International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882

Volume 3, Issue 5, August 2014

Electrical Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste of Kanpur City

Shubham Rathi
M.Tech (Environment Science and Engineering)
Civil Engineering Department
HBTI, Kanpur (UP)

Dr. Pradeep Kumar

Assoc. Professor
Civil Engineering Department
HBTI, Kanpur (UP)

ABSTRACT
The energy crisis and environmental degradation are
currently two vital issues for global sustainable
development. Rapid industrialization and population
explosion in India has led to the migration of people
from villages to cities, which generate thousands tons of
municipal solid waste daily, which is one of the
important contributors for environmental degradation at
national level. Consequently the Kanpur city has serious
crisis of electricity, load shedding is now impractical as
living standards and become a great barrier in socioeconomic growth. Municipal solid waste management is
one of the major environmental problems of Indian cities
including Kanpur. Improper management of municipal
solid waste causes hazards to inhabitants. Massive
volume of solid waste is generated every day in the
Municipal areas and unfortunately solid waste
management is being deteriorated day by day.
A study on the potential of such energy resources is
presented in this paper. The study conducted by
collecting data from 100 solid waste collection points of
Kanpur city; MSW sample collection of 5 kg is taken
from each of these 100 solid waste collection point.
Using Dulongs formula heat energy is calculated for
each of above 100 solid waste collection points. Finally,
electrical energy is calculated of all the Kanpur city solid
waste which comes out to be 33MWor 804MWh/day. It
is found that electricity production from MSW could be
an alternative way of power generation as well as waste
management. This also solves the problem of large
volume of solid waste as the final product is ash of very
less volume. Hence, both the above problems of Energy
(Electricity) as well as Solid Waste management can be
solved by this paper.
Index TermsSolid Waste, Energy, Electricity,
Dulongs Formula, Incinerators

I. INTRODUCTION
Rapid urbanization, industrialization and population
growth have led to severe waste management problems
in several cities of developing or under developed world
like India, Malaysia, Nepal, Bangladesh etc. Although
MSWs, a vital part of any society, does not have the
disastrous potential of either global warming or
stratospheric ozone depletion, has long posed threats to
environmental quality and human health.

According to Union Health Ministry, India is an

agriculturally based country having population of about
1237 million [Census India website, 2014]. Due to
unchecked relocation of peoples from rural and semiurban areas to towns and cities from long time, the share
of urban population has increased from 10.84% in 1901
to 26.15% in 1991 [Manual on municipal solid waste
management, 2000]. The increase in population of Class
X cities is very high as compared to that of Class Y,
where Class X cities are those where the population
density is very high and Class Y cities are those which
have relatively less population as compared to Class X.
The urban population accounts for almost one-fourth of
the total population and is increasing at a faster rate than
the rural population in India. The population in the urban
areas have doubled in 2010 than in 1900, while the
quantity of MSWs generated is tripled. The number of
Class X cities with population exceeding 1,00,000 has
increased from 212 to 300 during 19811991 [Manual
on municipal solid waste management, 2000].
The uncontrolled urbanization has left many
Indian cities devoid of many infrastructural services such
as water supply, sewerage and municipal solid waste
management. Most of urban centers in India are
overwhelmed by severe problems related to solid waste
due to lack of grave efforts by town/city authorities,
garbage and its management. Great increase in the
amount of municipal solid waste has been reported in the
cities due to an improved lifestyle and social status.
Quickening urbanization accompanied with increasing
per capita incomes have also led to rapid increases in
MSW generation that have dramatically expanded the
burden on local governments in India for collection,
processing, and disposal of MSW in efficient ways.
Municipal corporations in India are unable to handle
increasing quantities of waste, which results in
uncollected waste on roads and in other public places.
The most old-fashioned and popular MSW disposal
practice worldwide is landfilling or open dumping. Due
to limited land availability in India and various
environmental problems associated, such as gas
emissions and leachate production, the technology of
landfilling needs to be improved.
There is an urgent need to work towards a
sustainable solid waste management system, which is
environmentally, economically and socially sustainable.
WTE generation option is an alternative for sustainable

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3, Issue 5, August 2014

management of this waste and will be it helpful in

tackling this huge quantity of waste.

wastes, (2) Analysis of particle size, (3) Moisture content,

and (4) Density of solid wastes

II. SOLID WASTES

TABLE 1: Typical composition of municipal solid

waste

Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and
animal activities that are normally solid and that are
discarded as useless or unwanted. The term as used in
this thesis is all-inclusive, and it includes the
heterogeneous mass of throwaways from residences and
commercial activities as well as the more homogenous
accumulations of a single industrial activity. Refuse
often used interchangeably with the term solid wastes.
A. Types of Solid Wastes
Solid wastes is characterized into three parts namely
Municipal Wastes, Industrial Wastes and Hazardous
Wastes [Environmental Engineering textbook, Peavy &
Rowe].
1) Municipal Wastes
Municipal waste consist of food wastes, rubbish, ash
and residues, demolition and construction wastes, special
waste & treatment-plant wastes.
2) Industrial Wastes
Industrial wastes are those wastes arising from
industrial activities and usually include rubbish, ashes,
demolition and construction wastes, special wastes and
hazardous wastes.
3) Hazardous Wastes
Wastes that pose a substantial danger immediately or
over a period of time to human, plant or animal life are
classified as hazardous wastes. A waste is classified as
hazardous if it exhibits any of the following
characteristics: (1) ignitability, (2) corrosivity, (3)
reactivity, or (4) toxicity. In the past, hazardous wastes
were often grouped into the following categories: (1)
radioactive substances, (2) chemicals, (3) biological
wastes, (4) flammable wastes and (5) explosives. The
chemical category includes wastes that are corrosive,
reactive or toxic. The principal sources of hazardous
biological wastes are hospitals and biological research
facilities.
B. Properties of Solid Wastes
Information on the properties of solid waste is important
in evaluating alternative equipment needs, system and
management programs and plans, specially with respect
to the application of disposal and resource and energy
recovery options [Environmental Engineering textbook,
Peavy & Rowe].
1) Physical Composition
Information and data on the physical composition of
solid wastes including (1) Identification of the
individual components that make up municipal solid

Component
Food wastes
Paper
Plastics
Textiles
Garden trimmings
Wood

Range
6 26
15 45
28
04
0 20
14

Percent by mass
Typical
14
34
5
2
12
2

2) Chemical Composition
Information on the chemical composition of solid
wastes is important in evaluating alternative processing
and energy recovery options [Environmental Engineering
textbook, Peavy & Rowe]. If solid wastes are to be used
as fuel, the four most important properties to be known
are:
a) Proximate analysis
Moisture (loss at 105oC for 1h)
Volatile matter (additional loss on ignition at 950oC)
Ash (residue after burning)
Fixed carbon (remainder)
b) Fusing point of ash
c) Ultimate analysis, percent of C (carbon), H
(hydrogen), O (oxygen), N (nitrogen), S (sulfur) and ash
d) Heating value (energy value)
C. Types of Energy Recovery Techniques from Solid
Waste
Many solid waste management techniques can be used to
produce electricity as well. Following are the MSW
management methods capable of producing electricity
1) Thermochemical conversion technologies
WTE generation via incineration/combustion
WTE generation via gasification
WTE generation via pyrolysis
2) Biochemical conversion technologies
WTE generation via landfilling and
engineered landfilling
Anaerobic
digestion/fermentation
under
controlled conditions.
In this paper electricity generation calculation is done via
incineration process as it has following advantages:
a) The majority of wastes will burn without giving
rise to noxious products of combustion (HCI,
HF, SO2 and NOx) in significant quantities
b) The volume and mass occupied by the waste is
greatly reduced
c) The incineration process produces an effectively
sterile ash residue.

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3, Issue 5, August 2014

III. METHODOLOGY
To understand the methodology, energy recovery process
must be understood before that. Energy recovery process
is shown in Fig. 1 first of all the solid waste is collected
from all the collection points it is then transported to
receiving station. After this solid waste is fed to
shredder, here solid waste is cut down into small pieces
so that can be managed easily at subsequent stages. Now
this shredded solid waste is passed through dryers to
remove extra moisture. After this air is blown on solid
waste which blows out light materials and heavy
material like ferrous metal is separated and sent for
recycle as these materials cant be burned in incinerators.
The light solid waste is again passed through second
stage shredder to cut them into smaller pieces. Now
these small solid waste pieces is burned into incinerators
which reduce solid waste into ash and produce heat
energy and gases. The gases are passed through air filters
if needed and subsequently released into atmosphere
through stacks. Heat energy is used to boil water in
boilers to produce this this steam in turn runs turbine
which is coupled with generators. As turbine runs it
cause generator to rotate and produce electricity. This
electricity is exported to the grid and some of it used for
plant itself.

FIG. 1: Flow sheet for the recovery of energy from solid

wastes [Environmental Engineering textbook, Peavy &
Rowe]

925

is Chennai with 0.667 kg/capita/day and second is

Lucknow with 0.64 kg/capita/day. All the other major
cities generation rate can be seen in Fig. 2

FIG. 2: Per capita generation rate of MSW for Indian

cities [CPCB, 2004]
To make solid waste management more efficient Kanpur
City is divided into 6 zones namely zone 1, zone 2, zone
3, zone 4, zone 5 and zone 6. Out of these six zones, five
zones collection points are managed (collection and
transportation) by A2Z limited and remaining one zones
collection points are managed (collection and
transportation) by Kanpur Nagar Nigam (KNN). There
are total of 203 collection points in Kanpur city [KNN,
2014], which keeps on increasing each year as new
collection points are needed to satisfy the increasing
generation rate of solid waste. All the waste from 203
collection points is dumped at A2Z limited, which do
sorting, processing and disposal of all the solid waste.
Total average of 1200 1250 tons/day of solid waste is
collected from Kanpur city [A2Z, 2014], which increases
to 1400 1500 tons/day on rainy days as rain increase the
moisture content of solid waste which in turn increase the
total weight of solid waste.
TABLE 2: Number of collection points, Truck and
Rickshaw in each zone [KNN, 2014]
Zone
1

Zone
2

Zone
3

Zone
4

Zone
5

Zone
6

Total

41

42

24

20

33

43

203

10
55

14
90

10
110

10
70

14
130

12
80

70
535

Methodology can be organized into analysis of problem,

collection of data, calculation and heat energy for better
understanding.

No
of
collection
points
Truck
Rickshaw

A. Analysis of Problem
Kanpur is the most populous city and the largest urban
agglomeration in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is
the second largest industrial city in of the Hindi belt in
North India. It is the administrative headquarters of
Kanpur Nagar district and Kanpur division and is known
as Leather City of the world as it contains some of the
largest and finest tanneries in the world. Kanpur is one of
North India's main commercial and industrial centers. As
per CPCB report of year 2004 Kanpur solid waste
generation rate is 0.623 kg/capita/day, which comes on
third number as compared to all other cities of India. First

B. Collection of Data
Main objective of the paper is to calculate total
electric power generated by Kanpur city, to calculate this
first of all quantity of solid waste collected from Kanpur
city should be known, it is 1200 1250 tons/day [A2Z,
2014]. 100 random collection points from each zone are
selected. 5 kg of random sample of solid waste is
collected from each of these 100 collection points. From
this random 5 kg sample, bifurcation of solid waste is
done to know the composition of solid waste. Solid waste

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3, Issue 5, August 2014

of Kanpur city generally have paper, plastics, food

wastes, garden trimming, textiles, wood and tin cans.
TABLE 3: Sampled solid waste collection in each zone
Zones
1
2
3
4
5
6

Number of collection points

21
16
18
20
14
11

From the collected data net weight of food wastes,

paper, plastics, textiles, garden trimmings, wood and tin
cans from all 100 collection point is calculated than total
weight of each type of waste is calculated taking solid
waste collected per day from Kanpur city as 1200
tons/day, total weight is calculated using Eq. 1 and %
weight is calculated by using Eq. 2 all this is summarized
in Table 4.
% weight =

(1)

Total Weight or Wet Mass =

kg
(2)

TABLE 4: Net weight, % weight and total weight of each

waste type
Type of waste
Food wastes
Plastics
Paper
Garden
Trimmings
Textiles
Wood
Tin Cans

Net weight
(kg)
163.90
75.65
120.70

% weight
32.78
15.13
24.14

Total weight
(kg)
39,336.00
18,156.00
28,968.00

99.70

19.14

23,928.00

38.85
0.49
0.71

7.77
0.10
0.14

9,324.00
117.60
170.40

From Table 4 many important observations can be

determined like how much net weight of food wastes,
plastics, paper, garden trimmings, textiles, wood and tin
cans is sampled from 100 collection points. It is observed
that food waste have highest weight composition
percentage of 32.78% followed by paper (24.14%),
garden trimmings (19.14%), plastics (15.13%), textile
(7.77%), tin cans (0.14%) and wood (0.1%).
Once percentage weight composition is calculated from
sampled data, total weight of whole 203 collection points
of Kanpur city can be easily found out by using Eq. 2.
Total weight of solid waste of Kanpur city is shown in
Fig. 3.

FIG. 3: Total weight of bifurcated solid waste from all

203 collection point of Kanpur city
C. Calculation
In previous section all the Kanpur city wet mass or
total weight of food wastes, plastics, paper, garden
trimmings, textiles, wood and tin cans are calculated (Fig.
3). Now using typical moisture content data, dry mass of
each type of waste is calculated. Tin cans dry mass is not
considered as it have got vey less moisture and also tin
cans give zero energy in incinerators.
Once dry mass is calculated than amount of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and ash content is
calculated for each type of waste using standard table of
ultimate analysis of combustible waste and Eq. 3.
Element content =
Standard ultimate
analysis mass percent kg
(3)
Now revised mass is calculated for solid waste, as
moisture in solid waste converts into hydrogen and
oxygen due to heat in incinerators. The final revised mass
of element content of whole Kanpur solid waste can be
seen in Table 5.
TABLE 5: Revised of element content
Element
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulphur
Ash
Total

Revised Mass (kg)

37,422.1104
9,798.2428
66,725.2229
1,100.1331
143.0581
4,645.0284
119833.7958

Percent by mass
31.22
8.17
55.68
0.91
0.11
3.87

D.Heat Energy (Dulongs Formula)

To calculated heat energy generated by whole Kanpur
citys solid waste Dulongs formula needs to be applied.
Dulongs formula described in Eq. (4)
Heart Energy (kJ/kg) =
(4)

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3, Issue 5, August 2014

where C = carbon percent

H = hydrogen percent
O = oxygen percent
S = sulfur percent
Putting percent by mass value from Table 5 into
Dulongs formula net heat generated by Kanpur citys
total waste is obtained
Heat
Energy
Generated
(kJ/kg)
=
kJ/kg
Heat Energy Generated = 12260.69 kJ/kg
(5)
(Sulphur percent by mass is taken 0 as its very small
quantity)

IV. ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICITY

GENERATED
Various steps are done to calculate electricity. First, heat
energy generated is used to calculate steam energy which
is 70% of heat energy. Finally after steam energy
calculation, net electric power generated by solid waste
is calculated after accounting station service allowance
and heat losses. All this is shown below:
Steam energy available = 70% of heat energy
(6)
Now putting heat energy value from Eq. 5
Steam energy available = (0.70 12,260 .69) kJ/kg
Steam energy available = 8,582.483 kJ/kg
Above calculated steam energy is used to run the
turbines, these turbines are coupled with generators
which produces electricity. Heat rate is the heat input
required to produce one unit of electricity (kWh).
1 kW = 3,600 kJ/h
(7)
From the above equation it is interpreted that if the
energy conversion is 100 % efficient then to produce one
unit of electricity 3600 kJ energy is required. But
practically no energy conversion is 100% efficient,
considering the conversion efficiency of 31.6% in a
power plant heat input of 3600 31.6% = 11395 kJ/kWh
is required.
So, to produce 1kWh electrical energy 11395 kJ of steam
energy is required. Therefore,
Electric power generation = Steam energy 11395
kJ/kWh
Electric power generation = (8,582.483 11395) kWh/kg
Electric power generation = 0.753179728 kWh/kg
Total weight of solid waste collected from Kanpur city =
1200 tons/day
Total electric power generation = (0.753179728
1200000) kWh/day
Total electric power generation = 903815.6735 kWh/day
Now,
Station service allowance = 6% of total electric power
generation
Station service allowance = (0.6 903815.6735) kWh/day
Station service allowance = 54228.94041 kWh/day
Unaccounted heat loss = 5% of electric power generation
Unaccounted heat loss = (0.5 903815.6735) kWh/day

Unaccounted heat loss = 45190.78368 kWh/day

Net electric power generation = Electric power
generation (station service allowance + unaccounted
heat loss)
Net electric power generation = 903815.6735
(54228.94041 + 45190.78368)
Net electric power generation = 804395.9495 kWh/day =
804.3 MWh/day
The above generated electricity is for one day and one
day has 24 hours, so using this net electric power is
calculated for per hour basis.
Net electric power generated = 804.3 MWh / 24h
Net electric power generated = 33.5 MW 33 MW
Hence, if WTE incineration method is applied on all the
1200 tons/day solid waste of Kanpur city than total of
804MWh/day units can be generated which is equal to
33MW.
Kanpur city electricity demand is 580MW, which will
likely to increase to 976MW by 2021-22 (Hindustan
Times, 2014). Electricity generated from solid waste can
fulfill 5% of this demand. Besides electricity generation
solid waste volume is greatly reduced (upto 90%) due to
conversion of solid waste into ash which solves solid
waste management problem.

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND FUTURE

SCOPE
A. Summary
The objectives stated in chapter one is accomplished
by taking 5kg random sampling from 100 solid waste
collection points, than applying Dulongs formula to
calculate net electricity generated from these 100 solid
waste collection points. Dulongs formula is applied on
WTE incineration technique. Incineration technique is
chosen because it has many advantages over other
techniques like the majority of wastes will burn without
giving rise to noxious products of combustion (HCI, HF,
SO2 and NOx) in significant quantities, the volume and
mass occupied by the waste is greatly reduced, it
produces an effectively sterile ash residue etc. The
recovery of energy from wastes also offers other benefits
as follows a. the total quantity of waste gets reduced by
nearly 60% to over 90% depending upon the waste
composition and the adopted technology, b. demand for
land, which is already scarce in cities for land filling is
reduced, c. the cost of transportation of waste to far-away
landfill sites also gets reduced proportionately and d. net
reduction in environmental pollution.
Now, applying net energy generated result on all the
waste of Kanpur city. It is found that total of 33MW
electricity can be generated from all the Kanpur city solid
waste which fulfills 5% current demand of Kanpur city.
Besides electricity it also solves the huge problem of
SWM by reducing 90% volume of solid waste into fly
ash. Fly ash can be used in many ways like concrete
production, embankments and other structural fills, grout

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3, Issue 5, August 2014

and flowable fill production, cement clinkers production

etc.
B. Conclusion
Kanpur is a big city that produces large quantity of
waste. Waste to energy solves the problem of MSW
disposal while recovering the energy from the waste
materials with the significant benefits of environmental
quality, increasingly accepted as a clean source of energy.
WTE incineration needs to be implemented to make
greater contribution in supplying renewable energy in
India, while help in solving the countrys MSW
management problem in the coming decade. The
challenge of MSW disposal and the demand for
alternative energy resources are common in many
developing countries. MSWM can also be considered as a
Waste Management Plan rather than as an Electricity
Generation Project as the technology can lead to a
substantial reduction in the overall waste quantities (as it
reduces SW volume upto 90%) requiring final disposal,
which can be better managed for safe disposal in a
controlled manner while meeting the pollution control
standards. It is expected that the experience on the
development of WTE in India can offer some helpful
lessons to other developing counties. In addition, power
produced from the WTE activity can reduce the costly
natural resources fossil fuel utilization in power
generation as in India most proportion of total electricity
is generated by fossil fuels (coal). Fossil fuel are
depleting day by day while on the other hand solid waste
is increasing day by day, WTE solves both these problem
by managing solid waste and producing electricity.
Hence, WTE is a great step towards sustainable
development as it saves coal resources which can be used
by future generation while eliminating solid waste
management problem which solves the land shortage
problem and that extra land can be used to any fruitful
work without SWM that land is wasted as huge piles of
solid waste just cover land making them useless and
toxic. Also leachate problem is solved by SWM as open
dump cause leachate to develop which even pollute the
underground water.
C. Future Scope
In this thesis work WTE incineration technique is
used to produce electricity, but incineration produces
some gases which may rise some environmental issues.
This study does not involve analysis of gases emitted
from WTE process and its impact on environment. In
addition to above, future study can be done in this regard
to reduce these gases. Dulongs method is used to
calculate the electricity generated but some other method
can also be used. WTE incineration technique is used to
generate energy but other techniques can be used with
modification to get better results.

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