STATIC AND DYNAMIC RESERVOIR
CHARACTERIZATION
Static Properties :
BASIC THEORY
CARBONATE RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
Stratigraphy
Geometry of reservoir and component facies
Lithology
Porosity and permeability
Other petrophysical properties
Structure
Temperature
Fluid compositions ?
Dynamic Properties :
Saturations
Pressure
Fluid contacts
Production and flow rates
Rock/fluid impedances (and seismic amplitudes)
Fluid compositions ?
Others ???
OVERVIEW
THE IMPORTANCE AND IMPLICAT IONS
OF RESERVOIR HETEROGENEITY
HETEROGENEITY OF CARBONATE RESERVOIR
CLASTICS
DEPOSITIONAL PROCESS
CARBONATES
The rationale for characterization of heterogeneous reservoirs is one of
fundamental economic
Recent geological analyses indicate that most reservoirs display significant
geologic variation and compartementalization
Reserve and distribution of mobile oil is very much a function of reservoir
heterogeneity at meso- and macroscopic scales
Designing a reliable reservoir model is a function of tectonic complexity ,
depositional environment , well spacing and the available cores and logs
Reservoir heterogeneity in carbonate rocks is much complicated than in
siliciclastic rocks due to its different origin and diagenetic process
DIAGENESIS
CARBONATES
PORE GEOMETRY
POSITION IN
HYDROCARBON COLUMN
CLASTICS
SHAPE ; SIZE ; INTERCONNCTIVITY
RESERVOIR QUALITY
POR ; PERM ; Sw ; So ; Rel.Perm; Po
CHANGE PROPERTIES
DIAGENESIS and SECONDARY POROSITY
BASIC IDEA
RESERVOIR QUALITY IN CARBONATE ROCKS
IS A FUNCTION OF :
- DEPOSITIONAL TEXTURES
- ORIGINAL MINERALOGY
- DIAGENESIS
CAN BE PREDICTED THROUGH DEPOSITIONAL
FACIES ANALYSIS AND DIAGENETIC ANALYSIS
( by applying sequence stratigraphy approach )
BASIC IDEA
POTENTIAL CARBONATE RESERVOIRS PASS THROUGH
SEVERAL DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENT
AFTER DEPOSITION
EACH DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENT LEAVES AN
IMPRINT ON THE ROCK
THE FINAL PORE NETWORK IS A RESULT OF THE
DIAGENETIC PATHWAY EXPERIENCED BY THE RESERVOIR
ALL CARBONATE DEPOSITIONAL TEXTURE MAY DEVELOP
ECONOMIC PORE NETWORKS THROUGH FAVORABLE
DIAGENESIS
Dunhams Classification of Limestone
BAFFLESTONE
BINDSTONE
FRAMESTONE
REEF
LIMESTONE
FLOATSTONE
RUDSTONE
JAMES & BOURQUE,1992
CARBONATE FACIES BELTS
PROCESS CONTROLLING DOMINANT GRAIN-SIZE FRACTIONS
IN CARBONATE ROCKS :
a. Mechanical breakdown of
Halimeda and Acropora
coral skeletons
b. Biological Breakdown of
massive corrals by sponges,
fish , and urchins
( after Folk and Robles , 1964 )
HYDRAULIC BEHAVIOUR OF GRAINS
PROCESS CONTROLLING
DOMINANT GRAIN-SIZE
FRACTIONS
IN CARBONATE ROCKS :
a. Mechanical breakdown of
Halimeda and Acropora
coral skeletons
b. Biological Breakdown of
massive corrals by sponges,
fish , and urchins
( after Folk and Robles , 1964 )
- THRESHOLD VELOCITY
- SETTLING VELOCITY
- HJULSTROMS DIAGRAM
Quartz
Problem mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments :
Specific gravity of : Quartz 2.65
Aragonite 2.94
Calcite 2.71
Carbonate particle
Bulk density + intraporousity
Coral fragments e.g. Porites 1.2 (porous)
Agaricia
2.0 (compact)
Mollusc
+ 2.0
Grains of similar size and shape will behave differently in
a fluid due to their different bulk densities. Conversely ,
grains of different shapes and sizes may be hydraulically
equivalent.
CaCO3
Cation Ionic Radii and Common Carbonate Minerals
Three common polymorphs
(after Speer, in Reeder (eds.) 1983)
Cation
Ionic radius(nm)
Minerals
Crystal habit
Rhombohedral
(trigonal system)
Ni
Mg
Zn
Co
Fe
Mn
Ca
0.069
0.072
0.072
0.075
0.078
0.083
0.100
Gaspeite NiCO3
Magnesite MgCO3
Smithsonite ZnCO3
Sphaerocobalite CoCO3
Siderite FeCO3
Rhodochrosite MnCO3
Calcite CaC03
Ca
Sr
Pb
Ba
0.118
0.131
0.135
0.147
Aragonite CaCO3
Strontianite SrCO3
Cerussite PbCO3
Witherite BaCO3
Orthorhombic
1) Lo-Mg Calcite
- most abundant sedimentary carbonate mineral
- primary constituent of limestone
- dissolves in acidic water
- contains mol 1 4 mol % Mg
2) Hi-Mg Calcite
- more soluble than calcite
- contains 4 20+ mol % Mg
- common in modern sediments, rare in limestone
3) Aragonite
- highly soluble
- same composition as Lo-Mg calcite, but with
different crystallinity
- common in modern sediments, rare in limestone
ORGANISMS AND MINERALOGY
DEPOSITION OF THE CARBONATE MINERALS
DUE TO THE ACTION OF ORGANISMS
Aragonite
: Present-day corals
Some mollusks
Low-Mg calcite :
Some mollusks
Some foraminifera (including all deep-sea sp.)
Brachiopods
Unicellular plant family
(Coccolithophoridae deep-sea sediments & chalk)
High-Mg calcite :
Echinoderms
Some large foraminifera
Calcareous Green Algae
Aragonite
Calcareous Red Algae
MgCalcite
Coccolith
Calcite
Foraminifera
Calcite & Mg-Calcite
Sponges
Mg-Calcite
Coelenterates (Modern)
Aragonite
Coelenterates (Ancient )
Aragonite & Calcite
Bryozoans
Calcite & Mg-Calcite
Brachiopods
Calcite
Molluscs
Aragonite & CalciteMg-Calcite
Echinoderms
Mg-Calcite
1. Grains that are originally
calcite show little macroscopic
evidence of alteration.
2. Mg-calcite grains commonly
convert to calcite with no
associate porosity developed.
In a few areas (e.g Jurassic and
Lower Cretaceous of the Gulf
Coast), Mg calcite grains have
recrystallized to microrhombic
calcite, producing microporosity
between the rhombs.
In rare cases Mg-calcite dissolves
Completely to yield moldic porosity.
3.
Aragonite grains either dissolve to form
moldic pores or recrystallize to a coarser
crystalline calcite that preserves grain texture
but develops no porosity
(Loucks and Brown, 1988).
DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENTS AND PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT OF DIAGENESIS
SL3
SL1
MP
U
MTV
MP
MTP : Meteoric pureatic zone
MTP
SL2
MP
BZ
BZ
MP : Marine pureatic zone
MTV : Meteoric vadoose zone
BZ
BZ
U
: Burial zone
: Unconformity
SL
: Sea Level
( Loucks and Brown , 1988 )
DIAGENESIS
EFFECT OF DIAGANESIS ON RESERVOIR QUALITY
no INITIALLY POROUS
& PERMEABLE
HETEROGENEITY OF CARBONATE RESERVOIR
yes
CLASTICS
DEPOSITIONAL PROCESS
MARINE DIAGENESIS
CARBONATES
Cementation / No dissolution
no
yes
EXPOSED
no
yes
COMPACTION
LIMITED ?
CLOSE TO
UNCONFORMITY
DIAGENESIS
CARBONATES
PORE GEOMETRY
POSITION IN
HYDROCARBON COLUMN
CLASTICS
yes
METEORIC PHREATIC
METEORIC VADOSE
Limited dissolution
Cementation
Poro/Perm decrease
Extensive dissolution
Limited cementation
Porosity increase
SHAPE ; SIZE ; INTERCONNCTIVITY
no
RQ poor RQ good RQ moderate
RQ moderate
RQ moderate - good
RESERVOIR QUALITY
POR ; PERM ; Sw ; So ; Rel.Perm; Po
(L
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FACIES, DIAGENESIS
AND POROSITY IN CARBONATE RESERVOIRS
1.
INSIGNIFICANT
DIAGENESIS
2.
FABRIC SELECTIVE
DIAGENESIS
Eg. Biomoldic porosity
3.
ENVIRONMENT RELATED
Eg. Beach rock cement
4.
DATUM RELATED
Eg. parallel to water table
or unconformity
or petroleum /water contact
5.
STRUCTURE RELATED
Eg. fractures over salt domes,
dolomitization adjacent to faults
dB
1988
CARBONATE ROCKS TEXTURES AND COMMON POROSITY TYPES
( Loucks and Brown , 1988 )
PRIMARY
POROSITY
SECONDARY
POROSITY
DECREASING
APPLICATION
OF
FACIES ANALYSIS
TO
RESERVOIR
PREDICTION
CARTOON OF PORE GEOMETRIES
IN CARBONATE ROCKS
MODEL.
Examples of Characteristics of GR and Sonic Log of
Paleokarst Development
IN MESOZOIC CARBONATES,OFFSHORE NORTHERN SPAIN
( After Esteban and Klappa , 1983 )
CARBONATE DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENTS
DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENTS
SIZE and SORTING
SILICICLASTIC
1.
2.
3.
Provide a criterion for interpreting transportation, deposition
and textural maturity
Relate to porosity, permeability and pore size
After diagenesis : porosity and permeability ~ initial depositional
texture
CARBONATE
1.
2.
3.
Depend on both hydraulic condition and organic productivity at
the site of deposition
Carbonate grains have a wide variety of size and shape difficult
to relate size and sorting with porosity and permeability
Degree of diagenetic modification is more intensive lack of related
evidence between observable texture and depositional texture
