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BOXES IN ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

BY: CG. SHAIFUR AZURA BIN SUHAIMI

Box #1: Inverse Function

f(x) = 2x + 5

f-1(x) = x - 5
2

Box # 2 : Inverse Function

terms in the
f(x) = 2x + 5 box remain
unchanged
3x - 5

f-1(x) = 5x + 5
3x - 2

Box # 3 : Form the quadratic equation given the roots

(a) 3 and -4 are the roots

x=3 ( x - 3 ) =0
Roots
x=- 4 ( x + 4) =0

Eqn: x2 +x -12 =0

1
(b) 2 and are the roots
3

x=2 ( x - 2 ) =0
Roots
1 ( 3x - 1) =0
x=
3
Eqn: 3x2 -7x +2 =0

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Box # 4 : Form the quadratic equation using given roots

Example: Given that α and β are the roots of quadratic equation 2x2 + 7x -15 = 0.
Form an equation with the roots of 2α and 2β.

2x2+7x-15=0: a=2, b=7, c=-15

Form ax2 bx c
a b c
+ ( +) - ( ) +
a a a
7 15
1 x - x -
2 2
1 2( +) -7 4( ) -30
eqn: x2 +7x -30

Box # 5: Index Numbers

Alternative Method: Using Index Box

Base Specific
Year Year
row for Quantity,
Q0 Q1 Price etc
ada perkataan 'base
year', index number
or price index mesti
100 I row for price index,
index number
100

Q0 Q1
 or Q0 xI  100Q1
100 I

Example:

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Q1: The mean electric bill of Ali increases from RM420 a month in 2006 to RM630 a
month in 2009. Calculate the index number of the electric bill of Ali in 2009 based
on 2006.

2006 2009

420 630
100 I

420 I  100 x630

63000
I 
420
I  150

Box # 6 : RELATED RATES OF CHANGES

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THE RATES BOX

column for Are a,

Volume & y A, v, y h, r, x
d d
column for he ight,
radius & x h, r, x t column
for time

Briefing about Rates Box:

THE RATES BOX

divide or by
respect to t
A, v, y h, r, x
d d symbol X = times

h, r, x t
differentiate

THE RATES BOX

Refer to general

column for Are a

A r
d d
column for r adius r t column
for time

dA dA dr
1)  X
dt dr dt

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THE RATES BOX

r
Refer to sphe e

column for
v olume v r
d d
column for r adius r t column
for time

dv dv dr
2)  X
dt dr dt
THE RATES BOX
Refer to cylinder

column for
v olume v h
d d
column for he ight h t column
for time

dv dv dh
3)  X
dt dh dt

THE RATES BOX Refer to cube

column for
v olume v x
d d
column for he ight x t column
for time

dv dv dx
4)  X
dt dx dt

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2: Find the value

S,A, V, Y h,r,x
d d
h,r,x t

d ( s, A, v, y )
  s, A, v, y  X  h, r , x 
dt

3: Find the value

S,A, V, Y h,r,x
d d
h,r,x t

d ( h, r , x)  s, A, v, y 

dt  h, r , x 

Example: SPM 2005, Q20

1 3 dv 1
v h  8h  (3)h 2  8
3 dh 3
dv
 10 = h2 + 8
dt
= (2)2 + 8
dh dv
?, when h = 2 = 12
dt dh

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3: Find the value

V
10 h
d d
h t
12

dh 10
 
dt 12
= 0.833cms-1

Example 2: Sasbadi Nexus, pg 152

dr
 2cms 1 , spherical balloon
dt
dv
r = 7 cm. Find ?
dt

Solution:
4
V sphere = r 3
3
dv 4
 (3)r 2
dr 3
= 4r 2
= 4π (7)2
= 196π

V r
196 2
d d
r t

dv
 196X 2
dt
= 392π
SMALL CHANGES IN QUANTITIES
Using “Small Changes Box”
dy y
1.  lim it , when x is very small
dx x  0 x

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y dy
 
x dx
dy
y   x Depend on question:
dx
May be δy, δA, etc
2. Using Small Changes Box
Depend on question:
May be dy, dA, etc
y dy = times

dx dx is a reference,
x
dx = 1
divide or by
dy
y =  x
dx

3. Small changes in X
x increase from, 2 to 2.01
To find  x:

x:22.01

start end
x = xend - xstart
= 2.01 - 2
= 0.01
4. ynew = yinitial +δy

A. Example 1:

y = x3 +2 , find the approximate increase

in y or y when x increases from 2 to
2.01

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solution:
x: 2  2.01
dx  2.01  2
= 0.01
dy
 3x 2
dx
= 3(2)2
= 12
Using the small changes box:
y dy
x dx

Fill in all the data into the related box.

y 12
0.01 1
 y  0.01X 12
= 0.12

B. Example 2:

Given the radius of a circle decreases

form 5 to 4.98cm. Find the approximate
change in the area.

r : 5  4.98
r  4.98  5
= -0.02
A ?
A = πr2
dA
 2r
dr
= 2π (5)
= 10π

δA 10π
-0.02 1
δA = -0.02 x 10 π
= -0.2π
C. Example 3:

16 dy
Given y = 4 , find the value of
x dx
when x = 2. Hence, find the
16
approximate value of .
( 2.04) 4

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Solution:
16 16
y = 4 =16x -4 = ,
x ( 2) 4
16
yinitial = 1
( 2) 4
dy
 16( 4) x 5
dx
= 16(-4) (2)-5
= -2

x : 2  2.04
δx = 2.04 -2
= 0.04
ynew = ?
y -2
0.04 1

δy = 0.04 x -2
= -0.08
ynew = yinitial + δy
= 1 + (-0.08)
= 0.92

Check: using calculator

 press <16> <  > <( 2.04  4)>
<=>
 Answer shown on a screen as
0.9233845426

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