Cardinal Numbers

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

zero
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
twenty
twenty-one
twenty-two
twenty-three
twenty-four
twenty-five

26 twenty-six
27 twenty-seven
28 twenty-eight
29 twenty-nine
30 thirty
40 forty
50 fifty
60 sixty
70 seventy
80 eighty
90 ninety
100 a/one hundred
101 a hundred and one
110 a hundred and ten
120 a hundred and twenty
200 two hundred
1,000 a/one thousand
1,001 a thousand and one
1,010 a thousand and ten
2,000 two thousand
10,000 ten thousand
11,000 eleven thousand
100,000 a/one hundred thousand
1,000,000 a/one million
2,000,000 two million
1,000,000,000 a/one billion

Years in English
From 2000 onwards, years are pronounced like ordinary cardinal numbers.
2000 - two thousand
2003 - two thousand and three
Earlier years are pronounced differently: the first two figures are a number and
the last two figures are a number. They can be joined by hundred and, which is
only necessary, however, if the last two figures are 00 through 09.
1999 - nineteen (hundred and) ninety-nine
1806 - eighteen hundred and six / eighteen oh six
To distinguish between dates before and after the birth of Christ, use BC und
AD:
BC = 'Before Christ'
AD = 'Anno Domini' (in the year of the Lord)

Dates
Month / Day / Year
05 / 03 / 2011
May 5, 2011

English/Spanish Verb Tenses

A verb is an action word in a sentence. Actions can be in the

past, present, future etc. This time that an action occurs is
called a tense. Today we will review 14 verb tenses.

1. Simple Present Simple (use sv + s, 3d

singular)
Singular

Plural

I speak English every day.

We speak English every day.

You speak

You speak

He/She speaks

They speak

En espaol
-ar
Singular

-o
- as
-a

Plural

- amos
- an
- an

-er -ir
Singular

-o
- es
-e

Plural

- imos
- en
- en

2. Simple Past ( -ed for all)

Singular

Plural

I called Ricki yesterday.

We called

You called

You called

He/She called

They called

Common words: Yesterday, last year, last month, last week

En espaol
-ar
Singular

-
- aste
-

Plural

- amos
- aron
- aron

-er -ir
Singular

-
- ste
- i
Palabras comunes:
ayer
antes de ayer
el ao pasado
el mes pasado
la semana pasada

3. Simple Future

Plural

- imos
- ieron
- ieron

P1 + will

sv

Common words: Tomorrow, next year, next month, next week .

En espaol la terminacin del futuro es igual para

todos!! Yaaaayyyy!
-ar

+ -er + -ir +
Singular

-
- s
-

Plural

- emos
- an
- an

Palabras communes:

4.

maana
pasado maana
el ao entrante o el ao prximo
el mes entrante o el mes prximo
la semana entrante o el ao prximo

Future No. 2
P + am/is/are going to

sv

P stands for Person, Place or Thing in other words, P stands for

the actor that produces the action = noun or pronoun. Ok?

Singular

Plural

I am going to travel next

week.

We are going to study many

things.

You are going to finish fast.

You are going to work in China.

He/She is going to run 5

miles.

They are going to look into that

situation.

En espaol
-ar

+ -er + -ir +
Singular

Voy a + infinitivo
Vas a + infinitivo
Va a + infinitivo

Plural

Vamos a + infinitivo
Van a + infinitivo
Van a + infinitivo

Palabras communes:

maana
pasado maana
el ao entrante o el ao prximo
el mes entrante o el mes prximo
la semana entrante o el ao prximo

5.

Was / were going to2

P + was/were going to
Singular

sv
Plural

I was going to travel last

week, but something came
up.

We were going to study many

Eastern philosophies / cultures,
but never had the opportunity to
do so.

You were going to finish

fast, but it took six months!

You were going to work in China

what happened?

He/She was going to run 5

miles yesterday, but was
only able to run 2!

They were going to look into that

situation, but never found time.

En espaol
-ar

+ -er + -ir +
Singular

iba a + infinitivo
ibas a + infinitivo
iba a + infinitivo

Plural

bamos a + infinitivo
iban a + infinitivo
iban a + infinitivo

Not really a tense. I insert it here because its easy to remember if I

place it after am/is/are going to.

5. Present Continuous

P + am/is/are
Singular
I am watching TV and I am
listening to the news from Japan.

-ing
Plural

We are eating a lot of Chinese

food these days.

You are looking over the students You are looking up the information
test.
on the Internet.

He/She is looking after the

children.

They are doing many important

things in New York City.

Common words: Right now, at this moment, today

En espaol
-ar
Singular

Estoy + - ando
Estas + -ando
Esta + -ando
-er

Plural

Estamos + -ando
Estn + -ando
Estn + -ando

+ -ir +
Singular

Estoy + - iendo
Estas + -iendo
Est + -iendo
Palabras comunes:
en da

Plural

Estamos + -iendo
Estn + -iendo
Estn + -iendo
ahora; en este momento; ahora mismo;

hoy

6. Past Continuous

P + was/were
Singular

-ing

Plural

At this time yesterday, I was

watching TV and I was listening
to the news from Japan.

We were eating a lot of Chinese

food these days.

You were looking over the

students test.

You were looking up the

information on the Internet.

He/She was looking after the

children.

They were doing many important

things in New York City.

Common words: At this time yesterday, at this time last week, at this
time last month, at this time last year..

En espaol
-ar
Singular

Estaba + - ando
Estabas + -ando
Estaba + -ando
-er

Plural

Estabamos + -ando
Estaban + -ando
Estaban + -ando

+ -ir +
Singular

Estaba + - iendo
Estabas + -iendo
Estaba + -iendo

Plural

Estabamos + -iendo
Estaban + -iendo
Estaban + -iendo

Palabras comunes: ayer a esta hora;

ahora

el ao pasado a esta

7. Future Continuous

P + will be
Singular

-ing
Plural

At this time next year, I will be

working in China.

We will be figuring out how to fly

to Jupiter.

You will be speaking Spanish

perfectly.

You will be resting at home.

He/She will be traveling.

They will be eating pasta.

Common words: At this time tomorrow, at this time next week, at this
time next month, at this time next year..

En espaol
-ar
Singular

Estar + - ando
Estars + -ando
Estar + -ando
-er

Plural

Estaremos + -ando
Estarn + -ando
Estarn + -ando

+ -ir +
Singular

Estar + - iendo
Estars + -iendo
Estar + -iendo

Plural

Estaremos + -iendo
Estarn + -iendo
Estarn + -iendo

Palabras communes: maana a esta hora;

ahora

Modals in English

el ao entrante a esta

Special auxiliary words. They are used before a main verb to

indicate special situations.

Common Characteristics:
1. Modals never change in person or in number. Never add s or
ed or anything!
2. Always followed by simple verb (sv). Never by to.
3. Use not between modal and simple verb to form the negative.

List of English Modals

Can + sv
Am/Is/Are able to + sv

Remember modals
1. never change

Should + sv

2. are always followed by sv

Ought to + sv

3. and use not for negative

Had better + sv
Must + sv
Have to + sv
Would like to + sv
Would love to + sv
Would rather + sv
May + sv
Might + sv
Can + sv
Will + sv
Could + sv

Uses of modals:

What are special situations

when modals are used?
Well, unlike other English
auxiliaries, such as do/does, did,
will, have, has, had etc., used
before main verbs to indicate
either question or negative forms,
or a verb tense(past, present,
future etc., modal auxiliaries are
used for special situations that do
NOT indicate time (tense), or
question/negative forms These
special situations include:

To
To
To
To
To
To

indicate ability.
give advice.
show obligation.
show preference.
show possibility.
ask for permission.

Lets analyze this in the following

pages.

1. To show ability (Spanish yo puedo, tu puedes,

l puede, nosotros podemos, ustedes pueden,

ellos pueden + INFINITIVO)
**Can + sv
I can speak English.

We can speak English.

You can speak English.

You can speak English.

He/She/ It can speak English.

They can speak English.

I cannot speak English.

We cannot speak English.

You cannot speak English.

You cannot speak English.

He/She/ It cannot speak English.

They cannot speak English.

Can I speak English?

Can we speak English?

Can you speak English?

Can you speak English?

Can she or he speak English?

Can they speak English?

1. To show ability (Spanish yo puedo, tu puedes, l

puede, nosotros podemos, ustedes pueden, ellos

pueden + INFINITIVO)
**Am / Is / Are able to + sv

I am able to speak English.

We are able to speak English.

You are able to speak

English.

You are able to speak English.

He or she is able to speak

English.

They are able to speak English.

I am not able to speak

English.

We are not able to speak English.

You are not able to speak

English.

You are not able to speak English.

She is not able to speak

English.

They are not able to speak

English.

Am I able to speak English?

Are we able to speak English?

Are you able to speak

English?

Are you able to speak English?

Is he able to speak English?

Are they able to speak English?

2. To give advice (Spanish yo debo, tu debes, l

debe, nosotros debemos, ustedes deben, ellos
deben + INFINITIVO)
**Should + sv
I should call my mother.

We should call our mothers.

You should call your mother.

You should call your mothers.

He should call his mother.

They should call their mothers.

I should not eat sugar.

We should not eat sugar.

You should not eat sugar.

You should not eat sugar.

She should not eat sugar.

They should not eat sugar.

Should I answer the phone?

Should we answer the phone?

Should you answer the phone?

Should you answer the phone?

(plural you)

Should he answer the phone?

Should they answer the phone?

2. To give advice (Spanish yo debo, tu debes, l

debe, nosotros debemos, ustedes deben, ellos
deben + INFINITIVO)
**Ought to + sv
I ought to know that.

We ought to know that.

You ought to know that.

You ought to know that. (plural

you)

He ought to know that.

They ought to know that.

I ought not go.

We ought not go.

You ought not go.

You ought not go.

She ought not go.

They ought not go.

Ought you go?

N.B. As you can see, ought
to is hardly used in
question form so, no need
to translate

2. To give strong advice (Spanish mas vale que. )

--- continued
** Had better + sv
I had better work on Saturdays.
You had better work on
Saturdays.
He/She/ It had better work on
Saturdays.

We had better work on

Saturdays.
You had better work on
Saturdays.
They had better work on
Saturdays.

OR
I d better work on Saturdays.
Youd better work on Saturdays.
Hed or Shed better work on
Saturdays.

Wed better work on

Saturdays.
Youd better work on
Saturdays.
Theyd better work on
Saturdays.

3. To show obligation (Spanish: yo tengo que, tu

tienes que, l tiene que, nosotros tenemos que,
ustedes tienen que, ellos tienen que + INFINITIVO)
**Have to + sv
I have to work on Saturdays.

We have to work on Saturdays.

You have to work on Saturdays.

You have to work on Saturdays.

He/She/ It has to work on

Saturdays.

They have to work on

Saturdays.

I dont have to work on

Saturdays.

We dont have to work on

Saturdays.

You dont have to work on

Saturdays.

You dont have to work on

Saturdays.

She doesnt have to work on

Saturdays.

They dont have to work on

Saturdays.

Do I have to work today?

Do we have to work today?

Do you have to work today?

Do you have to work today?

Does he have to work today?

Do they have to work today?

3. To show obligation (Spanish: yo tengo que, tu

tienes que, l tiene que, nosotros tenemos que,
ustedes tienen que, ellos tienen que +
INFINITIVO)
**Must + sv
I must work on Saturdays.

We must work on Saturdays.

You must work on Saturdays.

You must work on Saturdays.

He must work on Saturdays.

They must work on Saturdays.

I must not forget to bring an

apple.

We must not forget to bring an

apple.

You must not forget to bring an

apple.

You must not forget to bring an

apple.

She must not forget to bring an

apple.

They must not forget to bring an

apple.

Must I go?

Must we sign that document?

Must you do that so often?

Must you (plural) study so much?

Must he plan so much?

Must they travel so much

4. To show preference
** Would like to + sv (Spanish: a mi me gustaria,
a ti te gustaria, a l/ella le gustaria, a nosotros
nos gustaria, a ustedes les gustaria, a ellos/ellas
les gustara + INFINITIVO)
I would like to study Latin.

We would like to study Mandarin.

You would like to study French.

You (plural) would like to study

German.

He would like to study

Japanese.

They would like to study Polish.

I would not like to study

Portuguese.

We would not like to study Dutch.

You would not like to study

English.

You (plural) would not like to study

Farsi.

He would not like to study

Italian.

They would not like to study

Korean.

Would I like to study Arabic?

Would we like to study Turkish?

Would you like to study

Russian?

Would you (plural) would like to

study Thai?

Would he like to study

Vietnamese?

Would they like to study Persian?

4. To show preference
** Would love to + sv (Spanish: a mi me
encantara, a ti te encantara, a l/ella le
encantara, a nosotros nos encantara, a ustedes
les encantara, a ellos/ellas les encantara +
INFINITIVO)
I would love to meet her.

We would love to meet them.

You would love meet him.

You would love to visit Colombia.

He would love to meet us.

They would love learn Chinese.

I would not love to meet her.

We would not love to meet them.

You would not love to meet

him.

You would not love to visit ABC.

He would not love to meet us.

They would not love to learn Thai.

4. To show preference
** Would rather + sv (Spanish: preferira,
preferiras, preferira, preferiramos, preferiran,
preferiran.)
I would prefer to have a hot
dog.

We would prefer to have coffee.

You would prefer to have a

coke.

You would prefer to have pizza.

He would prefer to have a

Pepsi.

They would prefer to have a

hamburger.

I would not prefer the opera.

We would not prefer a ballet.

You would not prefer a movie.

You would not prefer a TV show.

He would not prefer to see a

play.

They would not prefer a dance.

5. To show possibility (Spanish: quizs)

** Might + sv

** May + sv

6. To ask for permission (Spanish: pedir permiso

+ INFINITIVO)
** Can + Person + sv ?
Can you let me sit here?

Can I leave the meeting?

Can you take me to the

hotel?

Can you explain the meaning of

this word?

** May + Person + sv?

May I use your phone?

May I use your pen?

Past Modals with Have

Some past modals can be formed by using have + the past participle
of the main verb immediately after the modal. (should have, could
have, would have, etc.)
However, since modals express possibility, intention, obligation, etc.,
they do not always indicate a definite tense. Therefore, when using
past modals with have, special meanings need to be considered.
I should go to the funeral.

(I give advice to myself to go to

the funeral--later.)

I should have gone to the funeral.

(I didn't go. Now I regret it.)

Lex might take Karen to the airport.

(It's a future possibility.)

Lex might have taken Karen to the airport. (He may be on his way there
now.)
Lex could have taken Karen to the airport. (Most likely he didn't.)
Lex would have taken Karen to the airport. (He didn't. He had an excuse.)
Otis didn't come to work yesterday.

(past fact)

He had to take care of his children.

(past obligation)

His children must have been sick.

(conjecture about the past)

Modals in the Past

MODAL + HAVE

+ -ED (OR IRREGULAR )

1. Could have + -ed (

2. Should have + -ed
3. Must have + -ed
4. Might have + -ed
5. May have + -ed
6. Would have + -ed if..

Uses of modals:
1. To show an ability you had in the past to do
something, but you didnt do it.
**Could + have + -ed or irregular past participle
Examples:
I could have called you last
night.

We could have called you last

night.

-He podido llamarte anoche,

-Hemos podido llamarte anoche,

-Pude haberte llamado anoche,

-Pudimos haberte llamado

anoche.

- Hubiera podido llamarte

anoche.

- Hubieramos podido llamarte

anoche.

You could have called me last

night.

You could have called me last

night.

-Has podido llamarme anoche,

- Ustedes han podido

llamarme anoche,

-Pudiste haberme llamado

anoche.
- Hubieras podido llamarme
anoche.
He/She could have called you
last night.
-Ha podido llamarte anoche,

- Pudieron haberme llamado

anoche.
- Hubieran podido llamarme
anoche.
They could have called me
last night.
-Ellos han podido llamarme
anoche,

-Pudo haberte llamado anoche.

- Hubieras podido llamarme
anoche.

-Pudieron haberme llamado

anoche.
- Hubieran podido llamarme
anoche.

2. To give advice for something in the past, but that

advice was not followed in the past.
**Should + have + -ed (or irregular)
Examples:
I should have finished my
homework last night.

We should have finished our

homework last night.

-He debido terminar mis tareas

anoche.

-Hemos debido terminar

nuestras tareas anoche.

-Deb haber terminado mis tareas

anoche.

-Debimos haber terminado

nuestras tareas anoche.

You should have finished your

homework last night.

You should have finished your

homework last night.

-Has debido terminar tus tareas

anoche.

-Ustedes han debido terminar

sus tareas anoche.

-Debiste haber terminado tus

tareas anoche.

-Debieron haber terminado sus

tareas anoche.

He should have finished his

homework last night.

They should have finished their

homework last night.

-Ha debido terminar sus tareas

anoche.

-Han debido terminar sus tareas

anoche.

-Debi haber terminado sus

tareas anoche.

-Debieron haber terminado sus

tareas anoche.

Also, to give advice for something in the past, but

that advice was not followed in the past.
** Ought to + have + -ed (or irregular)
Examples:
I ought to have gone to mass last
Sunday.
-He debido terminar mis tareas
anoche.

We ought to have gone to

mass on Sundays.
-Hemos debido terminar
nuestras tareas anoche.

-Deb haber terminado mis tareas

anoche.

-Debimos haber terminado

nuestras tareas anoche.

You ought to have gone to mass last

Sunday.

You ought to have gone to

mass last Sunday.

-Has debido terminar tus tareas

anoche.

-Ustedes han debido

terminar sus tareas anoche.

-Debiste haber terminado tus tareas

anoche.

-Debieron haber terminado

sus tareas anoche.

He/She ought to have gone to mass

last Sunday.

They ought to have gone to

mass last Sunday.

-Ha debido terminar sus tareas

anoche.

-Han debido terminar sus

tareas anoche.

-Debi haber terminado sus tareas

anoche.

-Debieron haber terminado

sus tareas anoche.

3. To show obligation (Spanish tuvo que haber

estado )
** Must + have + -ed (or irregular)
Examples:
I must have been crazy to
drive at 100 mph.

We must have been .

Tuve que estar loco para

manejar a 100 mph.

Tuvimos que estar

You must have been .

You must have been .

Tuviste que estar loco

Tuvieron que estar loco

He/She/ It must have

been ...

They must have been .

Tuvo que estar loco(a)

Tuvieron que estar locos

(as)

4. To show past possibility ( Spanish quizs haya

** Might + have + -ed (or irregular)

** May + have + -ed (or irregular)
Examples:
I might have visited that museum
in France, but I cant remember.

We might have.

Quizs haya visitado ese museo en

Francia, pero no me acuerdo.

Quizs hayamos

You might have left your wallet at

home.
Quizs hayas dejado la billetera en
la casa.

You might have .

He might have stolen the

information.

They might have .

Quizs haya robado la

informacin

Quizs hayan

Quizs hayan

Chapter 4 - Jobs and Professions

Connecting to the Topic
1. Have you held a part-time job? How many full-time jobs
have you held?

2. Have you ever done volunteer work?

3.

What kinds of work have you done?

8. Present Perfect

P + have/has

Singular
I have just finished the book.

-ed

Plural
We have already donated money to
that foundation this year.

You have analyzed this situation for You have looked for your wallet all
months and you still havent offered over the house. Havent you found
solutions.
it yet?

He/She has lived in Tripoli since

1999.

They have decided to stop wasting

time.

Common words: For, Since Yet, already, just

-ar
Singular

He + - ado
Has + -ado
Ha + -ado
-er

Plural

Hemos + -ado
Han + -ado
Han + -ado

+ -ir +
Singular

He + - ido
Has + -ido
Ha + -ido

Plural

Hemos + -ido
Han + -ido
Han + -ido

Palabras comunes:
Durante;

desde; acabo de + infinitivo; ya; todava

9. Present Perfect Continuous

P + have been +

-ing

Singular

Plural

I have been walking for 2 hours.

We have been watching the news

since 8 a.m.

You have been analyzing this

situation for months and you still
havent offered solutions.

You have been sleeping for 10

hours.

He/She has been living in Tripoli

since 1999.

They have been driving all night.

Common words: For, Since Yet, already, just

-ar
Singular

He estado + - ando
Has estado + -ando
Ha estado + -ando
-er

Plural

Hemos estado + -ando

Han estado + -ando
Han estado + -ando

+ -ir +
Singular

He estado + - iendo
Has estado + -iendo
Ha estado + -iendo

Plural

Hemos estado + -iendo

Han estado + -iendo
Han estado + -iendo

Palabras communes:
Durante;

desde; acabo de + infinitivo; ya; todava

10. Past Perfect

P + had

-ed

Singular

Plural

I had just finished the book when

the phone rang.

We had already donated money to

that foundation before they called.

You had analyzed this situation for

months until you finally found a
solution.

You had looked for your wallet all

over the house before you found it
in the car.

By the time she finished, she had

studied for 5 hours.

They had decided to stop wasting

time before the annual performance
assessment.

Common words: For, Since Yet, already, just

-ar
Singular

Plural

Haba + - ado
Habas + -ado
Haba + -ado
-er

Habamos + -ado
Haban + -ado
Haban + -ado

+ -ir +
Singular

Plural

Haba + - ido
Habas + -ido
Haba + -ido
Palabras comunes:
ya; todava

Habamos + -ido
Haban + -ido
Haban + -ido
Durante;

desde; acabo de + infinitivo;

11. Past Perfect Continuous

P + had been +
Singular

-ing

Plural

I had been walking for 2 hours

before I finally arrived home.

We had been watching the news,

when the phone rang.

You had been traveling throughout

Asia before the Tsunami struck
Japan?

You had been sleeping for 10 hours

when the alarm went off.

He/She had been living in Tripoli

before February, 2011.

They had been driving all night.

Common words: For, Since Yet, already, just

-ar
Singular

Plural

Haba estado + - ando

Habas estado + -ando
Haba estado + -ando
-er

Habamos estado + -ando

Haban estado + -ando
Haban estado + -ando

+ -ir +
Singular

Plural

Haba estado + - iendo

Habas estado + -iendo
Haba estado + -iendo

Habamos estado + -iendo

Haban estado + -iendo
Haban estado + -iendo

Palabras communes:
Durante; desde;

12. Future Perfect

acabo de + infinitivo;

ya;

todava

P + will have + -ed

Common words: By next Friday By next week . For
Since. Etc.

Well study in the advanced immersion

13. Future Perfect Continuous

P + will have been + -ing

Well study in the advanced immersion

14. Imperfect
P + used to
Singular
I used to speak Japanese fluently,
but Ive forgotten everything.

sv
Plural

We used to watch a lot of television,

but now we would rather spend the
time talking and walking.

You used to be a very nice person,

but something changed.

You used to get up late, but now

you get up at dawn.

He/She used to live in Tripoli, but

now she lives in New York City.

They used to drive a Chevy, now

they drive a Ford.

-ar
Singular

- aba
- abas
- aba
-er

Plural

- abamos
- aban
- aban

+ -ir +
Singular

- a
- as
- a

Plural

- amos
- an
- an