TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS
TWO MARKS Q & A

UNIT-I

FOURIER SERIES

UNIT-II

FOURIER TRANSFORM

UNIT-III

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

UNIT-IV
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
UNIT-V
EQUATIONS

Z-TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE

UNIT I
FOURIER SERIES
1)Explain Dirichlets conditions.
Ans:
Any function f(x) can be developed as a Fourier series

n=1

n=1

a n cosnx+ b

a0
2

sin nx

where a0 , an ,bn are constants ,provided

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

f(x) is periodic , single-valued and finite .

f(x) has a finite number of discontinuities in any one period .
f(x) has at most a finite number of maxima and minima.

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
2). State whether y= tan x can be expanded as a Fourier series . If so how ?
If not why ?
Soln:
tan x cannot be expanded as a Fourier series .Since tan x not satisfies
Dirichlets
conditions.(tan x has infinite number of infinite discontinuous).
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>

3) Find the sum of the Fourier series for

f{x}=

, 0< x <1
{x2,1<
x< 2

Soln:

at x=1 .

X=1 is a point of discontinuity.

f (1h)
f(1-) = lim
h0
1h
= lim
h0
=1
f (1+h)
f(1+)= lim
h0
lim 2

h0

=2
1

1+

Sum =

1+2
2

3
2

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
4) If the Fourier series for the function
f(x) =

2 cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x

+
+
+ ..
1.3
3.5
5.7

1
1
1
2

+
. =
1.3 3.5 5.7
4

{sin0x,,0< <x<x <2

f(x) =

1
2

sin x .Deduce that

Soln:
Put x =

is a point of continuity.

0 =

is

1 1
1
+

+
1
1.3 3.5 5.7
]+
2
2

2
2

1
2

=-

= -

1
1
1

+
+
1
1.3 3.5 5.7
]+
2
2

1
1
1

+
+
1.3 3.5 5.7
]
2

+1
1
1

+
+
1.3 3.5 5.7
]
2

1
1
1

+
+
1.3 3.5 5.7

= -

(2 ) 2
=
2
2
4

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
5) Write a0,an in the expansion of x +x3 as a Fourier series in (- , ) .
Soln:
Let f(x) = x + x3
f(-x) = (-x) + (-x)

= -x x3
= -( x+ x3)
= -f (x)
f(x) is an odd function.
Hence a0 = 0 and an = 0
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
6) What is the constant term a0 and the coefficient of cos nx , a
expansion of f(x) = x x3 in ( - ,
Soln:

f(x) = x-x3

in the Fourier

f(-x) = (-x) (-x)3

=-x+x3
=-(x-x3)
=-f(x)
f(x) is an odd function.
Hence in the fourier series a0 =0 and an=0.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
7) Find the constant term in the Fourier series corresponding to f(x)=cos 2x
expressed in
the interval ( - , .
Soln:

Given f(x)=cos2x
W.K.T f(x)=

1+cos 2 x
2

a0
+ an cosnx + b n sinnx
2 n=1
n=1

To find a0

1
cos2 x dx

2
cos 2 x dx
0

2 1+cos 2 x
2 dx
0

1
=
(1+cos 2 x ) dx
0
=
=

1
sin 2 x
x+

1
[ ( +0 )( 0+0 ) ]

=1
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>

2x
, < x <0

2x
1
, 0< x<

1+

8) In the Fourier expansion of f(x)=

in(- ,

find the

value of
bn, the coefficient of sinnx.
Soln:

2x
, < x <0

2x
1
, 0< x<

1+

Given

f(x)=

Here

1 ( x ) , < x <0
2 ( x ) , 0< x<

1 (x) = 1 +

1 (x)

2X

2x

2(x )

=1+
=1-

, 2 (X) = 1-

2x

2 (x)

Given function is an even function.

Hence the value of bn =0
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
9) If f(x)=x2+x is expressed as a Fourier series in the interval (-2,2) to which value
this
series converges at x=2.

Soln:
X=2 is a point of discontinuity in the extremum .

f(x)at x=2 = f (2 ) + f (2)

2
=
=

[ (2 )2 +(2 ) ]+ [ 22+ 2 ]
2

[ 42 ] + [ 4+2 ]
2

2+6
2

=4

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>

10)Find bn in the expansion of x2 as a Fourier series in (- , .

Soln:

Given f(x)=x 2 is an even function in the interval (- , .

bn=0.

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
11) If f(x) is an odd function defined in (-l,l), what are the values of a0 and
an?
Soln:
Given f(x) is an odd function in the interval (-l,l).
a0=0, an=0.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
12) Find the Fourier constants bn for xsinx in (- ,
Soln:
Given f(x)= xsinx in (- ,
f(-x)= (-x) sin(-x)
= (-x)(-sinx)

= xsinx
= f(x)
f(x) is an even function.
Hence bn=0.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
13) If f(x) =

x , if 0< x <
{cos
50 ,if < x <2

and f(x) = f(x+ 2 ) for all x, find the sum of the Fourier series of f(x)
at x= .
Soln:
Given f(x) =

{cos50,ifx ,if<0<x <2x <

To find f(x) at x= .
x= . is a discontinuous point in the middle.
+

+
f
f(
f
=
f (h)
f( =lim
h0
f ( + h)
f( + =lim
h 0

-----------------(1)

cos (h) = -1
= lim
h0
50 = 50.
= lim
h0

(1) f( =

1+50
2

49
.
2

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
14) Determine the value of an in the Fourier series expansion of f(x) =
x3 in - <x< .
Soln

Let f(x) = x3
f(-x) = (-x)3
= -x3
=-f(x).
f(x) is an odd function.
Hence a0= 0 and an =0.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
15. If f(x) =2x in the interval (0,4),
Fourier series

then find the value of a2 in the

expansion.
Soln:
l =2.

Here 2l =4

2l

1
l

W.K.T an=

an=

a2=

f ( x ) cos nx
l

dx.

1
2

f ( x ) cos nx
2

dx.

0
4

1
2

2 x cos 2 2x

dx.

1
=
2

2 x cos x dx .
0

x cos x dx .
0

[(

sinx
cos x
x
( 1 )

) (

x
x
x sin + cos 2

)]

[ ]
0+

1
2

[ ]
0+

1
2

= 0.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
16) Find Half range sine series for f(x) = k in 0< x <

Soln:
The sine series of f(x) in (0,

is given by

f(x) =

b n sin nx
n=1

Where bn

2
=

k sin nx dx
0

2 k cos nx

2 k

[ cos nx ]0
n

2 k
n

[ cos n cos 0 ]

2 k
(1 )n1 ]
[
n

2k
n

[ 1(1 )n ]

= 0 when n is even.
=

f(x) =

4k
n

when n is odd.

nx .

4nk sin
n=odd

4k

4k

n=odd

n=1

1
n

sin nx

sin (2n1) x
.
(2 n1)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
17) Write the formula for Fourier constants for f(x) in the interval (- , .
Soln:

a0 =

1
f ( x ) dx .

an =

1
f ( x ) cos nx dx .

bn =

1
f ( x ) sinnxdx .

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
18) Find the constant a0 of the Fourier series for the function f(x) = k , 0<x<2
.
Soln:
2

a0

1
f ( x ) dx .
0

1
kdx .
0

k
2
[ x] 0 .

2 k

= 2k.

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
19) If f(x) =

|x| expanded as a Fourier series in < x< . Find a0.

soln:

1
f ( x ) dx .

a0 =

1
|x| dx .

2
=
xdx .
0
2

[ ]

2 x
2

=
a0 =

[ since|x|

is an even function]

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
20) In the Fourier series expansion of f(x) =
value of bn.

|sinx| in (- , ). What is the

Soln:
Since f(x) =

|sinx| is an even function.

bn = 0.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
21) To which value , the half range sine series corresponding to f(x) = x 2 expressed
in
the interval (0,2) converges at x=2.

Soln:
Given f(x) = x2.
X=2 is a point of discontinuity and also it is a point.

f ( 0 ) + f (2)
2

f(x) =

0+4
2

= 2.
The half range sine series corresponding to f(x) = x 2 expressed in the interval
(0,2)
converges at x=2 is 2.
At x=2 , the series converges to 0.

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
22) State parsevals identity for the half-range cosine expansion of f(x) in
(0,1).
Ans:
1

a
2
2
[ f (x )] dx= 0 + a n2

1 0
2 n=1
1

Where

a0 = 2

f ( x ) dx ;

an = = 2

f ( x ) cos nx dx .
0

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
23) Find the root mean square value of the function f(x) = x in the interval
(0,l).
Soln:

R.M.S =

[ f (x)]

dx

in the interval (a,b).

ba

x 2 dx
0

l0

Here a=0 , b=l.

[
(

1 x3
l 3

1 l3
0
l 3

l2
3

l
.
3

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
24) Define root mean square value of a function f(x) in a< x< b.
Soln:

Let f(x) be a function defined in an interval (a,b) then

is called the root

[ f ( x)]

dx

ba

mean square value (or) effective value of f(x) and is denoted by

y .

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
25) What do you mean by Harmonic Analysis?
Soln:
The process of finding the Fourier series for a function given by
numerical value is
known as Harmonic Analysis . In Harmonic Analysis the Fourier
coefficients a0 ,an and
bn of the function

y= f(x) in (0,2 ) are given by

a0 = 2 [ mean value of y in(0,2

an = 2[mean value of y cos nx in (0,2 ]
bn = 2[mean value of y sin nx in (0,2 )].
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>

UNIT-II - FOURIER TRANSFORMS

1.State Fourier Integral theorem.

Statement:
If f(x) is piecewise continuously differentiable & absolutely
integrable

in(-,) then f(x) =

1
2

f(t) eis(x-t) dt ds.

(or)

1
f(x) =

f(t) cos (t-x) dt d

This is known as Fourier integral

theorem.

************************************************************************
2.Show that f(x) =1 ,0 < x < cannot be represented by a fourier integral.
Solution :

l f(x) l dx =

1. dx

and this value tends to

ie)

. as x .

f(x) dx is not convergent.

Hence f(x) =1 cannot be represented by a Fourier integral

************************************************************************
3. Define Fourier transform pair. (or)
Define Fourier transform and its inverse transform.
Ans:
The complex Fourier transform

of f(x) is given by

F(s) =

f(x) eisx dx.

Then the function f(x) is the inverse Fourier transform of F(s) is

Given by

1
2

f(x) =

F(s) e-isx ds.

************************************************************************
4. What is the Fourier cosine transform & inverse cosine transform of a
function?
Solution:
The infinite

Fourier cosine transform of f(x) is defined by

F c[f(x)] =

2
0 f(x) cos sx dx.

The inverse Fourier cosine transform

f(x) =

2
0

F c[f(x)] is defined by

Fc[f(x)] cos sx ds.

************************************************************************
5. Find the Fourier cosine transform of f(x) =

cosx

if
0

Solution:

Fc (s) =

2
0

2 a
0

2 1 a
2 0

f(x) cos sx dx

cosx cos sx dx

[cos(s+1)x + cos(s-1)x] dx

,0 < x < a
if

x a.

sin( s+1)x sin (s1)x

+
= 1
s +1
s1
2

6. Find

1 sin( s 1)a sin( s 1)a

( s 1) ( s 1) (0 0)
2

1 sin( s 1)a sin( s 1)a

( s 1)
2 ( s 1)

Fourier cosine transform of e -ax.

Solution:

2
0

F c[f(x)] =

2
0

F c [e-ax] =

7. Find

f(x) cos sx dx.

e-ax cossx dx

2
a
2

s a 2

Fourier cosine transform of e -x.

Solution:

2
0

Fc[f(x)] =

F c [e-x] =

f(x) cos sx dx.

2
0

e-x cossx dx

2 1
2

= 1 a

8. . Find

Fourier sine transform of e-3x.

2
0

Fs[e-3x] =

Solution:

e-3x sin sx dx

2
s
2

s 3 2

************************************************************************
9. Find

Fourier sine transform of 3e -2x.

Solution:
Let f(x) = 3e -2x

2
0

F s[f(x)] =

2
0

=3

f(x) sin sx dx

3e-2x sin sx dx

2
0

e-2x sin sx dx

2 sinsxs cos sx
2 x
e

2
4+ s

2
3

2
1

0
( s )
2

4s

=3

2 s
2

=3 s 4

2 3s
2

= s 4
************************************************************************

10. Find

Fourier sine transform of 1/x

Solution:

F s[f(x)] =

2
0

F s[1/x] =

f(x) sin sx dx

2
0

1/x sin sx dx

Let sx = .

x 0

S dx = d

=> 0
=> .

2 s
d

sin s

2 sin
0
d
2
2

***********************************************************************
11. Define Find

Fourier sine transform and its inversion formula.

Ans:
The infinite Fourier sine transform of f(x) is defined by

F s[f(x)] =

2
0

f(x) sin sx dx

The inverse Fourier sine transform of F S[ f(x)] is defined by

f(x) =

2
0

Fs[ f(x)]

sin sx ds

************************************************************************
12.Find the Fourier sine transform of f(x) = e -ax , a> 0 and hence deduce that

x sin mx
dx.
1 x2

= 2 e- .

Solution:
F s[f(x)] =

2
0

f(x) sin sx dx

2 s
1 s 2

=
By inversion formula

f(x) =

2
0

2
0

Fs[e-x] sin sx ds.

2 s
1 s 2 sin sx ds.

2 s sin sx
ds.
0 1 s 2
=

2 s sin sx
ds.
0 1 s 2

= 2 f(x)

= 2 e-x.
Changing x to

& s to x we get

x sin mx
dx.
1 x2

= 2 e-m.

13. If Fourier transform of f(x) = F(s) then what is Fourier transform of f(ax)
Solution:

F[f(x)] =

1
F[f(ax)] =
Put t = ax
dt = a dx

f(x) eisx dx.

f(ax) eisx dx

x -
=> t - .
x
=> t .

1
2

f(t) eist/a dt/a

=1/a

1
2
=1/a
= 1/a F[s/a]

F[f(ax)] =

f(t) eis(t/a) dt

f(x)eis/ax dx

1
2

f(ax) eisx dx

1
2

1
= -1/a

f(t) eist/a dt/a

2
1

2
= -1/a
= -1/a F[s/a]

F[f(ax)]

1
a

f(t) eis(t/a) dt

F[s/a].

f(x)eis/ax dx

***********************************************************************
14.If Fourier transform of f(x) is F(s), P.T the Fourier transform of f(x) cosax
is
1/2 [F(s-a) + F(s+a)].
Solution:

1
F[f(x)] =

f(x) eisx dx

1
F[f(x) cosax ] =

f(x) cosax eisx dx

= 1/2

1
=1/2 [

f(x) [ei(s+a)x+ ei(s-a)x] dx

1
[ f(x) ei(s+a)x dx +

f(x) ei(s-a)x dx ]

= 1/2 [F(s-a) + F(s+a)].

************************************************************************
15 . P.T Fc[f(x) cosax] = 1/2 [Fc(s+a) +Fc (s-a)] where Fc denotes the Fourier
cosine transform of

f(x).

Solution:

F c[f(x) cosax] =

=1/2 [

2
0

f(x) cosax cos sx dx.

2
0 f(x) cossx cosax dx
2
0

f(x) cos (s+a)x dx +

dx]
= 1/2 [F c(s+a) +Fc (s-a)]

2
0 f(x) cos(s-a)x

16. If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f(x) then show that the Fourier
transform
of eiax f(x) is F(s+a).
solution:

1
F[f(x)] =

f(x) eisx dx.

F[e iax f(x) ] =

1
2

eiax f(x) eisx dx

f(x) ei(s+a)x dx

= F(s+a)
************************************************************************
17. If F(s) is the complex

Fourier transform of f(x) then find F[f(x-a)].

Solution:

1
F[f(x)] =

2
1

F[f(x-a)] =

f(x) eisx dx.

f(x-a) eisx dx.

Put t=x-a

x -

dt = dx

1
=

1
=

f(t) eis(t+a) dt

2
1

=e isa

f(t) eist eisa dt

f(t) eist dt

=> t - .
=> t

=e isa F[f(t)]
= e isa F(s)
***********************************************************************
18.Given that e- x2/2 is self reciprocal under
(i)

Fourier sine transform

of x e

x2

(i) Fourier cosine transform of x e

2

Fourier cosine transform , find

and
x2

Solution:
F c[ e

x2

F s[x e

]= e

x2

s2

d
x2
2
e
ds
]=
Fc[x
]
d
s2
2
e
ds
=
[
]
= -e

s2

= -s e

F s[x e

x2

s2

(-s)
2

d
x2
2
e
ds
]=
Fs[x
]

d
s2
2
e
ds
=
[s
]
= [s e

s2

(-s)+ e

= (1-s ) e
2

s2

s2

19. State the convolution theorem for Fourier cosine transform.

Statement:

If F(s) &G(s) are the Fourier transform of f(x) & g(x)

respectively, Then the Fourier transform of the convolution of f(x)
&
g(x) is the product of their Fourier transform
F[f(x) * g(x) ] = F(s) G(s) = F[f(x)] G[g(x)]
************************************************************************
20. State the Fourier transform of the derivatives of a function.
Statement:
The Fourier transform of F (x)
The derivatives of F(x) is f(x), where f(s) is the Fourier
transform of F(x)
F[F (x)] = isf(s)
*********************************************************************
21.Find the Fourier sine transform of f(x) e-x
Solution:

F s[f(x)] =

F s[e-x] =

2
0 f(x) sinsx dx
2
0 e-x sinsx dx
2
[ s/1+s2 ]

22.Give a function which self reciprocal under Fourier sine & cosine
transforms
Solution:
=1/x
*********************************************************************
23.State the modulation theorem in Fourier transform

Statement:
If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f(x) , then
F[f(x) cos ax] = 1/2 [F (s+a) +F(s-a)].
*********************************************************************
24.State the Parsevals identity on Fourier transform
Statement:
If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f(x), then

lF(s)l2 ds.
lf(x) l2 dx =
*********************************************************************

25. Find Fc [xe-ax]

Solution:

F c [xe-ax] =

Fs [e-ax]

2
0 e-ax sin sx dx ]

2 s
1 s 2

=
*************************************************************************************

UNIT:III
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1)Explain how partial differential equation are formed.
Soln:
Partial differential equation can be obtained
i)by eliminating the arbitrary constants that occure in the functional
relation
between the dependent and independent variables. (OR)
ii)by eliminating arbitrary functions from a given relation between the
dependent
and independent variables.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

2) Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary

constants a and b
from Z=ax+by.
Soln:
Given Z=ax+by ---------(1)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.to x we get
z
a
x
,
ie) p = a
Differentiating (1) partially w. r.to y we get
z
b
y
,
ie) q = b.
Substituting in (1) we get the required p.d.e z=px+qy.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
3) Eliminate the arbitrary constants a and b from z=ax+by+a2+b2 .
Soln:
Given z=ax+by+a2+b2 ---------(1)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.to x we get
z
a
x
ie) p = a
-----------------(2)
differentiating (1) partially w.r.to y we get
z
b
y
,
ie)
q=b
-------------(3)
substituting in equation (1) we get the required p.d.e
z=px+qy+p2+q2
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
4) Form a p.d.e by eliminating the arbitrary constants a and b from
Z=(x+a)2+(y-b)2
Soln:

Given Z= (x+a)2+(y-b)2

z
P = x = 2(x+a) ,
z
q = y = 2(y-b) ,

p
ie) x+a = 2
q
ie) y-b = 2

(1) z

p2 q2

4
z = 4
2
4z = p +q2
Which is the required p.d.e.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
5) Form the p.d.e by eliminating the constants a and b from z = axn+byn.
Soln:
Given: z = axn+byn. ------------(1)
z
P = x = anxn-1
p
n = axn-1
px
Multiply x we get, n = axn ---------(2)

z
q = y = bnyn-1
q
n = byn-1
qy
Multiply y we get , n =byn ----------(3)
px qy
Substitute (2) and (3) in (1) we get the required p.d.e z = n + n
Zn=px+qy.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
6.Form the partial differential equation by eliminating a and b from
z=a(x+y)+b.
Soln:
Given z = a(x+y)+b
z
P = x =a -------------(1)

z
q = y =a --------------(2)
From (1) and (2) we get the required p.d.e

p = q.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
7) Find the p.d.e of all planes having equal intercepts on the X and Y axis.
Soln:
x y z
1
Intercept form of the plane equation is a b c
.
Given : a=b. [Equal intercepts on the x and y axis]

x y z
1
a b c
..------------(1)
Here a and c are the two arbitrary constants .
Differentiating (1) p.w.r.to x we get
1
1 z
0
0
a
c x
1 1
p0
a c
.
1
1
p
a
c .-----------------(2)
Dff(1) p.w.r.to. y we get
1 1 z

0
a c y
.
1 1
q0
a c
1
1
q
a
c .--------------------(3)
1
1
p q
c
From (2) and (3) - c

p = q ,whih is the required p.d e.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
8) Eliminate f from z = x+y+f(xy)
Soln:
Given z = x+y+f(xy) -----------(1)

Diff (1) p.w.r.to x

z
P = x =1+f '(xy)y
p-1 = yf ( xy) ---------------(2)
diff (1) p.w.r.to y
z
q = y =1+f (xy)x
q-1 = xf (xy) -----------------(3)
(2)
p 1 y

(3)
q 1 x
Px-x = qy-y
Px-qy = x-y is the required p.d.e.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
y

9) Eliminate the arbitrary function f from z= x and form a partial

differential
equation.
Soln:
y
f
Given z = x
----------------(1)
Differentiating (1) p.w.r.to x we get
z f y y
2
P = x = x x
--------------(2)
Differentiating (1) p.w.r.to y we get
z
y 1
f
q = y = x x -----------------(3)
(2)
p y

(3)
q
x
px = -qy
ie)
px+qy = 0 is the required p.d.e.
f

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
10) Eliminate the arbitrary functions f and g from z = f(x+iy)+g(x-iy) to
obtain a partial
differential equation involving z,x,y.
Soln:

Given : z = f(x+iy)+g(x-iy)
-------------------(1)
z
P = x = f (x+iy)+g (x-iy) ----------------(2)
z
q = y =i f (x+iy)-ig (x-iy) ----------------(3)

2 z
2
r = x = f(x+iy)+g(x-iy) ----------------(4)
2 z
2
t = y = -f(x+iy)-g(x-iy) ----------------(5)
r+t=0 is the required p.d.e.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

11) Find the general solution of

Soln:
2z
y 2 = 0
Given

2 z
y 2 = 0

ie)
Integrating w.r.to y on both sides
z
y = a (constants)

z
ie) y =f(x)
Again integrating w.r.to y on both sides.
z =f(x)y+b
ie) z=f(x)y+F(x)
(or) z=y f(x)+F(x) , where both f(x) and F(x) are arbitrary.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
12) Mention three types of solution of a p.d.e (or) Define general and
complete
integrals of a p.d.e.
soln:

1) A solution which contains as many arbitrary constants as there are

independent variables is called a complete integral (or)complete
solution.(number of arbitrary constants=number of independent
variables)
2) A solution obtained by giving particular values to the arbitrary
constants in a complete
integral is called a particular integral (or) particular solution.
3) A solution of a p.d.e which contains the maximum possible number of
arbitrary functions is called a general integral (or) general solution.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
13) Find the complete integral of p-q=o.
Soln:
Given p-q=0 -----------------(1)
This equation of the form F(p,q)=0---------(2)
Hence the trial soln is z=ax+by+c ---------(3)
To get the complete integral (solution) of (3).
We have to eliminate any one of the arbitrary constants. Since in a
complete
integral.
Number of arbitrary constants=number of independent variables

(3)
z = ax+by+c
z
P = x =a
z
q = y =b
(1) a-b=0
b=a
Hence the complete integral is z = ax+ay+c.
Hence number of arbitrary constants=number of independent variables.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
14) Obtain the complete solution of the equation z = px+qy-2 pq .
Soln:
Given :z = px+qy-2 pq
This is of the form z = px+qy+f(p,q) ,[clairauts form]
Hence the complete integral is
z = ax+by-2 ab , where a and b are arbitrary constants.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

15) Find the complete integral of the partial differential equation (1-x)p+(2y)q =3-z.
Soln:
Given (1-x)p+(2-y)q = 3-z
p-px+2q-qy = 3-z
z = px+qy-p-2q+3
This equation is of the form z = px+qy+f(p,q) , [clairauts type]
Hence the complete integral is z = ax+by-a-2b+3.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
16) Solve p =2qx.
Soln:
Given p =2qx, this equation is of the form f(x,p,q) = 0.
Let q=a
Then p=2ax
But dz = pdx+qdy
dz = 2ax.dx+ady
Integrating on both sides we get
z=ax2+ay+c ---------------------(1)
equation (1) is the complete integral of the given equation.
Differentiating partially w.r.to c ,we get 1=0
Hence there is no singular integral .
General integral can be found out in the usual way.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
17)Find the complete integral of q = 2px.
Soln:
Given q = 2px
This eqn is of the form f(x,p,q)=0
a
Let q = a then p = 2 x
a
But dz = 2 x dx+ady
Integrating on both sides
a
dz = 2 x dx+a dy
a
z = 2 logx+ay+b.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
18) Find the complete integral of pq = xy.
Soln:
Given pq = xy
p y

Hence x q
It is of the form f(x,p)=(y,q)
p y

x
q =a [a is an arbitrary constant]
Let
y
P =ax and q= a
Hence dz = p dx+qdy
y
dz = axdx+ a dy
Integrating on both sides.
x2 y2

c
z = a 2 2a
2az = a2x2+y2+b is the required complete integral.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
19) Find the complete integral of
Soln:
p q =2x
Given

p q =2x

The given equation can be written as

p -2x= q
This is of the form f(x,p) = (y,q)
Let p -2x= - q = a (say)
p =a+2x,
q = -a
P=(a+2x)2 , q=a2

Now

dz = p dx- q dy
= (a+dx)2 dx+a2 dy
(a 2 x) 3
6
z=
+a2y+b is the complete integral.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
20) Solve px+qy=z
Soln:
Given
px+qy=z -----------(1)
This eqn is of the form Pp = Qq =R
When P = x, Q = y ,R = z
dx dy dz

The subsidiary equations are p Q R

ie)

dx dy dz

x
y
z
dx dy

x
y

Take
dx
dy
x y

logx = logy+logc1
logx = log(yc1)
x=yc1
x
y =c1

x
ie) u= y

dx dz

x
z

Take
dx
dz
x z

, logx = logz+logc2
, logx=log(zc2)
,
x=zc2
x
z =c2
,
,

x
v= z

The solution of the given p.d.e is

x x
, 0
y
z

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

21) Solve (D2-2DD+ D2)z = 0

Soln:
Given (D2-2DD+ D2)z = 0
The auxiliary eqn is m2-2m+1=0
ie) (m-1)2 =0
m =1,1
The roots are equal.

C.F = 1(y+x)+x2(y+x)
Hence z = C.F alone
z = 1(y+x)+x2(y+x).

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
22) Solve (D4-D4)z = 0
Soln:
Given (D4-D4)z = 0
The auxiliary equation is m4-1= 0
[Replace D by m and D by 1]
Solving (m2-1)(m2+1) = 0
m2-1=0
,
m2+1 =0
2
m =1
,
m2 = -1
m =1
,
m = 1 = i
ie)m =1,-1,i,-i
The solution is z = 1(y+x)+ 2(y-x)+3(y+ix)+4(y-ix).
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
23) Find the P.I of [ D 4 DD] y e
Soln:
1
ex
2
P.I= D 4 DD
1
e x 0 y
2

= D 4 DD
2

= 1 4(1)(0)
=ex .

ex

Replace D by 1 and D by 0

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
2
2
24) Solve [ D 2 DD D ] z=cos(x-3y).
Soln:
2
2
Given [ D 2 DD D ] z=cos(x-3y).

The auxiliary equation is m2-2m+1=0

(m-1)2 = 0
m =1,1
C.F =f1(y+x)+xf2(y+x).
1
cos( x 3 y )
2
2
P.I = D 2 DD D

cos( x 3 y )
= 1 2(3) 9

1
cos( x 3 y )
= 16
1
The complete solution is Z = f1(y+x)+xf2(y+x)- 16 cos(x-3y) .
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
25) Solve (D+D-2)z = 0
Soln:
Given (D+D-2)z = 0
ie) [D-(-1)D-2]z = 0
we know that working rule case (i) is
If (D-mD-c)z = 0
then z = ecx f(y+mx) where f is arbitrary
Here m = -1, c =2

z = e2x f[y+(-1)x] = e2x f(y-x)

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

UNIT-IV
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.
1. Write down all possible solutions of one dimensional wave equation.
Ans:
y(x,t)=(c1epx+c2e-px) (c3epat+c4e-pat)
y(x,t)=( c5cospx+c6sinpx) (c7cospat+c8sinpat)
y(x,t)=(c9x+c10)(c11t+c12).

2.Classify the partial differential equation 4uxx=u t
Ans:
Given 4uxx-ut=0
A=4, B=0,C=0
= B2-4AC=(0)2-4(4)0
=0
p.d.e is parabolic.

3.Classify the partial differential equation x2uxx+2xyuxy+(1+y2)uyy-2ux=0

Ans:
A=x2,B=2xy,C=1+y2
=B2--4AC
=-4x2 <0
p.d.e. is elliptic.

4.Classify the partial differential equation uxx=uyy

Ans:
A=1,B=0,C=-1
=B2-4AC
=0-4(1)(-1)
=4
>0
p.d.e is hyperbolic.

5.A rod 20cm long with insulated sides has its ends A and B kept at 30oC and 90oC respectively.
Find the steady state temperature distribution of the rod.
Ans:
When steady state condition exists the heat flow equation is
Uxx=0
i.e.,

U(x)=c1x+c2(1)

The boundary conditions are

(a).u(0)=30(b)

(b).u(20)=90
Applying (a) in(1),we get
U(0)=c2=30(2)
Substituting (2) in(1),we get
U(x)=c1x+30(3)
Applying (b) in (3),we get
U(20)=c120+30=90
C1=90-30/20=6/2=3.(4)
Substituting(4)in(3),

U(x)=3x+30

6.What is the Fourier law of heat conduction.
Ans:
Q=-KA(Ux)x
Q=Quantity of heat flowing
K=thermal conductivity
A=area of cross section
UX=temperature gradient
(The rate at which heat flows across an area A at distance x from one end of a bar is
proportional to temperature gradient.)

7.State the two-dimensional Laplace equation.

Ans:
Uxx+Uyy=0


8.In one dimensional heat equation ut = 2Uxx.What does 2 stands for?
Ans:
2=Thermal diffusivity.

9.Classify the partial differential equation 3uxx+4uxy+3uy-2ux=0

Ans:
Given 3uxx+4uxy+3uy-2ux =0
A=3,B=4,C=0
B2-4AC=16>0
p.d.e is hyperbolic.

10.Write the one dimensional wave equation with initial and boundary conditions in
which the initial position of the string is f(x) and the initial velocity imparted at
each point x is g(x).
Ans:
The one dimensional wave equation is Utt= 2Uxx
The boundary conditions are

(i)u(0,t)=0
(ii)u(x,0)=f(x)
(iii)u(l,t)=0
(iv)ut (x,0)=g(x)

11 .What is the basic difference between the solutions of one dimensional wave
equation and one dimensional heat equation.
Ans:
Solution of the one dimensional wave equation is of periodic in nature.
But Solution of the one dimensional heat equation is not of periodic in nature.

12.In steady state conditions derive the solution of one dimensional heat flow
equation.
Ans:
When steady state conditions exist the heat flow equation is independent of time t.
Ut=0
The heat flow equation becomes
Uxx=0

13.In the wave equation Utt= c2Uxx,what does c2 stand for?

Ans:
C 2=T/m=Tension/mass per unit length

14.Classify the partial differential equation Uxx+ 2Uxy+Uyy = e (2x+3y)
Ans:
A=1, B=2, C=1
=B2-4AC
= 4-4 =0

p.d.e is parabolic.

15.In 2D heat equation or Laplace equation ,What is the basic assumption.
Ans:
When the heat flow is along curves instead of straight lines,the curves lying in parallel planes
the flow is called two dimensional.

16.Define steady state temperature distribution.

Ans:
If the temperature will not change when time varies is called steady state temperature
distribution.

17.State any two laws which are assumed to derive one dimensional heat equation.
Ans:
(i)The sides of the bar are insulated so that the loss or gain of heat from the sides by
conduction or radiation is negligible.
(ii)The same amount of heat is applied at all points of the face.

18.Classify the following partial differential equations.

(a)y2Uxx-2xyUxy+x2UYY+2Ux-3U=0
(b)y2Uxx+Uyy+Ux2+Uy2+7 =0
Ans:
(a)A=y2, B=-2xy,C=x2

B2-4AC=4x2y2-4x2y2 =0
p.d.f is parabolic.
(b) A=y2,B=0,C=1
B2-4AC=-4y <0
p.d.f is Elliptic.

19.Classify the following second order partial differential equation
(a)4Uxx+4Uxy+Uyy -6Ux-8Uy-16U=0
(b)UXX +Uyy= U2x+U2y
Ans;
(a)A=4,B=4,C=1
B2-4AC=0
p.d.e is parabolic equation.
(b) A=1,B=0,C=1
B2-4AC=-4
<0
p.d.e is Elliptic equation.

20.The ends A and B of a rod of length 10 cm long have their temperature kept at 20C
and 70C. Find the steady state temperature distribution on the rod.
Ans:
When steady state conditions exists the heat flow equation is
Uxx=0

i.e., u(x)=c1x +c2(1)

The boundary conditions are

(a) u(0)=20

(b) u(10)=70

Applying (a) in (1) , we get

U(0)=c2=20
Substituting c2=20 in (1) ,we get
U(x) =c1x+20

(2)

Applying (b) in (2) , we get

U(10)=c110+20=70
Substituting c1=5 in (2) , we get
U(x)=5x+20

21. Classify the partial differential equation Uxx+xUyy=0
Ans:
Here A=1 ,B=0 ,C=x
B2-4AC= -4x
(i)Elliptic if x>0
(ii)Parabolic if x=0
(iii)Hyperbolic if x<0

22. An insulated rod of length l =60 cm has its ends at A and B maintained at 30C and
40C respectively. Find the steady state solution.
Ans:
The heat flow equation is ut= 2uxx (1)

When steady state condition exist the heat flow equation becomes
Uxx=0
i.e Uxx=0
u(x)=c1x+c2

.(2)

The end conditions are

U(0)=30 (3)
U(l)=40 (4)
Substituting (3) in (2) we get
U(0)=c2=30
U(x)=c1x+30(5)
Substituting (4) in(5) we get
U(l)=c1l+30=40
C1l=40
C1=40/l(6)
Substituting (6)in (5) we get
U(x)=40x/ l+30

23.Write the solution of one dimensional heat flow equation , when the time derivative is absent.
Ans:
When time derivative is absent the heat flow equation is Uxx=0.

24. If the solution of one dimensional heat flow equation depends neither on Fourier cosine
series nor on Fourier sine series , what would have been the nature of the end conditions.
Ans:

One end should be thermally insulated and the other end is at zero
temperature.

25.Explain the initial and boundary value problems .
Ans:
In ordinary differential equations, first we get the general solution
which contains
the arbitrary constants and then we determine these constants from the
given initial values.This type of problems are called initial value problems.
In many physical problems, we always seek a solution of the differential
equations,
Whether it is ordinary or partial, which satisfies some specified conditions
called
boundary conditions. Any differential equations together with these
boundary
Conditions is called boundary value problems.

UNIT V
Z-TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

1. Define Z-tranforms of the sequence {x(n)}.

Ans:

a) Z-transform (two sided or bilateral) :

Let {x(n)} be a sequence defined for all integers then its Z-transform is
defined to be

Z { x ( n ) }=X ( Z )= x ( n ) zn
n=

where Z is an arbitrary complex number.

b) Z-transform (one-sided or unilateral) :
Let {x(n)} be a sequence defined for n=0,1,2,and x(n)=0 for n<0 , then
its Z-transform is defined to be

Z { x ( n ) }=X ( Z )= x ( n ) z

n=0

where Z is an arbitrary complex number.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

2. Define Z-tranforms of f(t).

Ans:

Z-transform for discrete values of t :

If f(t) is a function defined for discrete values of t where t=nT , n=0,1,2,T
being the sampling period , then Z-transform of f(t) is defined as

Z { f (t) }=F ( Z )= f ( nT ) zn
n =0

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

3. Prove that

Z [ a ]=

z
if |z|>|a| .
za

Solution:

Z { x ( n ) }= x ( n ) z

We know that

n=0

Here x(n) = an

Z { a }= a z
n

n n

n=0

an
n=0

n=0

1
zn
n

[]
a
z

a a 2
1+ +
+
z z
1
a
1
z
1
za

z
z

, |z|>|a|
za
z
n
if |z|>|a| .
ie., Z [ a ]=
za

()

[ ]
[ ]

[ ( 1x ) =1+ x + x + ]

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

4. State and prove initial value theorem in Z-transform.

Statement:
If

{ f ( t ) }=F ( z )

, then

f ( 0 )=lim F ( z) .
z

Proof:
WKT ,

Z { f (t) }=F ( Z )= f ( nT ) zn
n =0

f ( 0 T )+ f ( 1T ) z + f ( 2 T ) z +
f (T ) f (2T )
f ( 0) +
+
+
z
z2

f (T ) f ( 2T )
+
+
z
z2
f (0)

lim F (z)=lim f ( 0 ) +
z

F ( z) .
ie., f ( 0 )=lim
z
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

5. State First Shifting theorem.

Statement:
(i) If Z { f ( t ) }=F ( z )

Z {eat f (t) }=F [ z e aT ]

(ii) If Z { f ( t ) }=F ( z ) , then Z {e at f (t ) }=F [ z eaT ]
z
n
(iii) If Z { f ( t ) }=F ( z ) , then Z {a f (t) }=F
a
z
n
(iv) If Z { f ( n ) }=F ( z ) , then Z {a f (n) }=F
a
, then

[]
[]

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

6. Find Z [ an n ]
Solution:
W.K.T.

Z [ an f (n) ]=F

[]
z
a

Here f(n) = n
Z [ an n ] =[ Z [ n ] ] z z

( z1)2
z
( )
a

2
z
1
a
z
( )
a

z a 2
a
z
( )
a

2
( z a)
a2
az

( za )2

( )
( )

z
a

az
( za )2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
7. State the Differentiation in the Z-Domain.
Statement:
d
Z [ nf (t) ] =z F [ z ]
(i)
dz
d
Z [ nf (n) ] =z F [ z]
(ii)
dz
ie. , Z [ a n n ]=

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
8. Find Z [ n2 ]
Solution:
W.K.T.

d
F [ z]
dz
d
Z [ nn ] =z Z [ n ]
dz
d
z
z
dz ( z1 )2

Z [ nf (n) ] =z

Z [ n2 ]

( z1 )2 (1)z [2(z1)]
z
(z1)4
z12 z
z
(z1)3
( z+1)
z
3
( z1 )
2
z +z

3
( z1)
2
z +z
2
[
]
ie. , Z n =
3
( z1)

Z [ n ]=

z
( z1 )2

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
9. Find the Z-transform of (n+1)(n+2).
Solution:
Z [ (n+ 1)(n+ 2) ] =Z [ n2+ 2 n+ n+2 ]
Z [ n2 +3 n+2 ]
Z [ n2 ] +3 Z [ n ] + 2 Z [1]

] [

] [ ]

z +z
z
z
+3
+2
3
2
z 1
(z1)
(z1)
2
( z + z ) +3 z ( z1 ) +2 z (z1)2

( z1)3

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
10.
State and prove Second Shifting theorem.
Statement:
If { f ( t ) }=F ( z ) , then Z [ f ( t+T ) ]= zF ( z )zf ( 0 ) .
Proof:

W.K.T.,

Z { f (t) }= f ( nT ) zn
n=0

Z [ f ( t +T ) ]= f ( nT +T ) z

n=0

f [( n+ 1 ) T ] zn
n=0

z
z

f [ ( n+1 ) T ] zn
n=0

zn
z f [ ( n+1 ) T ]
z
n=0

z f [ ( n+1 ) T ] z z

n 1

n=0

z f [ ( n+1 ) T ] z(n+1 )
n=0

z f (mT ) z

m=1

f ( mT ) zmf (0)

m =0

ie.,

where m=n+1

zf ( z ) zf (0)
Z [ f ( t + T ) ]= zF ( z )zf ( 0 ) .

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
11.
Prove that
Proof:

Z [ f ( n+1 ) ] =zF ( z )zf ( 0 ) .

W.K.T.,

Z { x ( n ) }= x ( n ) z

n=0

Z { f ( n+ 1 ) }= f ( n+1 ) z n
n=0

z
n
f ( n+1 ) z
z n=0

zn
z f ( n+1 )
z
n=0

z f ( n+1 ) z z

n 1

n=0

z f ( n+1 ) z (n+1)
n=0

z f ( m) z

m=1

f ( m ) z m f (0)

m =0

ie.,

where m=n+1

zf ( z ) zf (0)
Z [ f ( n+1 ) ] =zF ( z )zf ( 0 ) .

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

12.
Find the Z-transform of unit sample sequence.
Solution:

W.K.T.,

Z { x ( n ) }= x ( n ) z

n=0

Also W.K.T.,
ie.,

is the unit sample sequence.

(n)

( n )= 1 for n=0
0 for n> 0

..(1)

Now,

Z { ( n ) }= ( n ) zn
n=0

1+ 0+0+ [(1)]
1

ie. , Z { ( n ) }=

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

13.
Find the Z-transform of unit step sequence.
Solution:

W.K.T.,

Z { x ( n ) }= x ( n ) zn
n=0

Also W.K.T.,

is the unit step sequence.

u ( n )= 1 for n 0
..(1)
0 for n< 0

(n)

ie.,

Z [ u ( n ) ] = u ( n ) z

Now,

n=0

zn [ ( 1 ) ]
n=0

1 1
1+ + 2 +
z z
1
1
1
z
1
z1

z
z

z1

[ ]
[ ]

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
14.
State Final Value theorem.
Statement:
If { f ( t ) }=F ( z ) , then

lim f ( t ) = lim ( z1 ) F ( z ) .

z1

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
15.
State Convolution theorem on Z-transform.
Statement:
(i) If Z[x(n)] = X(z) and Z[y(n)] = Y(z) then
Z{x(n) y(n)} = X(z).Y(z)
(ii) Z[f(t)] = F(z) and Z[g(t)] = G(z) then
Z{f(t) g(t)} = F(z).G(z)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
16.

Find

Solution:

z1

z
( za ) (z b)

z1

] [

z
z
z
=z1

( za ) ( zb )
za zb
z
z
z1
z 1
za
zb
n
n
a b

[ ] [ ]

a m b nm
m=0
n

a b b
m

n m

m=0

bn a m
m=0
n

1
bm
m

a
b

()
a
a
a
b [ 1+( )+( ) + +( ) ]
b
b
b
a
1
(
b)
b
1+ a+a ++ a
[
a
( b 1)
bn

m=0

[ ]
n+1

ie. , z1

n+1

n1

a 1
=
a1

[ ]
(
)
[ ]
(

n +1

a
1
n +1
b

( ab
b )

bn

an +1b n+1
b n+1
ab
b

( )

n+1

n +1

b
bn

n+1

( ab )

n+1

b
( ab )

n +1

z
a b
=
( za )( zb )
( ab )

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

17.
Form a difference equation by eliminating arbitrary constant from
un = a 2n+1
Solution:
Given, un = a 2n+1
......(1)
n+2
un+1 = a 2
= a 2n+1 2
= 2a2n+1
.(2)
Eliminating the constant a , we get,
un 1 =0
un +1 2
2un-un+1=0

| |

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
18.
Form the difference equation from yn=a+b3n
Solution:
Given, yn=a+b3n
......(1)
n+1
Yn+1=a+b3
=a+3b 3n
.(2)
n+2
Yn+2=a+b3
=a+9b 3n
.(3)
Eliminating a and b from (1),(2)&(3) we get,
yn 1 1
y n +1 1 3 =0
y n+ 2 1 9
Yn[9-3]-(1)[9yn+1-3yn+2]+(1)[yn+1-yn+2] = 0
6yn-9yn+1+3yn+2+yn+1-yn+2 = 0
2yn+2-8yn+1+6yn = 0
yn+2-4yn+1+3yn = 0

| |

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
19.

Find

[ ]
n

a
n!

in Z-transform.

Solution:

W.K.T.,

Z { x ( n ) }= x ( n ) zn
n=0

[ ]
n

a
Z
n!

n=0

n=0

[ ]
n

a
z
n!

( a z1 )
n!

1 2

a z 1 ( a z )
1+
+
+
1!
2!
ea z
1

e =1+

x x
+ +
1! 2!

]
a

ez
a

[ ]
n

ie . , Z

a
=e z
n!

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

20.
Find
Solution:

Z [ eiat ]

using Z-transform.

Z [ eiat ]=Z [ eiat .1 ]

{ z [1] }z z e
z

z1 z z e
z eiaT
iaT
z e 1
iaT
ze
iat
ie . , Z [ e ]= iaT
z e 1

[By Shifting property]

z
Z [ 1 ]=
z 1

iaT

[ ]

iaT

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
21.
Find the Z-Transform of n.
Solution:

W.K.T.,

Z { x ( n ) }= x ( n ) z

n=0

Here

x ( n )=n

Z [ n ] = n z

n=0

n
n
n=0 z
1 2 3
+ 2+ 3+
z z z
1
2 3
1+ + 2 +
z
z z

z
1

z
1

z
1

[ ]
[ ]
[ ]

1
1
(1x )2=1+2 x +3 x 2+ ]
[
z
2
z1
z
2
z
z1
z2
( z1 )2
z

2
( z1)
z
ie . , Z [ n ] =
2
(z1)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
22.
Find the Z-Transform of cosn
Solution:
z
n
W.K.T., Z [ a ] =
za
z
i n
Z [ ( e ) ]=
ze i
z
Z [ cosn+isinn ]=
z[ cos +isin ]

and sinn

z
zcosisin
( zcos ) +isin
z

( zcos ) isin ( zcos ) +isin

z [ ( zcos )+ isin ]

( zcos )2 +sin 2
z ( zcos )
zsin

+i
2
2
( zcos ) +sin ( zcos )2+sin 2
Equatingthe realimaginary parts on both sides , we get ,
z ( zcos )
Z [ cosn ] =
( zcos )2 +sin2
zsin
Z[sinn ]
( zcos )2 +sin2

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

23.

Find Z

[]

1
, n>0.
n

Solution:

W.K.T.,
Here

Z { x ( n ) }= x ( n ) zn
x ( n )=

1
n

n=0

[]

1
1 n
= z
n n=1 n

1
n
n=1 n z
1 1
1
+ 2 + 3 +
z 2z 3z
1 2 1 3
z
1 z
+
+
+
z
2
3
2
1
x
(
)
log 1
log 1x =x
z
2
z1
log
z
1
z1
log
[ log a p= p loga ]
z
z
log
z1
1
z
ie. , Z
= log
n
z1

() ()

( )[
( )
( )
( )
[] ( )

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2

24.

Find the inverse Z-transform of

z
( za)2

using convolution

theorem.
Solution:
Z 1

] [(

) ( )]

z
z
z
=Z1

2
za
z
a
( za )
n
n
a a wheredenotes convolution .
n

a k a nk
k=0
n

a a a
k=0

n k

an
k=0

(1)
k=0

1+1+ 1+ ( n+1 )
an
( n+1 )
n
a +a n+ an +
n
(n+ 1)a
ie . , Z1

z
=(n+1)a n
( z a )2

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
25.

Evaluate

Z 1

z
z +7 z+ 10
2

Solution:

z
( z+5 )( z +2 )
X (z )
1
A
B
=
=
+
z
( z+5 )( z +2 ) ( z +2 ) ( z +5 )
1=A ( z+5 )+ B ( z +2 )
Put z=2 , we get
1= A (2+ 5 ) +B ( 0 )
1=3 A
1
A=
3
Put z=5 , we get
1= A ( 0 ) + B (5+ 2 )
1=3 B
1
B=
3
X ( z)
1
1

z
3 ( z +2 ) 3 ( z +5 )
z
z
X ( z )=

3 ( z +2 ) 3 ( z +5 )
z
z
Z { x ( n ) }=

3 ( z +2 ) 3 ( z +5 )
1
z
1
z
x ( n )= z1
z 1
3
( z +2 ) 3
( z +5 )
Let X ( z )=

[ ]

[ ]

1
1
(2 )n (5 )n
3
3
1
n n
n
[ (1 ) ( 2 5 ) ]
3
(1)n n n
[ 2 5 ]

3
ie . , Z

(1) n n
z
[ 2 5 ]
=
2
3
z +7 z +10

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~