Problems
D2
D1
Q1. Considering ideal diodes, calculate
the current through RL = 1 k.
+3 V
+5 V
1 k
Solution:
Both diodes are ON :
2.2 k
IL
RL
5 =i 1 1k + ( i 1 + i 2 ) 1k
3 =i 2 2.2k + ( i 1 + i 2 ) 1k
2.407 mA
i1 =
i 2 = 0.185 mA
2.2 k
+3 V
+5 V
i1
2.59 mA.
iL =
Q2. Calculate the current through the resistor
RL = 1 k when the switch is OFF and ON,
respectively (cut-in voltage = 0.7 V).
IL
1 k
D1
Power supply
(15 V DC)
D2
Solutions:
OFF condition:
12 0.7
I L = 11.3 mA.
1k
i2
Battery back up
(12 V DC)
ON condition:
15 0.7
=
I L = 14.3 mA.
1k
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vL
Half-Wave Rectifier
IR
Q3. In the circuit, V1 = 0.6 V and V2 = 0.3
V. Calculate the IR.
10 V
Solution:
=
I R V=
R R
330
ID
D1 ID
D2
10 0.3
330
= 30 mA
Q4. A sinusoidal source vi = 12sin100t V is
used in the half-wave rectifier circuit with RL = 1
k. The diode has a cut-in voltage of 0.7 V.
Calculate the PRV and the power rating of the
diode.
+ vD
vi
id
RL vL
Answer: PRV = 12 V.
Power rating = Imax x Vdmax = 7.91 mW.
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Problems
Q5. Design a bridge rectifier to drive a load resistance RL = 8 . The transformer
secondary generates 30 V, 50 Hz sinusoidal signal and has an internal resistance of
12 . Diode power rating is 0.5 W, and cut-in voltage is 0.7 V.
Solutions:
=
v s=
30
2 42.43 V .
peak
42.43 0.7
= 2.086 A
8 + 12
Required Pd peak =
0.7 2.086 =
1.46 W.
id=
peak
D1
D3
vL
D1
vL
RL
D4
D2
Bridge rectifier circuit.
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The diode with
smallest V will
be damaged
first.
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Problem
Q6. Calculate the peak-to-peak ripple voltages for a half-wave and a full-wave
rectifiers with a capacitor filter. (RL = 1 k, C = 470 F, vi = 12 V, 50 Hz)
Solutions:
T = 1/50 = 20 mS
Discharging time constant = RLC = 470 mS.
T1 = 0 approximation is valid.
Half-wave rectifier:
vr
p p
= Vm / ( f RL C )
= 12 2 ( 50 1k 470 )
V ( 0.707 V using exp. function)
= 0.722
=
Full-wave rectifier:
vr
p p
= Vm / ( 2 f RL C )
= 12 2 ( 50 1k 470 )
Becomes a complex problem
for RL = 1 k, C = 47 F.
Solve for T2 first:
= 0.361
=
V ( 0.357 V using exp. function)
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Problem
Q7. As shown in the figure, a half-wave
rectifier dc power supply is to provide 10 V
(dc) to a 1 k load. Calculate the
capacitance required so that the peak-topeak ripple voltage does not exceed 10%
of the average output voltage. Source
frequency is 50 Hz. What should be the
amplitude of the input voltage?
+ vD Line
voltage
+
C
RL vL
Half-wave rectifier with filter.
Solutions:
1
= 20 mS
f
T2 T =
20 mS
T=
vr
p p
Triangular wave approximation: vr (rms ) = vr | p p 2 3
Vm
=
10% of 10 V 9 V - 11V
vL (V)
Vm =
11 V
C =Vm / f RL vr
10 V
p p
=110 F .
T1
T2
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Voltage Regulator
Q8. In the following circuit, Vi can vary between
9 and 12 V, and RL between 1 k and infinity. A
Zener diode with Vz = 6 V and PD = 400 mW is
used to design the voltage regulator. Choose a
suitable value of Rs to avoid diode burn out.
Rs
+
IL
I
Vi
IZ
Vz
RL VL
Solutions:
The diode must be fired:
Vi |min
9
RL |min
Vz
RL |min + Rs |max
1k
6
1k + Rs |max
Rs |max 0.5 k
Maximum allowed Zener current:
66.67 mA
I=
P=
z allowed
D / Vz
Rs |min
Vi |max Vz
I z allowed
Rs |min
12 6
Rs |min 90 .
66.67 m
The range of Rs is 90 <Rs <500 .
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Problems
500
Q9. Draw the Thevenins equivalent circuit
(VZ = 6 V, RZ = 0).
15 V
IZ
Vz
1 k
Solutions:
For firing the diode:
15 RL || 1k
6
RL || 1k + 500
RL || 1k 333.33
RL 500 .
333.3
10 V
The diode is not fired:
15 1k
VTh = 10 V ,
1k + 500
=
RTh 1k ||=
500 333.3 .
Eqv. Circuit for
RL<500 .
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Eqv. Circuit for
RL>500 .
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Problems
Q11. Sketch the current through the resistor RL = 1 k. Both of the diodes have a
cut-in voltage of 0.7 V and the break down voltages for diode 1 and 2 are 6V and 9
V, respectively. Also sketch the voltage transfer characteristics.
VTh as seen by the parallel diodes (between A-A):
15 V
1k
RL
Vi
.
VTh V i=
V=
=
i
1k + RL
1k + 1k 2
0V
So, the V i that puts the diode D 1 in F.B.,
VTh 0.7 V i 1.4 V,
Input voltage.
1 k
+
vin
D1
The corresponding Vo =0.7 V =
2k 0.35 mA .
I L 0.7 =
For V i 1.4 V, V=
V i 2k .
o V i 2 I=
L
A
D2
+
RL
v0
-
The circuit.
So, the V i that puts the diode D 2 in F.B.,
VTh 0.7 V i 1.4 V,
The corresponding Vo = 0.7 V
IL =
0.7 2k = 0.35 mA .
For V i 1.4 V, =
Vo V i 2
=
I L V i 2k .
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Problems
1 k
+
vin
D1
D1 in F.B.
A
D2
+
RL
v0
0.7 mA
-0.7 mA
Equivalent circuit for Vi >1.4 V.
1 k
+
vin
D1
D2 in F.B.
A
D2
+
RL
Current sketch.
v0
-
Vo (V)
0.7
Equivalent circuit for -1.4<Vi <1.4 V.
1 k
+
vin
D1
-1.4
1.4
A
D2
+
RL
v0
-
Equivalent circuit for V <-1.4 V.
Vi (V)
-0.7
Voltage transfer characteristics of
the circuit.
i
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Problems
Q12. Considering a high value for RL, Draw the voltage transfer characteristics for
the following circuits. All of the diodes have a cut-in voltage of 0.7 V. In Fig.2, the
break down voltages for diode 1 and 2 are 9 V and 6 V, respectively.
1 k
1 k
+
vi
-
RL
5v
v0
vin
Fig. 7(a). Cut-in voltage = 0.7 V.
D1
RL
D2
v0
-
Fig. 7(b). Cut-in voltages = 0.7 V,
Vz1 = 9 V and Vz2 = 6 V .
Vo (V)
Vo (V)
5.7
Considering RL
6.7
Vi (V)
1
1
Transfer characteristics of Fig. 7(a).
Vi (V)
-9.7
Transfer characteristics of Fig. 7(b).
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Problems
Q13. Repeat the same considering RL= 1 k.
1 k A
+
vi
-
+
1 k v0
5v
Fig. 8(a). Cut-in voltage = 0.7 V.
1 k A
+
+
1 k v0
vi
-
VTh as seen by the diode and the DC voltage
source (between A-A):
1k
RL
Vi
=
VTh V i=
V=
.
i
1k + RL
1k + 1k 2
So, the corresponding V i that puts the diode in F.B.,
V i 2 5.7 V i 11.4 V.
For V i 11.4 V:
Vo = VTh Vo = V i 2.
For V i 11.4 V:
Vo =+
5 0.7 =
5.7 V.
Vo (V)
Equivalent circuit when Vi<11.4 V.
5.7
1 k A
+
vi
-
+
1 k v0
5.7 v
A
Equivalent circuit when Vi>11.4 V.
11.4
Vo = V i 2.
Vi (V)
Transfer function of Fig. 8(a).
11
Problems
Solution for the second circuit:
1 k
+
VTh as seen by the diodes (between A-A):
A
D1
vin
1k
Vi
+ =
.
VTh V=
i
1k + 1k 2
1 k v0
D2
Fig. 8(b).
So, the corresponding V i that simultaneously puts
D1 in F.B. and D2 in break down is calculated as
VTh 0.7 + 6 V i 13.4 V.
For V i 13.4 V, Vo =
6.7 V.
For V i 13.4 V, Vo =
V i 2.
Vo (V)
6.7
-19.4
13.4
1
2
Vi (V)
-9.7
Transfer characteristics of the above
circuit.
Similarly, the V i that simultaneously puts D2 in F.B.
and D1 in break down is calculated as
VTh 0.7 9 V i 19.4 V.
For V i 19.4 V, Vo =V i 2.
For V i 19.4 V, Vo = 9.7 V.
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Biased Clamping Circuits
Q14. Draw the output voltage waveforms for the circuit of Fig. 1 and 2. The
corresponding input voltages are shown in the figures.
C = 4.7 F IL
12 V
0V
+
vin
5V
RL = 10 k v0
-
2 mS
-12 V
Input voltage.
Fig. 1. Positive shunt clamper.
C = 4.7 F IL
+
+
vin
-
-5 V
RL = 10 k v0
-
Fig. 2. Negative shunt clamper.
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Biased Clamping Circuits
Answer1:
28.3 V
12 V
0V
C = 4.7 F IL
2 mS
+
vin
5V
-12 V
Input voltage.
RL = 10 k v0
-
Positive shunt clamper.
4.3 V
2 mS
Output voltage.
Charging time const. = 0, discharging time const. = 47 mS<< time period = 2 mS.
- 16.3 V +
- 16.3 V +
+
-12 V
0.7 V
5V
v0 = 4.3 V
-
Equivalent circuit when the
diode is in reverse bias.
12 V
0.7 V
5V
v0 = 28.3 V
-
Equivalent circuit when the
diode is in forward bias.
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Biased Clamping Circuits
Answer2:
2 mS
12 V
0V
C = 4.7 F IL
2 mS
+
vin
-5 V
-12 V
-4.3 V
RL = 10 k v0
-28.3 V
Input voltage.
Output voltage.
Negative shunt clamper.
+ 16.3 V -
+ 16.3 V -
+
12 V
0.7 V
-5 V
v0 = -4.3 V
-
Equivalent circuit when the
diode is in forward bias.
-12 V
-5 V
v0 = -28.3 V
-
Equivalent circuit when the
diode is in reverse bias.
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