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Lab2 Ecology

Ecologists randomly choose small portions of the whole area and classify and count the organisms in each small portion. Population density is the number of individuals of each species per unit area. Once the population densities for all quadrats are determined, the population size within the larger area can be estimated.

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58 views

Lab2 Ecology

Ecologists randomly choose small portions of the whole area and classify and count the organisms in each small portion. Population density is the number of individuals of each species per unit area. Once the population densities for all quadrats are determined, the population size within the larger area can be estimated.

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zakuan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment2 Lab Title

: Effect of The Number Of Quadrats on Sampling Plant


Introduction

Since it would be impractical, if not impossible, to count each individual organism in


a large area, ecologists randomly choose small portions of the whole area and classify and
count the organisms in each small portion.Wecanestimatethesizeofeachpopulationin
thelargercommunitybyquadratmethod.Populationdensityisthenumberofindividualsof
eachspeciesperunitarea.Smallsquareareas,called quadrats,arerandomlyselectedto
avoidchoosingunrepresentativesamples.Oncethepopulationdensitiesforallquadratsare
determined,thepopulationsizewithinthelargerareacanbeestimated.
Problem Facing

:To determine effect number of quadrat on sampling plants

Apparatus and Materials :


1. Quadrat (50 cm x 50 cm)
2. Ruler (metre) / metre tape.
Procedures.
1. 50 quadrat was placed in different investigates area by using quadrat. The type plant
on each quadrat was identified and recorded. Coding the plant with different codes to
easy indentify each species. The specimen was taken for complete identified.
2. One species was chosen in quadrat and the number of species was recorded. The
morphology of the plant including the higher, number of flower, number of individual
in quadrat was chosen.
3. The curve of the species- number of quadrat starting form 1 and equivalence point was
determine by plotted on graph after go back to laboratory. The meann mobilize for the
selected features against the number of quadrat 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50
quadrat was plotted.
4. The error standardize mean against number of quadrat was plotted and calculated
(expression as percentage of mean)

Quadrat
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

Min (

No of species
189
2
47
7
1
40
4
0
53
0
8
11
19
4
0
6
20
11
33
25
27
31
17
0
10
5
15
21
39
0
27
23
6
0
14
7
11
44
29
1
0
5
2
8
11
3
7
10
12

x2
35721
4
2209
49
1
1600
16
0
2809
0
64
121
361
16
0
36
400
121
1089
625
729
961
289
0
100
25
225
441
1521
0
729
529
36
0
196
42
121
1936
841
1
0
25
4
64
121
9
49
100
144

50

17

289

Total

x = 882

x = 54769

)=

x
n

S =

1
n1

x
2

( x )2
n

Bil. kuadrat

Min ( X )

1-5

189+2+47+7+1
5
= 246
5
=49.20
246+40+4+53
10
= 343
10
=34.30
343+8+11+19+4
15
= 385
15
=25.67
385+6+20+11+33+25
20
= 480
20
=24.0
480+27+31+17+10
25
=565
25
=22.60
565+5+15+21+39
30
=645
30
=21.50
645+27+23+6+14
35
=715
35
=20.43

1-10

1-15

1-20

1-25

1-30

1-35

Varians (S2)

Bil. kuadrat

Min ( X )

1-40

715+7+11+44+29+1
40
=807
40
=20.18

1-45

1
5-1

37984 - (246)
5
=6470.20

1
10-1

42409 - (343)
10
=3404.90

1
15-1

42971 - (385)
15
=2363.52

1
20-1

45242 - (480)
20
=1774.80

1
25-1

47321- (565)
25
=1439.67

1
30-1

49533 - (645)
30
=1229.84

1
35-1

51023 - (715)
35
=1071.08

Varians (S2)

1
40-1

53964 - (807)
40
=966.23

807+5+2+8+11
45
=833

1
45-1

54178 - (833)
45

Ralat piawai min = n<30,


varians

varians
bilangan sampel

sampel

, n>30,

bilangan

No Of
Quadrat
1-5

Mean

Varians (S)

49.20

6470.2

34.30

3404.9

1-10

1-15
1-20

25.67

2363.52

24.0

1774.8

22.60

1439.67

21.50

1229.84

20.43

1071.08

20.18

966.23

18.51

880.87

17.64

800.21

1-25
1-30
1-35
1-40
1-45
1-50

Question And Answer

Ralat piawai min


6470.2
5
=35.97
3404.9
10
=18.45
2363.52
15
=12.55
1774.8
20
=9.42
1439.67
25
=7.59
1229.84
30
=6.40
1071.08
35
=5.53
966.23
40
=4.91
880.87
45
=4.42
800.21
50
=4.00

1. Compare your results with the results of groups of other students. If there are
obvious differences, what it means or the implications of the differences.
There may be have different random and some error while doing this experiment

2. Factors which may influence the number of species quadratic curve


The mean x of the sample will influences the number of species quadratic curve

3. What are the consequences if you close your sampling at the equivalence point
If we close the sampling at equivalence point ,there will be effect on curve species-area
region .

4. Why certain morphologys characteristic need more sample for assume values in
order set the level of accuracy and precision that can be found
Have given some precision accurate and preventing bias

5. What are the effects if using sample units or quadrats smaller or larger
Larger quadrats will capture more of the patchiness in the vegetation than smaller
quadrats. For this reason single quadrats should never be used. Selecting the
appropriate quadrat size, number and spacing according to the vegetation type should
help eliminate these effects

Discussion

Plot (or quadrat) sampling is commonly used to sample populations/communities of


plants and animals with limited mobility in a variety of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
Plot sampling is used to intensively sample a subset of the system in question to obtain a
representative sample. Plot data should be replicated a number of times, in a random way,
to ensure that the data represent an unbiased picture of the system. When true randomness
cannot be obtained, haphazardly selecting plot locations is often used. Determining where
to place a sample of plots is critical to a good study, and there are a variety of techniques
available. Some of these include over the shoulder tosses, randomly generated positions,
and stratified samples. Once a plot has been established, the total number of individuals of
each species can be counted to determine population densities and species composition.
While randomized methods are a key Lab 2-3objective, it can be extremely time
consuming, especially when some species are very abundant. Some species do not lend
themselves well to the count method because it is hard to differentiate individuals (e.g.,
plants that exhibit vegetative reproduction, corals, etc.) or individuals are too numerous to
easily count. A measure of the percentage of area within the plot covered by these species
(percent cover) is often used

References

1.Price, pte W. (1993), Ekologi serangga, penterjemahan : Maryati Mohamad.


DBP,Kuala Lumpur.
2.Wratten, S.D & G.L.A. Fry (1980), Field and Laboratory Exercises in
Ecology.Edward Arnold (Pub) Ltd. London.
3.Andrewartha, H.G 1961. Introduction to the study of animal population. Methuen
4.Southwood, T.R.E 1978. Ecological Methods with Particular Reference to thestudy
of insect populations. Chapman and Hall. London

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