375a

0.25a
0.125a
0.0625a
O. 03125a
1. Introduction
-0.53560qa~ -0.53550 -0.53353
-0.5i270 -0.47314 -0.39115

M
F.E.M. -0.53092

-0.53058 -0.52760 -0.50399

0
0.34571

Explosive driven flying-plate technique ffmds its important use in the study of behavior of
As
a checkunder
let usintense
calculate
the totalloading,
bendingshock
moment
alongofthe
clamped and
edgeexplosive
to see if welding
it is in equilimaterials
impulsive
synthesis
diamonds,
and
brium
statically.
cladding of metals. The method of estimation of flyor velocity and the way of raising it are questions
of common interest.
M ( x )the
d x =assumptions
~ , of one-dimensional
E,,, s i n m Z X d x plane
-= ~,,detonation
2a and
E,,, rigid flying
2qa ~ plate, the normal
Under
0
0 m--l13o'"
~
re.l,3...
~
I'~
)-~5
approach of solving the problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following system of equations
governing the flow field of detonation products behind the flyor (Fig. I):

I"

J"

--ff
=o,
+ 1~2. 6 9 6 0 + ~52.1325
+ 1 1 +97282+
ap +u_~_xp
au 1 1 . 4298 + 1 1 " 2039+ 2131"0297
au

au

aS

as

y1

=0,
(i.0

+}o

a--T
=o,
p =p(p, s),

where p, p, S, u are
pressure,
density,
and particle
velocity of detonation products
+ 150.
36035
+ 1~0.specific
34075}entropy
= 0. 50578qa
~
respectively, with the trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state paraThe
erroronisit 0are
" 5 governed
0 5 7 8 - 0 " 5by
- - 1the
. 1 6flow
~ field I of central rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave
meters
0.5 of motion of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters of products
D and by initial stage
380

293

(n)

Rectangular Cantilever Plate ~ = 2.

As the coefficients E m converge slowly, 24 terms are taken for each coefficient. With # = 0.3,
the computergives:
qa 4

0.0016322

0.18039

10 -3

0 . 3 5 7 5 7 X 10 -4

0.10885 10-'

0 . 4 1 5 5 9 10 - t

0 . 1 9 3 0 8 10 -~

0 . 1 0 1 9 6 10 -6

0 . 5 9 3 3 8 I0 -~

0.37283

0.24922

10 -~

0 . 1 7 5 4 9 x 10 - e

0.12860

10 -8

0.97725X 10-'

0 . 7 8 4 7 1 X 10 -7

0 . 6 1 3 2 2 10 .7

0 . 5 0 1 8 6 10 -7

0 . 4 1 7 7 8 10-"

0 . 3 5 2 7 7 10 -7

0 . 3 0 1 4 4 10 .7

0.26018 10-'

0 . 2 2 6 4 7 10 -7

0 . 1 9 8 5 6 10 -v

0 . 1 7 5 1 6 x 10 -7

a~=0.019561~A-i

b~-~- 0.12897~a~
--0.14090

-~

10 -e

--0.69674X

0.026367

I 0 -~

--0.47476X10 -s
- 0 . 8 0 0 6 3 X 1 0Abstract
-z
- - 0 . 1 0 5 4 7 X 1 0 -3

--0.29661

10 - t

-0.31052

-s

--0.79204

-0.20701
-8
- - 0 . 1of
4 7the
1 4 Xmotion
1 0 -~ of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
The one-dimensional
problem
- - 0 of
. 3 6detonation
3 6 9 X 1 0 - ' products
- 0 . 2 9 2equals
4 7 to -4
. 5 9 6 5 2 only when- 0the
. 4 6 5polytropic
8 4 X 1 0 - ' index
an analytic- 0solution
three. In
general, a -numerical
analysis
is
required.
In
this
paper,
however,
by
utilizing
the
"weak"
--0.15827
- 0 . 1 3 2 6 2 x 1 0 -4 shock
0 . 2 3 4 6 5 10 -4
- 0 . 1 9 3 0 6 10 -4
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter pur- - 0 . 7 9 6 5 6 x 1 0 -~ - - 0 . 6 8 6 5 5
-6
-0.11064x10-"
--0.94417
-6
terbation method,
an analytic, first-order
approximate
solution is obtained for the problem of flying
a ~
plate driven by variousq high
explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
--3.0173
--2.0395
E~=-15.980
z~--5.287
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
an analytic formula with two parameters of high explosive
(i.e. detonation
velocity and polytropic
--0.92960
--0.78506
--].4958
-- 1 . 1 5 9 5
index) for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established.
--0.64253

--0.54849

--0.36717

--0.32742

- 0.24262

--0.22232

1.

--0.47458

-- 0 . 4 1 6 3 6

--0.29426

--0.26636

--0.20484

--0.18968

Introduction

Explosive
ffmds -its
use in - -the
- 0 .important
15472
0 . 1 study
4 5 7 2 of behavior of
- 0 . 1 7driven
6 4 7 flying-plate
- - 0 .technique
16490
materials under intense
impulsive
loading,
shock
synthesis
of
diamonds,
and
explosive
welding and
qa 3
claddingk - of
metals.
The
method
of
estimation
of
flyor
velocity
and
the
way
of
raising
it
are
questions
~0.48604 Dz3
of
common
interest.
F r o m the above coefficients it can be seen that E47 is less than I% o f Ex. Now let us calculate the
Under the assumptions of one-dimensional plane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
deflections o f the free edge y = b.
approach of solving the problem ofq amotion
of flyor isq to
system of equations
:~ _
b ~ solve
,, the following
qb s
- : 0detonation
. 4 8 6 0 4 ~ - :products
0 . 4 8 6 0 4 "behind
<
8the
~ = uflyor
.
1 2 5I):
40 D
governing the flow fieldk :of
(Fig.
The deflection curve o f the free e d g e y = b is:
--ff
=o,
ap +u_~_xp+ au
:
16 qb4 [
~x
(l/V j y . a . - ~ - - k b +
~,
a,, s i n m 'ar x
0.12540--~+
D---~/ 0.019561 s i n ~ a
au
au
1

=0,

(i.0
aS

as

+ 0. 0016322 s i na--T
3 z x + 0. 00018039
s i n 5,'rx + 0 . 0 0 0 0 3 5 7 5 7
=o,
G

p
+0.0000]0885

71Ix

sin~

=p(p, s),

sin

a
where p, p, S, u are pressure, density, specific
entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
Terms
startingwith
withthe10trajectory
-s are all Rneglected.
Theshock
m a x iof
m udetonation
m deflection
at D
theasmiddle
o f theand
edge
respectively,
of reflected
wave
a boundary
theis
trajectory
equal
to: F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state parameters on it are governed by the flow field I of central rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave
~--0. 12540
+16
0.019561--0.0016322+0.00018039
D and (~V)
by initial
stage of motion
of flyor
also; the position of F and the state parameters of products

2381
93

qb 4

-0.000035757+0.000010885~=(0.12540+0.0029704)

~ 0 . 12837 D

This value is a little larger than 0.125 D - ~ ' when the plate with a very large width bends into a
cylindrical surface. W. A. Nash obtained the corresponding value which is equal to 0.1585 ~

by

using the method of finite difference. Later by using the method of collocation it was reduced to
0.141 ~

. Both of them are too large. In the following table are given the deflections at several

points along the free edge y = b, together with the results got by Nash.
x

0.5a

qb"

(H/ )

0.12837 D---

Nash

0.141

0.375a

0.25a

0.125a

0.12825

0.12784

0.12691

0.12540

0.135
Abstract 0.139
The distribution of bending moments along'the clamped edge is:
The one-dimensional problem of the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
M ( x ) - =solution
~ only
E , , s when
i n m Z ' the
x polytropic
an analytic
index of
to three. In
z,s
15.980
sindetonation
. . . . + 5 . 2 8products
5 7 s i n -equals
-g
Q
general, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter pur~1r3r
5zx
ll~rx
terbation method,
an analytic,
+ 3.0173
sin -first-order
- - + 2 . 0 3approximate
9 5 sin 7 _ _ solution
_ _ + ] . 4 9 is
8 5obtained
s i n x 9 Zfor
_ +the
l . 1 5problem
9 5 s i n of flying
G
0~ indices other than a but nearly equal to three.
a
plate driven by various high explosives with polytropic
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
13Jrx
15zrx detonation velocity
17zx
an analytic formula
+ 0 . 9 2with
9 6 0 two
sin parameters
- -Q
+ 0 of
. 7 8high
5 0 6 explosive
sin - - +a0(i.e.
.64253
sin - -a and polytropic
index) for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established.
19tr~

+ 0 . 5 4 8 4 9 sin - -

+1.9. 47458
sin _~l--m- + 0. 4163"6 sin
Introduction
G

9~,_orc_
a

Explosive driven flying-plate

technique ffmds its important
use in the study
of behavior of
25~x
27zrx
29zx
0 . 3 6 7 1 7impulsive
sin - -loading,
+ 0 . 3shock
2 7 4 2 synthesis
s i n - - of diamonds,
+ 0 . 2 9 4 2 and
6 s i nexplosive
. . . . . welding and
materials under+ intense
g
a
G
cladding of metals. The method of estimation of flyor velocity and the way of raising it are questions
of common interest.
31~rx
33z~x
35zx
. 2 6 6 3 4 sinof. .one-dimensional
..
+ 0 . 2 4 2 6 2plane
sin detonation
....
+ 0 and
. 2 2 2rigid
3 2 sin
Under the+ 0assumptions
flying plate,
the normal
(I
~
G
approach of solving the problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following system of equations
governing the flow field of detonation products behind the flyor (Fig. I):
+ 0 . 2 0 4 8 4 s i n 3 7 Z ~ ' x - - + O . i 8 9 6 8 s i n 39~r----~x+ O . 1 7 6 4 7 s i n 4 1 z x
G

+0./6490sin

--ff +u_~_xp+ au =o,

43z~x ap+O.15472sin
45Jz_.____~x+ 0 . 1 4 5 7 2 s i n - -47~rx }
(I

au

au

(I

=0,

In the following table are given the bending moments at several points along the clamped edge
(i.0together with the Nash's results for comparison.
aS
as
a--T
x
0.5a
0. 375a
0 .=o,
25a
0. 125a
0. 0625a
0
M

0. 51049qb:'

p =p(p, s),
0.51451
0.51386

0.51074

0.51472

N ash
0. 5082
0. 5047
0. 4824
where p, p, S, u are pressure, density, specific entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
It can be seen that the distribution of bending moments along the clamped edge is almost uniform.
respectively, with the trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
As a check of the above calculation, the total bending moment will be found as follows.

trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state parameters on it are governed by the flow field I of central rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave
D and by initial stage of motion of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters of products

382

293

+11.4986+11.1595+10.9296+10.76506+10.64253

- 1. 0049qb 3
The error is negligible.
Deep gratitude is expressed to Mr. Shih Tze-cheng who not only helped us to
solve the simultaneous equations by the computer but also tried repeatedly to find out how many
terms of the unknown coefficients were necessary
to ensure a good solution. Thanks are also renAbstract
dered to Mr. Wu Liang-tze for his providing of the solution by the method of Finite elements.
The one-dimensional problem of the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
an analytic solution only when the polytropic
index of detonation products equals to three. In
References
general, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
behavior
of the
shock in
the explosive
products, and
small parameter
pur1. Holl,
D. reflection
L . , Cantilever
Plate
with Concentrated
Edgeapplying
Load, theJournal
,oJ Applied
terbation
method,
an
analytic,
first-order
approximate
solution
is
obtained
for
the
problem
of
flying
Mechanics, 4, (1937).
plate driven by various high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
2. Nowaski. W., A Contribution to the Theory of Plates and Shells.
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
Institute of Mechanics, Academia Sinica, 1956.
an analytic formula with two parameters of high explosive (i.e. detonation velocity and polytropic
3.
Nach,
W A., ofSeveral
Approximate
Analysis
of the Bending of a Rectangular Cantiindex) for estimation
the velocity
of flying plate
is established.
lever Plate by Uniform Normal Pressure. Journal o/ Applied Mechanics. ~9, 1

(1952).

1. Introduction
Plass, H. J., Games Jr. J. H., Newson C. D., Application of Reissner's Variational Principle
to Cantilever
Plate Deflection
and Vibration
Problems.
Explosive
driven
flying-plate technique
ffmds its important
use in the
study of .tournal
behavior o/
of
materials
under intense
impulsive
Applied
Mechanics,
29, loading,
(1962). shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
cladding of metals. The method of estimation of flyor velocity and the way of raising it are questions
5. Shu Teh-kien, Shill Tsun-tong, Variational Principle of Elastic Thin Plates and its Application.
of common interest.
Journal of the Peking Aeronautics Institute, 1957.
Under the assumptions of one-dimensional plane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
6. Chang Fo-van, Bending of Rectangular Cantilever Plate (with a concentrated load at the free
approach of solving the problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following system of equations
edge), Journal of Tsing-hua University, 2, Vol. 19, 1979.
governing the flow field of detonation products behind the flyor (Fig. I):
7. Chang Fo-van, Elastic Thin Plates. Scientific Publishing House, Peking, China, 1965.
4.

--ff
ap +u_~_xp+
au

au

aS

as

au

y1

=o,

=0,
(i.0

a--T
=o,
p =p(p, s),
where p, p, S, u are pressure, density, specific entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
respectively, with the trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state parameters on it are governed by the flow field I of central rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave
D and by initial stage of motion of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters of products
239833