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Damped Simple Harmonic Motion

Damped simple harmonic motion occurs when a harmonic oscillator experiences friction or resistance, causing energy dissipation. The motion is described by an equation containing terms for the restoring force (kx), damping force (Rx'), and inertia (mx''). As damping (γ) increases from 0, the oscillation decays exponentially over time and can be underdamped, critically damped, or overdamped. Underdamping shows decaying oscillations, while overdamping shows no oscillations, just monotonic decay.

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Ioannis Garoufalidis
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144 views15 pages

Damped Simple Harmonic Motion

Damped simple harmonic motion occurs when a harmonic oscillator experiences friction or resistance, causing energy dissipation. The motion is described by an equation containing terms for the restoring force (kx), damping force (Rx'), and inertia (mx''). As damping (γ) increases from 0, the oscillation decays exponentially over time and can be underdamped, critically damped, or overdamped. Underdamping shows decaying oscillations, while overdamping shows no oscillations, just monotonic decay.

Uploaded by

Ioannis Garoufalidis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lab 5: Damped simple harmonic motion

Simple harmonic oscillation


Damped harmonic oscillation

381 Mechanics

Simple harmonic oscillation


Ideal case: no friction

Hooke's law: F = kx

Newton's 2nd law: F = mx

kx = mx

mx + kx = 0


x + x = 0
2

k
=
m
2
m
T=
= 2

k
2

solution: x = A cos (t + )

A : Amplitude

: phase

Simple harmonic oscillation (cont.)

displacement: x = A cos (t + )
velocity: v = x = A sin (t + )

v =A cos t + +
2

cos

sin

+
=

accelaration: a =
x = A cos (t + )
2

a =A cos (t + + )
2

cos ( + ) = cos

Force: F = ma =Am cos (t + + ) = kx


2

x
v
a

x, v, a

-1

time

Phase space plot (v vs. x)

0.5

0.0

-0.5
-1.0

-0.5

0.0
x

0.5

1.0

Non-ideal spring (mass)

k
m

How should we consider


the effect of finite spring
mass?

Damped simple harmonic oscillation


Friction: retarding motion (energy dissipation)

Hooke's law: F1 = kx

Damping force: F2 = Rx kx Rx = mx


Newton's 2nd law: F = mx

mx + Rx + kx = 0
2

x + 2 x + x = 0
Assume a solution: x = e

k
R
=
, =
m
2m
t

+ 2 +

)=0

Damped simple harmonic oscillation (cont.)

+ 2 + = 0
2

=
2

x=e

( Ae

*t

+ Be

*t

* = 2 2

underdamping: < * = i 2 2

2
2
critical damping: =0 * = 0
overdamping: 2 > 2 * = 2 2
0

2
0

Damped harmonic oscillation (underdamping)


let's define 1
2

x ( t ) = e t ( Aei1t + A * e i1t )

C i
B is replaced by A* because x is a real function. let A = e
2

C t i1t +i
i1t i
x (t ) = e (e
+e
)
2

e +e
using Eular's formula cos x =
2
ix

x ( t ) = Ce

cos (1t + )

ix

Damped harmonic oscillation (underdamping)

x ( t ) = Ce

cos (1t + )

1 = 2 2

x ( 0 ) = 1; v ( 0 ) = 0

1.0

0.5

0.0

<0

-0.5

-1.0
0

10

20

time (arb. unit)

30

40

Damped harmonic oscillation


1.2
1.0

=10
=
=0.1

0.8
0.6
0.4

0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
0

10

20

30

Time

40

50

Damped harmonic oscillation (underdamping)

x = Ce

cos (1t + )
x
v
a

=0.1

1.0

0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
0

time

10

15

Approaching the ideal limit


2
2
 0

2.0

=0.01

1.5

x
v
a

1.0
x

0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
0

10
time

15

20

Phase space plot (v vs. x)


1.0

=0.1

0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0

-0.5

0.0
x

0.5

1.0

Detection: ultrasonic motion detector

r = vt 2

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