STUDY cum SUPPORT MATERIAL

2013-14
CLASS: XII
PHYSICS

Class XII

PHYSICS

1. ELECTROSTATICS
GIST

Electrostatics is the study of charges at rest.

Charging a body can be done by friction, induction and conduction.
Properties of charges:
o Like charges repel and unlike charges attract.
o Charges are additive in nature i.e., Q=
o Charges are quantized. i.e., Q= ne [n=1,2,3, & e=1.602 X10-19 C]
o Charge in a body is independent of its velocity.
o Charge is conserved.
To measure charge electroscopes are used.
9
2 -2
Coulombs law:
k=
= 9X10 Nm c
Where,

= permittivity of free space

1/r2

Q1Q2<0

Q 1Q2>0

Ftotal = F12 + F 13 + .
Principle
of
superposition:

[vector

sum

of

individual

forces]

qq
qq
1 122 r12 1 123 r13 ....
4 r12
4 r13

1/r2
F

Note: In the above triangle the quantity shown at the vertex, could be arrived by multiplying the
quantities shown at the base, ie F=E X Q. Any one of the quantity shown at the base is given by the
ratio of the quantities shown at vertex & the other quantity shown at the base, ie E=F/Q or Q= F/E
Electric field: Force experienced by a unit positive (or test) charge. It is a vector. SI unitNC-1.

F
E Lt
qo 0 q
o

r2

Field due to a point charge:

Principle of superposition: E total

Dipole: Two equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance.

Dipole moment: Product of magnitude of charge and distance of separation between them. It is a vector.
SI unit: Cm, =Q.2 ; direction of is negative to positive charge.

Dipole in a uniform electric field experiences no net force and instead experiences a torque.

E
r [vector sum of individual fields]
i 1
n

If = 0

stable equilibrium; If =

Class XII

PHYSICS

unstable equilibrium.
2

Electric field due to a dipole

o

at a point on the axial line:

along the direction of dipole moment

at a point on the equatorial line:

opposite to the direction of dipole moment.

; It is a scalar; SI unit: NC-1m2 or Vm.

Electric flux: =

Gauss theorem in electrostatics:

Uniform Charge distribution:

-1

Linear charge distribution:

linear charge density Unit Cm ]

Surface charge distribution:

surface charge density Unit Cm-2]

Volume charge distribution:

Volume charge density Unit Cm-3]

Applications of Gauss theorem for uniform charge distribution:

Expression for

Infinite
Linear

Infinite
sheet

plane Thin spherical shell

Flux
Magnitude of
Field E

[for points on/outside the shell]

=0 [for points inside the shell]

Charge density

Properties of electric field lines:

Arbitrarily starts from +ve charge and end at ve charge
Continuous, but never form closed loops
Never intersect
Relative closeness of the field lines represents the magnitude of the field strength.
For a set of two like charges lateral pressure in between
For a set of two unlike charges longitudinal contraction in between.
Electrostatic Potential: Work done per unit positive Test charge to move it from infinity to that point in an
electric field. It is a scalar. SI unit: J/C or V
V = W / qo
Electric potential for a point charge:

Class XII

PHYSICS

Electric field is conservative. This means that the work done is independent of the path followed and
the total work done in a closed path is zero.

Potential due to a system of charges:

total

ni1 kqi
ri

Potential due to a dipole at a point

on its axial line:

on its equatorial line:

[or]
=0

Potential difference
Potential energy of two charges:

U=

Potential energy of a dipole :

U=

=pE [

Electrostatics of conductors
(i) Inside a conductor Electrostatic field is zero
(ii) On the surface E is always Normal
(iii) No charge inside the conductor but gets distributed on the surface
(iv) Charge distribution on the surface is uniform if the surface is smooth
(v) Charge distribution is inversely proportional to r if the surface is uneven
(vi) Potential is constant inside and on the surface
Equipotential surfaces: The surfaces on which the potential is same everywhere.
Work done in moving a charge over an equipotential surface is zero.
No two equipotential surfaces intersect.
Electric field lines are always perpendicular to the equipotential surfaces.

As E= -

If Vis constant, E

and if E is constant, V

Capacitor: A device to store charges and electrostatic potential energy.

Capacitance:

Q
, Ratio of charge and potential difference. Scalar,
V

SI unit: farad [F]

Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor:

Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric medium in between:

Cm =
Class XII

PHYSICS

 If t=0 =>C0 =
If t=d =>C0 =k

=>Cm = k C0

Cm

Co

Combination of capacitors:
Capacitors in series:

1 n 1

c i 1 ci
n

Capacitors in parallel : c

i 1

Energy stored in capacitors: U

1
1
1 Q2
CV 2 QV
2
2
2 C
V

Area shaded in the graph = U =

Energy density :

Introducing dielectric slab between the plates of the charged capacitor with:

Property
Charge
Potential
difference
Electric
Field
Capacitance
Energy

Battery connected
K Q0
V0

Battery disconnected
Q0
V 0/K

E0

E0/K

KC0
K times

KC0
1/K times

[Energy is supplied

By battery]

[Energy used for

Polarization]

On connecting two charged capacitors:

Common Potential:
Loss of energy:

Van de Graff generator: is an electrostatic machine to build very high voltages.

works on the Principle
;

Class XII

PHYSICS

 Corona discharge is the electrical discharge through the defected part of the spherical conductor,
where the surface is not smooth. Hence, the hollow spherical conductor in the Van de Graff generator
should have a smooth outer surface.

CONCEPT MAP

Electric Force/Field/Potential/P.E.
Electric Force/Field/Potential/P.E.

(Unit : N)

Class XII

PHYSICS

(Unit N/C orV/m)

CONCEPT MAP

Charge and its impact

Class XII

PHYSICS

CHARGES AND COULOMBS LAW

QUESTIONS

QNo
1.

2.

3.
4.
5.

6.

7.

What is the work done in moving a test charge q through a distance of 1 cm along the
equatorial axis of an electric dipole? [ Hint : on equatorial line V=0 ]

Marks
1

Why in Millikans Oil Drop experiment, the charge measured was always found to be of some
1
discrete value and not any arbitrary value?
Ans: Because charge is always quantized ie., Q = n x e
What is meant by electrostatic shielding? Ans: Electric filed inside a cavity is zero.
1
Why an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field does not undergoes acceleration?
1
Ans: Because the net force on the dipole is zero. Fnet = 0 as F=
Why electric field lines
(i) Can never intersect one another?
1
(ii) Cannot for closed loops sometimes?
(iii) Cannot have break in between?
Ans : Because
(i) Electric field has an unique direction at any given point
(ii) Monopoles or single isolated charges exist unlike magnetism
(iii) Start from +ve charges and terminate at ve charges
Show that at a point where the electric field intensity is zero, electric potential need not be
2
zero.
Ans: If E = 0
E=-dV/dr
What is the electric flux through the surface S in Vaccum?

8.

Write the expression for the electric field, charge density for a uniformly charged thin
2
spherical shell.
Ans:
;

9.
I
Class XII

II
PHYSICS

III

2
8

10.

Write the expression for the electric field in the regions I, II, III shown in the above figure.
Ans: EI =EIII = 0
EII = /0
Two free protons are separated by a distance of 1 Ao. if they are released, what is the kinetic
energy of each proton when at infinite separation.[ Hint : at inifinte distance

11.

How does the electric flux, electric field enclosing a given charge vary when the area
enclosed by the charge is doubled? Ans: (a) = constant (b) E is halved
2

12.

The electric field in a certain region of space is

= 104
. How much is the flux passing
through an area A if it is a part of XY plane, XZ plane, YZ plane, making an angle 300 with the 2
axis?
Ans: XY =10A Vm E S COS [=0]
XZ= YZ = 0 Vm ( =90O) =104 A cos30 O Vm

13.

An electric dipole 4C is kept at co-ordinate points (1, 0, 4) are kept at (2,-1, 5), the electric
2
field is given by = 20 NC-1. Calculate the torque on the dipole.
Ans: Calculate first dipole moment using =q.2
Then calculate torque using
and hence find
=13.4 N m

14.

Show diagrammatically the configuration of stable and unstable equilibrium of an electric

dipole ( p ) placed in a uniform electric field ( E ).

Ans:

15.

Stable
Unstable
Plot a graph showing the variation of coulomb force F versus
where r is the distance between the two charges of each pair of
charges: (1C, 2C) and (2C, -3C) Interpret the graphs obtained.
[Hint : graph can be drawn choosing ve axis for force only]
Ans:

1/r2

A
B

2
F

16.

A thin straight infinitely long conducting wire having charge density is enclosed by a
cylindrical surface of radius r and length l, its axis coinciding with the length of the wire. Find 2
the expression for electric flux through the surface of the cylinder.
Ans: Using Gausss Law obtain: =

17.

Calculate the force between two alpha particles kept at a distance of 0.02mm in air.

Ans:
18.

Explain the role of earthing in house hold wiring.

2
Ans: During short circuit, it provides an easy path or emergency way out for the charges
flowing to the ground, preventing the accidents.
Class XII

PHYSICS

19.

20.

What is the difference between charging by induction and charging by friction?

2
* In frictional method, transfer of charges takes place from one object to the other.
* During induction, redistribution of charges takes place within the conductor.
Two electric charges 3C, -4C are placed at the two corners of an isosceles right angled
triangle of side 1 m as shown in the figure. What is the direction and magnitude of electric
field at A due to the two charges?
A
2
Ans: E=4510^3 NC^(-1)
=36.9 from line AB

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

Deduce Coulombs law from Gauss law.

Ans:=E .S =Q/0
E4r2=Q/ 0
3
F=Eq0F=Qqo/(40 r2 )
State Gausss law and use this law to derive the electric filed at a point from an infinitely long
3
straight uniformly charged wire.
Ans: Statement

26.

A sensitive instrument is to be shifted from a strong electric field

Suggest
1 m in its environment.
3C
4C
a possible way.
2
[ Hint : Electrostatic shielding ]
A charge +Q fixed on the Y axis at a distance of 1m from the origin and another charge +2Q is
fixed on the X axis at a distance of 2 m from the origin. A third charge Q is placed at the
origin. What is the angle at which it moves?
3
Ans: Force due to both the changes are equal = KQ2& r to each other so the resultant force
will make 45o with X-axis.
Two charges 5C, -3C are separated by a distance of 40 cm in air. Find the location of a
point on the line joining the two charges where the electric field is zero.
3
Ans: Solve for x from the equation: k

E.ds

Derivation for E =

2 r

Three charges q, Q and q are placed at equal distances on a straight line. If the potential
energy of system of these charges is zero, then what is the ratio of Q:q [ Ans : 1:4 ]

Class XII

PHYSICS

10

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
1.

Is it possible that the potential at a point is zero, while there is finite electric field intensity 1
at that point? Give an example.
Ans: Yes , Centre of a dipole

2.

Is it possible that the electric field

at a point is zero, while there is a finite electric 1
potential at that point. Give an example.
Ans: Yes, Inside charged shell

3.

Can two equipotential surfaces intersect? Justify your answer.

Ans: No. Otherwise it would mean two directions for force at a point.

4.

Is potential gradient a vector or a scalar quantity?

Ans: Scalar quantity

5.

Write the dimensional formula of 0 the permittivity of free space.

Ans: [M-1L-3T4A2]

6.

An electric dipole is placed in an electric field due to a point charge. Will there be a force 1
and torque on the dipole?
Ans: Yes, Both force and torque will act as the Electric Field is non uniform.

7.

Draw the graph showing the variation of electric potential with distance from the centre 1
of a uniformly charged shell.

Ans
V
r
8.

Distance

Find the ratio of the electric field lines starting from a proton kept first in vacuum and 1
then in a medium of dielectric constant 6.
Ans: 6 : 1

Class XII

PHYSICS

11

9.

Calculate the electric field from the equipotential surface shown below.

2m
2V

4V

6V

3m
4m

Ans: 2 V [ E
10.

dv
, dv 2V , dr 1m]
dr

Sketch the electric field lines, when a positive charge is kept in the vicinity of an uncharged 1
conducting plate.
Ans
+q

11.

12.

Two charges are kept as shown. Find dipole moment.

1
Ans: (0,0,2)-q . +q(0,0,-2)
-15 c
+15 c
Compare the electric flux in a cubical surface of side 10 cm and a spherical surface of 1
radius 10 cm, when a change of 5C is enclosed by them.
Ans: Electric flux will be same in both the cases.

13.

Explain why the electric field inside a conductor placed in an external electric field is 1
always zero.
Ans: Charge lies on the surface of a conductor only

14.

Two identical metal plates are given positive charges Q1 and Q2,where Q1> Q2. Find the 2
potential difference between them, if they are now brought together to form a parallel
plate capacitor with capacitance C.
Ans: (Q1 Q2)/2C

15.

27 small drops of mercury having the same radius collage to form one big drop. Find the 2
ratio of the capacitance of the big drop to small drop.

16.

Ans: [3:1]
A uniformly charged rod with linear charge density of length L is inserted into a hollow 2
cubical structure of side L with constant velocity and moves out from the opposite face.
Draw the graph between flux and time.
Class XII

PHYSICS

12

Ans

17.
Ans

time

Draw a graph showing the variation of potential with distance from the positive charge to 2
negative charge of a dipole, by choosing the mid-point of the dipole as the origin.
2
V

d
18.

If

= 3 +4 -5 , calculate the electric flux through a surface of area 50 units in z-x plane

Ans: 200 unit

19.

Name the physical quantities whose SI units are Vm, Vm-1. Which of these are vectors?
Ans:

-1

Vm electric ux, scalar ; Vm electric eld, vector

20.

The spherical shell of a Van de Graff generator is to be charged to a potential of 2 million 2

volt. Calculate the minimum radius the shell can have, if the dielectric strength of air is 0.8
kV/mm.
Ans: [2.5m]

21.

How will you connect seven capacitors of 2f each to obtain an effective capacitance of 2
10/11 f.
Ans: 5 in parallel and 2 in series

22.

A proton moves with a speed of 7.45 x 105m/s directly towards a free proton initially at 2
rest. Find the distance of the closest approach for the two protons.
Ans: 5.56 x 10-23m
Three point charges of 1C, 2C & 3C are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle of 2
side 1m. Calculate the work done to move these charges to the corners of a smaller
equilateral triangle of sides 0.5m.

23.

Class XII

PHYSICS

13

1C

Ans: 9.9 x 1010 J

2C

3C
2

24.

Suggest an arrangement of three point charges, +q,+q, -q separated by finite distance that
has zero electric potential energy

25.

A point charge Q is placed at point O as shown. Is the potential difference ( VA-VB) positive,
negative or zero if Q is (i) positive (ii) negative

Ans:

26.

Show that the potential of a charged spherical conductor, kept at the centre of a charged 3
hollow spherical conductor is always greater than that of the hollow spherical conductor,
irrespective of the charge accumulated on it.
Ans: Va-Vb=(q/4) (1/r-1/R)
(Principle of Van de Graff generator)

CAPACITORS
S.No
1
What happens to the capacitance of a capacitor when a copper plate of thickness one 2
third of the separation between the plates is introduced in the capacitor?
Ans: 1.5 times Co
2

A parallel plate capacitor is charged and the charging battery is then disconnected. What 2
happens to the potential difference and the energy of the capacitor, if the plates are
moved further apart using an insulating handle?
Ans: Both Increases
Find the equivalence capacitance between X and Y.
2
X
3 f

3 f

3 f

Ans: 9 f
Class XII

PHYSICS

14

A pith ball of mass 0.2 g is hung by insulated thread between the plates of a capacitor of 2
separation 8cm. Find the potential difference between the plates to cause the thread to
incline at an angle 150 with the vertical, if the charge in the pith ball is equal to 10-7C.
Ans: 429 V

5.

Find the capacitance of arrangement of 4 plates of Area A at distance d in air as shown.

6.

What is an equivalent capacitance of the arrangement the shown below

7.

8.
9.

10.

If 6V cell is connected across AD. Calculate the potential difference between B&C.
A parallel plate capacitor is charged to a potential difference V by d.c. source and then 3
disconnected. The distance between the plates is then halved. Explain with reason for the
change in electric field, capacitance and energy of the capacitor.
Ans: Use the formulae - Electric field remains same, Capacitance doubled, Energy halved
Derive an expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor, when a dielectric slab of 3
dielectric constant k is partially introduced between the plates of the capacitor.
A potential difference of 1200 V is established between two parallel plates of a capacitor. 3
The plates of the capacitor are at a distance of 2 cm apart. An electron is released from
the negative plate, at the same instant, a proton is released from the +ve plate.
(a)How do their (i) velocity (ii) Energy compare, when they strike the opposite plates.
(b) How far from the positive plate will they pass each other?
Ans a. (i)42.84 (ii)equal
b. 2.7cm
Draw a graph to show the variation of potential applied and charge stored in a capacitor. 3
Derive the expression for energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor from the capacitor.

Class XII

PHYSICS

15

q
11.

12.

13.

Find the capacitance of a system of three parallel plates each of area A m2 separated by d1 2
and d2 m respectively. The space between them is filled with dielectrics of relative
dielectric constant 1 and 2.
Two parallel plate capacitors A and B having capacitance 1F and 5 F are charged 3
separately to the same potential 100V. They are then connected such that +ve plate of A
is connected to ve plate of B. Find the charge on each capacitor and total loss of energy
in the capacitors.
Ans: 400C, 500C and 5/3 x 10J
Calculate the capacitance of a system having five equally spaced plates, if the area of each 3
plate is 0.02 m2 and the separation between the neighboring are 3 mm. in case (a) and (b)

Ans: (Hint: Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor oA/d )

1.18 x 10-4 F and
2.36 x 10 F
14.

Net capacitance of three identical capacitors in series is 1f. What will be their net 2
capacitance if connected in parallel?
Find the ratio of energy stored in the two configurations, if they are both connected to
the same source.
Ans: 9f
1:9
15. Two parallel plate capacitors X and Y have the same area of plates and the same
separation between them. X has air between the plates and Y contains a dielectric
medium of r=4. Calculate Capacitance of X and Y if equivalent capacitance of
combination is 4 F.
(i)
Potential Difference between the plates of X and Y
(ii)
What is the ration of electrostatic energy stored in X and Y
[ Ans : 5 F, 20 F, 9.6 V, 2.4 V, 4:1 ]

Class XII

PHYSICS

16

2. CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Current carriers The charge particles which flow in a definite direction constitutes the electric
current are called current carriers. E.g.: Electrons in conductors, Ions in electrolytes, Electrons
and holes in semi-conductors.
Electric current is defined as the amount of charge flowing through any cross section of the
conductor in unit time. I = Q/t.
Current density J = I/A.
Ohms law: Current through a conductor is proportional to the potential difference across the ends of
the conductor provided the physical conditions such as temperature, pressure etc. Remain constant. V
I i.e. V = IR, Where R is the resistance of the conductor. Resistance R is the ratio of V & I
Resistance is the opposition offered by the conductor to the flow of current.
Resistance R = l/A where is the resistivity of the material of the conductor- length and A area of
cross section of the conductor. If l is increased n times, new resistance becomes n2R. If A is increased n
times, new resistance becomes

1
R
n2

Resistivity = m/ne2, Where m, n, e are mass, number density and charge of electron respectively, relaxation time of electrons. is independent of geometric dimensions.
Relaxation time is the average time interval between two successive collisions
Conductance of the material G =1/R and conductivity =1/
Drift velocity is the average velocity of all electrons in the conductor under the influence of applied
electric field. Drift velocity Vd = (eE/m) also I = neAvd

Vd
E

Mobility () of a current carrier is the ratio of its drift velocity to the applied field

Effect of temperature on resistance: Resistance of a conductor increase with the increase of

temperature of conductor RT Ro (1 T ) , where is the temperature coefficient of resistance of
the conductor. is slightly positive for metal and conductor, negative for semiconductors and
insulators and highly positive for alloys.

Combination of resistors:

Cells: E.M.F of a cell is defined as the potential difference between its terminals in an open circuit.
Terminal potential difference of a cell is defined as the p.d between its ends in a closed circuit.
Internal resistance r of a cell is defined as the opposition offered by the cell to the flow of current. r

E
1 R
V

Rseries R1 R2 ...Rn ,

1
RParallel

1
1
1
...
R1 R2
Rn

where R is external resistances.

Grouping of cells :

nE
,
R nr
mE
ii) In parallel grouping circuit current is given by I p
where n, m are number of cells in series
r mR
i) In series grouping circuit current is given by I s

and parallel connection respectively.

Kirchhoffs Rule:
i) Junction Rule:-The algebraic sum of currents meeting at a point is zero. I 0
Class XII

PHYSICS

17

ii) Loop rule:-The algebraic sum of potential difference around a closed loop is zero V o

Wheatstone bridge is an arrangement of four resistors arranged in four arms of the bridge and is used
to determine the unknown resistance in terms of other three resistances. For balanced Wheatstone
Bridge,

P R

Q S

Slide Wire Bridge or Metre Bridge is based on Wheatstone bridge and is used to measure unknown
resistance. If unknown resistance S is in the right gap, s 100 l R

Potentiometer is considered as an ideal voltmeter of infinite resistance.

Principle of potentiometer: The potential drop across any portion of the uniform wire is proportional
to the length of that portion of the wire provided steady current is maintained in it i.e. v l
Potentiometer is used to (i) compare the e.m.f.s of two cells (ii) determine the internal resistance of a
cell and (iii) measure small potential differences.

Expression for comparison of e.m.f of two cells by using potentiometer,

1 l1
where l1, l2 are the
2 l2

balancing lengths of potentiometer wire for e.m.fs 1 and 2 of two cells.

Expression for the determination of internal resistance of a cell I is given by l1 l2 R

l
2

Where l1 is the balancing length of potentiometer wire corresponding to e.m.f of the cell, l2 that of
terminal potential difference of the cell when a resistance R is connected in series with the cell whose
internal resistance is to be determined

rl
. where L is the length of the
Rr L

Expression for determination of potential difference V

potentiometer wire, l is balancing length, r is the resistance of potentiometer wire, R is the resistance
included in the primary circuit.
Joules law of heating states that the amount of heat produced in a conductor is proportional to (i)
square of the current flowing through the conductor,(ii) resistance of the conductor and (iii) time for
which the current is passed. Heat produced is given by the relation H=I2Rt
Electric power: It is defined `as the rate at which work is done in maintaining the current in electric
circuit. P =VI = I2R =V2/R. Power P is the product of V & I
Electrical energy: The electrical energy consumed in a circuit is defined as the total work done in
maintaining the current in an electrical circuit for a given time. Electrical energy = VIt = I2Rt =(V2/R)t =
Pt
Commercial unit of energy 1KWh= 3.6106J
Colour coding : Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Gray White
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Tolerance (i) Gold 5%
(ii) Silver 10% (iii) No Color 20%
Example: if colour code on carbon resister is Red Yellow and Orange with tolerance colour as silver,
the resistance of the give
resister is (24103 10%)

Class XII

PHYSICS

18

CONCEPT MAP

Flow of Charges

Class XII

PHYSICS

19

QUESTIONS
DRIFT VELOCITY, CURRENT, POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, OHMS LAW AND RESISTANCE
1. How does the drift velocity of electrons in a metallic conductor vary with increase in temperature?
Ans. remains the same

(1)

2. Two different wires X and Y of same diameter but of different materials are joined in series and
connected across a battery. If the number density of electrons in X is twice that of Y, find the ratio of
drift velocity of electrons in the two wires.
Ans: Vdx/Vdy = n y/nx =
3.* A 4 non insulated wire is bent in the middle by 1800 and both the halves are twisted with each
other. Find its new resistance?
Ans: 1

(1)

(1)

(1)
4. Can the terminal potential difference of a cell exceed its emf? Give reason for your answer.
Ans: Yes, during the charging of cell.
5. Two wires of equal length one of copper and the other of manganin have the same resistance. Which
wire is thicker?
Ans: Manganin.

(1)

6. The V-I graph for a conductor makes angle with V- axis, what is the resistance of the conductor?
Ans: R = Cot

(1)

(1)
7. It is found that 1020 electrons pass from point X towards another point Y in 0.1s. How much is the
current & what is its direction?
Ans: 160A; from Y to X
8. Two square metal plates A and B are of the same thickness and material. The side of B is twice that of
side o fA. If the resistance of A and B are denoted by RA and RB, find RA/ RB. Ans: 1
9*.The V-I graph of two resistors in their series combination is shown. Which one of these graphs shows
the series combinations of the other two? Give reason for your answer.
I

(1)
(1)

Ans: 1

V
10. Plot a graph showing the variation of conductivity

with the temperature T in a metallic conductor.

(Ans: see fig1)
R

(2)

T
D
Fig 1
fig2
11. Draw a graph to show the variation of resistance R of the metallic wire as a function of its diameter D
keeping the other factor constant.
(Ans: see fig2)
Class XII

PHYSICS

20

(2)

12. Two conducting wires X and Y of same diameter but different materials are joined in series across a
battery. If the number density of electrons in X is twice that in Y, find the ratio of drift velocity of
electrons in the two wires. (Ans: I nvd i.e. Vdx/Vdy = n y/nx = )
13 A pd of 30V is applied across a colour coded carbon resistor with rings of blue, black and yellow
colours. What is the current to the resistor?
Ans: R = 60 104 , I= 5 10-5A

(2)
(2)

14. A non-conducting ring of radius r has charge q distribute over it. What will be the equivalent current
if it rotates with an angular velocity ?
Ans: I= q/t = q/2
15.* Two cells each of emf E and internal resistances r1 and r2 are connected in series to an external
resistance R. Can a value of R be selected such that the potential difference of the first cell is 0.
Ans: I = 2/(R + r1 + r 2)
Potential diff. for first cell V1 = I r1 = 0
= (2 r1)/R + r 1 + r 2
Solving these we get, R = r1 - r2

(2)

16. Why does Resistance increase in series combination and decrease in parallel combination
Ans: Effective length increases in series combination (R l).
In parallel combination area of cross section increases (R 1/A)

(2)

17. A piece of silver wire has a resistance of 1. What will be the resistance of the constantan wire of
one third of its length and one half of its diameter if the specific resistance of the constantan wire is
30 times than that of the silver?
Ans: 40
18. Calculate the current shown by the ammeter in the circuit in fig 1

(2)

(2)

5
10
10
10

10
+
AI(A)

0
Fig 2.

10V

t(s)

10

Fig 1.
Ans: R = 2 and I = 5A
19.* The plot in fig 2 given above shows the variation of current I through the cross section of a wire
over a time interval of 10s. Find the amount of charge that flows through the wire over this time
period.
Ans: Area under the I-t graph, q = 37.5C
20. Find the resistance between the points (i) A and B and (ii) A and C in the following network
10

10

(2)

Ans: (i) RAB = 27.5

10

(ii) RAC = 30

C
D

10

10

Class XII

(2)

10

A
10

(2)

10

PHYSICS

21

21. Two wires of the same material having lengths in the ratio 1:2 and diameter 2:3 are connected in
(2)
series with an accumulator. Compute the ratio of p.d across the two wires
Ans: R = l/A = 4l/d2
R A/RB = 9/8
V A/VB = IARA/IBRB = 9/8
22. 4 cells of identical emf E1, internal resistance r are connected in series to a variable resistor. The
following graph shows the variation of terminal voltage of the combination with the current output.
(i)What is the emf of each cell used?
(ii)For what current from the cells, does maximum power dissipation occur in the circuit?
(iii)Calculate the internal resistance of each cell
Ans: 4E = 5.6
E = 1.4 V
When I = 1A, V = 2.8/4 = 0.7V
Internal resistance, r= (E V)/I = 0.7
The output power is maximum when internal
resistance = external resistance = 4r.Imax = 4E/
(4r +4r) = 1A

(3)

23.* An infinite ladder network of resistances is constructed with 1 and 2 resistances shown
(3)

A 6V battery between A and B has negligible resistance.

(i) Find the effective resistance between A and B.
Ans: Since the circuit is infinitely long, its total resistance remains unaffected by removing one
mesh from it. Let the effective resistance of the infinite network be R, the circuit will be

24. The resistance of a tungsten filament at 150C is 133. What will be its resistance at 5000C? The (3)
temperature coefficient of tungsten is 0.00450C-1 at 00C.
Ans: Use Rt = R0 (1+ t)
R500 = 258
25. The circuit shown in the diagram contains two identical lamps P and Q. What will happen to the (3)
brightness of the lamps, if the resistance Rh is increased? Give reason.
Ans: Brightness of P and Q decrease and increase respectively.

Class XII

PHYSICS

22

26. A battery has an emf E and internal resistance r. A variable resistance R is connected across the
terminals of the battery. Find the value of R such that (a) the current in the circuit is maximum (b)
the potential difference across the terminal is maximum. (c)Plot the graph between V and R
(3)
Ans: (a) I = / (r + R)
I = Imax when R =0
Imax = /r
(b)V = R/(r + R) = /(r/R + 1) V = Vmax when r/R + 1= minimum, r/R = o, V=
(c)
V
R
II. KIRCHHOFFS RULE AND APPLICATIONS
1. Using Kirchhoffs laws, calculate I1, I2 andI3
Ans: I1 = 48/31A I2 = 18/31A

2. In the circuit, find the current through the 4 resistor.

(3)
I3 = 66/31A

(3)

Ans: I = 1A

III. WHEATSTONE BRIDGE AND POTENTIOMETER

1. The emf of a cell used in the main circuit of the potentiometer should be more than the potential
difference to be measured. Why?
(1)
2. The resistance in the left gap of a metre bridge is 10 and the balance point is 45cm from the left
end. Calculate the value of the unknown resistance.
Ans S = 12.5
(1)
3. How can we improve the sensitivity of a potentiometer?
(1)
4. Why is potentiometer preferred over a voltmeter?
(1)
5. Write the principle of
(2)
(i) a meter bridge.
(ii) a potentiometer.
6. How does the balancing point of a Wheatstone bridge get affected when
(2)
i) Position of cell and Galvanometer are interchanged?
ii) Position of the known and unknown resistances is interchanged?
7. Explain with a neat circuit diagram, how will you compare emf of two cells using a potentiometer? (3)
8. With the help of a circuit diagram, describe the method of finding the internal resistance of the
Primary Cell using a potentiometer.
(3)
9. With the help of a neat circuit diagram describe the method to determine the potential difference
across the conductor using a potentiometer.
(3)
10. Calculate the current drawn from the battery in the given network.
Ans: I = 2A
Class XII

PHYSICS

23

11. Find the value of X and current drawn from the battery of emf 6V of negligible internal resistance
(3)
Ans: X = 6 and I = 1A

12. Find the value of the unknown resistance X and the current drawn by the circuit from the battery if
no current flows through the galvanometer. Assume the resistance per unit length of the wire is
1
0.01cm.
(3)

Ans: X = 3
13. In the circuit shown, AB is a resistance wire of uniform cross section in which a potential gradient
of 0.01V cm-1 exists.
(3)

(a)If the galvanometer G shows zero deflection, what is the emf 1 of the cell used?
(b)If the internal resistance of the driver cell increases on some account, how will it affect the balance
point in the experiment?
Ans: (a) PD VAB = 1.8 V (b) Balance pt. will shift towards B since V/l decreases.
14.* In a potentiometer circuit, a battery of negligible internal resistance is set up as shown to develop a
constant potential gradient along the wire AB. Two cells of emfs 1 and 2 are connected in series as
shown in the combination (1) and (2). The balance points are obtained respectively at 400cm and
240cm from the point A. Find (i) 1/ 2 and (ii) balancing length for the cell 1 only.
(3)
battery
Ans : 1 + 2 400, 1- 2 240,Solving 1/ 2 = 4, 1 l1,
(1 + 2)/ 1= 400/l1 , l1 = 320cm

15.* A potentiometer wire of length 100cm having a resistance of 10 is connected in series with a
resistance and cell of emf 2V of negligible internal resistance. A source emf of 10mV is balanced
against a length of 40cm of potentiometer wire. What is the value of the external resistance?
(3)
Ans: I = E/(R + 10) = (2/R + 10) Resistance of 40cm
wire is 4. At J, (2/R +10) x 4 = 10 x 10-3 R = 790

Class XII

PHYSICS

24

16.* In the potentiometer circuit shown, the balance point is at X. State with reason where the balance (3)
point will be shifted when
(i)Resistance R is increased, keeping all parameters unchanged.
(ii)Resistance S is increased keeping R constant.
(iii)Cell P is replaced by another cell whose emf is lower than that
of
that cell Q.
Ans: (i) As R is increased V/l will decrease hence X will shift towards B.
(ii)No effect (iii) Balance point is not found.
17.* A potentiometer wire has a length L and resistance R0. It is connected to a battery and a resistance
(3)
combination as shown. Obtain an expression for the potential difference per unit length of the
potentiometer wire. What is the maximum emf of a test cell for which one can get a balance point
on this potentiometer wire? What precautions should one take while connecting this test cell to
the circuit?

Ans: Total resistance of potentiometer wire R = R0 + RS/(R+S)

Current in the circuit I = E/ (R0 + (RS/R+S))
Total potential difference across AB V = I R0 = E R0/ (R0 + (RS/R+S))
Therefore, PD per unit length is V/L = E R0/L (R0 + (RS/R+S))
Max emf of a test cell should be less than V.
Precaution: Positive terminal of the test cell must be connected to positive terminal of the battery.
18. The variation of potential difference V with length l in case of two potentiometers X and Y as
(3)
shown. Which one of these will you prefer for comparing emfs of two cells and why?
Ans : The potentiometer Y is preferred, as it has low potential gradient (V/l)

19. Two cells of emfs 1 and 2 (1> 2) are connected as shown in

figure
When a potentiometer is connected between A and B, the
balancing length of the potentiometer wire is 300cm. On
connecting the same potentiometer between A and C, the balancing length is 100cm. Calculate the
ratio of 1 and 2.
Ans: 1 300, 1 2 100, 1/2 = 3/2

Class XII

PHYSICS

25

IV. ELECTRIC ENERGY AND POWER

1. What is the largest voltage you can safely put across a resistor marked 98 - 0.5W?
2. Which lamp has greater resistance (i) 60W and (ii) 100W when connected to the same supply?
2

Ans: R = V /P,

(1)
(1)

R 1/P, 60 lamp has more resistance

3. Nichrome and Cu wires of the same length and same diameter are connected in series in an electric
circuit. In which wire will the heat be produced at a higher rate? Give reason.
2

Ans: P = I R

(2)

P R Heat produced is higher in Nichrome wire.

4.* An electric bulb rated for 500W at 100V is used in circuit having a 200V supply. Calculate the
resistance R that must be put in series with the bulb, so that the bulb delivers 500W.

(2)

Ans: Resistance of bulb=V 2/P = 20, I = 5A, for the same power dissipation, current should be 5A
when the bulb is connected to a 200V supply. The safe resistance R = V/I = 40. Therefore, 20
resistor should be connected in series.
5. Two bulbs are marked 220V-100W and 220V-50W. They are connected in series to 220V mains. Find
(2)

the ratio of heat generated in them.

Ans: H1/H2 = I2R1 /I2R2 = R 1/ R2=
6.* Can a 30W, 6V bulb be connected supply of 120V? If not what will have to be done for it?
2

Ans: Resistance of bulb R= V /P = 36/30 = 1.2

(3)

Current capacity of the bulb I = P/V = 5A

A resistance R to be added in series with the bulb to have current of 5 A, I = V/R + R =5, R = 22.8

Class XII

PHYSICS

26

3.MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM:
1.

Magnetic field:

It is a region around a magnet or current carrying conductor in which its magnetic influence can
be felt by a magnetic needle.
2.

Biot-Savart Law

dB =0 IdlSin/4r2
0=4 x 10-7 Tm/A
[Direction of dB can be found by using Maxwells Right hand thumb rule.]
3.

Applications :

Magnetic field at a centre of a current carrying circular coil B= 0I/2a

Magnetic field at a point on the axis of current carrying coil. B= 0Nia2/2(a2+x2)3/2 (N=no. of
turns in the coil)
4.

Amperes circuital law

It states that the line integral of magnetic field around any closed path in vacuum/air is 0 times
the total current threading the closed path.
B. dl= 0 I
5.

Applications
i)
Magnetic field due to straight infinitely long current carrying straight conductor.

B= 0 I/2r
ii)

Magnetic field due to a straight solenoid carrying current

B= 0n I

n= no. of turns per unit length

iii)

Magnetic field due to toroidal solenoid carrying current.

B= 0N I / 2r
N= Total no. of turns.
6.

Force on a moving charge [ Lorentz Force]

(i)
In magnetic field F=q(V x B)
(ii)
In magnetic and electric field F=q[E+( x B)] Lorentz force
7. Cyclotron
(i) Principle
(a)
When a charged particle moves at right angle to a uniform magnetic field it describes circular path.
(b)
An ion can acquire sufficiently large energy with a low ac voltage making it to cross the same
electric field repeatedly under a strong magnetic field.
(ii) Cyclotron frequency or magnetic resonance frequency
=qB/2m, T=2m/Bq; =Bq/m
(iii) Maximum velocity and maximum kinetic energy of charged particle.

Vm=Bqrm/m
Em=B2q2rm2 / 2m
8.

Force on a current carrying conductor in uniform

F= (I l x B)
l=length of conductor
Direction of force can be found out using Flemings left hand rule.

Class XII

PHYSICS

27

9.

Force per unit length between parallel infinitely long current carrying straight conductors.

F/l= 0 I1 I2/2d
(a) If currents are in same direction the wires will attract each other.
(b) If currents are in opposite directions they will repel each other.
10. 1 Ampere One ampere is that current, which when flowing through each of the two parallel straight
conductors of infinite length and placed in free space at a distance of 1m from each other, produces
between them a force of 2x10-7 N/m of their length.
11. Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform B.

= NIBA Sin
=MXB
Where M=NIA
12. Motion of a charge in
(a) Perpendicular magnetic field F=q(vxB),F=qvBSin90=qvB (circular path)
(b) Parallel or antiparallel field F=qvBSin0 (or) qvBSin180=0(Straight-line path)

If 0<<90 , the path is helix

v Cos is responsible for linear motion v, v Sin is responsible for circular motion
Hence trajectory is a helical path
13. Moving coil galvanometer

It is a sensitive instrument used for detecting small electric Currents.

Principle: When a current carrying coil is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque.
I andI = K where K= NAB / C
Current sensitivity, I s= / I=NBA/K
voltage sensitivity, Vs= /V=NBA/KR
Changing N -> Current sensitivity changes but Voltage Sensitivity does not change
(a) Conversion of galvanometer into ammeter

A small resistance S is connected in parallel to the galvanometer coil

S=IgG/( I - I g)

RA=GS/(G+S)

(b) Conversion of galvanometer into a voltmeter.

A high resistance R is connected in series with the galvanometer coil.

R=( V/Ig ) G

Rv=G+R

Current loop as a magnetic dipole

Magnetic dipole moment M =

evr
2

M=n( eh / 4me)

Class XII

PHYSICS

28

14. Representation of uniform magnetic field.

15. Magnetic dipole moment of a magnetic dipole.

M=m (2l) SI unit of M -> ampere metre

m= pole strength.

Torque experienced by a
magnetic diploe in uniform
magnetic field
=MXB

Class XII

PHYSICS

29

The magnetic permeability of a material may be defined as the ration of magnetic induction B to the
magnetic intensity H

=B/H

magnetic

Class XII

PHYSICS

30

22. Properties of magnetic substances

DIA

PARA

FERRO

1. Diamagnetic substances are

those substances which are
feebly repelled by a magnet.

Paramagnetic substances are

those substances which are
feebly attracted by a magnet.

Ferromagnetic substances are those

substances which are strongly
attracted by a magnet.

Eg. Antimony, Bismuth,

Copper, Gold, Silver, Quartz,
Mercury, Alcohol, water,
Hydrogen, Air, Argon, etc.

Eg. Aluminium, Chromium,

Alkali and Alkaline earth
metals, Platinum, Oxygen, etc.

Eg. Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Gadolinium,

Dysprosium, etc.

2. When placed in magnetic

field, the lines of force tend to
avoid the substance.

The lines of force prefer to

pass through the substance
rather than air.

The lines of force tend to crowd into

the specimen.

3. When placed in non-uniform

magnetic field, it moves from
stronger to weaker field (feeble
repulsion).

When placed in non-uniform

magnetic field, it moves from
weaker to stronger field
(feeble attraction).

When placed in non-uniform

magnetic field, it moves from
weaker to stronger field (strong
attraction).

4. When a diamagnetic rod is

freely suspended in a uniform
magnetic field, it aligns itself in
a direction perpendicular to
the field.

When a paramagnetic rod is

freely suspended in a uniform
magnetic field, it aligns itself in
a direction parallel to the field.

When a paramagnetic rod is freely

suspended in a uniform magnetic
field, it aligns itself in a direction
parallel to the field very quickly.

5. If diamagnetic liquid taken in

a watch glass is placed in
uniform magnetic field, it
collects away from the centre
when the magnetic poles are
closer and collects at the
centre when the magnetic
poles are farther.

If paramagnetic liquid taken in

a watch glass is placed in
uniform magnetic field, it
collects at the centre when the
magnetic poles are closer and
collects away from the centre
when the magnetic poles are
farther.

If ferromagnetic liquid taken in a

watch glass is placed in uniform
magnetic field, it collects at the
centre when the magnetic poles are
closer and collects away from the
centre when the magnetic poles are

farther.

6. Induced Dipole Moment (M)

is a small ve value.
Class XII

Induced Dipole Moment (M) is

a small + ve value.

PHYSICS

Induced Dipole Moment (M) is a

large + ve value.
31

7. Intensity of Magnetisation
(I) has a small ve value.

Intensity of Magnetisation (I)

has a small + ve value.

Intensity of Magnetisation (I) has a

large + ve value.

8. Intensity of Magnetisation
(I) has a small ve value.

Intensity of Magnetisation (I)

has a small + ve value.

Intensity of Magnetisation (I) has a

large + ve value.

9. Magnetic permeability is
always less than unity.

Magnetic permeability is
more than unity.

Magnetic permeability is large i.e.

much more than unity.

10. Magnetic susceptibility cm

has a small ve value.

Magnetic susceptibility cm has

a small + ve value.

Magnetic susceptibility cm has a

large + ve value.

11. They do not obey Curies

Law. i.e. their properties do not
change with temperature.

They obey Curies Law. They

lose their magnetic properties
with rise in temperature.

They obey Curies Law. At a certain

temperature called Curie Point, they
lose ferromagnetic properties and
behave like paramagnetic
substances.

Class XII

PHYSICS

32

CONCEPT_MAP

Moving Charges

using

Class XII

PHYSICS

33

CONCEPT_MAP

Moving Charge and Force

Class XII

PHYSICS

34

QUESTIONS
1*

6*

1
2

5*

MAGNETIC FORCE
In a certain arrangement, a proton does not get deflected while passing through a magnetic field
region. State the condition under which it is possible.
1
Ans: v is parallel or antiparallel to B
An electron beam is moving vertically upwards. If it passes through a magnetic field directed from
South to North in a horizontal plane, in what direction will the beam be deflected?
1
Ans:-Towards geographical East in the horizontal plane
What is the work done by the magnetic force on a charged particle moving perpendicular to the
magnetic field?
1
Ans: Zero
A wire of length 0.04m carrying a current of 12 A is placed inside a solenoid, making an angle of 300
with its axis. The field due to the solenoid is 0.25 T. Find the force on the wire.
2
Ans; 0.06N
A circular loop of radius 0.1 m carries a current of 1A and is placed in a uniform magnetic field of
0.5T. The magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the loop. What is the force experienced by
the loop?
2
Ans: The magnetic dipole does not experience any force in a uniform magnetic field.
Hence, the current carrying loop (dipole) does not experience any net force.
A proton, alpha particle and deuteron are moving in circular paths with same kinetic energies in
the same magnetic fields. Find the ratio of their radii and time periods.
Ans: Rp: R : Rd =1:1:2
2
Tp: T : Td =1:2:2
An electron moving with Kinetic Energy 25 keV moves perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of
0.2 mT. Calculate the time period of rotation of electron in the magnetic field.
2
Ans: T = 1.79 x 10-7 S
A charged particle of mass m charge q moving at a uniform velocity v enters a uniform
magnetic field B normal to the field direction. Deduce an expression for Kinetic Energy of the
particle. Why does the Kinetic Energy of the charged particle not change when moving through the
magnetic field?
3
An electron is revolving around the nucleus of an atom in an orbit of radius 0.53 . Calculate the
equivalent magnetic moment, if the frequency of revolution of the electron is 6.8 x 10 9 MHz.
Ans: pm = 9.6 x 10 -24 A m2
3
BIOT-SAVART LAW AND ITS APPLICATIONS
A current is set up in a long copper pipe. What is the magnetic field inside the pipe?
Ans: Zero
1
A wire placed along north south direction carries a current of 5 A from South to North. Find the
magnetic field due to a 1 cm piece of wire at a point 200 cm North East from the piece.
2
Ans: 8.8 x 10 -10 T, acting vertically downwards.
How will the magnetic filed intensity at the centre of a circular coil carrying current change if the
current through the coil is doubled and the radius of the coil is halved.
2
Ans: B = 0n x 2I / 2 x (R/2) = 4B
A circular coil of 500 turns has a radius of 2 m, and carries a current of 2 A. What is the magnetic
field at a point on the axis of the coil at a distance equal to radius of the coil from the center? 2
Ans: B = 1. 11 x 10 -4 T
The strength of magnetic induction at the center of a current carrying circular coil is B1 and at a
point on its axis at a distance equal to its radius from the center is B2. Find B1/B2.
2
Ans: 2 2
Class XII

PHYSICS

35

6*

7*

A current is flowing in a circular coil of radius r and magnetic field at its center is B0. At what
distance from the center on the axis of the coil, the magnetic field will be B0/8?
2
3r
Ans: x =
A straight wire of length
, is bent into a circular shape. if the wire were to carry a current of
5 A, calculate the magnetic field due to it, before bending, at a point 0.01 times the radius of the
circle formed from it. Also calculate the magnetic field at the center of the circular loop formed,
for the same value of current.
3
Ans: B1 = 4 x 10 -4 T, B 2 = 1.256 x 10 -5 T
Two insulated wires perpendicular to each other in the same plane carry equal currents as
shown in figure. Is there a region where the magnetic field is zero? If so, where is the region? If
not, explain why the field is not zero?
3
I
I

What is the net magnetic field at point 0 for the current distribution shown here?

ans (0 I / 2r)=(oi/ r)

AMPERES CIRCUITAL LAW AND APPLICATIONS

A long straight solid metal wire of radius R carries a current I, uniformly distributed over its
circular cross section. Find the magnetic field at a distance r from the axis of the wire (a) inside
and (b) outside the wire
2
2
Ans; (a) 0rIr/2R
(b) 02I/ 4r
A solenoid is 1m long and 3 cm in mean diameter. It has 5 layers of windings of 800 turns each
and carries a current of 5 A. Find Magnetic Field Induction at the center of the solenoid.
2
Ans: 2.5 x 10 -2 T, parallel to the axis of the solenoid.
Find the value of magnetic field inside a hollow straight current carrying conductor at a distance
r from axis of the loop.
2

Ans B=0

Class XII

PHYSICS

36

1*

FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CURRENTS, TORQUE ON A CURRENT LOOP, MOVING COIL
GALVANOMETER
A rectangular loop of size 25 cm x 10 cm carrying a current of 15A is placed 2 cm
away from a long, straight conductor carrying a current of 25 A. What is the
direction and magnitude of the net Force acting on the loop?
Ans: F =7.8175 x 10-4 N

2*

4*

A long straight conductor PQ , carrying a current of 60 A, is fixed horizontally. Another long

conductor XY is kept parallel to PQ at a distance of 4 mm, in air. Conductor XY is free to move
and carries a current I . Calculate the magnitude and direction of current I for which the
magnetic repulsion just balances the weight of the conductor XY.
2
Ans: I = 32. 67 A, The current in XY must flow opposite to that in PQ, because only then the force
will be repulsive.
A circular coil of 200 turns, radius 5 cm carries a current of 2.5 A. It is suspended vertically in a
uniform horizontal magnetic field of 0.25 T, with the plane of the coil making an angle of 60 0
with the field lines. Calculate the magnitude of the torque that must be applied on it to prevent
it from turning.
2
Ans: 0.49Nm
A Galvanometer of resistance 3663 ohm gives full scale deflection for a certain current
Ig.Calculate the value of the resistance of the shunt which when joined to the galvanometer coil
will result in 1/34 of the total current passing through the galvanometer. Also find the total
resistance of the Galvanometer and shunt.
3
Ans: 111 ohm, 107.7 A.

MAGNETISM AND MATTER

1

1
2
3

4*

BAR MAGNET
A short bar magnet has magnetic moment of 50 A m2. Calculate the magnetic field intensity at a
distance of 0.2 m from its centre on (1) its axial line (2) its equitorial line.
2
Ans: B1 = 1.25 x 10 -3 T , B2 = 0.625 x 10 -3 T.
Calculate the torque acting on a magnet of length 20 cm and pole strength 2 x 10 -5 Am, placed
in the earths magnetic field of flux density 2 x 10 -5 T, when (a) magnet is parallel to the field (b)
magnet is perpendicular to the field.
2
Ans: (a) Zero (b) 0.8 x 10 -10 Nm
MAGNETISM AND GAUSS LAW
What is the significance of Gausss law in magnetism?
Ans: Magnetic monopoles do not exist.

THE EARTHS MAGNETISM

How the value of angle of dip varies on moving from equator to Poles?
1
A compass needle in a horizontal plane is taken to geographic north / south poles. In what
direction does the needle align?
1
The horizontal component of earths magnetic field is 0.2 G and total magnetic field is 0.4 G.
Find the angle of Dip.
1
Ans: 60. 250
A long straight horizontal table carries a current of 2.5 A in the direction 100 south of west to
10 0 north of east. The ,magnetic meridian of the place happens to be 10 0 west of the
geographic meridian. The earths magnetic field at the locations 0.33G and the angle of dip is
Class XII

PHYSICS

37

zero. Ignoring the thickness of the cable, locate the line of neutral points.
Ans: r = 1.5 cm ( BH = B cos , BH = 0 I/ 2r)

6*

The vertical component of earths magnetic field at a place is 3 mes the horizontal
component. What is the value of angle of dip at this place?
2
0
Ans: 60
A ship is sailing due west according to mariners compass. If the declination of the place is
150east, what is the true direction of the ship?
2
Ans: 750 west of north.
IMPORTANT TERMS IN MAGNETISM
A magnetising field of 1600 A/m produces a magnetic flux of 2.4 x 10 -5 Wb in a bar of iron of
cross section 0.2 cm2. Calculate permeability and susceptibility of the bar.
Ans: Permeability = 7.5 x 10-4 T A -1 m, Susceptibility =596.1
2
The maximum value of permeability of -metal is 0.126 Tm/A. Find the maximum relative
permeability and susceptibility.
Ans: 105 each.
2
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

2
3
4
5
6*

7*

The susceptibility of magnesium at 300K is 1.2 x 105. At what temperature will the susceptibility
be equal to 1.44 x 10-5 .
1
Ans: 250 K
An iron bar magnet is heated to 1000 0C and then cooled in a magnetic field free space. Will it
retain its magnetism?
1
What is the net magnetic moment of an atom of a diamagnetic material?
1
Ans : Zero
Which materials have negative value of magnetic susceptibility?
1
Ans : Diamagnetic materials.
Why permanent magnets are made of steel while the core of the transformer is made of soft
iron?
1
-4
3
An iron rod of volume 10 m and relative permeability 1000 is placed inside a long solenoid
wound with 5 turns/cm. If a current of 0.5A is passed through the solenoid , find the magnetic
moment of the rod.
2
The susceptibility of a magntic mateial is 0.9853. Identify the type of the magnetic material.Draw
the modification of the field pattern on keeping a piece of this material in a uniform magnetic
field.
2
Ans : paramagnetic
Two similar bars, made from two different materials P and Q are placed one by one in a non
uniform magnetic field. It is observed that (a) the bar P tends to move from the weak to the
strong field region. (b) the bar Q tends to move from the strong to the weak field region. What is
the nature of the magnetic materials used for making these two bars?
2

Class XII

PHYSICS

38

4. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS

GIST
The phenomenon in which electric current is generated by varying magnetic fields is called
1
electromagnetic induction.
2

Magnetic flux through a surface of area A placed in a uniform magnetic field B is defined as
B = B.A = BACos where is the angle between B and A.

Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity and its SI unit is weber (Wb). Its dimensional formula is []
= ML2T-2A-1.
Faradays laws of induction states that the magnitude of the induced e.m.f in a circuit is
equal to the time rate of change of magnitude flux through the circuit.

According to Lenz law, the direction of induced current or the polarity of the induced e.m.f is
such that it tends to oppose the change in magnetic flux that produces it. (The negative sign
in Faradays law indicates this fact.)

Lenz law obeys the principle of energy conservation.

The induced e.m.f can be produced by changing the (i) magnitude of B (ii) area A (iii) angle
between the direction of B and normal to the surface area A.

When a metal rod of length l is placed normal to a uniform magnetic field B and moved with
a velocity v perpendicular to the field, the induced e.m.f is called motional e.m.f produced
across the ends of the rod which is given by = Blv.

Changing magnetic fields can setup current loops in nearby metal bodies (any conductor).
Such currents are called eddy currents. They dissipate energy as heat which can be
minimized by laminating the conductor.
Inductance is the ratio of the flux linkage to current.

10
11

When a current in a coil changes it induces a back e.m.f in the same coil. The self induced
e.m.f is given by
where L is the self-inductance of the coil. It is a measure of
inertia of the coil against the change of current through it. Its S.I unit is henry (H).

12

13
14

15

A changing current in a coil can induce an e.m.f in a nearby coil. This relation,

, shows that Mutual inductance of coil 1 with respect to coil 2 (M12) is due to
change of current in coil 2. (M12 = M21).
The self-inductance of a long solenoid is given by L = 0n2Al where A is the area of crosssection of the solenoid, l is its length and n is the number of turns per unit length.
The mutual inductance of two co-axial coils is given by M12 = M21 = 0 n1n 2Al where n1& n2 are
the number of turns per unit length of coils 1 & 2. A is the area of cross-section and l is the
length of the solenoids.
Energy stored in an inductor in the form of magnetic field is

UB

1
Limax 2 and
2

B2
Magnetic energy density U B
2 0
Class XII

PHYSICS

39

16

In an A.C. generator, mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy by virtue of

electromagnetic induction.
* Rotation of rectangular coil in a magnetic field causes change in flux ( = NBACost).
* Change in flux induces e.m.f in the coil which is given by
= -d/dt = NBASint

= 0Sint

* Current induced in the coil I = /R = 0Sint/R = I0Sint

17

An alternating voltage = 0Sint, applied to a resistor R drives a current I = I0Sint in the

resistor, I0 = 0 /R where 0& I0 are the peak values of voltage and current. (also represented by
V m & Im)

18

The root mean square value of a.c. may be defined as that value of steady current which
would generate the same amount of heat in a given resistance in a given time as is done by
the a.c. when passed through the same resistance during the same time.
Irms = I0/2 = 0.707i0
Similarly, vrms = v0/2 = 0.707v0.
For an a.c. = m Sin t applied to a resistor, current and voltage are in phase.

19

In case of an a.c. circuit having pure inductance current lags behind e.m.f by a phase angle
90.

= m Sin t and i = im Sin (t-/2)

Im = m/XL; XL = L is called inductive reactance.

20

In case of an a.c. circuit having pure capacitance, current leads e.m.f by a phase angle of 90.
= mSint and I= ImSin(t+/2) where
Im = m/XC and XC = 1/C is called capacitive reactance.

21

In case of an a.c. circuit having R, L and C, the total or effective

resistance of the circuit is called impedance (Z).
Z = m / Im =
tan =

R 2 + (XC - XL ) 2

Xc X L
R

where is the phase difference

between current and voltage.

= mSint, I= ImSin(t+)
23

Average power loss over a complete cycle in an LCR circuit is

P = rmsIrmsCos
* In a purely resistive circuit = 0; P = VRMSIRMS.
* In a purely inductive circuit = /2; P = 0.
* In a purely capacitive circuit = /2; P = 0.

Class XII

PHYSICS

40

24

In an LCR circuit, the circuit admits maximum current if XC = X L, so that Z = R and resonant
frequency

25

Q factor of series resonant circuit is defined as the ratio of voltage developed across the
inductance or capacitance at resonance to the applied voltage across R,
Q=
also
where
is bandwidth.

26
for a transformer,

Es N s i p

K
E p N p is

In an ideal transformer, PIP = SIS. i.e

If NS>NP; S>P& IS<IP step up.
27

If NP>NS; P>S & IP<IS step down.

A circuit containing an inductor L and a capacitor C (initially charged) with no a.c. source and
no resistors exhibits free oscillations of energy between the capacitor and inductor. The
charge q satisfies the equation

d 2q
dt 2

Class XII

PHYSICS

1
q0
LC

41

CONCEPT MAP

EMI and application

Class XII

PHYSICS

42

Class XII

PHYSICS

43

QUESTIONS
MAGNETIC FLUX, INDUCED E.M.F,
1

Two concentric circular coils are perpendicular to each other. Coil I carries a current i. If this 1
current is changed, will this induce a current in the coil II?

II

[No- Field due to one coil is parallel to the plane of the second coil. So
flux does not change.]
2

A closed loop of wire is being moved with constant velocity without changing its orientation 1
inside a uniform magnetic field. Will this induce a current in the loop?
[Ans: No there is no change in B]

A cylindrical bar magnet is kept along the axis of a circular coil and near it as shown in the fig. 1
Will there be any induced current at the terminals of the coil when the magnet is rotated a)
about its own axis b) about an axis perpendicular to the length of the magnet?

N
Fig (i)

S
Fig(ii)

Ans Fig. (i) No e.m.f will be induced, as these is no change in flux.

Fig (ii) Yes, changes continuously. So e.m.f is induced in the coil.
4

A conducting wire is kept along the NS direc on and is allowed to fall freely. Will an e.m.f
be induced in the wire?
(Yes)
A conducting wire is kept along the EW direction and is allowed to fall freely. Will an e.m.f
be induced in the wire?
Class XII

PHYSICS

1
44

(Yes)
A vertical magnetic pole falls down through the plane of magnetic meridian. Will any e.m.f be
induced between its ends?
Ans: No, because the pole intercepts neither Bv or BH

A wheel with a certain number of spokes is rotated in a plane normal to earths magnetic field
so that an emf is induced between the axle and rim of the wheel, keeping all other things
same, number of spokes is changed. How is the e.m.f affected?
(Hint: Number of spokes does not affect the net emf)

What are eddy currents?

Explain any two applications of eddy current.

10

The magnetic flux linked with a coil passing perpendicular to the plane of the coil changes with
time = 4t2 + 2t + 3, where t is the time in seconds. What is magnitude of e.m.f induced at
t = 1 second?

Ans: (e = d/dt =
11

d
4t 2 2t 3 ,e = 8t +2

dt

If t = 1s

e= 10V)

A wheel fitted with spokes of radius r is rotating at a frequency of n revolutions per second
in a plane perpendicular to magnetic field B Tesla. What is the e.m.f induced between the axle
and rim of the wheel?
[2]
= BA

e = d(BA)/dt= B dA/dt, dA/dt= r2x n

e = B. r2n
12

Two coils P and S are arranged as shown in the figure.

(i) What will be the direction of induced current in S when the switch is closed?
(ii) What
will be the direction of induced current in S when the switch is opened?
P

Ans: (i) anticlockwise (ii) clockwise

13

A conducting circular loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field B = 0.020T with its plane 2
perpendicular to the field. Somehow, the radius of the loop starts shrinking at a constant rate
of 1mm/s. Find the induced current in the loop at an instant when the radius is 2cm.
Ans. (= r2B d /dt = 2rB dr/dt
e= 25V

Class XII

PHYSICS

45

14

A 12V battery is connected to a 6; 10 H coil through a switch drives a constant current in the 2
circuit. The switch is suddenly opened. Assuming that it took 1ms to open the switch calculate
the average e.m.f induced across the coil.

Ans. (I initial=2A I final= 0

=-Ldi/dt = 20000V)
2
15 A coil of mean area 500 cm having 1000 turns is held perpendicular to a uniform magnetic 2
field of 0.4 G. The coil is turned through 180 o in 1/10 seconds. Calculate the average induced
e.m.f.
Ans. (0.04 V)
16

A conducting rod of length l with one end pivoted is rotated with a uniform angular speed
in a Vertical plane normal to uniform magnetic field B. Deduce an expression for e.m.f induced
in this rod.

17

Two identical co-axial coils carry equal currents. What will happen to the current in each loop 2
if the loops approach each other?
(2)

Ans. (Acc to Lenzs law current in each coil will decrease)

18

Obtain the direction of induced current and e.m.f when the conductor AB is moved at right
angles to a stationary magnetic field (i) in the upward direction (ii) in the downward direction.
(i) B to A (ii) A to B)

19

A fan blade of length 0.5 m rotates perpendicular to a magnetic field of 5x10 -5 T. If the e.m.f
induced between the centre and the end of the blade is 10 -2 V . Find the rate of rotation.

Ans. (e=B dA/dt ; dt= 1/n ; n=254.7 rev/s)

20

The figure shows a square loop having 100 turns an area of 2.5x10 -3 m2 and a resistance of 3
100 . The magnetic field has a magnitude of B= 0.4 T. Find the work done in pulling the loop
out of the field slowly and uniformly in 1 second.
Class XII

PHYSICS

46

* * * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * *

* * * *

Also draw graph showing the variation of power delivered when the loop is moved from P to Q
to R.

(1x 10-6J)

21

Two coils have a mutual inductance of 0.005H. The current changes in the first coil according 3
to the equation I= I0 Sin t where I0 =10A and =100 rad/s. Calculate the maximum value
of e.m.f in the second coil.
(5 volts)
22 A long rectangular conducting loop of width L mass m and resistance R is placed partly above 3
and partly below the dotted line with the lower edge parallel to it. With what velocity it should
continue to fall without any acceleration?
* * * * * * * * *

* * * ** * * * *
-*--*--*----------*---*---(mg = B2l2v/r ; v=mgr/ B 2l2 )

INDUCTANCE
1

Two conducting circular loops of radii R1 and R2 are placed in the same plane with their
centres coinciding. Find the mutual inductance between them assuming R2<< R1.
(M=0 R22 /2R1)
Prove that the total inductance of two coils connected in parallel is

1
1
1

LT L1 L2

Two circular loops are placed with their centres at fixed distance apart. How would you
orient the loops to have (i) maximum (ii) minimum Mutual inductance?

A coil of wire of certain radius has 600 turns and inductance of 108mH. What will be the 2
inductance of another similar coil with 500 turns?
(75mH)

Class XII

PHYSICS

47

Obtain the mutual inductance of a pair of coaxial circular coils kept separated by a distance

as shown in fig:-

ALTERNATING CURRENT - RMS CURRENT AND VOLTAGE

1

Find the RMS value of A.C shown in the figure.

The instantaneous value of e.m.f is given by = 300sin 314t. What is the rms value of emf ?

Ans:- 0=300 units

3

rms=212.1

units

Why a 220 V AC is considered to be more dangerous than 220 V DC?

Ans: peak value of AC is more than rms value which is equal to 311V.
4

1
An AC current flows through a circuit consisting of differerent elements connected in series.
(i) Is the applied instantaneous voltages equal to the algebraic sum of instantaneous
voltages across the series elements of the circuit? (ii) Is it true for rms voltages?

Ans: (i) yes (ii) no

5

A capacitor blocks DC. Why?

Ans: XC=1/(2fC ), for D.C f=0, therefore Xc=

6

What is the phase relationship between e.m.f across L and C in a series LCR circuit connected 1
to an A.C source?
Ans:-The phase difference between VL and VC=1800
Class XII

PHYSICS

48

Two alternating currents are given by I1=I0Sint and I2= I0Sin(t+/3). Will the rms value
ofI1 & I2 be equal or different?

Ans: The rms value will be equal.

8

An alternating current is given by i=i1Cost+i2Sin t. Find the rms current in the circuit. (2)

Ans:
9

An alternating current having a peak value of 14A is used to heat a metal wire. What is the 2
value of steady current which can produce the same heating effect as produced by AC?
Why?
Ans: irms=10A

10

If a constant current of 2.8A exists in a resistor, what is the rms value of current? Why? (2)
Ans: 2.8A

11

Sketch a graph showing the variation of impedance of LCR circuit with the frequency of applied

voltage.

(1)

r
12

If resistance R in circuit a be decreased, what will be the direction of induced current in the

circuit b.

Class XII

PHYSICS

49

AC CIRCUITS
1

What is meant by wattless current?

Define: Q factor in LCR series circuit

Why is choke coil preferred over resistor to reduce a.c?

How do R, XL and XC get affected when the frequency of applied AC is doubled?

Ans: a) R remains unaffected

b) XL=2fL, so doubled
c) XC=1/2fC, so halved
5

For circuits for transporting electric power, a low power factor implies large power loss in 2
transmission line. Why?
(2)
Ans: irms

P
VrmsCos

In an AC circuit there is no power consumption in an ideal inductor. Why?

Ans: P= V rms Irms Cos /2 =0

An LCR series circuit is connected to an AC source. Which of its components dissipates 2

power?
L or C or R? Justify your answer.

Ans: Resistance, Power in L and C = 0

8

An electric lamp connected in series with a capacitor and an AC source is glowing with 2
certain brightness. How does the brightness of the lamp change on reducing the
capacitance?
Ans: Brightness decreases. (As C decreases, XC increases. Hence Z increases and I decreases.)

The power factor of an AC circuit is lagging by a factor 0.5. What does it mean?
(2)
Ans: Cos=0.5, ie, =600. This implies that the current lags behind applied voltage by a
phase angle of 600

10

The peak value of an AC is 5A and its frequency is 60Hz. Find its rms value. How long will the 2
current take to reach the peak value starting from zero?
Ans: Irms= 3.5A . Time period T=(1/60)s . The current takes one fourth of the time period to
reach the peak value starting from zero. t =T/4 =(1/240)s.

11

The voltage and current in a series AC circuit are given by V= V0 Cost & I= I0 Sint. What is 2
the power dissipated in the circuit?

Ans:- I=I0Sint & V=V0Sin(t+/2), since V leads current by a phase angle /2, it is an
inductive circuit . So, P=0
Class XII

PHYSICS

50

12

When an AC source is connected to a capacitor with a dielectric slab between its plates, will
the rms current increase or decrease or remain constant?

Ans: The capacitance increases, decreasing the reactance Xc . Therefore the rms current
increases.
13

Can peak voltage across an inductor be greater than the peak voltage supplied to an LCR? 2
Ans: Yes, at the time of break of a circuit, a large back e.m.f is set up across the circuit.

14

Write any two differences between impedance and reactance.

15

A 100 resister is connected to 220V, 50 cycles per seconds. What is (i) peak potential
difference (ii) average potential difference and (iii) rms current?
Ans. o=311.08V, m =197.9V, Iv= 2.2 A

16

Define and derive the root mean square value of a.c voltage

RESONANCE in LCR Circuits

1

An inductor of inductance 100mH is connected in series with a resistance, a variable 2

capacitance and an AC source of frequency 2 kHz. What should be the value of the
capacitance so that maximum current may be drawn into the circuit?
Ans: 1/C=L ; C=1/2L=63nF.
In the circuit shown below R represents an electric bulb. If the frequency of the supply is 2
doubled, how the valves of C and L should be changed so that the glow in the bulb remains
unchanged?

Hint:

XL=2fL

XC=1/2fC

Draw phasor diagram for an LCR circuit for the cases (i) the voltage across the capacitor is
greater than that across the inductor (ii) voltage across inductor is greater than that across
the capacitor.

Does current in AC circuit lag, lead or remain in phase with voltage of frequency applied to 1
a series LCR circuit when (i) = r
(ii) < r (iii) > r, where r resonant frequency?

11kw of electric power can be transmitted to a distant station at (i) 220V and (ii) 22kV.
Which of the two modes of transmission should be preferred and why?

Class XII

PHYSICS

51

In an AC circuit V and I are given by V=100Sin100t volts and I= 100 Sin(100t+/3)mA 2

respectively. What is the power dissipated in the circuit?
Ans: V0=100V

= /3 P=Vrms Irms Cos =2500W

The potential across a generator is 125V when it is suppling10A. When it supplies 30A, the 2
potential is 120V. What is the resistance of the armature and induced e.m.f?
Ans: E=127.5V
In an LCR circuit the potential difference between terminals of inductance 60V, between 3
terminals of capacitor 40V and between the terminals of resistor is 40V. Find the supply
voltage. (3)
Ans: In series LCR circuit voltage across capacitor and inductor are in opposite phase, so net
voltage across the combination of L and C becomes 60-30=30V. Total voltage across R and L
= 50V
The natural frequency of an LC circuit is 1,25,000 Hz. Then the capacitor C is replaced by 3
another capacitor with a dielectric medium k, which decreases the frequency by 25 KHz.
What is the value of k?
Ans: 1=1/2LC

10

I0=100A

2=1/2kLC

k=( 1/ 2) 2=(1.25)2=1.56.

Obtain the resonant frequency and Q factor of a series LCR circuit with L= 3H, C= 27F and 3
R= 7.4 . Write two different ways to improve quality factor of a series LCR circuit
Ans: Q=45,0=111rad/s

11

An A.C source of voltage V= V m Sint is connected one-by-one to three circuit elements

X, Y and Z. It is observed that the current flowing in them
i.
is in phase with applied voltage for X
ii.
Lags applied voltage in phase by /2 for elements Y.
iii.
Leads the applied voltage in phase by /2 for element Z.
Identify the three circuit elements.

Class XII

PHYSICS

52

TRANSFORMER
1

Why is the core of a transformer laminated?

Why cant a transformer be used to step up dc voltages?

The graph below shows the variation of I with t. If it is given to the primary of a transformer,
what is the nature of induced e.m.f in the secondary?

(Hint: e has constant positive value in the first part and a constant negative value in the
second part)
1. The turn ratio of a transformer is 10. What is the e.m.f in the secondary if 2V is supplied
to primary?
2. A transformer has an efficiency of 80% It works at 4kW and 100V. If the secondary voltage
Is240V find the primary current.
(40 A )
4

When a voltage of 120V is given to the primary of a transformer the current in the primary is
1.85mA. Find the voltage across the secondary when it gives a current of 150mA. The
efficiency of the transformer is 95%
(1406V)

GENERATOR
1

If the speed of rotation of armature is increased twice how would it affect the (a) maximum
e.m.f produced (b) frequency of the e.m.f?
(e=NBA ;f=/2)

A coil of area 0.2m2 and 100 turns rotating at 50 revolutions per second with the axis
perpendicular to the field. If the maximum e.m.f is 7kV determine the magnitude of
magnetic field.
(1.1 Tesla)

An ac generator consists of a coil of 50 turns and an area of 2.5m2 rotating at an angular

speed of 60 rad/s in a uniform magnetic field of B= 0.3T between two fixed pole pieces. The
resistance of the circuit including that of the coil is 500

Class XII

PHYSICS

53

(i) What is the maximum current drawn from the generator?

(ii)What is the flux through the coil when current is zero?
(iii)What is the flux when current is maximum?
(4.5A, 375Wb, zero)

5. ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVES

GIST

1. Conduction current and displacement current together have the property of continuity.
2. Conduction current & displacement current are precisely the same.
3. Conduction current arises due to flow of electrons in the conductor. Displacement current arises
due to electric flux changing with time.

4.
5. Maxwells equations

Gausss Law in Electrostatics

=

Gausss Law in Magnetism

=0
Faradays -Lenz law of electromagnetic induction.

Amperes Maxwell law

=0 I + 0 0

6. Electromagnetic Wave :- The wave in which there are sinusoidal variation of electric and magnetic
field at right angles to each others as well as right angles to the direction of wave propagation.
3x108 m/s

7. Velocity of EM waves in free space:

8. The Scientists associated with the study of EM waves are Hertz,

Jagdish Chandra Bose & Marconi.
9. EM wave is a transverse wave because of which it undergoes polarization effect.
10. Electric vectors are only responsible for optical effects of EM waves.
11. The amplitude of electric & magnetic fields are related by

12. Oscillating or accelerating charged particle produces EM waves.

13. Orderly arrangement of electro magnetic radiation according to its frequency or
wavelength is electromagnetic spectrum.
14. Hint to memorise the electromagnetic spectrum in decreasing order of its frequency.
Gandhijis X-rays Used Vigorously InMedical Research
15. EM waves also carry energy, momentum and information.

Class XII

PHYSICS

54

ELECTRO MAGNETIC SPECTRUM, ITS PRODUCTION, DETECTION AND USES IN GENERAL

Wave length Range
Type
Production
Detection
Uses
Frequency Range
Radio
>0.1m
Rapid acceleration Receivers aerials Radio,
9
5
10 to 10 Hz
/ deceleration of
Communication
electrons in aerials

TV

Microwave

0.1mm
1011 to109 Hz

Infrared

1mm to 700nm
1011 to1014 Hz

Thermopiles,
Vibration of atom Bolometer
or molecules
Infrared
Photographic
Film

Green House effect,

looking through haze,
fog and mist, Ariel
mapping.

Light

700nm to 400nm
8x1014 Hz

Eye, Photocell,
Electron in an atom Photographic
during transition
Film

Photography,
Illuminations, Emit &
reflect by the objects.

Ultraviolet

400nm to 1nm
5x1014 to 8x1014

contact Radar,
communication

TV

Preservation of food
Inner Shell electron Photocell
& items, Detection of
in atom moving photographic
invisible
writing,
from one energy film
finger print in forensic
level to a lower
laboratory.
energy level
Determination
of
Structure
of
molecules & atoms.

1nm to 10-3nm
1016 to 1021 Hz

X-ray tube or inner Photographic

Study
of
crystal
shell Electrons
film,
Geiger structure & atom,
tube, ionization fracture of bones.
chamber.

<10-3nm
1018 to 1022 Hz

Radioactive decay
of the nucleus
Photographic
film,
Geiger
tube, ionization
chamber

X-rays

Gamma ray

Class XII

Klystron valve or Point

magnetron valve
diodes

PHYSICS

Nuclear reaction &

structure of atoms &
Nuclei.
To destroy cancer
cells.

55

CONCEPT MAP

Electromagnetic Waves

Class XII

PHYSICS

56

QUESTIONS
1.
2.

Write the SI unit of displacement current?

1
Ans : Ampere
If
represent electric and magnetic field vectors of the electromagnetic waves,
1
then what is the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave?
Ans:

3.

Can the velocity of light in vacuum be changed?

Ans: Not possible

4

Calculate the wavelength of EMW emitted by the oscillator antenna system, if L=

0.253 H & C = 25Pf ?
1

Ans

5.

The magnetic component of polarized wave of light is

Sin
(a)Find the direction of propagation of light
(b) Find the frequency
(c) Find intensity of light

Ans

Y axis
f = (4.5 x 10 11)/2 Hz
I A2

6.

What physical quantity is same for X-rays of wavelength 10-10 m, red light of
1
wavelength 6800 and radio wave of wavelength 500 m?

Ans

Velocity

7.

The amplitude of of harmonic electromagnetic wave in vacuum is Bo=510 n T. What

1
is the amplitude of the electric field part of the wave?

Ans

153 N/C

8.

Suppose Eo =120 N/C and its frequency = 50Hz. Find Bo, , k and and write
2
expression for E and B ?
NC-1

Ans

nT
Bo = 400 n T ; = 10 rad/s, k=1.05 rad/m , = 6m
8

9.
Ans

The charging current for a capacitor is 0.25 A. what is the displacement current across
1
its plates?
0.25 A

10.

A variable frequency a.c source is connected to a capacitor. Will the displacement

1
current increase or decrease with increasing frequency?

Ans

Increases
Class XII

PHYSICS

57

11.

EMW travel in a medium at a speed of 2x108 m/s. the relative permeability of the
medium is 1.0. Calculate the relative permittivity?

Ans

r = 2.25
V

12.

How does a charge q oscillating at certain frequency produce electromagnetic wave?

Ans
13.

Oscillating charge produces oscillating E which produces oscillating B and so on

How would you establish an instantaneous displacement current of 1A in the space
1
between the parallel plates of 1F capacitor?

Ans

By changing the voltage dv/dt =106 V/s

14.

Name the Maxwells equation among the four which shows that the magnetic
1
monopole does not exist?

Ans
15.

Gausss theorem of Magnetism

Write the unit of oo?

-2

Ans

(m/s)

16.

Give reason for decrease or increase in velocity of light, when it moves from air to
1
glass or glass to air respectively?

Ans

The velocity of light depends on & of the medium.

17.

A parallel plate capacitor made of circular plates each of radius 10 cm has a

capacitance 200pF. The capacitor is connected to a 200V a.c. supply with an angular
frequency of 200 rad/s.
a) What is the rms value of conduction current
b) Is the conduction current equal to displacement current
2
c) Peak value of displacement current
d) Determine the amplitude of magnetic field at a point 2cm from the axis
between the plates

Ans

a) Irms = 8A
b) Ic = Id
c) Io =21/2 Irms
B = 4.525 10-12 T

18.

Electromagnetic waves with wavelength

(i) , are used to treat muscular strain.

1
(ii) , are used by a FM radio station for broadcasting..
2
(iii) , are produced by bombarding metal target by high speed electrons.

(iv) , are observed by the ozone layer of the atmosphere.

Identify and name the part of electromagnetic spectrum to which these radiation
belong. Arrange these wave lengths, in decreasing order of magnitude.

Class XII

PHYSICS

58

Ans

19.

Ans

1
2

Infra red radiation.

3
4

X rays

VHF / Radiowaves.

UV

2 > > 4 > 3

1

a) Which of the following if any, can act as a source of electromagnetic waves.

(i) A charge moving with constant velocity.
(ii) A charge moving in circular orbit.
(iii)A charge at rest. Give reason
(b) Identify the part of electromagnetic spectrum to which the waves of frequency
(i) 1020 Hz (ii) 109 Hz belong.

a) Cant produce em waves because no accelration.

(ii) It is accelrated motion - can produce em waves.
(iii)Cant produce em waves because no accelration.
b) (i) Gamma rays.
(ii) Micro waves

Class XII

PHYSICS

59

6. OPTICS
RAY OPTICS
GIST
1
REFLECTION BY CONVEX AND CONCAVE MIRRORS.
a. Mirror formula

1 1 1
, where u is the object distance, v is the image
v u f

distance and f is the focal length.

b.Magnification m
2

f
v f v
.

u
f
f u

m is -ve for real images and +ve for virtual images.

REFRACTION
c. Ray of light bends when it enters from one medium to the other, having
different optical densities.
d. Sun can be seen before actual sunrise and after actual sunset due to
Atmospheric refraction
e. An object under water ( any medium ) appears to be raised due to refraction
when observed inclined

Re al depth
apparent depth

and

Shift in the position (apparent) of object is

X = t { 1 1/n) where t is the actual depth of the medium
f. Snells law states that for a given colour of light, the ratio of sine of the angle
of incidence to sine of angle of refraction is a constant, when light travels from
rarer to denser,

Sini n2

sin r n1
g. Absolute refractive index is the ratio between the velocities of light in
vacuum to the velocity of light in medium. For air n=1.

n
3

c
v

h.When a ray of light travels from denser to rarer medium and if the angle of
incidence is greater than critical angle, the ray of light is reflected back to the
denser medium. This phenomenon is called Total internal reflection.

SinC

nR
nD

i. Diamond has a high refractive index, resulting with a low critical angle
(C=24.40). This promotes a multiple total internal reflection causing its brilliance
and luster. Some examples of total internal reflection are formation of mirage
and working of an optical fibre.

Class XII

PHYSICS

60

When light falls on a convex refracting surface, it bends and the relation
between U, V and R is given by

n2 n1 n2 n1

V u
R

Lens makers formula or thin lens formula is given by

1 n2 n1 1 1

f n1 R1 R2
For Convex Lens R1 +ve ;R2 ve Concave lens R1-ve; R2 +ve

The way in which a lens behaves as converging or diverging depends upon the values
of nL and n m.
When two lenses are kept in contact the equivalent focal length is given by

1
1
1

& P P1 P2
F f1 f 2
7
.8

The lens formula is given by

1 1 1

v u f

When light passes through a glass prism it undergoes refraction.

A Dm
Sin

2
The expression for refractive index is n
A
Sin
2
As the angle of incidence increases, the angle of deviation decreases, reaches a
minimum value and then increases. This minimum value is called angle of minimum
deviation Dm.
9
d

Q
U

where d is minimum, i=e, refracted ray lies

parallel to the base. For a small angled prism d=(n-1)A
10

When white light (poly chromatic or composite) is passed through a glass prism, It
splits up into its component colours (Monochromatic). This phenomenon is called
Dispersion.

11

Rainbow is formed due to a combined effect of dispersion, refraction and

reflection of sunlight by spherical water droplets of rain.
Class XII

PHYSICS

61

12

Scattering of light takes place when size of the particle is very small when
compared to the wavelength of light
Intensity of scattered light is I

1
4

The following properties or phenomena can be explained by scattering.

(i) Sky is blue.
(ii)
Sky is reddish at the time of sunrise and sunset
(iii)
Infra-red photography used in foggy days.
(iv)
Orange colour of black Box
(v)
Yellow light used in vehicles on foggy days.
(vi)
Red light used in signals.

QUESTIONS
REFLECTION

Class XII

PHYSICS

62

1
2

One half of the reflecting surface of a concave mirror is coated with black paint. How
will the image be affected?
Brightness decreases
Why a concave mirror is preferred for shaving?
Enlarged VIRTUAL

Mirrors in search lights are parabolic and not spherical. Why?

Produce intense parallel beam) eliminating spherical aberration

Using the mirror formula show that a virtual image is obtained when an object is placed
in between the principal focus and pole of the concave mirror.

1 1 1
1 1

u<f v is +ve )
v u f
u f
5

Using the mirror formula show that for a concave mirror, when the object is placed at
the centre of curvature, the image is formed at the centre of curvature.

Find the position of an object, which when placed in front of a concave mirror of focal
length 20cm, produces a virtual image which is twice the size of the object.
Ans. 10cm

Plot a graph between 1/u and 1/v for a concave mirror. What does the slope of the
graph yield?
Ans. Straight line, slope =u/v=1/m

REFRACTION AND LENSES

Which of the following properties of light: Velocity, wavelength and frequency, changes
during the phenomenon (i) reflection (ii) refraction
Ans. (i) No change (ii) velocity, wavelength change)

A convex lens is combined with a concave lens. Draw a ray diagram to show the image
formed by the combination, for an object placed in between f and 2f of the convex lens.
Compare the Power of the convex and concave lenses so that the image formed is real.
Ans: f of convex lens must be less than f of concave lens to produce real image. So
power of Convex greater than that of concave)

10
Derive a relation between the focal length and radius of curvature of a Plano convex
lens made of glass. Compare the relation with that of a concave mirror. What can you
conclude? Justify your answer.
Ans. (f=2R) both are same. But applicable always in mirrors, but for lenses only in
specific cases, the relation can be applied.)
11

In the given figure an object is placed at O in a medium (n 2>n1). Draw a ray diagram for
the image formation and hence deduce a relation between u, v and R

n1 n2 n1 n2

v u
R
12

Show that a concave lens always produces a virtual image, irrespective of the position of
the object.

Class XII

PHYSICS

63

uf
But u is ve and f is ve for concave lens
u f
Ans.
Hence v is always -ve. that is virtual
v

13

Sun glasses are made up of curved surfaces. But the power of the sun glass is zero.
Why?
Ans. It is convex concave combination of same powers. So net power zero

14

A convex lens is differentiated to n regions with different refractive indices. How many
images will be formed by the lens?
Ans. n images but less sharp

15
A convex lens has focal length f in air. What happens to the focal length of the lens, if it
is immersed in (i) water (n=4/3) (ii) a medium whose refractive index is twice that of
glass.
Ans. 4f, -f
16

17

Calculate the critical angle for glass air surface, if a ray falling on the surface from air,
suffers a deviation of 150 when the angle of incidence is 400.
Find n by Snells law and then find c=41.140
Two thin lenses when in contact produce a net power of +10D. If they are at 0.25m
apart, the net power falls to +6 D. Find the focal lengths of the two lenses
Ans. 0.125m, 0.5m)

18

19

A glass prism has an angle of minimum deviation D in air. What happens to the value of
D if the prism is immersed in water?
Ans.
Decreases
Draw a ray diagram for the pat followed by the ray of light passing through a glass prism
immersed in a liquid with refractive index greater than glass.

Three rays of light red (R) green (G) and blue (B) are incident on the surface of a right
angled prism as shown in figure. The refractive indices for the material of the prism for
red green and blue are 1.39, 1.43 and 1.47 respectively. Trace the path of the rays
through the prism. How will the situation change if the rays were falling normally on one
of the faces of an equilateral prism?

20

(Hint Calculate the critical angle for each and if the angle of incidence on the surface
AC is greater, then TIR will take place.)
Show that the angle of deviation for a small angled prism is directly proportional to the
refractive index of the material of the prism. One of the glass Prisms used in Fresnels
biprism experiment has refractive index 1.5. Find the angle of minimum deviation if the
Class XII

PHYSICS

64

angle of the prism is 30.

(D= (n-1) A, 1.50)
21

(3)

. In the given diagram, a ray of light undergoes total internal reflection at the point C

which is on the interface of two different media A and B with refractive indices1.7 and
1.5 respectively. What is the minimum value of angle of incidence? Can you expect the
ray of light to undergo total internal reflection when it falls at C at the same angle of
incidence while entering from B to A. Justify your answer?

n2=1.5
n1=1.7

Ans. Use SinC

nr
0.88 and C=61.7 0 so i=61.80 no for TIR ray of light must travel
nd

from denser to rarer from B to A)

22

The velocity of light in flint glass for wavelengths 400nm and 700nm are 1.80x108m/s
and 1.86x108 m/s respectively. Find the minimum angle of deviation of an equilateral
prism made of flint glass for the given wavelengths.
(For 400nm D=520 and for 700nm D=480)

23

In the given diagram a point object is kept at the Focus F of the convex lens. The ray of
light from the lens falls on the surfaces AB and BC of a right angled glass prism of
refractive index 1.5 at an angle 420.Where will be the final image formed? Draw a ray
diagram to show the position of the final image formed. What change do you expect in
your answer if the prism is replaced by a plane mirror?
A

C=41.80 Ans- at F itself, no change

OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
GIST
1 Human eye:

Class XII

Eye lens: crystalline

Cilliary muscles: lens is held in position by these.
Iris: Circular contractible diaphragm with an aperture near the centre.
Pupil: the circular aperture is pupil. It adjusts controlling light entering the eye.
Power of accommodation: ability of pupil for adjusting focal length.
PHYSICS

65

Far point: the maximum distant point that an eye can see clearly.
Near point: closest distant that eye lens can focus on the retina.
Range of vision: distant between near point and far point.

Defects of vision:
Myopia: image formed in front of the retina. Correction-using concave lens.

Hypermetropia- image behind the retina. Correction-using convex lens.

Presbiopia-low

power

of

accommodation.

Correction-bifocal

lens.
Astigmatism-cornea has different curvature in different direction. Correction-using cylindrical Lens.
3

Class XII

PHYSICS

66

Astronomical Telescope: (Image formed at infinity

Normal Adjustment)
fo + fe = L
fo

Eye

fe
Fo
Fe

Po

Pe

I
Eyepiece

Objective

Image at
infinity

Focal length of the objective is much greater than that of the eyepiece.
Aperture of the objective is also large to allow more light to pass through it.

6 Angular magnification or Magnifying power of a telescope in normal adjustment

Class XII

PHYSICS

67

Newtonian Telescope: (Reflecting Type)

Plane Mirror
Light
from star

Magnifying Power:
M=

Eyepiece

fo
Concave Mirror

fe
Eye

Cassegrain telescope refer from NCERT / refer Page no 83

QUESTIONS
MICROSCOPE AND TELESCOPE
*1.
You are given following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an eyepiece and as 2
an objective to construct an astronomical telescope?
Lens Power (P) Aperture (A)
L1
3D
8 cm
L2
6D
1 cm
L3
10D
1 cm

2.
3.

Ans- The objective of an astronomical telescope should have the maximum diameter and its
eyepiece should have maximum power. Hence, L1 could be used as an objective and L3
could be used as eyepiece.
Draw a ray diagram of a reflecting type telescope. State two advantages of this telescope 2
over a refracting telescope.
Draw a ray diagram of an astronomical telescope in the normal adjustment position, state 2
Class XII

PHYSICS

68

4.
5.

6.
7.

two drawbacks of this type of telescope.

Draw a ray diagram of a compound microscope. Write the expression for its magnifying
power.
The magnifying power of an astronomical telescope in the normal adjustment position is
100. The distance between the objective and the eyepiece is 101 cm. Calculate the focal
lengths of the objective and of the eye-piece.
How does the resolving power of an astronomical telescope get affected on (i) Increasing
the aperture of the objective lens? (ii) Increasing the wavelength of the light used?
What are the two ways of adjusting the position of the eyepiece while observing the
Final image in a compound microscope? Which of these is usually preferred and why?
Obtain an expression for the magnifying power of a compound microscope. Hence explain
why (i) we prefer both the objective and the eye-piece to have small focal length? and (ii)
we regard the length of the microscope tube to be nearly equal to be separation between
the focal points of its objective and its eye-piece? Calculate the magnification obtained by a
compound microscope having an objective of focal length 1.5cm and an eyepiece of focal
length 2.5 cm and a tube length of 30.

2
2

2
5

8.

What are the two main considerations that have to be kept in mind while designing the 5
objective of an astronomical telescope?
Obtain an expression for the angular magnifying power and the length of the tube of an
astronomical telescope in its normal adjustment position.
An astronomical telescope having an objective of focal length 2m and an eyepiece of focal
length 1cm is used to observe a pair of stars with an actual angular separation of 0.75. What
would be their observed angular separation as seen through the telescope?
Hint- observed angular separation = 0.75 200 = 150

*9.

Cassegrain telescope uses two mirrors as shown inFig. Such a telescope is built with the
mirrors 20 mm apart. If the radius of curvature of the large mirror is 220 mm and the small
mirror is 140mm,where will the final image of an object at infinity be? The following figure
shows a Cassegrain telescope consisting of a concave mirror and a convex mirror.

Distance between the objective mirror and the secondary mirror,d = 20 mm

Radius of curvature of the objective mirror,R1=220 mm
Hence,focal length of the objective mirror,
Radiusof curvature of the secondary mirror,R1=140 mm
Hence,focal length of the secondary mirror,
The image of an object placed at infinity,formed by the objective mirror, will act as a
virtual object for the secondary mirror.
Hence,the virtual object distance for the secondary mirror,

Applying the mirror formula for the secondary mirror,we can calculate image
Class XII

PHYSICS

69

distance(v)as:

*10.

Hence,the final image will be formed315 mm away from the secondary mirror. Light incident
normally on a plane mirror attached to a galvanometer coil retraces backwards as shown in
The best position of the eye for viewing through a compound microscope is at the eye- 5
ring attached to the eye piece. The precise location of the eye depends on the separation
between the objective lens and the eye piece. An angular magnification (magnifying
power) of 30X is desired using an objective of focallength1.25 cm and an eyepiece of
focal length 5 cm. How will you set up the compound microscope?
Ans - Separation between the objective lens and the eyepiece

DEFECTS OF VISION
1.

A myopic person has been using spectacles of power 1.0 dioptre for distant vision.During old age
healso needs to use separate reading glass of power + 2.0 dioptres. Explain what may have happened.
Ans The power of the spectacles used by the myopic person,P = 1.0 D

Focal lengthof the spectacles,

Hence, the far point of the person is 100 cm. He might have a normal near point of 25 cm.When he
uses the spectacles, the objects placed at infinity produce virtual images at 100 cm.He uses the ability
of accommodation of the eye-lens to see the objects placed between 100 cm and 25 cm.
During old age, the person uses reading glasses of (power, P=100/50)
The ability of accommodation is lost in old age.This defect is called
presbyopia.As a result, he is unable to see clearly the objects placed at 25 cm.
2.

Answer the following questions:

(a)The angle subtended at the eye by an object is equal to the angle subtended at the eye by the
virtual image produced by a magnifying glass. In what sense then does a magnifying glass provide
angular magnification?
(b)In viewing through a magnifying glass, one usually positions ones eyes very close to the lens. Does
angular magnification change if the eye is moved back?
(c)Magnifying power of a simple microscope is inversely proportional to the focal length of the lens.
What then stops us from using a convex lens of smaller and smaller focal length and achieving greater
and greater magnifying power?
(d)Why must both the objective and the eye piece of a compound microscope have short focal
lengths?
(e)When viewing through a compound microscope, our eyes should be positioned not on the
eyepiece but a short distance away from it for best viewing. Why? How much should be that short
distance between the eye and eyepiece?
Class XII

PHYSICS

70

Ans (a)Though the image size is bigger than the object, the angular size of the image is equal to the
angular size of the object. A magnifying glass helps one see the objects placed closer than the least
distance of distinct vision (i.e.,25 cm).A closer object causes a larger angular size.A magnifying glass
provides angular magnification. Without magnification, the object cannot be placed closer to the
eye.With magnification,the object can be placed much closer to the eye.
(b)Yes, the angular magnification changes. When the distance between the eye and a magnifying
glass is increased, the angular magnification decreases a little. This is because the angle subtended at
the eye is slightly less than the angle subtended at the lens. Image distance does not have any effect
on angular magnification.
(c)The focal length of a convex lens cannot be decreased by a greater amount.This is because making
lenses having very small focal lengths is not easy. Spherical and chromatic aberrations are produced
by a convex lens having a very small focal length.

(d) The angular magnification produced by the eye piece of a compound microscope is
Where,
fe=Focal length of the eyepiece
It can be inferred that if feis small, then angular magnification of the eye piece will be large.
The angular magnification of the objective lens of a compound microscope is given as
Where,
=Object distance for the objective lens
=Focal length of the objective
In the case of a microscope, the object is kept close to the objective lens. Hence, the object distance is
very little. Since
condition.

3.

is small,

will be even smaller. Therefore,

and

are both small in the given

(e)When we place our eyes too close to the eyepiece of a compound microscope,we are unable to
collect much refracted light.As a result, the field of view decreases substantially. Hence,the clarity of
the image gets blurred.
A man with normal near point (25 cm)reads a book with small print using a magnifying glass: a thin
convex lens of focal length 5 cm.
(a) What is the closest and the farthest distance at which he should keep the lens from the pageso
that he can read the book when viewing through the magnifying glass?
(b)What is the maximum and the minimum angular magnification(magnifying power) possible
using the above simple microscope?
Ans (a)Focal length of the magnifying glass,f = 5 cm
Least distance of distance vision,d = 25 cm
Closes to object distance= u
Image distance, v= d = 25 cm

Class XII

PHYSICS

71

According to the lens formula,we have:

Hence,the closest distance at which the person can read the book is 4.167 cm. For the object at the
farthest distant(u), the image distance

According to the lens formula,we have:

Hence,the farthest distance at which the person can read the book is 5cm.
(b)Maximum angular magnification is given by the relation:

CONCEPT MAP

Optical Instruments

Class XII

PHYSICS

72

Class XII

PHYSICS

73

Wave Optics
GIST

Class XII

PHYSICS

74

INTERFERENCEOF WAVES

Class XII

PHYSICS

75

DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT AT A SINGLE SLIT ;

Width of Central Maximum:
1

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 /2
8
9
10
11
12

Plane
Wavefront

P1 Dark
y1

Bright

Slit

y1 = D / d
Since the Central Maximum is
spread on either side of O, the
width is

Class XII

PHYSICS

Screen
0 = 2D / d

76

POLARISATION OF LIGHT WAVES :

Malus Law:
When a beam of plane polarised light is incident on an analyser, the intensity I of light transmitted
from the analyser varies directly as the square of the cosine of the angle between the planes of
transmission of analyser and polariser.

(2)

Polarisation by Reflection and Brewsters Law:

Class XII

PHYSICS

77

CONCEPT MAP
WAVE NATURE OF LIGHT

Class XII

PHYSICS

78

QUESTIONS
Huygen's Principle
1.

Draw a diagram to show the refraction of a plane wave front incident on a convex lens and
hence draw the refracted wave front.

2.

What type of wavefront will emerge from a (i) point source, and (ii) distance light source?

3.

Define the term wave front? Using Huygens construction draw a figure showing the
propagation of a plane wave reflecting at the interface of the two media. Show that the angle
of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

4.

Define the term wavefront. Draw the wavefront and corresponding rays in the case of a (i)
diverging spherical wave (ii) plane wave.Using Huygens construction of a wavefront, explain
the refraction of a plane wavefront at a plane surface and hence deduce Snells law.
Interference
1.
How does the angular separation of interference fringes change, in Youngs experiment, when
the distance between the slits is increased?
Ans-when separation between slits (d) is increased, fringe width decreases.

2.

How the angular separation of interference fringes in young woulds double slit experiment
change when the distance of separation between the slits and the screen is doubled?
Ans-No effect (or the angular separation remains the same)

*3.

Indouble-slitexperiment using light of wavelength 600 nm,the angular width of afringe

formedon adistant screenis 0.1.Whatis the spacingbetweenthe two slits?

Ans- Thespacing between theslits is

*4.

If the path difference produced due to interference of light coming out of two slits for yellow
colour of light at a point on the screen be 3/2, what will be the colour of the fringe at that
point? Give reasons.
Ans. The given path difference satisfies the condition for the minimum of intensity for yellow
light, Hence when yellow light is used, a dark fringe will be formed at the given point. If white
light is used, all components of white light except the yellow one would be present at that
point.

5.

State two conditions to obtain sustained interference of light. In Youngs double slit
experiment, using light of wavelength 400 nm, interference fringes of width X are obtained.
The wavelength of light is increased to 600 nm and the separation between the slits is halved.
In order to maintain same fringe with, by what distance the screen is to be moved? Find the
ration of the distance of the screen in the above two cases.
Ans-Ratio-3:1

6.

Two narrow slits are illuminated by a single monochromatic source. Name the pattern
obtained on the screen. One of the slits is now completely covered. What is the name of the
pattern now obtained on the screen? Draw intensity pattern obtained in the two cases. Also
write two differences between the patterns obtained in the above two cases.

*7.

In Youngs double-slit experiment a monochromatic light of wavelength , is used. The

intensity of light at a point on the screen where path difference is is estimated as K units.
What is the intensity of light at a point where path difference is /3?
Ans-K/4

*8.

A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths,650 nm and 520 nm, is used to obtain
interference fringesin aYoungs double-slitexperiment.(a)Find the distance of thethird
brightfringeon the screen from the central maximum for wavelength 650 nm.(b)What is the
least distance from the central maximum where the brightfringes due to both the
wavelengths coincide?
Ans-a)

Class XII

PHYSICS

79

b)

*9.

Inadouble-slit experiment the angular width of afringe is found to be0.2 on a screen placed
1 m away.The wavelength of light used is 600 nm.What will be the angular width of the
fringeif the entire experimental apparatus is immersed in water?Take refractive index of
water to be 4/3.
Ans-

*10

A narrow monochromatic beam of light of intensity I is incident a glass plate. Another

identical glass plate is kept close to the first one and parallel to it. Each plate reflects 25% of
the incident light and transmits the reaming. Calculate the ratio of minimum and maximum
intensity in the interference pattern formed by the two beams obtained after reflection from
each plate.
Ans. Let I be the intensity of beam I incident on first glass plate. Each plate reflects 25% of
light incident on it and transmits 75%.
Therefore,
I1 =I; and I2 = 25/100I = I/4;I3 =75/100 I = 3/4I;I4 = 25/100 I3 = 14 x 34 I = 3/16 I
I5= 7/100 I4= 34 x 3/16 I = 9/64 I
Amplitude ratio of beams 2 and 5 is R = I2/I5 = I/4 x 64/91 = 4/3
Imin/ Imax = [r-1/r+1]2 = [4/3-1 / 4/3+1]2 = 1/49 = 1:49

*11

In a two slit experiment with monochromatic light, fringes are obtained on a screen placed at
some distance D from the slits. If the screen is moved 5 x 10-2 m towards the slits, the charge
in fringe width is 3 x 10 -5 m. If the distance between the slit is 10-3 m. Calculate the
wavelength of the light used.
Ans. The fringe width in the two cases will be = D/d; = D/d
- = (D-D)/d; or wavelength = ( - )d / (D-D) But D-D = 5 x 10-2 m
- = 3 x 10-5 m , d= 10-3m; = 3 x 10-5 x 10-3 / 5 x 10-2 = 6 x 10-7m= 6000A

12.

Two Sources of Intensity I and 4I are used in an interference experiment. Find the intensity at
points where the waves from two sources superimpose with a phase difference (i) zero (ii) /2
(iii) .
Ans-The resultant intensity at a point where phase difference is is I R = I1 +I2+2I1I2 Cos
As I1 =I and I2 = 4I therefore I R = I +4I+21.4I Cos = 5I +4I cos
(i) when =0 , I R = 5I +4I cos 0 = 9 I;(ii) when =/2 , I R = 5I +4I cos /2 = 5 I
(iii) when = , I R = 5I +4I cos = I

13.

What are coherent sources of light? Two slits in Youngs double slit experiment are
Class XII

PHYSICS

5
80

illuminated by two different sodium lamps emitting light of the same wavelength. Why is no
interference pattern observed?
(b) Obtain the condition for getting dark and bright fringes in Youngs experiment. Hence
write the expression for the fringe width.
(c) If S is the size of the source and its distance from the plane of the two slits, what should be
the criterion for the interference fringes to be seen?
Ans-c)
14.

What are coherent sources? Why are coherent sources required to produce interference of
light? Give an example of interference of light in everyday life. In Youngs double slit
experiment, the two slits are 0.03 cm apart and the screen is placed at a distance of 1.5 m
away from the slits. The distance between the central bright fringe and fourth bright fringe is
1 cm. Calculate the wavelength of light used.
Ans-(Numerical part)

What is interference of light? Write two essential conditions for sustained interference
pattern to be produced on the screen. Draw a graph showing the variation of intensity versus
the position on the screen in Youngs experiment when (a) both the slits are opened and (b)
one of the slit is closed. What is the effect on the interference pattern in Youngs double slit
experiment when: (i) Screen is moved closer to the plane of slits? (ii)Separation between two
slits is increased. Explain your answer in each case.
Diffraction

*1.

Why a coloured spectrum is seen, when we look through a muslin cloth and not in other clothes?
Ans. Muslin cloth is made of very fine threads and as such fine slits are formed. White light passing
through these silts gets diffracted giving rise to colored spectrum. The central maximum is white
while the secondary maxima are coloured. This is because the positions of secondary maxima
(except central maximum) depend on the wavelength of light. In a coarse cloth, the slits formed
between the threads are wider and the diffraction is not so pronounced. Hence no such spectrum
is seen.

2.

A parallel beam of light of wavelength 600 nm is incident normally on a slit of width a. If the
distance between the slits and the screen is 0.8 m and the distance of 2nd order maximum from
the centre of the screen is 15 mm, calculate the width of the slit.
Ans-Difference between interference and diffraction: Interference is due to superposition of two
distinct waves coming from two coherent sources. Diffraction is due to superposition of the
secondary wavelets generated from different parts of the same wavefront.
Numerical: Here, = 600 nm = 600 1019 = 6 107 m
D = 0.8 m, x = 15 mm = 1.5 103 m,n = 2, a = ?

3.

Answer the following questions:

(a) How does the size and intensity of the central maxima changes when the width of the slit
is double in a single slit diffraction experiment?
(b)In what way is diffraction from each slit related to the interference patternin adoubleslit experiment?
(c)When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source,a bright spot

15.

Class XII

PHYSICS

81

4.

5.

6.

is seen at the centreof the shadow of the obstacle. Explain why?

(d)Two students are separated by a 7 m partition wall ina room 10 mhigh. If both light and sound
waves can bend around obstacles, how is it that the students are unable to see each other even
though they can converse easily?
Ans(a)In a single slit diffraction experiment,if the width of theslit is made double the original width,
thenthe sizeof the central diffraction band reduces to half and the intensity of the central
diffraction band increases up tofour times.
(b)The interference pattern in a double-slit experiment is modulated by diffraction from each
slit. The pattern is the result of the interference of the diffracted wavefrom eachslit.
(c)When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in thepath of light from a distant source,a brightspot is
seen at the centre of the shadow of the obstacle.This is because light waves are diffracted from
the edge of the circular obstacle,which interferes constructively at the centre of the shadow.This
constructive interference produces a brightspot.
(d)Bending of waves by obstacles by a large angle is possible when the size of the obstacle
is comparable to the wavelength of the waves.
On theone hand, the wavelength of the light waves is too small in comparison to the sizeof the
obstacle.Thus, the diffraction angle will be very small. Hence, the students are unable to see
each other. On the other hand, the size of the wall is comparable to the wavelength of the
sound waves. Thus, the bending of the waves takes place at a large angle.Hence, thestudents
areable tohear each other.
Why light ways do not diffracted around buildings, while radiowaves diffract easily?
Ans- For diffraction to take place the wave length should be of the order of the size of the obstacle.
The radio waves (particularly short radio waves) have wave length of the order of the size of the
building and other obstacles coming in their way and hence they easily get diffracted. Since
wavelength of the light waves is very small, they are not diffracted by the buildings.
Draw the diagram showing intensity distribution of light on the screen for diffraction of light at a
single slit. How is the width of central maxima affected on increasing the (i) Wavelength of light
used (ii) width of the slit? What happens to the width of the central maxima if the whole apparatus
is immersed in water and why?
State the condition under which the phenomenon of diffraction of light takes place. Derive an
expression for the width of central maximum due to diffraction of light at a single slit. A slit of
width a is illuminated by a monochromatic light of wavelength 700 nm at normal incidence.
Calculate the value of a for position of
* (i) first minimum at an angle of diffraction of 30
(ii) first maximum at an angle of diffraction of 30

Ans-i)

ii)
Polarisation
At what angle of incidence should a light beam strike a glass slab of refractive index 3, such
1.
that the reflected and the refracted rays are perpendicular to each other?
Ans-i=600
*2. What does the statement, natural light emitted from the sun is unpolarised mean in terms of
the direction of electric vector? Explain briefly how plane polarized light can be produced by
reflection at the interface separating the two media.
Ans-The statement natural light emitted from the sun is unpolarised means that the natural
light coming from sun is a mixture of waves, each having its electric vectors directed in random
direction. When light falls on the interface separating two media, electrons start oscillating,
Class XII

PHYSICS

82

which produces reflected ray in addition to refracted ray. As light is a transverse wave,
therefore, oscillation in the transverse direction will produce a light wave. Parallel oscillations
will not contribute to the light wave. When a light ray strikes an interface, the component of
electric vector, which is parallel to the interface, gets reflected. Therefore, the reflected light
wave is plane polarised light.
What is an unpolarized light? Explain with the help of suitable ray diagram how an unpolarized
light can be polarized by reflection from a transparent medium. Write the expression for
Brewster angle in terms of the refractive index of denser medium.
The critical angle between a given transparent medium and air is denoted by ic, A ray of light in
air medium enters this transparent medium at an angle of incidence equal to the polarizing
angle(ip). Deduce a relation for the angle of refraction (rp) in terms of ic.
What is meant by polarization of a wave? How does this phenomenon help us to decide
whether a given wave is transverse or longitudinal in nature?

3.

4.

QUESTIONS (HOTS)
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
1.

Air bubble is formed inside water. Does it act as converging lens or a diverging lens?

Ans : [Diverging lens]

2.

A water tank is 4 meter deep. A candle flame is kept 6 meter above the level. for water is
will the image of the candle be formed?. Ans : [6m below the water level]

4 3 . Where

SHORTANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

1.

2.

3.

Water is poured into a concave mirror of radius of curvature R up to a height h as shown in

figure 1. What should be the value of x so that the image of object O is formed on itself? 2

Fig 1
Fig 2
A point source S is placed midway between two concave mirrors having equal focal length f as shown in
Figure 2. Find the value of d for which only one image is formed.
2
A thin double convex lens of focal length f is broken into two equals halves at the axis. The two halves are
combined as shown in figure. What is the focal length of combination in (ii) and (iii).
2

Class XII

PHYSICS

83

4.

How much water should be filled in a container 21cm in height, so that it appears half filled when viewed

from the top of the container a

5.

4 3 ?

A ray PQ incident on the refracting face BA is refracted in the prism BAC as shown in figure and emerges
from the other refracting face AC as RS such that AQ= AR. If the angle, of prism A= 60 and of material
of prism is

3 then find angle .

Hint : This a case of min .deviation 60

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

1.

A converging beam of light is intercepted by a slab of thickness t and refractive index . By what distance
will the convergence point be shifted? Illustrate the answer.
3

1
X 1 t

2.

In double slit experiment SS2 is greater than SS 1 by 0.25 . calculate the path difference between two
interfering beam from S1 and S2 for maxima on the point P as shown in Figure. 3

7. DUAL NATURE OF MATTER & RADIATION

GIST
Class XII

PHYSICS

84

ELECTRON EMISSION
1. There are three types of electron emission, namely, Thermionic Emission, Photoelectric Emission
and Field Emission.
2. The minimum energy required by an electron to escape from the metal surface is called work
function.
3. Work function is conveniently expressed in electron volts ( e V )
4. One electron volt is the energy gained or lost by an electron while passing through a potential
difference of one volt.
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
1. The minimum energy required by an electron to come out from metal surface is called the work
function of a metal.
2. Photo electric effect is the phenomenon of electrons by metals when illuminated by light of
suitable frequency
3. Photo electric current depends on
i) The intensity of incident light
ii) The potential difference applied between two electrodes
iii) The nature of the emitter material
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

1. The minimum negative potential given to the anode plate for which the photo electric current
becomes zero is called stopping potential.
2. The stopping potential Vo depends on i) The frequency of incident light and ii) the nature of
emitter material. For a given frequency of incident light, the stopping potential is independent of its
intensity.
2
eVo =(1/2)m vmax
K max
2. Below a certain frequency (threshold frequency) 0 , characteristics of the metal , no photo
electric emission takes place, no matter how large the intensity may be.
EINSTEINS PHOTO ELECTRIC EQUATION: ENERGY QUANTUM OF RADIATION
1. Light is composed of discrete packets of energy called quanta or photons.
2. The energy carried by each photon is E = h, where is the frequency and momentum p= h/. The
energy of the photon depends on the frequency of the incident light and not on its intensity.
3. Photo electric emission from the metal surface occurs due to absorption of a photon by an
electron
4. Einsteins photo electric equation: Kmax = h 0 or eV0 = h - 0.
PARTICLE NATURE OF LIGHT: THE PHOTON
1. Radiation has dual nature: wave and particle. The wave nature is revealed in phenomenon like
interference, diffraction and polarization. The particle nature is revealed by the phenomenon photo
electric effect.
2. By symmetry, matter also should have dual nature: wave and particle. The waves associated with
the moving material particle are called matter waves or De Broglie waves.
3. The De Broglie wave length () associated with the moving particle is related to its moment p as:
=h/p = h/mv
Class XII

PHYSICS

85

4.An equation for the De Broglie wavelength of an electron accelerated through a potential V.
Consider an electron with mass m and charge e accelerated from rest through a potential V.
K = eV
K = 1/2mv2 = p2/2m
P2 = 2mK
P = 2mK = 2meV
= h/ 2meV
Substituting numerical values of h, m and e
= (1.227/V) nm.

CONCEPT MAP
Class XII

PHYSICS

86

QUESTIONS
Class XII

PHYSICS

87

1*
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

9
10
11

12
13
14
15
16

17*

18

19*

20*

21*

ELECTRON EMISSION, PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT

If the intensity of incident radiation in a photoelectric experiment is doubled what, happens to
kinetic energy of emitted photo electrons?
1
Calculate the frequency associated with photon of energy 3.3 x 10 -10 J? Ans: = 5 x 10 23Hz.
1
What is the momentum of a photon of energy 1 MeV?
1
Energy E = 1 MeV = 1.6 x 10 -13J, p = E/c= 5.33x 10-22 Kgm/s
What happens to the velocity of emitted electrons when the wave length of incident light is
decreased?
If the frequency of incident radiation in a photocell is increased, does it affect the stopping
potential? If so how?
1
On what factor does the energy carried by a quantum of light depend?
1
The threshold wave length for photoelectric emission from a given surface is 5200. Will photo
electric emission takes place, if an ultra violet radiation of one watt power is incident on it?
1
Name the element with highest work function and also the element with lowest work function.
Highest work function Platinum ( 5.65eV )
Lowest work function Caesium ( 2.14eV )
2
Calculate the work function of a metal in eV if its threshold wavelength is 6800.
Ans: Work function = hc / 0 = 1.825eV.
2
Work function of aluminium is 4.2eV. If two photons each of energy 2.5eV are incident on its
surface, will the emission of electrons take place?
2
A source of light is placed at a distance of 50cm from a photocell and the cut off potential is found
to be V0. If the distance between the light source and the cell is made 20cm, what will be the new
cut off potential?
Ans: Stopping potential is still Vo.
2

EINSTEINS PHOTO ELECTRIC EQUATION :ENERGY QUANTUM OF RADIATION

Which of the two photons is more energetic: red light or violet light?
1
What will be the stopping potential when a photon of 25eV is incident of metal surface of work
function 6eV? Ans : 19 volt
1
Why is alkali metal surfaces better suited as photosensitive surfaces?
1
Blue light can eject electrons from a photo-sensitive surface while orange light can not. Will violet
and red light eject electrons from the same surface?
1
Two metals A & B have work functions 4eV & 10eV respectively. In which case the threshold wave
length is higher?
1
A radio transmitter at a frequency of 880 kHz and a power of 10kW. Find the number of photons
emitted per second.
2
31
Ans: n = energy emitted per second/energy of one photon = 1.716 x 10 .
A parallel beam of light is incident normally on a plane surface absorbing 40% of the light and
reflecting the rest. If the incident beam carries 10W of power, find the force exerted by it on the
surface.
2
-8
Ans : 5.33 x 10 N
No photoelectrons are emitted from a surface, if the radiation is above 5000 . With an unknown
wavelength, the stopping potential is 3V. Find the wave length.
3
Ans : 2262
Illuminating the surface of a certain metal alternately with light of wave lengths0.35m and
0.54m, it was found that the corresponding maximum velocities of photoelectrons have a ratio 2.
Find the work function of that metal.
3
Ans: 5.64eV
A beam of light consists of four wavelengths 4000, 4800, 6000 & 7000, each of intensity
1.5mW/m2. The beam falls normally on an area 10-4m2 of a clean metallic surface of work function
1.9eV.Assuming no loss of kinetic energy, calculate the number of photoelectrons emitted per
second.
3
Class XII

PHYSICS

88

22

5
6*
7*

9*

10*

Ans :E1 = 3.1eV, E2 = 2.58eV, E3 = 2.06eV, E4 = 1.77eV

Only the first three wave lengths can emit photo electrons.
Number of photo electrons emitted per second = IA ( 1/E1+1/E2+1/E3 )
= 1.12 x 1012.
( Hint convert eV into joule before substitution )
In an experiment on photo electric emission , following observations were made;
( i ) wave length of incident light = 1.98 x 10-7m
( ii ) stopping potential = 2.5 V.
Find ( a ) kinetic energy of photo electrons with maximum speed
( b ) work function & ( c ) threshold frequency
Ans; ( a ) Kmax = 2.5eV ( b ) work function = 3.76eV
( c ) threshold frequency = 9.1x 1014Hz

WAVE NATURE OF MATTER

What is the de Broglie wavelength (in ) associated with an electron accelerated through a
potential of 100 V?
1
Ans: = 1.227 A o
Matter waves associated with electrons could be verified by crystal diffraction experiments .Why?
Ans: The wave length of the matter waves associated with electrons has wave lengths comparable
to the spacing between the atomic planes of their crystals.
1
How do matter waves differ from light waves as regards to the velocity of the particle and the
wave?
1
Ans: In case of matter waves, the wave velocity is different from the particle velocity. But in case
of light, particle velocity and wave velocity are same.
An electron and an alpha particle have same kinetic energy. Which of these particles has the
shortest de- Broglie wavelength?
1
Ans: Alpha particle
The de Broglie wavelength of an electron is 1 A0. Find the velocity of the electron.
1
Ans: 7.3 x 10 6 m/s
Find the ratio of wavelength of a 10 k eV photon to that of a 10 keV electron.
2
Ans: 10 ( Hint: photon = 1.24 A0, electron = 0.1227 A0 )
A proton and an alpha particle are accelerated through the same potential difference. Find the
ratio of the wavelengths associated with the two.
2
Ans: (Hint = h/ 2meV), p : = 2 2 : 1
Why macroscopic objects in our daily life do not show wave like properties? OR
Why wave nature of particles is significant in the sub-atomic domain only?
2
Macroscopic objects in our daily life do not show wave like properties because the wave length
associated with them is very small and beyond the scope of any measurement.
In the sub- atomic world, masses of the particles are extremely small leading to a wave length that
is measurable.
Show that Bohr's second postulate 'the electron revolves around the nucleus only in certain fixed
orbits without radiating energy can be explained on the basis of de Broglie hypothesis of wave
nature of electron.
2
Ans. The de Broglie wavelength for electron in orbit mvr = nh/ 2
This is Bohr's second postulate. As complete de-Broglie wavelength may be in certain fixed
orbits, non-radiating electrons can be only in certain fixed orbits.
The de-Broglie wavelength associated with an electron accelerated through a potential difference
V is . What will be the de-Broglie wavelength
when the accelerating p.d. is increased to 4V?
2

Class XII

PHYSICS

1 1
V
4

, 2 2
V1 2
1
2
v 2

89

11

12

Determine the accelerating potential required for an electron to have a de-Broglie wavelength of
1
2
Ans: V = 150.6 V
An electron, an alpha particle and a proton have the same kinetic energy, which one of these
particles has (i) the shortest and (ii) the largest, de, Broglie wavelength?
2
Ans:

13

h
2mEk

1
m

The two lines A and B shown in the graph plot the de-Broglie wavelength as func on of 1/ V (V
is the accelerating potential) for two particles having the same charge. Which of the two
represents the particle of heavier mass?
3

Ans: Slope of the graph is h/2me.

Slope of A is smaller, so A represents heavier particle.

14*

Find the ratio of de-Broglie wavelength of molecules of Hydrogen and Helium which are at
temperatures 270C and 1270C respectively.
3
Ans: de- Broglie wavelength is given by H2 / He = (m He T He/m HT H = (8/3)

8. ATOMS & NUCLEI

GIST
Class XII

PHYSICS

90

Thomsons model of atom- Every atom consists of fuels

charged sphere in which electrons are embedded like Its drawbacks: couldnt explain large angle scattering
seeds in water melon.
& the origin of spectral series.
Rutherfords model of atom- i) Every atom consists of a
tiny central core, called the atomic nucleus, in which Limitations: couldnt explain the stability of the
the entire positive charge and almost entire mass of the nucleus & the emission of line spectra of fixed
atom are concentrated.
frequencies.
ii) The size of nucleus is of the order of 10-15m , which is
very small as compared to the size of the atom which is
of the order of 10-10m.
iii)The atomic nucleus is surrounded by certain number
of electrons. As atom on the whole is electrically
neutral, the total negative charge of electrons
surrounding the nucleus is equal to total positive
charge on the nucleus.
iv)These electrons revolve around the nucleus in
various circular orbits as do the planets around the aun.
The centripetal force required by electron for
revolution is provided by the electrostatic force of
attraction between the electrons and the nucleus.

r0=2kZe2
1/2mv2
Distance of closest approach of the alpha particle in the
particle scattering experiment

Impact parameter of the alpha particle

Bohrs model of atom

Orbit radius of the electron around the nucleus

b=kZe2cot/2
1/2mv2
Limitations-applicable only for hydrogen like atoms &
couldnt explain the splitting of spectral lines. (not
consider electro static force among the electrons)
r=e2/40mv2, v=2ke2 / nh, r=n2h2mke2

Energy of the electron in the nth orbit of hydrogen En= -me4/802n 2h 2 = -13.6/n2 eV
atom
E=-2.18*10-18 J / n2

Angular momentum of electron in any orbit is L = mvr = nh/2, n=1,2,3,

integral multiple of h/2

Wave number

1/ = R(1/n12 1/n 22)

R=1.097 * 10+7m-1

Class XII

PHYSICS

91

No of protons in a nucleus

Atomic Number (Z)

Mass Number (A)
Number of neutrons

No. of nucleons(protons + neutrons) in a nucleus

A-Z
R=R0 A1/3

Nuclear radius

= 3m/4R03

Nuclear density

Same Z & different A

Ex, 1H2,1H3,1h 1, & C12,C14,C16
Same A & different Z
[ 18Ar40,20Co40] & (1H3, 2H3)
Same no. of neutrons
Mass of neutrons 1H3, 2He4
E=
m x c2 ( m= mass of reactants mass of
products)
1 a.m.u.= 931.5 Mev
dN/dt=-N
-dW/dt= R= Activity unit Bq.
N =N0e-t

Isotopes
Isobars
Isotones
Map defect

Binding energy Eb
Radioactive decay law

OR
No: of nuclei remaining un-decayed at any
instant of time
N=N0( )n , n = t/t1/2

t1/2=0.693

= 1/
Alpha,beta,gamma

Half life
Mean life
3 types of radiations

Class XII

PHYSICS

92

Splitting of a heavy nucleus into lighter elements.This

process is made use of in Nuclear reactor & Atom
bomb
Nuclear Reactor is based upon controlled nuclear
chain reaction and has
1) Nuclear fuel
2) modulator

Nuclear fission

3) control rods
4) coolant
5) shielding

Fusing of lighter nuclei to form a heavy nucleus.This

process takes place in Stars & Hydrogen bomb.
Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion
In a fusion reactorNuclear fusion

a) high particle density is required

b) high plasma temperature of 109K
c) a long confinement time is required

Class XII

PHYSICS

93

CONCEPT MAP

Nuclear energy

Class XII

PHYSICS

94

QUESTIONS
ALPHA PARTICLE SCATTERING
1. What is the distance of closest approach when a 5Mev proton approaches a gold nucleus (Z=79) (1)
Ans r0=

1 Ze 2
= 2.3 * 10-14m.
4 F2

2. Which has greater ionizing power: alpha or beta particle?

(1)

BOHRS ATOMIC MODEL

1. In Bohrs theory of model of a Hydrogen atom, name the physical quantity which equals to an integral
multiple of h/2?
(1)
Ans: Angular momentum
2. What is the relation between n & radius r of the orbit of electron in a Hydrogen atom according to
Bohrs theory?
(1)
2
Ans: r n
3. What is Bohrs quantization condition?
(1)
*4. For an electron in the second orbit of hydrogen, what is the moment of linear momentum as per the
Bohrs model?
(2)
Ans: L=2(h/2) =h/ (moment of linear momentum is angular momentum)
5. Calculate the ratio of energies of photons produced due to transition of electron of hydrogen atoms
from 2nd level to 1st and highest level to second level.
(3)
E2-1 = Rhc[ 1/n12 1/n2] = Rhc
E - E1 = Rhc(1/22 1/) = Rhc / 4
SPECTRAL SERIES
*1. What is the shortest wavelength present in the Paschen series of hydrogen spectrum?
(2)
Ans: n1=3, n2=infinity, =9/R=8204
2. Calculate the frequency of the photon which can excite an electron to -3.4 eV from -13.6 eV.
Ans: 2.5x1015Hz
(2)
3. The wavelength of the first member of Balmer series in the hydrogen spectrum is 6563.Calculate the
wavelength of the first member of Lyman series in the same spectrum.
Ans: 1215.4 (2)
4. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6eV.What is the K.E & P.E of the electron in this
state?
(2)
Ans: K.E=-E=13.6 eV, P.E=-2K.E=-27.2 eV
*5. Find the ratio of maximum wavelength of Lyman series in hydrogen spectrum to the maximum
wavelength in Paschen Series?
(2)
Ans: 7:108
*6. The energy levels of an atom are as shown below. a) Which of them will result in the transition of a
photon of wavelength 275 nm? b) Which transition corresponds to the emission of radiation maximum
wavelength?
(3)
0eV
A
Class XII

PHYSICS

95

-2eV
-4.5eV

C
D

-10eV
Ans: E=hc/=4.5eV, transition B
E1/, transition A
*7. The spectrum of a star in the visible & the ultraviolet region was observed and the wavelength of
some of the lines that could be identified were found to be 824,970,1120,2504,5173
&6100.Which of these lines cannot belong to hydrogen spectrum?
(3)
Ans: 970
(3)
9. What is the energy possessed by an for n= ?
Ans E=0
(1)
10. Calculate the ratio of wavelength of photon emitted due to transition of electrons of hydrogen atom
from
i) Second permitted level to first level
ii) Highest permitted level to second level
(3)
11. The radius of inner most electron orbit of H2 atom is 5.3 x 10-11m. What are radii for n=2, 3, 4? (3)
Ans: rn = n2 r1
COMPOSITION OF NUCLEUS
1. What is the relation between the radius of the atom & the mass number?
(1)
Ans: size A1/3
2. What is the ratio of the nuclear densities of two nuclei having mass numbers in the ratio 1:4?
Ans: 1:1
(1)
3. How many electrons, protons & neutrons are there in an element of atomic number (Z) 11& mass
number (A) 24?
(1)
Hint: ne = np =11, nn = (A Z) = 24 -11 = 13
4. Select the pairs of isotopes & isotones from the following:
(2)
i. 13C6
ii.14N7
iii.30P15iv. 31P15
Ans: isotopes-iii &iv ,isotones-i& ii
5. By what factor must the mass number change for the nuclear radius to become twice?
(2)
1
3

2 or 2 3 timeA

NUCLEAR FORCE & BINDING ENERGY.

1. What is the nuclear force? Mention any two important properties of it.
(2)
2. Obtain the binding energy of the nuclei 56Fe26 &209Bi83 in MeV
mH=1.007825amu,mn=1.008665amu, m(56Fe26)=55.934939amu, m(209
1amu=931.5MeV
3. Which nucleus has the highest binding energy per nucleon?
Ans: Fe 492.26MeV,8.79MeV/A Bi 1640.3MeV,7.85 MeV
Hence56Fe26

from the following data:

Bi 83)=208.980388amu,
(3)

4. From the given data, write the nuclear reaction for decay of 238
92U and hence calculate the energy
released. 238
(3)
U = 238.050794u 24 He = 4.00260u 234
.92
90Th = 234.04363u
5Binding Energy of 8O16 &17C35 one 127.35 Mev and 289.3 Mev respectively. Which of the two nuclei is
more stable stability & BE/N?
(2)
RADIOACTIVITY
1. How is a particle different from an electron?
(1)
2. Draw graph between no. of nuclei un-decayed with time for a radioactive substance (1)
3. Among the alpha, beta & gamma radiations, which are the one affected by a magnetic field? (1)
Class XII

PHYSICS

96

Ans: alpha & beta

4. Why do particles have high ionizing power?
(1)
Ans: because of their large mass & large nuclear cross section
5. Write the relationship between the half life & the average life of a radioactive substance.
(1)
Ans: T =1.44t1/2
6. If 70% of a given radioactive sample is left un-decayed after 20 days, what is the % of original sample
will get decayed in 60 days?
(2)
7. How does the neutron to proton ratio affected during (i) decay ii) decay
(2)
8. A radioactive sample having N nuclei has activity R. Write an expression for its half life in terms of R &
N.
(2)
Ans: R=N, t1/2=0.693/ =0.693N/R
9. Tritium has a half life of 12.5 years against beta decay. What fraction of a sample of pure tritium will
remain un-decayed after 25 years?
(2)
Ans: N0/4
10. What percentage of a given mass of a radioactive substance will be left un-decayed after 5 half-life
periods?
(2)
Ans: N/N0 =1/2n =1/32 =3.125%
11. A radioactive nucleus A decays as given below:

A
A1
A2
If the mass number & atomic number of A1 are 180 & 73 respectively, find the mass number & atomic
number of A & A2
(2)
Ans: A180 & 72, A2176 & 71
12. Two nuclei P & Q have equal no: of atoms at t=0.Their half lives are 3 & 9 hours respectively.
Compare the rates of disintegration after 18 hours from the start.
(2)
Ans: 3:16
*13. Two radioactive materials X1& X2 have decay constants 10 & respectively. If initially they have
the same no: of nuclei, find the time after which the ratio of the nuclei of X1 to that of X2 will be 1/e?
Ans: N=N0e-t, t=1/9
(3)
*14. One gram of radium is reduced by 2.1mg in 5 years by decay. Calculate the half-life of Uranium.
Ans: 1672 years
(3)
*16. At a given instant there are 25% un-decayed radioactive nuclei in a sample. After 10 seconds the
number of un-decayed nuclei reduces to 12.5 %.calculate the i) mean life of the nuclei ii) the time in
which the number of the un-decayed nuclei will further reduce to 6.25 % of the reduced number.
Ans: t1/2=10s, =.0693/s, =1/=14.43s, N=1/16(N0/8) t=4x10=40s
(3)
17. Half lives of two substances A and B are 20 min and 40 min respectively. Initially the sample had
equal no of nuclei. Find the ratio of the remaining no: of nuclei of A and B after 80 min.
Ans: 1:4
(3)
NUCLEAR REACTIONS
1. Why heavy water is often used in a nuclear reactor as a moderator?
(1)
2. Why is neutron very effective as a bombarding particle in a nuclear reaction?
(1)
Ans: Being neutral it wont experience any electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion.
3. Why is the control rods made of cadmium?
(1)
Ans: They have a very high affinity on neutrons.
4. Name the phenomenon by which the energy is produced in stars.
(1)
Ans: Uncontrolled Nuclear fusion
5. Name the physical quantities that remain conserved in a nuclear reaction?
(1)
6. What is neutron multiplication factor? For what value of this, a nuclear reactor is said to be critical?
Ans: K=1
(2)
7. 4 nuclei of an element fuse together to form a heavier nucleus .If the process is accompanied by
release of energy, which of the two: the parent or the daughter nuclei would have higher binding energy
per nucleon. Justify your answer.
(2)
Class XII

PHYSICS

97

8. If 200MeV energy is released in the fission of single nucleus of

produce a power of 1 kW.

, how much fission must occur to

(3)

9. ELECTRONIC DEVICES
GIST
ENERGY BAND DIAGRAMS

In metals, the conduction band and valence band partly overlap each other and there is no
forbidden energy gap.

In insulators, the conduction band is empty and valence band is completely filled and
forbidden gap is quite large = 6 eV. No electron from valence band can cross over to
conduction band at room temperature, even if electric field is applied. Hence there is no
conductivity of the insulators.

In semiconductors, the conduction band is empty and valence band is totally filled. But
the forbidden gap between conduction band and valence band is quite small, which is
about 1 eV. No electron from valence band can cross over to conduction band. Therefore,
the semiconductor behaves as insulator. At room temperature, some electrons in the
valence band acquire thermal energy, greater than energy gap of 1 eV and jump over to
the conduction band where they are free to move under the influence of even a small
electric field. Due to which, the semiconductor acquires small conductivity at room
temperature

Metals

Insulators

Semiconductors

Differences

4
5

Distinction between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductor

Intrinsic
Extrinsic
It is pure semiconducting material and 1 It is prepared by doping a small quantity of
no impurity atoms are added to it
impurity atoms to the pure semiconducting
material.
Examples are crystalline forms of pure 2 Examples are silicon and germanium crystals with
silicon and germanium.
impurity atoms of arsenic, antimony,
phosphorous etc. or indium, boron, aluminum etc.
The number of free electron in
3 The number of free electrons and holes is never
conduction band and the number of
equal. There is excess of electrons in n-type
holes in valence band is exactly equal
semiconductors and excess of holes in p-type
and very small indeed.
semiconductors.
Its electrical conductivity is low
4 Its electrical conductivity is high.
Its electrical conductivity is a function 5 Its electrical conductivity depends upon the
of temperature alone.
temperature as well as on the quantity of impurity
Class XII

PHYSICS

98

atoms doped in the structure.

3
4

Distinction between n-type and p-type semiconductors

n-type semiconductors
p-type semiconductors
It is an extrinsic semiconductors
1 It is an intrinsic semiconductors which is obtained
which is obtained by doping the
by doping the impurity atoms of III group of
impurity atoms of Vth group of
periodic table to the pure germanium or silicon
periodic table to the pure germanium
semiconductor.
or silicon semiconductor.
The impurity atoms added, provide
2 The impurity atoms added, create vacancies of
extra electrons in the structure, and
electrons (i.e. holes) in the structure and are called
are called donor atoms.
acceptor atoms.
The electrons are majority carriers
3 The holes are majority carriers and electrons are
and holes are minority carriers.
minority carriers.
The electron density (ne) is much
4 The hole density (ne) is much greater than the
greater than the hole density (nh)i.e.
electron density (nh)i.e. n h>> ne
n e>>(nh)
The donor energy level is close to the 5 The acceptor energy level is close to valence band
conduction band and far away from
and is far away from the conduction band.
valence band.
The Fermi energy level lies in between 6 The Fermi energy level lies in between the
the donor energy level and
acceptor energy level and valence band.
conduction band.

P-n junction diode

Two important processes occur during the formation of p-n junction diffusion and drift.
the motion of majority charge carriers give rise to diffusion current.
Due to the space charge on n-side junction and negative space charge region on p-side the electric field
is set up and potential barrier develops at the junction Due to electric field e- on p-side moves to n and
holes from n-side to p-side which is called drift current.
In equilibrium state, there is no current across p-n junction and potential barrier across p-n junction has
maximum value .
The width of the depletion region and magnitude of barrier potential depends on the nature of
semiconductor and doping concentration on two sides of p-n junction
Forward Bias
P-n junction is FB when p-type connected to the +ve of battery and n-type connected to ve battery
Potential barrier height is reduced and width of depletion layer decreases.
Reverse Bias
P-n junction in RB p-type connected to the ve battery and n-type connected to +ve
Resistance of p-n junction is high to the flow of current.
Class XII

PHYSICS

99

0
Rectification

Class XII

PHYSICS

100

LED

PHOTODIODE

SOLARCELL

Forward biased

Reverse biased

Recombination of electrons and

holes take place at the junction
and emits e m radiations

Energy is supplied by light to take

an electron from valence band to
conduction band.

It is used in Burglar alarm, remote

control

It is used in photo detectors in

communication

No external baising,It generates

emf when solar radiation falls on
it.
Generation of emf by solar cells is
due to three basic process
generation of e-h pair,separation
and collection
It is used in satellites,space
vechicles calculators.

There are two types of transistor NPN & PNP

Applications of transistor
(1) Transistor as a switch- (2) Transistor as an amplifier
Transistor as an oscillator
Transistor- Switch
When a transistor is used in cut off or saturated state, it behaves as a switch.

Transistor-Amplifier_ An amplifier is a device which is used for increasing the amplitude of variation
of alternating voltage or current or power,thus it produces an enlarged version of the input signal.
For Circuit diagram refer Ncert diagram

Class XII

PHYSICS

101

Transistor-Oscillator In an oscillator, we get ac output without any external input signal. In other words, the output in
an oscillator is self- sustained. Oscillator converts D.C into A.C

Digital Electronics Logic Gates

The three basic Logic Gates are

(1) OR Gate
OUTPUT Y= A + B
(2) AND Gate
OUTPUT Y=A.B
(3) NOT GATE
OUTPUT Y=Y

COMBINATION OF GATES
__
(1) NOR GATE--OUT PUT Y = A+B
__
(2) NAND GATE--OUT PUT Y= A .B

Class XII

PHYSICS

102

CONCEPT MAP

Semiconductor and electronic devices

Class XII

PHYSICS

103

QUESTIONS
SEMICONDUCTORS
1. What is the order of energy gap in an intrinsic semiconductor?

(1)

2. How does the energy gap vary in a semiconductor when doped with penta -valent element? (1)
3. How does the conductivity change with temperature in semiconductor?

(1)

4. What type of semiconductor we get when: Ge is doped with Indium? Si is doped with Bismuth? (1)
5. In a semiconductor concentration of electron is 8 x 1013cm-3 and holes 5 x 1012 cm-2 : is it P or
N type semiconductor?

(1)

6. Draw energy gap diagram of a P Type semiconductor?

(1)

7. What is Fermi energy level?

(1)

8. Energy gap of a conductor, semiconductor, insulator are E1, E2, E3 respectively. Arrange them in
increasing order.
(1)
9. Name the factor that determines the element as a conductor or semiconductor?

(1)

10. Why semiconductors are opaque to visible light but transparent to infrared radiations?
(2)
Ans: The photons of infrared radiation have smaller energies, so they fall to excite the electrons in the
valence band. Hence infrared radiations pass through the semiconductors as such; i.e. a semiconductor
is transparent to infrared radiation
11. The ratio of number of free electrons to holes ne/nh for two different materials A and B are 1 and <1
respectively. Name the type of semiconductor to which A and B belongs.
(2)
Ans: If ne/nh =1 . Hence A is intrinsic semiconductor. If ne/n h<1 , n e<nh hence B is P-type.
12. Differentiate the electrical conductivity of both types of extrinsic semiconductors in terms of the
energy band picture.
(2)

P-N JUNCTION DIODE

1. How does the width of depletion layer change, in reverse bias of a p-n junction diode?

(1)

2. Draw VI characteristic graph for a Zener diode?

(1)

3. In a given diagram, is the diode reverse (or) forward biased?

(1)

Ans: Reverse biased.

4. Why Photo diode usually operated at reverse bias?
(2)
5. State the factor which controls wave length and intensity of light emitted by LED.
(2)
Ans: (i) Nature of semi-conductor
(ii) Forward Current
6. With the help of a diagram show the biasing of light emitting diode. Give two advantages over
conventional incandescent Lamp.
(2)
Class XII

PHYSICS

104

Ans: Mono chromatic, Consume less power.

8. Draw a circuit diagram to show, how is a photo diode biased?
(2)
9. Pure SI at 300K have equal electron and holes concentration 1.5 x 1016 per m3. Doping by Indium
increases hole concentration to 4.5 x 1022 per m3. Calculate new electron concentration.
2
Ans: nenh = ni
(2)
10. V-I characteristics of SI diode is given. Calculate diode resistance for bias voltage 2V.
(2)

Ans: R = V / I = 2/70 x 10 3 Ohms

11. What is an ideal diode? Draw its output wave form.
13. In the following diagram, identify the diodes which are in forward biased and which are in reversed
biased.
+5V

Q.i

+10V
Q.ii

0V
+5V

Q.iii

-12V

R
Q.iv

-10V

0V
-5V

*14. A semiconductor has equal electron and hole concentrations of 6x108/m3. On doping with a certain
impurity, the electron concentration increases to 9x1012/ m3.
(2)
(i) Identify the new semiconductor obtained after doping.
(ii) Calculate the new hole concentrations.
Ans: (i) n-type semiconductor.
(ii) n en h =n i 2 => n h=6x108 x6x108 = 4x104 perm2
*15. Determine the current through resistance R in each circuit. Diodes D1 and D2 are identical and
ideal.
2
Class XII

PHYSICS

105

Ans: In circuit (i) Both D1 and D2 are forward biased hence both will conduct current and resistance of
each diode is 0.Therefore I = 3/15 = 0.2 A
(iii)
Diode D1 is forward bias and D2 is reverse bias, therefore resistance of diode D1 is 0
and resistance of D2 is infinite. Hence D1 will conduct and D2 do not conduct. No
current flows in the circuit.
16. From the given graph identify the knee voltage and breakdown voltage. Explain?

(2)

*17. Germanium and silicon junction diodes are connected in parallel. A resistance R, a 12 V battery, a
milli ammeter (mA) and Key(K) is closed, a current began to flow in the circuit. What will be the
maximum reading of voltmeter connected across the resistance R?
(2)

Ans: The potential barrier of germanium junction diode is 0.3v and silicon is 0.7V, both are forward
biased. Therefore for conduction the minimum potential difference across junction diode is
0.3V.Max.reading of voltmeter connected across R=12-0.3=11.7V.
18.A Zener diode has a contact potential of .8Vin the absence of biasing .It undergoes breakdown for an
electricfield of 10V/m at the depletion region of p-n junction.If the width of the depletion region is
2.4m?What should be the reverse biased potential for the Zener breakdown to occur?
2
*18. A germanium diode is preferred to a silicon one for rectifying small voltages. Explain why? (2)
Ans: Because the energy gap for Ge (Eg = 0.7 ev) is smaller than the energy gap for Si (Eg = 1.1eV) or
barrier potential for Ge<Si.
19. On the basis of energy band diagrams, distinguish between metals, insulators and semiconductors.
(3)
SPECIAL DEVICES
*1. A photodiode is fabricated from a semiconductor with a band gap of 2.8eV.can it Can it detect a
wavelength of 600nm?Justify?
(2)
Ans: Energy corresponding to wavelength 600 nm is
E=hc/ = 6.6x10-34 x 3x108 joule = 0.2eV.
600x10-9
It cannot detect because E<Eg
Class XII

PHYSICS

106

2. Which special type of diode acts as voltage regulator? Give the symbol. Draw its V-I characteristics.
(3)
TRANSISTORS
1. How does the dc current gain of a transistor change, when the width of the base region is increased?
(1)
*2. In only one of the circuits given below, the lamp L glows. Identify the circuit? Give reason for your
answer?
(2)

Ans: In fig (i) emitter base junction has no source of emf. Therefore Ic =0, bulb will not glow. In fig (ii)
emitter base junction is forward biased; therefore lamp L will glow.
(iii) emitter base junction is received biased so the bulb will not glow.
*3. Why do we prefer NPN transistor to PNP for faster action?
(2)
Ans: For faster action NPN Transistor is used. In an NPN transistor, current conduction is mainly by free
electron, whereas in PNP type transistor, it is mainly holes. Mobility of electrons is greater than that of
holes.
4. In which mode, the cut off, active or saturation, the transistor is used as a switch? Why?
Ans: Cut off & saturation

(2)

5. In NPN transistor circuit, the collector current is 5mA. If 95% of the electrons emitted reach the
collector region, what is the base current?
(2)
Here,
Ic=95% of Ie = (95 / 100 ) Ie
Ie = (100 / 95) 5 mA = 5.26mA,
Ie=Ic+ Ib
Ib = 0.25 mA
6. A student has to study the input and output characteristics of a n-p-n silicon transistor in the common
emitter configuration. What kind of a circuit arrangement should she use for this purpose? Draw the
typical shape of input characteristics likely to be obtained by that student.
(Ans: Fig 14.29, pg 493 & 494 NCERT-Part-2 physics
7. Which of input and output circuits of a transistor has a higher resistance and why?
(3)
Ans: The output circuit of a transistor has a higher resistance. Hint: The ratio of resistance of output
circuit (r0) is 104 times that of input circuit ie
ro =104ri;
*8. In the circuit diagram given below, a volt meter is connected across a lamp. What changes would occur
at lamp L and voltmeter V, when the resistor R is reduced? Give reason for your answer. (3)

Ans: In the given circuit, emitter base junction of N-P-N transistor is forward biased.
When R decreases, IE increases. Because IC = IE I B. Therefore IC will also increase. Hence bulb will
Class XII

PHYSICS

107

glow with more brightness and voltmeter reading will increase.

9. The base current of a transistor is 105 A and collector current is 2.05 mA.
a)
b)

(3)

Determine the value of , Ie , and

A change of 27 A in the base current produces a change of 0.65 mA in the collector current.
Find a.c.
Ib = 105 10 -6 A
= Ic / Ib =
Also,
Ie = Ib + Ic

Ic = 2.05 10 -3A
19.5
= 2.155 10 -3 A
0.95

=
= Ic / Ie
Ib = 27A = 27 10 -6 A
ac = Ic / Ib = 24.1

10. Under what conditions an amplifier can be converted in to an oscillator? Draw a suitable diagram
of an oscillator.
(3)
Hint: 1. when feedback is positive. 2. When feedback factor k is equal to l /Av.

11. Explain through a labeled circuit diagram, working of a transistor, as an amplifier in common emitter
configuration. Obtain the expression for current gain, voltage gain and power gain.
(3)
12. Draw a circuit diagram to study the input and output characteristic of an NPN transistor in common
emitter configuration. Draw the graphs for input and output characteristics.
(3)
13. Define trans conductance of a transistor.
(2)
Ans: gm = IC/VB
14. How does the collector current change in junction transistor if the base region has larger width?
Ans: Current decreases.

(2)

15. The input of common emitter amplifier is 2K. Current gain is 20. If the load resistances is
5K. Calculate voltage gain trans conductance.

(3)

Ans: gm = / RI, Av = RL/RI

16. Define input, output resistance, current amplification factor, voltage amplification factor, for
common emitter configuration of transistor.
(3)
17. A change 0.2 mA in base current, causes a change of 5mA in collector current in a common emitter
amplifier.
(i) Find A.C current gain of Transistor.
Class XII

PHYSICS

108

(ii) If input resistance 2K and voltage gain is 75. Calculate load resistance used in circuit.
AC current gain = Ic / Ib

(3)

19. In a transistor the base current is changed by 20a. This results in a change of 0.02V in base emitter
voltage and a change of 2ma in collector current.
(3)
(i) Find input resistance,
(ii) Trans conductance.
20. With the help of circuit diagram explain the action of a transistor.

(3)

21. Draw the circuit diagram to study the characteristic of N-P-N transistor in common emitter
configuration. Sketch input output characteristic for the configuration. Explain current gain, voltage
gain.
(3)
22. Draw the transfer characteristics of a transistor in common emitter configuration. Explain briefly the
meaning of the term active region and cut off region in this characteristic.
(3)
23. Explain with the help of a circuit diagram the working of N-P-N transistor as a common emitter
amplifier. Draw input and output wave form.
(3)
24. Draw a labeled circuit diagram of common emitter amplifier using P-N-P transistor. Define voltage
gain and write expression. Explain how the input and output voltage are out of phase 180o for common
emitter transistor amplifier.
(3)
25. The output characteristic of transistor is shown.
(i) Find current amplification
(ii) Output Resistance
Ic10
(mA)
60A

Ib

50A
40A
30A
20A
10A
0.5

1.0 1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

VCE (V)

LOGIC GATES
*1. Modern technology use poly silicon instead of metal to form the gate. Why?
Ans: Poly silicon has high conductivity compared to metal.

(1)

2. Identify the logic gate; Give its truth table and output wave form?

(1)

Ans: NAND GATE.

*3. Draw the logic circuit and the output wave form for given output Y=0, 0, 1, 1

(2)

Class XII

PHYSICS

109

Ans: The output of the AND gate is Y = A.B consequently the input of the OR gate are A and A.B . Then
the final Y = A + A.B
Input for AND gate
A

Output of
AND gate
Y= A.B

Input of
OR gate
A
Y

output of
OR gate
Y=A+Y

*4. Construct the truth table for the Boolean equation Y=(A+B).C and represent by logic circuit. (2)

C
A

Ans: The output of OR gate is A+B. Consequently, the inputs of AND gate are A+B & C Hence the Boolean
equation for the given circuit is Y=(A+B).C

*5. Construct AND gate using NAND GATE and give its truth table?
Ans: AND Gate using NAND GATE:-

Class XII

Y= A.B

PHYSICS

(2)

110

6. Identify which basic gate OR, AND and NOT is represented by the circuits in the dotted lines boxes 1,2
and 3. Give the truth table for the entire circuit for all possible values of A and B?
(3)

Ans: The dotted line box 1 represents a NOT gate. The dotted line box 2 represents an OR gate. Here
we use de Morgans theorem. The dotted line 3 represents AND gate.
7. Two input waveforms A and B shown in figure (a) and (b) are applied to an AND gate. Write the
output
(3)
Time
1
2
3
4
5
6
interval
Input A
0
1
1
0
0
1
Input B
0
0
1
1
0
0
Output
0
0
1
0
0
0
Y = A.B
Input waveform.

8. A circuit symbol of a logic gate and two input wave forms A and B are shown.
a) Name the logic gate
b) Give the output wave form

Class XII

PHYSICS

111

a. Name the logic gate

b. Give the output wave form
Ans: Current amplifier = Ic / Ib = 9.5 2.5 / 50 x 10 -6

(3)

1. Identify the Logic gate.

A

B
Y = A B
2. Draw the circuit of XOR gate.
AND

OR

AND
A
0
0
1
1

B
0
1
0
1

Y
0
1
1
0
(3)

3. Identify the Logic gate

OR
A
(A+B)
B

AND
A.B
NAND

Ans: Y = (A+B) AB
Class XII

PHYSICS

112

4. Identify the gate:

A

A B
Y

B
Ans: AND Gate
5. A and b wave form input given for NAND gate. Draw Output

Class XII

PHYSICS

113

10. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

GIST
1. COMMUNICATION
The sending and receiving of message from one place to another is called communication. Two
important forms of communication systems are (i) Analog and (ii) digital.
In analog communication the signal is continuous while in digital communication the signal is discrete.
2. THREE BASIC ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
(i) Transmitter (ii) Communication channel (iii) Receiver
3. MODULATION
The superposition of (audio frequency) message signal (20 Hz-20 kHz) over (high frequency) carrier wave
( 1MHz) is called modulation.
4. NEED FOR MODULATION:
* Size of antenna h= /4 so, for high frequency. Height will be large which is impossible.
* Effective power radiated by an antenna P

1
2

* Mixing up of signals from different transmitters.

5. TYPES OF MODULATION
There are two broad types of modulation: (i) Continuous wave modulation
(ii) Pulse modulation.
1. Continuous wave modulation is of three types:
(i) Amplitude modulation (AM): In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of carrier wave varies in
accordance with instantaneous voltage of information (or message) signal.
(ii) Frequency modulation (FM): In frequency modulation the frequency of carrier wave is varied in
accordance with instantaneous voltage of information signal.
(iii) Phase modulation (PM): In phase modulation, the phase of carrier wave is varied in accordance
with the information signal.
6. Amplitude modulation

8. SPACE COMMUNICATION
Space communication uses free space between transmitter and receiver.
Space communication is via:
(i) ground waves (ii) space waves (iii) sky waves

Class XII

PHYSICS

114

9. GROUND OR SURFACE WAVE PROPAGATION is a mode of wave propagation in which the ground has
a strong influence on the propagation of signal wave from the transmitting antenna to receiving
antenna .In this propagation ,the signal waves glides over the surface of earth, Ground waves are heavily
absorbed by earth and not suitable for long range communication. Ground wave propagation can be
sustained only at low frequencies (500 kHz-1500 kHz).
10. SKY WAVE PROPAGATION is a mode of wave propagation in which the radiowave emitted from the
transmitter antenna reach the receiving antenna after reflection by ionosphere. Sky wave propagation is
possible because of reflection of carrier signals from ionosphere or satellite.
11. SPACE WAVE PROPAGATION higher than 30MHz is that mode of wave propagation in which the
radiowaves emitted from the transmitter antenna reach the receiving antenna through space. These
radiowaves are called space waves. It is also called line of sight communication. Space wave is suitable
for UHF/VHF regions.
Band width of the signal
Type of signal
Band width
Speech
2800 Hz
Music
20 KHz
Video
42 MHz
Video & Audio (T.V)
6.0 MHz
12. COVERING RANGE OF T.V. TRANSMITTING TOWER is d=2Reh, where h is height of tower and Re
radius ofearth. T.V. waves are frequency modulated waves. VHF T.V. waves range from 47 to 230 MHz
and UHF T.V. waves have range from 470 to 960 MHz.
Maximum line of sight distance d m =2Rh T + 2RhR.
14. MAXIMUM USABLE FREQUENCY
It is that highest frequency of radio waves which when sent at some angle towards the ionosphere, gets
reflected from that and returns to the earth.
16. SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
The communication satellite is used for reflecting sky waves without any disturbance. Its height is 35800
km above earths surface. To cover entire globe of earth simultaneously 3-satellites are employed.
II. IMPORTANT FORMULAE
1. Marconi antenna is grounded, and its length = /4, where is wavelength of the waves transmitted. It
is called quarter wave antenna.
2. Hertz antenna is not grounded, and its length = /2. It is called half wave antenna.
3. Side band frequencies in AM wave are SB = c mwhere m is frequency of modulating (audio) signal.
4.
Modulation index,
m a = E m / Ec
Modulation index,
ma= Emax Emin / Emax + Emin
6. Coverage range (d) for a given height (h) of antenna
Class XII

PHYSICS

115

d = 2hR where R = radius of earth.

d = 2Rhr + 2RhR,where hT , hR are the heights of transmitter and receiver antennas.
7. Population covered = population density x area covered.
8. Number of channels,
N = Total band width of channels / Band width per channel
III. Communication System Block Diagrams
1)

2)

3)
4)

5)

Class XII

PHYSICS

116

CONCEPT MAP

EM Waves and Communication

QUESTIONS
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
1. Mention the functions of the transponder?
(1)
Ans: A device fitted on the satellite which receives the signal and retransmits it after amplification.
2. What should be the length of dipole antenna for a carrier wave of 5 x 108 Hz?
(1)
Ans: L = \2 = c\v x 2 = 3 x 108 / 5 x 108 x 2 = 0.3m.
3. *A device X can convert one form of energy into another. Another device Y can be regarded as a
combination of a transmitter and a receiver. Name the devices X and Y.
(1)
(a) Transducer
(b) Repeater
4. Name the two basic modes of communication. Which of these modes is used for
telephonic communication?
(2)
HINT:
Two basic modes of transmission are (i) Point-to-point and (ii) broad cast mode.
Class XII

PHYSICS

117

Point-to-point mode is used for Telephonic communication.

5. Differentiate an analog signal and a digital signal. How can an analog signal converted into a digital signal?
6.

(2)

(2)
Hint: X= IF STAGE, Y = Amplifier
7.* Complete the following block diagram depicting the essential elements of a basic
communication system.

(3)

ANS:TRANSMITTER,MEDIUM AND RECIEVER

8.Calculate the length of a half wave dipole antenna at
(a) 1 MHz
(b) 100 MHz
(c) 1000MHz
What conclusion you draw from the results?
Hint: Length of dipole antenna, L = / 2
(a) 150m (b) 1.5m (c) 15 cm

(3)

II. PROPAGATION OF EM WAVES

1. Name the types of communication that uses carrier waves having frequencies in the range
1012 to 1016 Hz.
Ans. Optical communication
(1)
2. Write the expression for band width in FM.
(1)
Ans. width = 2 times frequency of modulating signal
3. What is attenuation?
(1)
4. What is the role of band pass filter in modulation circuit?
(1)
Ans.If filters out low and high frequencies and only allow band of frequencies (wc wm) to (wc+wm)
5. Distinguish between analog and digital communication.
(1)
6. State the facts by which the range of transmission of signals by a TV tower can be increased?
Ans. by increasing height of transmitting antenna
(1)
by increasing height of receiving antenna
7. What % of AM wave power is carried by side bands for m=1?
(1)
8. Why moon cannot be used as a communicate satellite?
(1)
9. Explain why medium waves are better parries of signals than radio waves?
(1)
Hint: Uni-directional propagation.
10. What is the requirement of transmitting microwaves from one to another on the earth?
Ans: The transmitting and receiving antennas must be in line of sight.
(1)
11. Name the type of radio waves propagation involved when TV signals broadcast by a tall antenna are
intercepted directly by the receiver antenna.
(1)
12. Why sky waves are not used for the transmission of TV signals?
(1)
13. A TV tower has a height of 300m. What is the maximum distance upto which this TV transmission
can be received?
Ans: d = 2Rh = 2 x 6400 x 1000 x 300 = 62km
(1)
Class XII

PHYSICS

118

14. How does the effective power radiated by an antenna vary with wavelength?
(1)
15.*Why ground wave propagation is not suitable for high frequency? (OR)Why is ground wave
propagation restricted to frequency up to 1500 kHz?
(1)
Hint: It is because radio waves having frequency greater than 1500MHz are strongly absorbed by the
ground.
16.*Why are signals not significantly absorbed by ionosphere in satellite communication?
Hint: It is because satellite communication employs HF carrier i.e. microwaves
(1)
17. How many geostationary satellites are required to provide communication link over the entire globe
and how should they be parked?
(1)
18.* Why is the orbit of a remote sensing satellite called sun synchronous?
(1)
Hint: it is because when ever such a satellites passes over a particular area of the Earth, the position of
the sun with respect to that area remains the same.
19.At a particular place at a distance of 10km from a transmission station a person can receive signals
but not able to receive signals at 100km, suggest a method how he can receive signal at 11 km By using
antenna.
(1)
20. The tuned circuit of oscillator in a single AM transmitter employs 50 uH coil and 1nF capacitor. The
oscillator output is modulated by audio frequency up to 10KHz. Determine the range of AM wave.
(2)
Hint: c = 1/2LC ; USF = c + m ; LSF = c m
21. The TV transmission tower at a particular station has a height of 160 m. What is the Coverage range?
(2)
22. What is the population covered by the transmission, if the average Population density around the
tower is 1200km-2?
(2)
3
-3
Hint: d = 2Rh=26.410 16010 =45km
Range 2d=245=90km
Population covered=area population density=12006359= 763020
23. A transmitting antenna at the top of tower has a height of 36m and the height of the receiving
antenna is 49m. What is the maximum distance between them, for the satisfactory communication in
the LOS mode? (Radius of the earth =6400km).
(2)
Hint. Using d= 2Rh t + 2Rh r we get =46.5km
24. Derive an expression for covering range of TV transmission tower
(2)
25. * What is space wave propagation? Which two communication methods make use of this mode of
propagation? If the sum of the heights of transmitting and receiving antennae in line of sight of
communication is fixed at h, show that the range is maximum when the two antennae have a height h/2
each.
(3)
Ans: Satellite communication and line of sight (LOS) communication make use of space waves.
Here d1=2Rh2 and d 2= 2Rh2
For maximum range,
Dm=2Rh1 + 2Rh 2
where dm =d1 + d2= d
Given h1 + h2 = h
Let
h1 = x then h 2 = h-x
Then dm = 2Rx + 2R(h-x) ,
d dm /dx = R/2x - R/2(h-x) = 0
i.e., 1/2x = 1/2(h-x) i.e., x = h/2
=>
h1 = h2 = h/2.
26. * A ground receiver station is receiving signals at (i) 5 MHz and (ii) 100 MHz, transmitted from a
ground transmitter at a height of 300 m located at a distance of 100km. Identify whether the signals are
Class XII

PHYSICS

119

coming via space wave or sky wave propagation or satellite transponder. Radius of earth = 6400 km;
Maximum electron density in ionosphere, Nmax = 1012m-3
(3)
Solution:
Maximum coverage range of transmitting antenna, d = 2Reh
Therefore d = 2 x 6400 x 103 x 300 = 6.2 x 104
The receiving station (situated at 100 km) is out of coverage range of transmitting antenna, so space
wave communication is not possible, in both cases (i) and (ii) The critical frequency (or maximum
frequency) of ionospheric propagation is fc = 9(Nmax)1/2 = 9 x 1012= 9 x 10 6 Hz = 9 MHz Signal (i) of
5MHz (< 9 MHz) is coming via ionosphere mode or sky wave propagation, while signal (ii) of 100MHz is
coming via satellite mode.
27. * By what percentage will the transmission range of a TV tower be affected when the height of the
tower is increased by 21%. ?
(3)
Solution:
Transmission range of TV tower = d = 2hR If the height is increased by 21%, new height
h = h + 21\100h = 1.21h
If d is the new average range, then d/d =h / h = 1.1% increase in range d\ d x 100% = (d d \ d) x
100% = (d/ d -1) x100% = (1.1 1) x 100% = 10%
MODULATION
1. What type of modulation is used for commercial broadcast of voice signal?
(1)
2. *Over modulation result in distortion of the signal in amplitude modulation. Why?
(1)
Ans: When carrier wave is over modulated (i.e. m a>1), the modulated wave will be absent at negative peak
of modulating signal. This results in distortion of the signal.
3.*An AM wave contains more power than the carrier wave. Why?
(1)
Ans: An AM wave contains three components, the carrier components and the two side band components
(LSB and USB). It therefore contains more power than the carrier wave.
4.* Why is frequency modulation better than amplitude modulation?
(1)
5.* What would be the modulation index for an amplitude modulated wave for which the maximum
amplitude is a while the minimum amplitude is b?
(2)
Ans. Modulation index,
am = Em/Ec
(1)
Maximum amplitude of modulated wave a=Ec + Em .....(2)
Minimum amplitude of modulated wave b = Ec - Em
(3)
From (2) and (3), Ec = a+b/2,
Em = a-b/2
From (1), modulation index, am = Em/Ec = (a-b)/2 / (a+b)/2 = a-b/ a+b
6. A carrier wave of peak voltage 20 V is used to transmit a message signal. What should be the peak
voltage of the modulating signal, in order to have a modulation index of 80% ?
(2)
Hint:
Modulation index,
m a = E m / Ec
Em =ma x Ec = 0.80 x 20 V = 16 V
7. A message signal of frequency 10 kHz and peak value of 8 volts is used to modulate a carrier of
frequency 1MHz and peak voltage of 20 volts. Calculate: (i) Modulation index
(ii) The side bands produced.
(2)
Solution: (i) Modulation index, ma = Em / Ec = 8/20 = 0.4
(ii) Side bands frequencies = fc fm
Thus the side bands are at 1010KHz and 990 kHz.
8.An amplitude modulation diode detector, the output circuit consists of resistance R = 1k and
capacitance C = 10pf. It is desired to detect a carrier signal of 100 kHz by it. Explain whether it is a good
detector or not? If not what value of capacitance would you suggest?
(3)
Solution: The satisfactory condition for demodulation is that reactance at carrier frequency must be
much less than R.
Reactance = 1 / C = 1 / 2fCC = 1/ 2 x 3.14 x 100 x 103 x 10 x 10-12
Class XII

PHYSICS

120

= 1.59 x 105 = 159 k

This is much greater than the given resistance, so it is not a good detector. For detection, the condition
is 1 / 2fCC << R = C >> 1 / 1.59 x 10-9 fared or C >> 1.59 nF.
Thus for proper detection the capacitance of output circuit must be much greater than 1.59 nF. The
suitable capacitance is 1F.

Class XII

PHYSICS

121

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

UNIT I
ELECTROSTATICS
2 MARKS
1)

2)

3)

4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

9)
10)
11)
12)

13)
14)
15)

16)

17)

18)

19)
20)

Force of attraction between two point charges placed at a distance ofd is F. What
distance apart they are kept in the same medium, so that, the force between them is F/3?
Define electric field intensity. Write its S I unit. Write the magnitude and direction of electric
field intensity due electric dipole of length 2a at the midpoint of the line joining the two
charges.
Define electric field intensity. Write its S.I unit. Write the magnitude and direction of electric
field intensity due to an electric dipole of length2a at the midpoint of the line joining the
two charges.
Sketch the electric lines of force due to point charges q > 0, q < 0 and for uniform field.
Define electric flux. Give its S.I unit and dimensional formula.
Two point charges 4c and -2c are separated by a distance of 1 m in air. At what point on
the line joining the charges is the electric potential zero?
Depict the equipotential surfaces for a system of two identical positive point charges placed
at distance d apart.
Deduce the expression for the potential energy of a system of two point charges q1 and q2
brought from infinity to that points r1 and r2.
3 MARKS
Derive an expression for electric field intensity at a point on the axial line and on the
equatorial line of an electric pole.
Derive an expression for torque acting on an electric dipole in a uniform electric filed.
Derive an expression for total work done in rotating an electric dipole through an angle in
uniform electric field.
A sphere S1 of radius r1 encloses a charge Q. If there is another concentric sphere S 2 of
the radius r2 (r2 > r1) and there be no additional charges between S1 and S 2, find the ratio
of electric flux
through S 1 and S 2.
State Gausss Theorem in electrostatics. Using this theorem, find the electric field strength
due to an infinite plane sheet of charge.
State Gauss' theorem. Apply this theorem to obtain the expression for the electric field
intensity at a point due to an infinitely long, thin, uniformly charged straight wire.
. Using Gausss theorem, show mathematically that for any point outside the shell, the field
due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell is the same as if the entire charge of the shell
is concentrated at the centre. Why do you expect the electric field inside the shell to be zero
according to this theorem?
Deduce an expression for the electric potential due to an electric dipole at any point on its
axis. Mention one contrasting feature of electric of a dipole at a point as compared to that
due to single charge.
Define dielectric constant in terms of the capacitance of a capacitor.
5 MARKS
Give the principle and working of a Van de Graff generator. With the help of a labelled
diagram, describe its construction and working. How is the leakage of charge minimised
from the generator?
Briefly explain the principle of a capacitor. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a
parallel plate capacitor, whose plates are separated by a dielectric medium.
Derive an expression for the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor with air between the
plates. How does the stored energy change if air is replaced by a medium of dielectric
constant K? ; Also show that the energy density of a capacitor is.
Class XII

PHYSICS

122

21)

22)

23)

A parallel-plate capacitor is charged to a potential difference V by a dc source. The capacitor

is then disconnected from the source. If the distance between the plates is doubled, state
with reason how the following change
(i) electric field between the plates
(ii) capacitance, and
(iii) energy stored in the capacitor
Explain the underlying principle of working of a parallel plate capacitor. If two similar plates,
each of area A having surface charge densities + & - are separated by a distance d in
air, write expressions for (i) the electric field at points between the two plates, (ii) the
potential difference between the plates & (iii) the capacity of the capacitor so formed
A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery and the battery remains connected, a
dielectric slab is inserted in the space between the plates. Explain what changes if any ,
occur in the values of
(I) potential difference between the plates
(II) electric field between the plates
(III) energy stored in the capacitor.
UNIT II
CURRENT ELECTRICITY

2 MARKS
1. Two wires A & B are of the same metal and of the same length. Their areas of cross-section
are in the ratio of 2:1. if the same potential difference is applied across each wire in turn, what
will be the ratio of the currents flowing in A & B?
2. Explain, with the help of a graph, the variation of conductivity with temperature for a metallic
conductor.
3. Draw V-I graph for ohmic and non-ohmic materials. Give one example for each.
4. Explain how does the resistivity of a conductor depend upon (i) number density n of free
electrons, & (ii) relaxation timet.
5. Define the term temperature coefficient of resistivity. Write its SI unit. Plot a graph showing
the variation of resistivity of copper with temperature.
6. A cell of emf (E) and internal resistance (r) is connected across a
variable external resistance (R) Plot graphs to show variation of (i) E
with R (ii) terminal p.d. of the cell (V) with R.
7. Explain how electron mobility changes from a good conductor
(i) when temperature of the conductor is decreased at constant
potential difference and (ii) applied potential difference is doubled
at constant temperature.
8. Write the mathematical relation between mobility and drift velocity of charge carriers in a
conductor. Name the mobile charge carriers responsible for conduction of electric current in: (i)
an electrolyte, & (ii) an ionised gas.
9. Define drift velocity. Establish a relation between current & drift velocity.
10. Define the term current density of a metallic conductor. Deduce the relation connecting current
density J & the conductivity of the conductor when an electric field E is applied to it.
11. Why do we prefer potentiometer to compare the e.m.f of cells than the voltmeter. Why?
12. State Kirchhoffs rules of current distribution in an electric network.
13. The variation of potential difference V with length l in the case of two potentiometers X &
Y is as shown in figure. Which one of these two will you prefer for comparing emfs of two cells
and why?
X
V
Y

Class XII

PHYSICS

123

3 MARKS
14. Draw a circuit diagram using a metre bridge and write the necessary mathematical relation used
to determine the value of an unknown resistance. Why cannot such an arrangement be used for
measuring very low resistance?
15. With the help of a circuit diagram, explain in brief the use of a potentiometer for comparison of
emfs of two cells.
16. Prove that the current density of a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the drift speed
of electrons.
17. A number of identical cells, n, each of emf E, internal resistance r connected
in series are charged by a d.c. source of emf E, using a resistor R.
(i)
Draw the circuit arrangement.
(ii)
Deduce the expressions for (a) the charging current and (b) the potential difference
across the combination of the cells.
18. Derive the principle of wheatstone bridge using Kirchoffs law.
19. State Kirchhoffs rules of current distribution in an electrical network.
Using these rules determine the value of the current I1 in the electric circuit given below.

20. Write the mathematical relation for the resistivity of material in terms of
relaxation time, number density and mass and charge of charge carriers in it.Explain, using this
relation, why the resistivity of a metal increases and that of semi-conductor decreases with rise
in temperature.
21. Calculate the value of the resistance R in the circuit shown in the figure so that the current in
the circuit is 02 A. What would be the potential difference between points A and B?

UNIT III
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM
2 MARKS
1.
A circular coil of radius R carries a current I. Write the expression for the magnetic field
due to this coil at its centre. Find out the direction of the magnetic field.
2.
Write the expression for the force on the charge moving in a magnetic field. Use this
expression to define the SI unit of magnetic field.

Class XII

PHYSICS

124

3.

4.

5.
6.
7.

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

13.
14.

15.
16.

17.
18.

19.

20.
21.

Define magnetic susceptibility of a material. Name two elements, one having positive
susceptibility and the other having negative susceptibility. What does negative susceptibility
signify?
Define the term magnetic dipole moment of a current loop. Write the expression for the
magnetic moment when an electron revolves at a speed around an orbit of radius in
hydrogen atom..
Explain with the help of a diagram the term magnetic declination at a given place.
Define the term angle of dip. What is the value of the angle of dip at the magnetic
equator? What does it mean?
Two wires of equal lengths are bend in the form of two loops. One of the loop is square
shaped where as the other loop is circular. These are suspended in a uniform magnetic field
and the same current is passed through them. Which loop will experience greater torque?
Give reasons.
Explain why steel is preferred for making permanent magnets while soft iron is preferred for
making electromagnets.
Draw diagram to show behavior of magnetic field lines near a bar of 1)copper2)aluminum
and3)mercury cooled at a very low temperature(4.2K)
How will the magnetic field intensity at the centre of the circular coil carrying current will
change, if the current through the coil is doubled and radius of the coil is halved?
What do you mean by current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer? On what factors
does it depend?
Derive an expression for the force experienced by a current carrying straight conductor
placed in a magnetic field. Under what condition is this force maximum?
3 MARKS
Obtain the force per unit length experienced by two parallel conductors of infinite length
carrying current in the same direction. Hence define one ampere.
A) If -stands for the magnetic susceptibility of a given material, identify the class of
materials for which (a) -1 < 0, and (b) 0 < < [ is a small positive number]. Write the
range of relative magnetic permeability of these materials.
B) Draw the pattern of the magnetic field lines when these materials are placed on a strong
magnetic field.
Derive an expression for the force acting on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
Under what conditions this force is maximum and minimum?
Define the term magnetic moment of current loop. Derive the expression for the magnetic
moment when an electron revolves at a speed v around an orbit of radius r in hydrogen
atom. Also calculate the value of Bohrs magnetic moment.
With the help of diagram explain how a galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter
and a voltmeter.
To increase the current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer by 50%, its resistance is
increased so that the new resistance becomes twice its initial resistance. By what factor
does its voltage sensitivity change?
5 MARKS
Write an expression for force experienced by a charged particle moving in a uniform
magnetic field? With the help of labeled diagram, explain principle and working of a
cyclotron. Show that cyclotron frequency does not depend upon the speed of particles.
Write its two limitations.
State Amperes Circuital Law. Derive an expression for the magnetic field at a point due to
straight current carrying conductor.
Derive an expression for the magnetic field at a point along the axis of an air cored solenoid
using a Amperes circuital law..
Class XII

PHYSICS

125

22.
23.
24.

25.

Derive an expression for torque acting on a rectangular current carrying loop kept in a
uniform magnetic field B. Indicate the direction of torque acting on the loop.
With neat diagram, describe the principle, construction and working of a moving coil
galvanometer. Explain the importance of radial field.
State Biot Savart Law. Use this law to obtain a formula for magnetic field at the centre of a
circular loop of radius R ,number of turns N carrying current I. Sketch the magnetic field
lines for a current loop clearly indicating the direction of the field.
Distinguish the magnetic properties of dia, para- and ferro-magnetic substances interms of
(i) susceptibility, (ii) magnetic permeability and (iii) coercivity. Give one example of each of
these materials.Draw the field lines due to an external magnetic field near a (i)
diamagnetic,(ii) paramagnetic substance.

UNIT IV
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION &
ALTERNATING CURRENT
2 MARKS
1. How does the self-inductance of an air core coil change, when (i) the number of turns in the coils
is decreased & (ii) an iron rod is introduced in the coil.
2. What is the effect on the mutual inductance between the pair of coil when
(i) the distance between the coils is increased?(ii) the number of turns in each coil is decreased?
Justify your answer in each case.
3. State Lenzs law. Show that it is in accordance with the law of conservation of energy.
4. The closed loop PQRS is moving into a uniform magnetic field acting at right angles to the plane
of the paper as shown. State the direction of the induced current in the loop.

x x x x x
P

x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
R

x x x x x
5. Define mutual inductance and give its S.I. unit.Write two factors on which the mutualinductance between a pair of coil depends.
6. What is the power dissipated in an ac circuit in which voltage & current are given by V = 230 sin
(t + /2) and I = 10 sin t?
7. The instantaneous current & voltage of an ac circuit are given by:
i = 10 sin 314t ampere, & V = 50 sin 314t volt.
What is the power dissipation in the circuit?
8. The coils in certain galvanometers have fixed core made of a non-magnetic material. Why does
the oscillating coil come to rest so quickly in such a core?
9. What are eddy currents. How are these produced? in what sense are eddy currents considered
undesirable in a transformer and how are these reduced in such a device?
10. Prove that average power consumed over a complete cycle of ac through an ideal inductor is
zero.
Class XII

PHYSICS

126

11. Prove that an ideal capacitor in an ac circuit does not dissipate power.
12. Distinguish resistance,reactance and impedance.
13. What is an induced emf? Write Faradays law of electromagnetic induction Express it
mathematically.
14. Two identical loops, one of copper and the other of aluminum, are rotated with the same
angular speed in the same magnetic field. Compare (i) the induced emf and (ii) the current
produced in the two coils. Justify your answer.
3 MARKS
15. Derive an expression for: (i) induced emf & (ii) induced current when, a conductor of length is
moved into a uniform velocity v normal to a uniform magnetic field B. Assume resistance of
conductor to be R.
16. Derive an expression for average power consumed over a complete cycle of ac through an LCR
circuit.
17. Define mutual inductance and give its SI unit. Derive an expression for the mutual inductance of
two long coaxial solenoids of same length wound over the other.
18. . Define self-inductance and give its S. I. Unit. Derive an expression for self- inductance of a long,
air-cored solenoid of length l, radius r, and having N number of turns
5 MARKS
19. Explain the term 'capacitive reactance'. Show graphically the variation of capacitive reactance
with frequency of the applied alternating voltage.An a.c. voltage E=E0sint is applied across a
pure capacitor of capacitance C. Show mathematically that the current flowing through it leads
the applied voltage by a phase angle of /2.
.
20. Explain the term 'inductive reactance'. Show graphically the variation of inductive reactance
with frequency of the applied alternating voltage.
An a.c. voltage E=E0 sint is applied across a pure inductor of inductance L. Show
mathematically that the current flowing through it lags behind theapplied voltage by a phase
angle of /2.
21. An AC source of voltage V = Vm sin t is applied across a series LCR circuit. Draw the phasor
diagrams for this circuit, when:
a) Capacitive impedance exceeds the inductive impedance AND
b) Inductive impedance exceeds capacitive impedance.
22. A coil of inductance L, a capacitor of capacitance C, & a resistor of resistance R are all put in
series with an alternating source of emf E = E0 sin t. Write expressions for a) total impedance
of circuit, and (b) frequency of source emf for which circuit will show resonance.
23. A circular coil of N-turns & radius R is kept normal to a magnetic field, given by: B = B0 cos t.
Deduce an expression for the emf induced in this coil. State the rule which helps to detect the
direction of induced current.
24. Discuss a series resonant circuit. Derive an expression for resonant frequency and show a
graphical variation between current and angular frequency of applied ac. Define quality factor
and derive an expression for it.
25. Explain with help of a labelled diagram the principle, construction and working of a transformer.
Mention the various energy losses in a transformer? Explain the role of transformer in long
distance transmission of power ?
26. With the help of a neat diagram, explain the principle construction and working of an a.c
generator.

Class XII

PHYSICS

127

UNIT V
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
2 MARKS
1. A plane monochromatic light wave lies in the visible region. It is represented by sinusoidal
variation with time by the following components of electric field:
EX = 0, EY = 4 sin [2/ (x vt)], Ez = 0
Where, v = 5 x 1014 Hz and is the wave length of light.
(i)
What is the direction of propagation of the wave?
(ii)
What is its amplitude? And
(iii)
Compute the components of magnetic field.
2. Give two characteristics of electromagnetic waves. Write the expression for the velocity of
electromagnetic waves in terms of permittivity and magnetic permeability of free space.
3. Find wavelength of electromagnetic waves of frequency 5 x 1019 Hz in free space. Give its two
applications.
4. Name the characteristics of e. m. waves that: (i) increases, & (ii) remains constant in e. m.
spectrum as one moves from radiowave region towards ultraviolet region.
3 MARKS
5. Which constituent radiation of electromagnetic spectrum is used: (i) in radar? (ii) To photograph
internal parts of human body? & (iii) for taking photographs of the sky during night and foggy
condition? Give one reason for your answer in each case.
6. Write any four characteristics of e. m. waves. Give two uses of: (i) Radio waves & (ii)
Microwaves.
7. Name the following constituent radiations of e. m. spectrum which, (i) produce intense heating
effect? (ii) is absorbed by the ozone layer, &(iii) is used for studying crystal structure.
8. Experimental observations have shown: (i) that X-rays travel in vacuum with a speed of 3 x 108 m
s-1, & (ii) the phenomenon of diffraction and can be polarized. What conclusion is drawn about
the nature of X-rays from each of these observations?
9. Why are infrared radiations referred to as heat waves? Name the radiations which are next to
these radiations in e. m. spectrum having: (i) shorter wavelength, & (ii) longer wavelength.
10. The oscillating magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given by:
By = 8 x 10-6 sin [2 x 1011 t + 300 x] T
(i)
Calculate the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave &
(ii)
Write down the expression for oscillating electric filed.
11. Identify the following electromagnetic radiation as per the wavelengths given below:
(a) 10-3 nm, & (b) 10-3 m, & (c) 1 nm;
Write
one application of each.
12. Name the constituent radiation of electromagnetic spectrum which
(a) is used in satellite communication.
(b) is used for studying crystal structure.
(c) is similar to the radiations emitted during decay of radioactive nuclei.
(d) has its wavelength range between 390 nm and 770 nm.
(e) is absorbed from sunlight by ozone layer.
(f) produces intense heating effect.
13. What is meant by the transverse nature of electromagnetic waves? Drawdiagram showing the
propagation of the an electromagnetic wave along X direction, indicating clearly the directions of
oscillating electric and magnetic fields associated with it.

Class XII

PHYSICS

128

UNIT VI
OPTICS
1.
2.
3.

4.

5.
6.

7.

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

13.

14.
15.
16.

17.
18.

2 MARKS
What is the geometrical shape of the wavefront when a plane wave passes through a
convex lens?
What is total internal reflection? Under what condition does it take place.
A convex lens made up of a material of refractive index n 1, is immersed in a medium of
refractive index n2. Trace the path of a parallel beam of light passing through the lens when:
(i) (i) n 1> n2, (ii) n 1 = n2, & (iii) n1< n2..Explain your answer.
A concave lens made of material of refractive index n1 is kept in a medium of refractive
index n2. A parallel beam of light is incident on the lens. Complete the path of rays of light
emerging from the concave lens if: (i) n1> n 2, (ii) n1 = n2, & (iii) n 1< n 2.
Draw a ray diagram to show how an image is formed by a compound microscope. ?
A microscope is foucssed on a dot at the bottom of a beaker. Some oil is poured into the
beaker to a height of y cm & it is found necessary to raise microscope through a vertical
distance of x cm to bring the dot again into focus. Express refractive index of oil in terms of
x & y.
How does the (i) magnifying power & (ii) resolving power of a telescope change on
increasing the diameter of its objective? Give reasons for your answer.
How will magnifying power of a refracting type astronomical telescope be affecting on
increasing for its eye piece: (i) the focal length, & (ii) the aperture. Justify your answer.
Draw a labelled ray diagram showing the formation of image of a distant object using an
astronomical telescope in the normal adjustment position
Draw a labelled ray diagram showing the formation of image of a distant object using an
astronomical telescope in the near point adjustment.
Draw a ray diagram to illustrate image formation by a Cassegrain type reflecting telescope.
Explain with reason, how the resolving power of an astronomical telescope will change
when (i) frequency of the incident light on objective lens is increased (ii) the focal length of
the objective lens is increased & (iii) aperture of the objective lens is halved.
Draw a graph to show variation of angle of deviation D with that of angle of incidence i for
a monochromatic ray of light passing through a glass prism of reflecting angle A.
3 MARKS
Derive lens/mirror formula in case of a convex/concave mirror.
Stating the assumptions and sign conventions, derive expression for lens makers formula.
A right-angled crown glass prism with critical angle 41 is placed before an object, PQ in
two positions as shown in the figures (i) & (ii). Trace the paths of the rays from P & Q
passing through the prisms in the two cases.

(a) Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the formation of an image by a compound
microscope. Write the expression for its magnifying power.
(b) Define resolving power of a compound microscope.

Class XII

PHYSICS

129

19.

20.

21.
22.

23.
24.

25.

26.

27.
28.

29.
30.

31.

How does the resolving power of a compound microscope change, when (i) refractive index
of the medium between the object and the objective lens increases and (ii) Wavelength of
the radiation used is increased?
Define the term wave front? Using Huygens construction draw a figure
showing the propagation of a plane wave reflecting at the interface
of the two media. Show that the angle of incidence is equal to the
angle of reflection.
Define the term wavefront. Draw the wavefront and corresponding
rays in the case of a (i) diverging spherical wave (ii) plane wave.
Using Huygens construction of a wavefront, explain the refraction of
a plane wavefront at a plane surface and hence deduce Snells law.
What is meant by interference of light? Write any two conditions necessary for obtaining
well-defined and sustained interference pattern of light.
What is the effect on the interference fringes in a Youngs double slit experiment due to
each of the following operations? Give reason for your answer: (i) Separation between two
slits is increased & (ii) monochromatic source is replaced by a source of white light.
Draw the curve depicting variation of intensity in the interference pattern in Youngs double
slit experiment. State conditions for obtaining sustained interference pattern of light.
In a single slit diffraction pattern, how is angular width of central bright maximum changed
when (i) the slit width is decreased, (ii) the distance between the slit and the screen is
increased, & (iii) light of smaller wavelength is used? Justify your answers.
Why is diffraction of sound waves easier to observe than diffraction of light waves? What
two main changes in diffraction pattern of a single slit will you observe when the
monochromatic source of light is replaced by a source of white light?
In a single slit diffraction experiment, if the width of the slit is doubled, how does the (i)
intensity of light and (ii) width of the central maximum change? Give reason for your
answer.
What is wavefront? What is the geometrical shape of a wavefront emerging from a convex
lens when point source is placed at the focus?
What is wavefront? Distinguish between a plane wavefront and a spherical wavefront.
Explain with the help of a diagram, the refraction of a plane wavefront at a plane surface
using Huygenss construction.
Using Huygenss principle show that for parallel beam incident on a reflecting surface the
angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence.
Distinguish between unpolarised and plane polarised light. An unpolarised light is incident
on the boundary between two transparent media. State the condition when the reflected
wave is totally plane polarised. Find out the expression for the angle of incidence in this
case.
The following data was recorded for values of object distance and the corresponding values
of image distance in the experiment on study of real image formation by a convex lens of
power +5D. One of the observations is incorrect. Identify the observation and give reason
for your choice.
S. No.
1 2 3 4
5 6
Object distance (cm) 25 30 35 45 50 55
Image distance (cm) 97 6 37 35 32 30
5 MARKS

32.

(i) Derive the mirror formula which gives the relation between f, v and u. What is the
corresponding formula for a thin lens? (ii) Calculate the distance d, so that a real image of an
object at O, 15cm in front of a convex lens of focal length 10cm be formed at the same
point O. The radius of curvature of the mirror is 20cm. Will the image be inverted or erect?
Class XII

PHYSICS

130

33.

34.
35.
36.

37.

38.

39.

40.
41.

A spherical surface of radius of curvature R separates a rarer and a denser medium as

shown in the figure.

Complete the path of the incident ray of light, showing the formation of
real image. Hence derive the relation connecting object distance u,
image distance v radius of curvature R and the refractive indices n1 & n 2 of the media.
Briefly explain how the focal length of a convex lens changes with
Increase in wavelength of incident light.
State the assumptions and sign conventions in deriving the Lens makers formula and also
derive an expression for it.
Derive an expression for thin lens formula.
(a) In Youngs double slit experiment, deduce the conditions for: (i) constructive and (ii)
destructive interference at a point on the screen. Draw a graph showing variation of the
resultant intensity in the interference pattern against position x on the screen.
(b) Compare and contrast the pattern which is seen with two coherently illuminated narrow
slits in Youngs experiment with that seen for a coherently illuminated single slit producing
diffraction.
State Huygens principle. Using the geometrical construction of secondary wavelets, explain
the refraction of a plane wavefront incident at a plane surface. Hence verify Snells law of
refraction. Illustrate with the help of diagrams the action of: (i) convex lens and (ii) concave
mirror on a plane wavefront incident on it.
What is interference of light? Write two essential conditions for sustained interference
pattern to be produced on the screen. Draw a graph showing the variation of intensity
versus the position on the screen in Youngs experiment when (a) both the slits are opened
and (b) one of the slit is closed. What is the effect on the interference pattern in Youngs
double slit experiment when: (i) Screen is moved closer to the plane of slits? (ii)Separation
between two slits is increased. Explain your answer in each case.
What are coherent sources of light? Two slits in Youngs double slit experiment are
illuminated by two different sodium lamps emitting light of the same wavelength. Why is no
interference pattern observed?
(b) Obtain the condition for getting dark and bright fringes in Youngs experiment. Hence
write the expression for the fringe width.
(c) If S is the size of the source and its distance from the plane of the two slits, what should
be the criterion for the interference fringes to be seen?
What do we understand by polarization of wave? How does this phenomenon help us to
decide whether a given wave is transverse or longitudinal in nature?
Light from an ordinary source (say, a sodium lamp) is passed through a Polaroid sheet P1.
The transmitted light is then made to pass through a second Polaroid sheet P2 which can be
rotated so that the angle between the two Polaroid sheets varies from 0to 90. Show
graphically the variation of intensity of light, transmitted by P1& P2 as a function of the angle
Class XII

PHYSICS

131

42.

. Take the incident beam intensity a I0. Why does the light from a clear blue portion of the
sky, show a rise and fall of intensity when viewed through a Polaroid which is rotated?
(a) Draw a ray diagram to show the refraction of light through a glass prism. Hence obtain
the relation for the angle of deviation in terms of the angle of incidence, angle of emergence
and the angle of the prism. (b) A right angled isosceles glass prism is made from glass of
refractive index When a monochromatic yellow coloured light beam is incident on a given
photosensitive surface, photoelectrons are not ejected, while the same surface gives
photoelectrons when exposed to green coloured monochromatic beam. What will happen if
the surface is exposed to: (i) red coloured, monochromatic beam of light? Justify your
answer.
UNIT VII
DUAL NATURE OF MATTER

2 MARKS
1. When a monochromatic yellow coloured light beam is incident on a given photosensitive
surface, photoelectrons are not ejected, while the same surface gives photoelectrons when
exposed to green coloured monochromatic beam. What will happen if the surface is exposed to:
(i) red coloured, monochromatic beam of light? Justify your answer.
2. What is meant by work function of a metal? How does the value of work function influence the
kinetic energy of electrons liberated during photoelectric emission?
3. Define the terms: (i) work function, (ii) threshold frequency & (iii) stopping potential with
reference of photoelectric effect.
4. The work function of lithium is 2.3 eV. What does it mean? What is the relation between the
work function o and threshold wavelength o of a metal?
5. Red light, however bright, cannot cause emission of electrons from a clean zinc surface. But,
even weak ultraviolet radiations can do so. Why?
6. An electron and a proton have same kinetic energy. Which of the two has a greater wavelength?
Explain.
7. Define the term threshold frequency & work function in relation to photoelectric effect.
8. An electron and a proton are moving in the same direction and possess same kinetic energy.
Find the ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths associated with these particles.
9. In the photoelectric effect experiment, the graph between the stopping potential V and
frequency v of the incident radiation on two different metal plates P and Q are shown in the
figure. (i) Which of the two metal plates, P & Q has greater value of work function? & (ii) What
does the slope of the line depict?

3 MARKS
10. What is photoelectric effect? Write Einsteins photoelectric equation and use it to explain: (i)
independence of maximum energy of emitted photoelectrons from the intensity of incident
light. (ii) Existence of a threshold frequency for the emission of photoelectrons.
11. Draw the variation of maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons with frequency of the
incident radiation on a photosensitive surface. On the graph drawn, what do the following
indicate: (i) slope of the graph & (ii) intercept on the energy axis.

Class XII

PHYSICS

132

12. Obtain Einsteins photoelectric equation. Explain how it enables us to understand the (i) linear
dependence of the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons, on the frequency of the
incident radiation & (ii) existence of a threshold frequency for a given photo emitter.
13. Given below is the graph between frequency (v) of the incident light and maximum kinetic
energy (E) of emitted photoelectrons. Find the values of: (i) threshold frequency and (ii) work
function from the graph.

14. Sketch a graph between frequency of incident radiations and stopping potential for a given
photosensitive materials. What information can be obtained from the value of intercept on the
potential axis? A source of light of frequency greater that the threshold frequency is replaced at
a distance of 1 m from the cathode of a photo cell. The stopping potential is found to be V. If the
distance of the light source from the cathode is reduced, explain giving reason, what change you
will observe in the (I0 photoelectric current & (ii) stopping potential.
15. Explain the laws of photoelectric emission on the basis of Einsteins photoelectric equation.
Write one feature of the photoelectric effect which cannot be explained on the basis of wave
theory of light.
16. Draw graphs showing the variation of photoelectric current with anode potential of a photocell
for (i) the same frequency but different intensities I1> I2> I3 of incident radiation, & (ii) the same
intensity but different frequencies v1> v2> v3 of incident radiation. Explain why the saturation
current is independent of the anode potential?

UNIT VIII
ATOMS & NUCLEI
2 MARKS
1. Define disintegration constant and mean life of a radioactive substance. Give the unit of each.
2. What is impact parameter? What is the value of impact parameter for a head on collision? The
sequence of the stepwise decays of radioactive nucleus is:

D
D1
D2
D3
D4.
If the nucleon number and atomic number for D2 are respectively 176 & 71, what are the
corresponding values for D and D4 nuclei? Justify your answer.
3. Draw a diagram to show the variation of binding energy per nucleon with mass number for
different nuclei. Explain with the help of this plot the release of energy in the processes of
nuclear fission and fusion?
4. The value of ground state energy of hydrogen atom is: -13.6 eV; (i) What does the negative sign
signify? & (ii) How much energy is required to take an electron in this atom from the ground
state to the first excited state?
Class XII

PHYSICS

133

5.
6.

7.
8.
9.
10.

Give one point of difference between nuclear fission & nuclear fusion. Will neutron to proto
ratio increase or decrease in a nucleus when: (i) an electron, (ii) a positron is emitted?
Sketch the graph showing the variation of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of
their separation. Write three characteristic properties of nuclear force which distinguish it from
the electrostatic force.
State two characteristics of nuclear force. Why does the binding energy per nucleon decrease
with increase in mass number for heavy nuclei like 235U?
State the condition for controlled chain reaction to occur in a nuclear reactor. Heavy water is
often used as a moderator in thermal nuclear reactors. Give reason.
Define activity of a substance. State its S.I unit. Derive an expression for activity of a substance.
Define average or mean value of a radioactive substance, and derive an expression for it.

3 MARKS
11. State the basic postulates of Bohrs atomic model & derive an expression for the energy of an
electron in any orbit of hydrogen atom.
12. Derive an expression for the radius of stationary orbit. Prove that the various stationary orbits
are not equally spaced.
13. Derive mathematical expressions for: (i) kinetic energy, & (ii) potential energy of an electron
revolving in an orbit of radius r; how does the potential energy change with increase in
principal quantum number (n) for the electron and why?
14. Define the decay constant for a radioactive sample. Which of the following radiations , , &
rays are: (i) similar to X-rays? (ii) easily absorbed by matter? & (iii) similar in nature to cathode
rays?
15. Define the terms: half life period and decay constant of a radioactive sample. Derive the
relation between these terms.
16. In Rutherfords scattering experiment, mention two important conclusions which can be drawn
by studying the scattering of particles by an atom. Draw the schematic arrangement of Geiger
and Marsden experiment showing the scattering of particle by a thin foil of gold. How does
one get the information regarding the size of the nucleus in this experiment?
17. Sketch the energy level diagram for hydrogen atom. Mark the transitions corresponding to
Lyman and Balmer series.
18. Prove that the instantaneous rate of change of the activity of a radioactive substance is inversely
proportional to the square of its half life.
(3)
UNIT IX
ELECTRONIC DEVICES
2 MARKS
1. How is a p-type semiconductor formed? Name the majority carriers in it. Draw the energy band
diagram of a p-type semiconductor.
2. How is an n-type semiconductor formed? Name the majority carriers in it. Draw the energy band
diagram of a n-type semiconductor.
3. With the help of a diagram, show the biasing of a light emitting diode (LED). Give its two
advantages over conventional incandescent lamps.
4. Draw a circuit diagram to show how a photodiode is biased. Draw its characteristic curves for
two different illumination intensities.
5. Give the logic symbol for an AND gate. Draw the output wave form for input wave forms for this
gate.
3 MARKS
6. What is rectification? How can a diode valve be used as half wave rectifier and full wave
rectifier?
7. Explain how the depletion layer and the barrier potential are formed in a p-n junction diode.
8. Draw a circuit diagram for use of NPN transistor as an amplifier in common emitter
configuration. The input resistance of a transistor is
Class XII

PHYSICS

On changing its base

134

current by

, the collector current increases by 2 m A. If a load resistance of

is used in the circuit, calculate (i) the current gain & (ii) voltage gain of the
amplifier
9. The output of an AND gate is connected to both the inputs of a NAND gate. Draw the logic
circuit of this combination of gates and write its truth table.
10. What is a Zener diode? How it is symbolically represented? With the help of a circuit diagram,
explain the use of Zener diode as a voltage stabilizer.
11. With the help of a suitable diagram, explain the formation of depletion region in a p-n junction.
How does its width change when the junction is: (i) forward biased? & (ii) reverse biased?
5 MARKS
12. With the help of a circuit diagram explain the working of a transistor as an oscillator.
13. Explain briefly with the help of a circuit diagram how V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode
are obtained in: (i) forward bias & (ii) reverse bias.
14. Explain the function of base region of a transistor. Why this region is made thin and lightly
doped? Draw a circuit diagram to study the input and the output characteristics of n-p-n
transistor in a common emitter (CE) configuration. Show these characteristics graphically.
Explain how current amplification factor of the transistor is calculated using output
characteristics.
15. Draw the energy bands of p-type and n-type semiconductors. Explain with a circuit diagram the
working of a full wave rectifier.
16. Explain with the help of a circuit diagram the use of an n-p-n transistor as an amplifier in
common emitter configuration. Draw the input and output wave forms of the signal. Write the
expression for its voltage gain.
17. What is an n-p-n transistor? How does it differ from p-n-p transistor? Give their symbols. Explain
transistor action.
18. Explain the working of transistor as a switch. Draw transfer characteristic curve by showing 1)
Cutoff region 2) Active region and 3) Saturation region.
UNIT X
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
2MARKS
1. Draw a block diagram of communication system.
2. Distinguish between point to point and broadcast communication modes. Give one example
of each.
3. Explain the following terms.
a) Ground waves b) Space waves and c) sky waves.
4. What does the term LOS communication mean? Name the types of waves that are used for
this communication. Give typical examples, with the help of a suitable figure, of
communication systems that use space wave mode propagation.
5. Write the function of 1) Transducer and 2) repeater in the context of communication
system.
6. What is modulation? Explain the need of modulating a low frequency information signal.
7. We do not choose to transmit an audio signal by just directly converting it to an E.M wave
of the same frequency. Give two reasons for the same.

Class XII

PHYSICS

135

8.

Explain briefly with the help of diagrams the terms (i) amplitude modulation and (ii)
Frequency modulation. Which of these (i) gives better quality transmission? (ii) Has a larger
coverage
9. Why is short wave bands used for long distance transmission of signals?
10. Optical and radio telescope are built on the ground but x-ray astronomy is possible only
from satellite?
11. Draw a block diagram for a transmitter and a receiver of AM wave.

3 MARKS
12. Define the term modulation index for an AM wave. What would be the modulation index for
an AM wave for which the maximum amplitude is a and the minimum amplitude is b
13. A TV tower has a height h. Derive an expression for maximum distance up to which the
signal can be received from the earth.
14. What is meant by the term modulation? Explain with the help of a block diagram, how the
process of modulation is carried out in AM broadcasts?
15. What is meant by production of a modulated carrier wave? Describe briefly the essential
steps with block diagram production.
16. What is meant by detection of a modulated carrier wave? Describe briefly the essential
steps with block diagram detection.

Class XII

PHYSICS

136

Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan, Chennai Region

Sample paper-1
Class XII- Physics
General Instructions
a. All questions are compulsory
b. Internal choices have been provided in some questions. You have to attend only one
of the choices in such question.
c. Question numbers 1 to 8 are very short answer questions carrying one mark each.
d. Question numbers 9 to 18 are short answer questions carrying two marks each.
e. Question numbers 19 to 27 are also very short answers questions carrying three mark
each.
f. Question numbers 28 to 30 are long answer type question carrying 5 marks each
g. Use log tables if necessary.

1. In which orientation, a dipole placed in uniform field is in (i) Stable (ii) Unstable
equilibrium?
1
2. Two different wires X and Y of same diameter but different materials are joined in
series across a battery. If the number density of electrons in X is twice that in Y .
Find the ratio of drift velocity of electrons in two wires.
1
3. What is the magnetic moment of an electron orbiting in a circular orbit of radius r
with a speed V?
1
4. Name the part of electro magnetic spectrum whose wavelength lies in the range of
10 -10m . Give one of its use.
1
5. Red light is incident on a converging lens of focal length f . State with reason how f
will change if red light is replaced by blue light.
1
6. How does the resolving power of telescope change when the aperture of the
objective is increased?
1
7. The stopping potential in an experiment on photo electric effect is 1.5V . What is the
maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted?
1
8. Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1:8 , what is the ratio of their nuclei
radii?
1
9. Define electric flux. Write its SI unit. A charge q is enclosed by a spherical surface of
radius R. If the radius is reduced to half, how would the electric flux through the
surface change?
2
10. A infinite thin plane sheet of charge density 10 -8 cm -2 is held in air . How far apart
are two equipotential surfaces , whose potential difference is 5volt.
2
11. Give the expression for current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity of galvanometer.
Increase in current sensitivity may not necessarily increase the voltage sensitivity of
galvanometer. Justify.
2
12. An electric lamp having coil of negligible inductance connected in series with a
capacitor and an a.c source is glowing with certain brightness. How does the brightness
of the lamp change on reducing (i) capacitance (ii) frequency?
2

Class XII

PHYSICS

137

13. Find the wavelength of electromagnetic wave of frequency 4x10 9 Hz in free space .
Give its two applications.
2
14. For the same angle of incidence , the angle of refraction in media P, Q and R are 350 ,
250 and 150 respectively. In which medium will the velocity of light be maximum . Why?
2
15. Name one device for producing polarized light. Draw a graph showing the
dependence of intensity of transmitted light on the angle between polarizer and
analyser.
2
16. The radioactive nucleus A undergoes a series of decays according to the following
scheme:
A

A1

A2

A3

A4

The mass number and atomic number of A are 180 and 72 respectivily. What are these
numbers for A4.
[OR]
Define activity of radio nuclei, write the S.I. unit . Give the plot of activity of a radio
active species versus time.
17. In a common emitter transmitter amplifier the d.c current gain = 65, output
resistance is 5000 and internal resistance of the transistor is 500 . Find the a.c
voltage gain and power gain.
2
18. What is the range of frequencies used in satellite communication? What is common
between these waves and light waves?
2
19. With a neat diagram, deduce the effect of introducing a dielectric slab in between
the plates of a parallel plates capacitor on the capacitance of a capacitor.
3
20. With the help of circuit diagram, describe a method to find the internal resistance of
a primary cell using potentiometer.
3
21. Four identical cells each of emf 2V, are joined in parallel providing supply of current
to external circuit consisting of two 15 resistors joined in parallel. The terminal
voltage of the cells as read by an ideal Voltmeter is 1.6V. Calculate the internal
resistance of each cell.
3
22. Define self inductance and hence prove that the self inductance of a long air cored
solenoid is
L = (0 N2A)/ l
3
23. What is the effect on the interference fringes in a Youngs double slit experiment due
to each of the following operations. Explain with reason
(a). the separation between two slits is increased.
(b). the monochromatic source is replaced by another source of smaller wavelength.
(c). the source slit is moved closer to the double slit plane.
Class XII

PHYSICS

3
138

24. A proton and an alpha particle are accelerated through the same potential which
one of the two has (i) greater value of de-Broglie wavelength associated with it . (ii) less
kinetic energy? Justify your answer.
3
25. (a). Give the relation between decay constant and half life of a radio active element.
(b). A radio active substance has a half life period of 30days.Calculate (i) time takes for
of original number of atoms to disintegrate. (ii) time taken for of the original
number of atoms to remain unchanged.
[OR]
Calculate the longest and shortest wavelength in the Balmer series of hydrogen atom.
3
26. Why is modulation required in a transmitter? An audio signal of amplitude 0.1v is
used in amplitude modulation of a carrier wave of amplitude 0.2V. Calculate the
modulation index.
3
27. Your mother complaints of acute shortage of LPG. You are going to school without
having break-fast and without lunch box.
(a) Suggest a possible remedy to cook food in time
(b) What is the principle of such a device?

28. (a). Draw a schematic sketch of a cyclotron. Explain briefly how it works and how it
is used to accelerate the charged particles.
(b). Show that the time period of ions in cyclotron is independent of both speed and
radius of circular path.
(c) What is resonance condition? How is it used to accelerate the charged particles?
[OR]
(a) Distinguish between the magnetic properties of dia, para and ferro magnetic
substances in terms of (i) Susceptibility (ii) Magnetic permeability (iii) effect of
temperature.
(b) Draw the field lines due to external magnetic field near a (i) dia magnetic
(ii) para magnetic substance.

29. Trace the rays of light showing the formation of an image due to a point object
placed on the axis of a spherical surface separating the two media of refractive indices
n1 and n2 . (a) Establish the relation between the distance of object image and radius of
curvature from the central point of the spherical surface. (b). Hence derive the
expression for the lens makers formula.
[OR]
Class XII

PHYSICS

139

(a) State the condition under which the phenomenon of diffraction of light takes place.
Derive an expression for the width of central maxima due to diffraction of light
at single slit.
(b) A slit of width a is illuminated by a monochromatic light of wave length 700nm at
normal incidence. Calculate the value of a for
(i) first minima at an angle of diffraction of 300
(ii) at first maxima at an angle of diffraction of 300
5
30. Explain the working of a common emitter npn transistor amplifier with the help of a
neat circuit diagram. Hence give the expression for the (i) current gain (ii) Voltage gain
(iii) Power gain.
5
[OR]
Draw the output wave form at X, using the given inputs A and B for the logic circuit
shown. Also identify the logic operations performed by this circuit. Express the output
in the truth table for every combination of the given inputs.

------------------------------------------------------

Class XII

PHYSICS

140

Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan, Chennai Region

Sample Paper
Class XII- Physics
General Instructions
h. All questions are compulsory
i. Internal choices have been provided in some questions. You have to attend only one
of the choices in such question.
j. Question numbers 1 to 8 are very short answer questions carrying one mark each.
k. Question numbers 9 to 18 are short answer questions carrying two marks each.
l. Question numbers 19 to 27 are also very short answers questions carrying three mark
each.
m. Question numbers 28 to 30 are long answer type question carrying 5 marks each
n. Use log tables if necessary.

1
2
3
4
5
6

7
8
9

10

1 Mark Questions
What is the value of A+B if A=1 and B=0 is Boolean Algebra?
Pieces of Cu & Ge are cooled from room temperature to 80 K. What will be the effect
on their resistance?
Blue light ejects electrons from photosensitive surface while orange light cannot. Will
violet & red light eject electrons from same surface?
Why does a convex lens of glass refractive index=1.5 behaves as a diverging lens when
immersed in Carbon di sulphide of refractive index=1.65?
Which types of em waves are used for cellular phones?
The electric current passing through a wire in the direction from Q to P is decreasing.
What is the direction of induced current in the metallic loop kept above the wire as
shown in fig?

An ammeter and mill ammeter are converted from the same Galvanometer, out of
two, which should have higher resistance?
Draw a graph of electric field (r) with distance r from the centre of shell for 0r.
2 Mark Questions
Two dielectric slabs of dielectric constant k1 and k2 have been put in between the
plates of capacitor. Find the equivalent capacitor.

The following graph shows the variation of terminal potential V access a combination
of three cells in series to a resistor, versus current I , when will the dissipation of the
circuit be max?
Class XII

PHYSICS

141

11

State Kirchhoff rule. Use there rules to determine currents

12

A particle of mass m and charge q moves at right angles to a uniform magnetic field.
Plot a graph showing the variation of radius of circular path described by it with the
increase in its (a) charge (b) kE where in each case other factors remain constant.
Justify your answer.
A metallic rod of length l is rotated at a constant angular speed , normal to uniform
magnetic field B. Derive an expression for current induced if the resistance of rod is R.
A coil is connected to low voltage Bulb B and placed near another coil P as shown in
Fig. Give reason to explain the following observation:
a) The Bulb B lights
b) Bulbs get dimmer if the coil Q is moved towards

13
14

1 2& 3

left.
15

18

Two slits are made 1mm apart and the screen is placed 1m away. What is the fringe
width when blue green light of 500 nm is used?
What should be the width of each slit in order to obtain 10 maximum of the double slit
pattern within the central maximum of single slit pattern?
A plane em wave of frequency 25 MHz travels in free space along X- direction. At a
particular point in space & time. E=6.3j V/m. What is B at this point?
A TV tower has a height of 100m. How much population is covered by TV broadcast if
the Average population density near TV tower is 1500 km-2. (Re=6.37 * 106m).
Explain the formulation of depletion layer & potential barrier in p-n junction.

19

If the Input wave form is converted by a device X. Name the device and draw circuit
design.
3 Marks questions
How long can an electric lamp 100W be kept glowing by fusion of 2 kg of deuterium?

16
17

Class XII

PHYSICS

142

The fusion reaction H21 + H 21 He32 + n 10 + 3.27 Mev.

Or
226
Find the Q factor and KE of -particle in decay of Ra 88
.

20

21
22
23
24

25

26
27

28

226
(m Ra 88
= 22.6.0254 u
M = 4.00260 u
222
Rn 86
=222.01750 u )
An explosion occurred on August 6, 1945 when USA dropped an atom bomb on
Hiroshima, in Japan. This resulted in the killing of 66000 persons and injury 69000
persons. About 67% of the city structures smashed. Another nuclear accident occurred
in 1986 in USSR resulting in huge devastation. People living in that locality till today
suffer from genetic disorders due to gene mutation.
a) Name the nuclear reaction involved in the above case.
b) What consequences do the people living in such areas face?
c) As a responsible citizen, suggest a possible peaceful method to use the nuclear
energy.
What is momentum, speed and de-Broglie wavelength for an electron having Kinetic
Energy 120 eV.
What is the principle of Zener diode? How is it symbolically represented? With the
help of circuit diagram explain how Zener diode behaves like a Voltage stabilizer.
Explain with the help of block diagram explain the detection of an amplitude
modulated wave.
Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the formation of an image by compound
microscope. Write the expression for magnifying power. How does the resolving
power of compound microscope change when refractive index of the medium is
increased.
A series LCR circuit with L=0.12 H , C=480 nF , R=23 ohms is connected to 230V variable
frequency supply.
a) What is the source frequency for which the current amplitude is maximum?
b) What is the source frequency for which the average power absorbed by circuit
is maximum and obtain the value of this maximum power?
c) What is Q-factor?
State Huygenes Principle. Using this principle prove Snells Law

A potential V is applied to a conductor of length L and diameter D, how are the electric
field and drift velocity affected
a) When voltage is doubled
b) When length is doubled
c) Diameter is doubled
5 Marks
Derive an expression for the intensity at any point on the observation screen in the
Youngs Double Slit experiment. Hence write the conditions for constructive and
destructive interference pattern
Or
A dm
)
2
.A
A
sin( )
2

sin(

Draw a graph to show the variation on (i-d) for prism. Deduce =

Class XII

PHYSICS

143

29

30

monochromatic beam of light incident at an angle of 400 on prism suffers minimum

deviation if the angle of prism is 600, find the angle of minimum deviation.
Deduce an expression for Electric potential due to an electric dipole at any point on its
axis. Mention one contrasting feature of electric potential of a dipole at a point as
compared to that due to single change
Or
Write the principle of working of Van de Graaff generator. With the help of labelled
diagram describe its construction and working. How is the leakage of charge minimised
from the generator.
For a circular coil of radius R and N turns carrying current I , deduce the magnitude of
magnetic field at a point on its axis at a distance n from its centre.
0 IR 2 N
B=
2( R 2 x 2 ) 3 / 2
a) What will be the magnetic field at the centre of the coil?
b) Consider two parallel coaxial coil of equal radius R and number of turns N, carry
equal currents I in the same direction separated by a distance R. show that
the field on the axis around the mid-point between the coils is given by
NI
B=0.72 0
R
Or
A100 turn closely wound circular coil of radius 10 c.m. carries a current of 3.2 A.
a) What is the field at the centre of the coil?
b) What is the magnetic moment of this arrangement?
A coil is placed in a vertical plane and free to rotate about a horizontal axis which
coincides with its diameter. A uniform magnetic field of 2 tesla in the horizontal
direction exists such that initially the axis of the coil is in the same direction of the
field. The coil rotates through an angle of 900 under the influence of magnetic field
i)
What are the magnitudes of torques on the coil in the initial and final
position?
ii)
What angular speed is acquired by the coil when it is rotated by 900?
The moment of inertia of the coil is 0.1kgm2.

Class XII

PHYSICS

144

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN, CHENNAI REGION

Sample Paper -3
PHYSICS CLASS XII
General Instructions
o. All questions are compulsory
p. Internal choices have been provided in some questions. You have to attend only one
of the choices in such question.
q. Question numbers 1 to 8 are very short answer questions carrying one mark each.
r. Question numbers 9 to 18 are short answer questions carrying two marks each.
s. Question numbers 19 to 27 are also very short answers questions carrying three mark
each.
t. Question numbers 28 to 30 are long answer type question carrying 5 marks each
u. Use log tables if necessary.
1

What would be the work done if a point charge +q, is taken from a point A to the
point B on the circumference of a circle drawn with another point charge +q, at the
center.

A carbon resistor is marked in coloured bands of red, black, orange and silver. What
is the resistance and tolerance value of the resistor.

V-I graph for a metallic wire t two different temperatures T1 and T2 are shown in
figure. Which of the temperatures is higher and why ?

If the magnetic field is parallel to the +ve Y-axis and the charged particle is moving
along the +ve X-axis, which way would the Lorentz force be for (a) an electron (b) a
proton.

The power factor of an A.C circuit is 0.5. What will be the phase difference between
voltage and current in this circuit?

You are given following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an eyepiece
and as an objective to construct an astronomical telescope?

Lenses
Class XII

PHYSICS

Power(p)

Aperture(A)
145

L1
3D
8 cm
L2
6D
1 cm
L3
10D
1 cm
Name the phenomena confirming the transverse wave nature of light.

Write any two characteristics of nuclear forces.

Using Gauss Theorem deduce an expression for the electric field intensity at any
point due to a thin, infinitely long wire of charge density C/m

10

If a charge +Q is fixed at a distance d in front of an infinite metal plate, draw the

electric lines of force indicating the direction clearly.

11

Two electric bulbs of 40 W, 220 V & 60W, 220 V are connected in series with a 220 V
source. Which of them will glow brighter and why? What will be your answer if they
are connected in parallel?

12

A hypothetical bar magnet is cut into two equal pieces and placed as shown in the
figure. What is the magnetic moment of this arrangement?

[OR]
From the graphs identify the types of magnetic materials A, B and hence give an
example for each one of them.

13

A coil A is connected to voltmeter V and the other coil B to an alternating current

source D. If a large copper sheet C is placed between the two coils, how does the
induced e.m.f in the coil A change due to current in coil B?

Class XII

PHYSICS

146

14

In the given circuit, R=10 , L=100mH and C=10F. Find the value of impedance at
resonance and the resonant frequency of the alternating emf.

15

Two slits in Youngs double experiment have width in the ration 81:1. What is the
ratio of the amplitudes of the light waves from them ?

16

Plutonium decays with a half-life of 24000 years. If plutonium is stored for 72000
years. What fraction of it remains?

17

An unknown input (A) and the input (B) shown here are used as the two inputs in a
NAND gate. The output Y, has the form shown below. Draw the input waveform of
A and also write the Truth Table for the given inputs.

18

What are the three frequencies contained in the AM wave. What are LSB and USB.

19

Explain the principle of working of a parallel plate capacitor. If two similar plates of each
of area A having surface charge densities +, - are separated by a distance d in air, write
the expression for (i) The electric field between the plates (ii) the potential difference
between the plates and (iii) capacitance of the capacitor so formed.

20

The figure shows a potentiometer circuit for comparison of two resistances. The
balancing point with a standard resistance of 10 is found to be 58.3 cm, while with
the unknown resistance X is 68.5 cm. Determine the value of X. What might you do
if you failed to find a balance point with the given cell of emf .

Class XII

PHYSICS

147

21

An inductor L of reactant XL is connected in series with a bulb B to an a.c source as

shown. Explain how the brightness of the bulb change when
(i)
The number of turns of the inductor is reduced.
(ii)
A capacitor of reactants XC=XL is introduced in series in the same circuit.
(iii)
Draw a graph showing the variation of inductive reactance with applied
frequency.

22

Name Electromagnetic radiations with wavelength

(i)
used to kill germs in water purifiers
(ii)
used in TV communication systems
(iii)
play an important role in maintaining the earths warmth
Also arrange these wavelengths in their ascending order.
A concave lens made of material of refractive index n2 is held in a medium of
refractive index n1. Trace the path of parallel beam if light passing through the lens
when
(i)
n 1=n2
(ii) n 1<n2
(iii) n 1> n2
Or
Differentiate between interference and diffraction patterns. Mention the conditions
for sustained interference pattern.

24

Your neighbor is 75 years old person living all alone. Neither he could read the
newspaper nor could he goes out. He complains of blurred vision.
a. In what way would you help him?
b. Name the type of defect the man suffers from.
c. Suggest a suitable treatment and correction.

25

The given graphs show the variation of the stopping potential Vs with the frequency
() of the incident radiations for two different photosensitive materials M1 and M2

26

State Bohrs postulate for the permitted orbits for the electron in a hydrogen atom.
Use this postulate to prove that the circumference of the nth permitted orbit for the

23

Class XII

PHYSICS

148

electron can contain exactly n wave lengths of the deBroglie wavelength associated
with the elecron in that orbit.
27

Draw a block diagram for the production of AM wave ? Derive the equation for the
Amplitude Modulated wave.

28

a. State Ampere circuit law

b. Derive an expression for the magnetic field at a point on the axis of long solenoid
with closely wound turns.
c. Draw magnetic field lines for a current carrying finite solenoid.
Or
With the help of a labelled diagram, explain the principle, working of a moving
coil galvanometer. How can you increase the current sensitivity of the
instrument, without making it bulky?

29

a.
b.
c.
d.

Draw the circuit diagram used to study the characteristics of an npn transistor in
common emitter configuration. Give the shape of these characteristics and use them
to define the
(i)
input resistance & (ii) the current amplification factor of the given
transistor.
Or

30

What is Total internal Reflection?

What are the conditions for it to occur?
Derive the relation between critical angle and refractive index.
A ray of light is incident on a glass slab at an angle of 450. The refractive index of
the glass is 1.6, calculate the angle of refraction and critical angle.
Or
a. If you were driving a car, what type of mirror would you prefer for observing traffic
at your back. Give reasons.
b. Why are parabolic mirrors used in search lights.
c. The figure shows the direct image formed by the lens (f=10 cms) of an object placed
at O and that formed after reflection from the spherical mirror are formed at the
same point O. what is the radius of curvature of the mirror ?

a. With the help of circuit diagram explain the working of transistor as an oscillator.
b. Explain the action of transistor as a switch.

Class XII

PHYSICS

149

List of reference books and websites- Physics Study Material

Reference Books

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Conceptual Physics : Paul G Hewitt

Principles of Modern Physics : Arthur Beiser

University Physics : Young, Freedman : Addison-WeslyLongman,Inc

The Feynman Lectures on Physics: Feynman, Leighton& Sands : Narora Publishing
House, New Delhi.
Physics Vol I & II : Robert Resnick, David Halliday & Kenreth S Krane : Wiley India

Problems in General Physics : I E Irodov : Global Publications

Principles of Physics : Brij Lal & Subbramanyam : Eurasia Publication company
(Pvt.) Ltd, New Delhi
Schaums Solved Problems Series : Alvin Hulpern : McGraw hill Book Company,
New Delhi
Conceptual Physics : Paul G Hewitt : Addison Wesley Publishing Company,
California
IIT Physics Tata McGraw Hill

Websites
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

www.plustwophysics.com
http://www.sciencedaily.com/
www.askphysics.com
www.physicsclassroom.com
http://www.physicstoday.org/
http://real-world-physics-problems.com
http://opensourcephysics.org
www.antonine-education.co.uk
www.mcwdn.org
www.phys.hawaii.edu
www.aacg.bham.ac.uk
www.imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov
www.atoptics.co.uk
http://www.physice.ccsu.edu/LEMAIRE/genphys/virtual-physics-labs.htm
http://zebu.uoregon.edu.
http://www.myphysicslab.com/index.html

Class XII

PHYSICS

150