Quantitative Aptitude for. Competitive Examinations WRI S Short-cut methods and ~~ ; I ving tricks from a } s and J s (The Pearson Guide to QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE For Competitive Examinations Dinesh Khattar Senior Reader Department of Mathematics Kirori Mal College University of Delhi ‘Chandigarh Delhi * Chennaiof this publication is to supply information taken from sources believed to be val . This is not an attempt to render any type of professional advice or analysis, nor isi to be lweated as such. While much care has been taken 10 ensure the veracity and currency of the information presented within, neither the publisher nor its authors bear any responsibilty for any damage arising from insdverent omissions, negligence or inaccuracies (typographical or factual) that may have found ther way into this book Copyright © 2008 Dorling Kindersley India) Pvt. Lid. ‘This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise cifeulated without the publisher's prior written consent in any form of binding o cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (clectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above-mentioned publisher of this book. ISBN 978-81-317-1956-5 First Impression Published by Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Li. licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia, Head Office: 482 FIE, Patparganj Delhi 110 092, India Registered Office: 14 Local Shopping Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017, India, Laser typeset by Add Computers, Delhi. Printed in India by Anubha Printers.Preface L_Numbers 2.1L. and LCM. of Numbers 3. Square Root and Cube Root 4. Simplification S. Percentage 6 Average 7. Ratio, Proportion and Variation & Partnership 9. Profit, Loss and Discount 10. Time and Work 11, Pipes and Cisterns 12 Time, Speed and Distance 13__Boats and Streams 14 Races and Games of Skill 15. Mixtures and Alligation 16 Problems on Ages 17. Simple Interest 1& Compound Interest 19. thms 20_ Stocks, Shares and Debentures 21_Clocks and Calendar 2 Progressions 24. Probability Contents LiL 2L2U8 41a 41828 SUS34 6.16.26 1 SLA 1932 01-1033, =1L16 pias B12 14140 1sL1s20 111610 121-17.20 181-1820 1911912 ro12014 2L12Lis ie mua 241-2433, 251.2868 261-2648 21220 2R12824 201.2016 301-3020 3LL3LsCopyrighted materialIn Hindu Arabic System, we use ten symbols 0, 1, 2.3. 4,5, 6,7. 8, 9 called digits to represent any number. This the decimal system where we use the numbers 0 10 9. 0 is called insignificant digit whereas 1, 2. 3. 4.5. 6, 7. 8, 9 are called significant digits. A group of figures, denoting a number is called ‘numeral. For a given numeral, we start from extreme right Tous gas tan pact Naaels ae anio Mlustration 1 We represent the number 309872546 as shown below: & Bes, | ra 2 EE: Pails ol elge f{el2|2|é|2 Sheers tet tats Wont “Thirty crores. ninety eight lakhs, seventy two thousands five hundred and forty six.” * In this numeral The place value of 6 is 6 * 1 ‘The place value of 4 is 4 « 10 = 40 The place value of 5 is $< 100 = $00 The place value of 2 is 2 * 1000 = 2000 and so on. The face value of a digit in a number is the value itself wherever it may be. ‘Thus, the face value of 7 in the above numeral is 7. ‘The face value of 6 in the above numeral is 6 and so on, Natural Numbers Counting numbers 1, 2, 3. 4, 5, ... are known as natural munbers. ‘The set of all natural numbers can be represented by N= (123.4, REVIEW OF FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS = Whole Numbers If we include 0 among the natural numbers, then the numbers 0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5,... are ealled whole mumbers. ‘The set of whole numbers can be represented by W= (01,238,455 oud Clearly, every natural number is a whole number but is a whole number which is not a natural number. [ce All counting numbers and their negatives including zero are known as integers. The set of integers ean be represented by Zorl=t. Positive Integers The set” = (1.2.3.4, ant is the set of all positive imegers. Clearly, positive integers and natural numbers are synonyms, Negative Integers The set = {-1, imegers. REMEMBER ——————————___________ 0 is neither positive nor negative. is the set of all negative Non-negative Integers ‘The set {0, 1, 2, 3, .. } is the set of all non-negative integers. Rational Numbers ‘The numbers of the form Be where p and g are integers 43 and q #0, are known as rational mumbers, €.8. 7a" $0) ete, ae ‘The set of all rational numbers is denoted by Q.12 Quantitative Apsinde ie, Q= [eix= Binge ige0} Note: Since every natural number a can be written as 2 ey armbar saat muber Sine a eee ae eee ee written as , every integer is a rational number. TRG wrorranr (a Every rational number has a peculiar characteristic that when expressed in decimal form is expressible either in terminating decimals or in non-terminating repeating decimals, 1 1 2 For example, 5 = 02, 5 = 0.333... 5 etc. = 3.874287, © ~o.1si8i8 4“ ‘The recurring decimals have been given a short notation as 0.333..=0.3, 4.1555..= 4.05, 0.323232... = 0.32. Irrational Numbers ‘Those numbers which when expressed in decimal form are neither terminating nor repeating decimals are known as irrational numbers, €., J2+ J» 5+ ® CAUTION The exact value of wis not >. — is rational while 2 Fis ational number. + is approximate value of x Similarly, 3.14 is not an exact value of Fractions ‘A fraction isa part of an integer. For example, 1/3 means one-third of the whole. A fraction includes two parts, ‘numerator and denominator. KEY POINTS ‘ Any integer can be expressed as a fraction with ‘any denominator, as long as the same denominator i ied with it 15x7 _ 105 7 7 ‘The value of a fraction remains unaltered by multiplying or dividing the numerator and the denominator by the same non-zero number. For example, 15 = For example, Also, Proper Fraction A fraction in which numerator is less than the denominator is called a proper fraction ex, Improper Fraction A fraction in which numerator is more than the denominator is called an improper fraction. €.8.. 5 Mixed Fraction ‘A mixed fraction consists of integral as well as the fractional og. 34 part eg, 34, KEY POINT «A mixed fraction can be expressed as an improper fraction and vicewerss. eg, 34 = 343 = 23; an improper fraction Also, $= Att. 4 4 a mixed 32 3 2 Vulgar Fraction (or Common Fraction) A fraction in which the denominator is an integer but other than 10 or a multiple of 10 is called a vulgar 253 Sraction. 08. 2 5. 3. Decimal Fraction AA fraction with denominator 10 or a multiple of 10 is called decimal fraction. ¢.8., = > iam Real Numbers The rational and irrational numbers combined together 32 3 B23 Bae, ws 7 4 4 are called real numbers, €-8., are real numbers. The set of all real numbers is denoted by R. Note: The sum, difference or product of a rational and irrational number is irrational, ¢.g., 3 + V2, 4 ~ 3, 7 V5, 443, ~ 75 are all irrational. Even Numbers All those numbers which are exactly divisible by 2 are called even numbers, e.g.,2, 6. 8, 10, are even numbers. Note: Even numbers are expressible in the form 2n, where m is an integer. Thus, ~ 2, 4 etc., are also even numbers.Odd Numbers All those numbers which are not exactly divisible by 2 are called odd numbers, e.g.. 1,3, 5, 7 are odd numbers Note: Odd numbers are expressible in the form (2 + 1) where m is an integer. Thus, 1, ~3, -5 etc, are also odd numbers, © PROBLEM SOLVING TRICKS © # Iti odd, (@ mr? ~ 1) is divisible by 24 (b) 2" + 1 is divisible by 3 (©) 2+ 1 is divisible by 5 (b) 5% + 1 is divisible by 13 # If mis even, (a) 2"~ 1 is divisible by 3 (b) 2 - 1 is divisible by 5 (©) 5% ~ 1 is divisible by 13, ‘+ Even number raised to even or odd number is even. €.g., 4? = 16, 4 = 64, + Odd number raised to even or odd number is odd. eg, 3 = 27, 34=81 Prime Numbers ‘A natural number other than 1, is a prime mumber if it is divisible by 1 and itself only. For example, each of the numbers 2,3, 5, 7, are prime ‘numbers, ‘Composite Numbers ‘Natural numbers greater than I which are not prime, are known as composite numbers. For example, each of the numbers 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, are composite numbers. © PROBLEM SOLVING TRICKS © ‘The number 1 is neither # prime number nor a ‘composite number. 2 is the only even number which is prime. « Prime numbers up to 100 are 2,3,5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41,43, 47, 53, $9, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, ic. 25 prime ‘numbers between 1 and 100. + Two numbers which have only 1 as the common } factor are called co-primes or relatively prime to each other, ¢.g,, 3 and 5 are co-primes. * Ifp is prime, p (p* ~ 1) is divisible by 30 © fp is pene gemcr than 3, p? ~ 1 is divisible by 24 ‘ Ifp isa prime number then for any whole number 1n, 1? ~ nis divisible by p, Le., n° — m is divisible by 3, n° — a is divisible by 5, n'' ~ n is divisible bby II and so on. Numbers 13 —— CAUTION The numbers which are relatively prime need not necessarily be prime numbers, e.g, 16 and 17 are relatively prime although 16 is not a prime number. Perfect Number If the sum of the divisors of m excluding itself is equal to m, then n is called a perfect number. For example, 6= 1 + 2+ 3, where 1, 2nd 3 are the divisors of 6. Therefore, 6 is a perfect number. Also, 28 = 1+2+4+7+ 14, therefore 28 is also a perfect number. © PROBLEM SOLVING TRICK © ‘The sum of the reciprocals of the divisors of a perfect number including that of its own is always equal to 2 For example, for the perfect number 6, watt State a2 2°376 Fibonacci Numbers Fibonacci numbers form a sequence {a,} in which each term is the sum of the two terms immediately preceding it, i, a,,)=4,. | + ay The terms of this sequence are called as Fibonacci numbers REMEMBER + Ina fibonacci sequence, the sum of the first » terms is 4, 7nd term minus the second term of the sequence. ‘* Forany four consecutive fibonacci numbers a, b,c and dy? — b= ad Square root of a negative number is called an imaginary ‘number. For example, /=1, V4, V7, J=18, and so on are all imaginary numbers YT is denoted by the Greek letter t (pronounced as jota), where is a number such that ¢? = =1. Thus, Vi= Va. = Vi, Va =e. It fact if a <0, then Ja = fal. Note: The symbol’ was fistintroduced by the famous mathe ematician, Leonhard Euler (707-1783) in 1748, possibly be- ‘cause ‘isthe first letter ofthe Latin word imaginarius Ste ‘An expression of the form x + yy, where x and y are real numbers and i = J=T, is called a complex number. I is usually denoted by 2, ic, zaxrty14 © Quantitative Aptiude cis called the real part and y the imaginary part of = and may be denoted by Re (z) and Im (z) respectively. ify =0, zis called purely real and if x= 0, = Purely” imaginar The set of complex numbers is denoted by C. If-x = 0 and y = 0, the complex mumber reduces to 0+ 1.0 = 0, which is ealled the zero complex number. called IMPORTANT We observe that the system of complex numbers includes the system of real numbers, ie., R&C Mlustration 4. (i) =; = -S~ 3. Here Re (:;) and mG) = 3. (i) =, =-S= 0 ~ $1. Here Re Gi) = (vy 2 5 and Im (z,) = 0 = 0 OL. Here Re(z,) = O-and Im (z,) = 0 ‘Every real number is « complex number, both purely real and purely imaginary number. CAUTION ———— © A complex number is an imaginary number if and ‘only ifits imaginary part is non-zero, Here real part may or may not be zero. 4 + 31 is an imaginary ‘number but not purely imaginary. ‘© Allparely imaginary numbers except zero are imagi- nary numbers but an imaginary number may or may not be purely imaginary. ‘ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION (SHORT-CUT METHOD) SC. The method is best illustrated with the help of following example Mlustration 2 54321 ~ (9876 + 8967 + 7689) Step 1 Add Ist column $4321 6+749=22 9876 To obtain 1 at unit's place add 9 to $967 ‘make 31. Intheanswer, write 9atunit's _7689. T7789 place and carry over 3 Add 2nd column 3+7+6+8=28 ‘To obtain 2at en's place, add 8 to make 32. In the answer, write 8 at ten's place and carry over 3. Add 3rd column 3+8+946=26 To obtain 3 at hundred’s place, add 7 to make 33. In the answer, write 7 at hundreds place and carry over 3, Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Add 4th column 3+9+84+7=27 To obtain 4 at thousand’s place add 7 to make 34. In the answer, write 7 at thousand’s place and carry over 3 Sth column To obtain 5 at ten-thousand’s place add 2 to it to make 5. In the answer, write 2 at the ten-thousand’s place. $4321 ~ (9876 + 8967 + 7689) = 27789 Step 5 MULTIPLICATION (SHORT-CUT METHODS) SC 1. Multiplication of a given number by 9. 99, 999, etc., that is by 10" — 1 Method: Put as many zer0s othe right ofthe multiplicant as there are nines in the multiplier and from the result subtract the multiplicant and get the answer. Mustration 3 Multiply (a) 3893 by 99 (©) 5863 by 999 Solution (a) 3893 = 99 = 389300 ~ 3893 = 385407 (b) 4327 » 999 = 4327000 ~ 4327 = 4322673, (6) $863 * 9999 = 58630000 - $863 = $8624137 (b) 4327 by 999 SC 2. Multiplication of a given number by 11, 101, 1001, ete. that is, by 10" + 1 Methoi#: Place n zeros to the right of the multi and then add the multiplicant to the number so obtained. Mustration 4 Multiply (a) 4782 11 (©) 6538 « 1001 Solution (a) 4782» | (0) 9836 » 101 (©) 6538 = 1001 (b) 9836 «101 17820 + 4782 = $2602 983600 ~ 9836 = 993436 6538000 ~ 6538 = 6544538 ‘SC 3. Multiplication of a given number by 15, 25, 35, ee. Method: Double the multiplier and then multiply the ‘multiplicant by this new number and finally divide the product by 2 Illustrations 5 Multiply (a) 7054 «15 (6) 4563 » 35 (by 3897 «25 + (2054 « 30) Solution (a) 7054 = 15 = 5 = 4211620) = 10ss10(b) 3897 « 25 (198850) (c) 4536 «35 = ses x)= FEr9810) = 159705 SC 4. Multiplication ofa given number by 5,25, 125, 62: ‘etc, that is, by @ number which is some power ofS. Method: Place as many zeros to the right of the ‘multiplicant as is the power of 5 in the multiplier, then divide the number so obtained by 2 raised to the same power as is the power of 5. Mlustration 6 Multiply (@) 3982%5 (©) 7898 « 125 (4) 4863 « 625 Soliton (o) 3982 « 2 =~ 2822 ~ yoor0 473900 2 (&) 473925 (b) 4739 x 25= (4) 4863 * 625 Distributive Laws: For any three numbers a,b, we have @) axbtaxc=ax(b+e) @) axb-axc=a%(b-o) Mustration 7 438 = 637 + 438 = 367 =? ‘Sobution 438 » 637 + 438 « 367 = 438 « (637 +367) = 430 « 1000 = 438000 Mlustration 8 674 « 832 - 674 « 632 =? ‘Solutions 674 x 832 ~ 674 x 632 = 674 x (832-632) 674 « 200= 134800 ‘SQUARES (SHORT-CUT METHODS) SC 1, To square any number ending with 5 Method: (AS? = A(A + 1/25 Ilustration 9 (a) (257 =2 (2 + 1/25 = 6/25 = 628 (b) (45)? = 4 (4 + 1)/25 = 20/25 = 2025 (©) (85) = 8 (8 + 1/25 = 72/25 = 7225 Numbers 8 15 SC 2. To square a number in which every digit is one ‘Method: Count the number of digits in the given number and start writing numbers in ascending order from one to this mumber and then in descending order up to one. Mlustration 10 @ 1? 212 (&) 111? = 12321 (©) 111 = 1234321 (@) 22 =2 (11 (12321) = 49284 (e) 3333? = 3? (L111)? = 9 (1234321) = 11108889 ‘SC 3. To square a number which is nearer to 10x. Method: Use the formula: Pe(e-yyty y+ Mustration 14 (0) (977 = (97 + 3) (97-3) + = 9400 + 9 = 9409 (b) (1027 = (102 - 2) (102 + 2) +2? = 10400 +4 = 10404 (994 + 6) (994 - 6) + 6° 188000 + 36 = 988036 1005 ~ 5) (1005 + 5) + 5? 1010000 + 25 = 1010025 (©) (4? 151 4! 4 ee 2a 3a SC 4, Squares of 1, 25, 3 ete Multiply the integral portion by the next higher integer and add ; 1y steal For example, (s3) 5x64 = 305 SC 5, Square of a number ending in 25 Multipty the hundred’ digit by a number consisting of the hundred’s digit with a $ to its right and attach 625 to the right of the product. For example, (425)?: 4 « 45 = 180 Hence, square of 425 is 180625 SC 6, Finding squares, cubes and higher powers of a number consisiting of nines only. (a) Square: If m is the number of nines in the number, write (1 ~ 1) nines followed by 8 and then (n ~ 1) zeros followed by 1. eg,, (9999) = 9998000116 © Quantitative Apo (b)_ Cube: If is the number of nines in the number, write (n— 1) nines followed by 7, then (0 ~ 1) zeros followed by 2 and finally 1 nines. e-g., (999) = 997002999 (©) Fourth power: If mis the number of nines in the number, write (1 ~ 1) nines followed by 6, then (n — 1) zeros followed by 5, then (a ~ 1) nines followed by 6 finally (1 — 1) zeros followed by 1 eg. (99)* = 96059601 SC 7. fms the number whose square is to be calculated and b is the base and d is the difference between ‘mand 6, then d(b+nitb 43 63289 <- Dividend 43 202 17 < Remainder © PROBLEM SOLVING TRICK © Dividend = (Divisor * Quotient ) + Remainder on Divison = Dividend ~ Remainder ‘Quotient Mustration 13 On dividing 7865321 by a certain number, the quotient is 33612 and the remainder is 113. Find the divisor Solt Divisor = lution ‘Quotient 7865321113 _ 7865208 _ 944 33612 33612 Mlustration 14 A number when divided by 315 leaves remainder 46 and the value of quotient is 7. Find the number. Solution Number = (Divisor « Quotient) + Remainder = (BIS © 7) + 46 = 2205 + 46 = 2251Ilustration 15 Find the least number of 5 digits which is exactly divisible by 632. ‘Soltition The least number of S digits is 10000. Dividing this number by 632, the remainder is 520. So, the required ‘number = 10000 + (632 + 520) = 10112 justration 16 Find the greatest number of S digits which is exactly divisible by 463. ‘Soltition The greatest number of 5 digits is 99999. Dividing this number by 463, the remainder is 454. So, the required number = 99999 ~ 454 = 99545 215 463 99999 926 739 46 2768 Bus cay Mlustration 17 Find the number nearest to 13700 which is exactly divisible by 235. ‘Solution On dividing the number 13700 by 235, the remainder is 70. Therefore, the nearest number to 13700, which is exactly divisible by 235 = 13700 - 70 = 13630. 38 235 ) 13700 M75 1950 1880. = © PROBLEM SOLVING TRICKS © Tests of Divisibility ‘* Divisibility by 2A number is divisible by 2 if the unit’s digit is zero or divisible by 2. Forexample, 4, 12,30, 18, 102, etc, arcall divisible by 2. ‘+ Divisibility by 3A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of digits in the number is divisible by 3. For example, the number 3792 is divisible by 3 since 3 + 7+9+2=21, which is divisible by 3. «* Divisibility by 4A number is divisible by 4 ifthe number formed by the last two digits (ten's digit ‘and unit’s digit) is divisible by 4 or are both zero. For example, the number 2616 is divisible by 4 since 16 is divisible by 4 Numbers 17 lity by $A number is divisible by 5 ifthe unit’s digit in the number is 0 or 5. For example, 13520, 7805, 640, 745, ete., are all divisible by 5. Divisibility by 6 A number is divisible by 6 if the ‘number is even and sum of its digits is divisible by 3 For example, the number 4518 is divisible by 6 since it is even and sum of its digits 4+ 5 +1 +8 = 18 is divisible by 3. Divisibility by 7 The unit digit ofthe given number is doubled and then it is subtracted from the number ‘obtained after omitting the unit digit. Ifthe remainder is divisible by 7, then the given number is also divisible by 7. For example, consider the number 448, On doubling the unit digit 8 of 448 we get 16. Then, 44 - 16 = 28 Since 28 is divisible by 7, 448 is divisible by 7. Divisibility by 8 A number is divisible by 8. ifthe number formed by the last 3 digits is divisible by 8. For example, the number 41784 is divisible by 8 as the number formed by last three digits, i.c., 784 is ible by 8. Divisibitity by 9 A number is divisible by 9 if the ‘sum of its digits is divisible by 9. For example, the number 19044 is divisible by 9 as the sum of its digits 1 +9+0+4+4= 18 is divisible by 9. Divisibility by 10 A number is divisible by 10, if it ends in zero. For example, the last digit of 580 is zero, therefore, 580 is divisible by 10. Divisibility by 11 A number is divisible by 11 if the difference of the sum of the digits at odd places and sum of the digits at even places is either zero or divisible by 11. For example, in the number 38797, the sum of the digits at odd places is 3+7 +7 = 17 and the sum of the igits at even places is 8 + 9 = 17. The difference is 17-17=0, so the number is divisible by [1 Note: When any number with even numberof digits is added 10 its reverse, the sum is always divisible by 11, For example, 2104 + 4012 = 6116, which is divisible byl, Divisibility by 12 A number is divisible by 12 if is divisible by 3 and 4. Divisibility by 7, 11 and 13 A numbers divisible by 7, 11 or 13 ifthe difference of the number formed by the last three digits and the number formed by the rest of the digitsis divisible by 7, 11 or 13 respectively.18) Quantiative Aponde For example, consider the number 5975216. $975-216=5759 $-759=-754 se 754 is divisible by 13, hence $975216 is also divisible by 13. Divisibility by 13 A number isdivisible by 13, ifthe ‘number of tens added to four tines the number of units is divisible by 13. For example, consider the number 5928, ‘Number of tens = $92 ‘The required sum = $92 +4 «8 = 624, whichis divisible by 13, ‘Thus, $928 is divisible by 13. ‘* Divisibility by 18 _A numberisdivisible by 15 ifthe sum of the digits of the number is divisible by 3 and the unit’s digit of the number is 0 or 5 For example, consider the mumber 69480, 6+9+4+8+0=27, which isdivisible by 3 I Also, last digit i 0. | + Divisibility by 16 A numberisdivisible by 16ifthe number formed by the last four digits of the given number is divisible by 16, Forexample, consider the number 7503248, 3248 16= 203 ‘Therefore, 7503248 is divisible by 16, + Divisiblity by 17. A number is divisible by 17, ifthe number of tens added to 12 times the number of units isdivisible by 17, | Forexample, consider the number 136. Number of tens= 13 “The roquired sum = 13 +12 *6=88, * which i divisible by 17. ‘Thus, 136 is divisible by 17. ‘* Divisibility by 18 An even number satisfying | the divisibility test of 9 is divisible by 18. ‘© Divisibility by 19 A numberisdivisibleby 19, ifthe ‘number of tens added to twice the number of units is. divisible by 19, Forexample, consider the number 855, Number of ens=85 ‘The required sum=85+2* 5-95, which is divisible by 19, ‘Thus, 855 is divisible by 19 « Divisibitity by 25 A number is divisible by 25 if | the number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 25 or the last two digits are zero. For example, the number 13675 is divisible by 25 | as the number formed by the last two digits is 75 which is divisible by 25, # Divisibility by 29. A number is divisible by 29, if the number of tens added to thrice the number of units is divisible by 29. | For example, consider the number 812. Number of tens = 81 The required sum = 81 +3 <2 = 87, | which is divisible by 29. Thus, 812 is divisible by 29 | ‘© Divisibility by 125 A number is divisible by 125 if the number formed by the last three digits is divisible by 12S or the last three digits are zero. For example, the number $250 is divisible by 125 as 250 is divisible by 125. | * Divisibilty by 8A number is divisible by 8 i | itis divisible by 11 and § ‘SOME USEFUL SHORT-CUT METHODS SC 1. Test to find whether a given umber is a prime number. Step 1 Select a least positive integer # such that 1? > given number, Step 2 Test the divisibility of given number by every prime number less than 1 divisible by any of 23. Since 24 is divisible by 2 Mlustration 19 prin Step 3 The given number is prime only if it is: not se primes. Mustration 18 Investigate whether $71 isaprime number. Solution Since (23)? = $29 < $71 and (24)? = $76> $71 ‘ n=24 Prime numbers less than 24 are 7M, 13, 17.19, $71 is not a prime number. Investigate whether 923 is prime number. Solution Since (30)? = 900 < 923 and (31)? = 961 > 923 SS n=3L Prime numbers less than 31 are 2. 3, 5.7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29. Since 923 is not divisible by any of these therefore 923 is a prime number SC 2 The least number, which when divided by dj, dy and dy leaves the remainders r,, r, and 1r, respectively such that (dy — 7) = n) (dy ~ 15). is = (LEM. of dj, dy and dy) = (dy — ry) 0F (dy ~ 13) 0F (dy = 73) Mlustration 20. Findthe least number which when divided by9, 10nd 15 leaves the remainders 4, 5 and 10, respectively. Solution Here. 9-4 = 10 5-10=5 ‘Also, LCM. (9, 10, 15) = 90, the required least number = 90 5=8sSC3. A number on being divided by d, and d; successively leaves the remainders r, and r, respectively. If the number is divided by d, * d, then the remainder is = (d, * r +r). Mlustration 21 A number on being divided by 10 and 11 successively leaves the remainders 5 and 7, respectively. Find the emainder when the same number is divided by 110. ‘Soltition The required remainder Sd, ¥ ry tr = 10x 7+ S275 ‘SC 4 To find the number of numbers divisible by a certain integer. The method is best illustrated with the help of following example. Mustration 22 How many numbers up to 532 are divisible by 15? ‘Solution We divide 532 by 15 S32 = 35 x 15+7 ‘The quotient obtained is the required number of ‘numbers. Thus, there are 35 such numbers. Illustration 23 How many numbers up to 300 are divisible by $ and 7 together? ‘Solution LCM. of 5 and 7 = 35 We divide 300 by 35, 300 = 8 x 35 +20 Thus, there are 8 such numbers. SC 5. Two numbers when divided by a certain divisor give remainders r, and r,, When their sum is divided by the same divisor, the remainder is r, The divisor is given by ry +r — ry. Mustration 24 Two numbers when divided by a certain | 23 Remainders 2[u 1 2[3s 1 2)2 1 Th 0 To 41 Reading the remainders upwards and writing from left to right we get the binary equivalent of decimal 23 as 101 That is, Binary 10111 is equivalent to decimal 23 or we can write 10111, = 23,9 | © PROBLEM SOLVING TRICK © | Binary to Decimal Conversion Following steps are involved to convert a binary | number to its decimal equivalent | Step 1 Write the binary number. ‘Step 2: Write the weights 2°, 2', 27, 2°, .. under the binary digits stating from extreme right. | Step 3: Cross out any weight under a zero, that is, weights under zeros in the binary number should be deleted. ‘Add the remaining weights Mlustration 29 Convert binary 1101 to its decimal equivalent. Solution 1 = 101 Binary number 2 2 2 weights: The weight 2! is under 0 so it can be deleted. Sum of the remaining weights eps = Beaee3 Decimal equivalent of binary 1101 = 13 that is, 1101, = 13,9 Binary Addition In binary number system there are only 2 digits, that is, 0 and 1. In decimal system we earry 1 for every 10 ‘whereas in binary system we carry | for every 2. Hence, rules of addition are as under o+0=0 ort 1+0 1+1=10 Mlustration 30 Add 1010 10 10100 Solution jo100 +1010 TH Binary Subtraction 1.0-0=0 21-0-1 3-1-0 4.10- S.0-1=-1 [Complement of a binary number is the exact reverse of the given number) Complement of 0 = 1 Complement of 1= 0 For subtraction of binary number the following method known as one’s complement method is used. © PROBLEM SOLVING TRICK ¢ ‘Subtraction of a Lower Number from a Higher Number ‘To determine which binary number is lowerand which is higher, itis advisable to find their decimal equivalents Step 1: Make the number of digits equal in both the numbers Step 2: Take the complement of the second number, that is, take the complement of the number to be subtracted, Add the complement obtained in Step II to | the first number. The carry over obtained from this addition indicates that the answer shall be positive, This carry over is taken out and added to the first digit on the right, that is, extreme right digit The digits so obtained is the final answer. Step 3: Step 4: Mlustration 31 Subtract 11 from 101 Solution Now, 101, = 4+ 1 = 5g 1; =2+1= 3,9 Clearly, 11 is smaller than 101. Making the number of digits equal, we write 11 as O11 Complement of O11 = 100 Adding 100 10 101, we get 101 ‘100. (1001 [Carry over is 1]Taking out the carry over and adding to extreme right digit, we get 001 Il 010 ‘The answer is 010 or 10 © PROBLEM SOLVING TRICK © Subtraction of a Higher Number from a Lower Number Step 1: Take the complement of the second number. Step 2: Add the complement obtained in Step Ito the first number. In this case there is no carry over indicating that the answer is negative. Recomplement the digits obtained: after adding the complement ofthe second number to the first number. | Puta negative sign befor the result obxned | in Step IV, step Mlustration 32 Subtract | 110 from 1001 Solution Now, 1110, = 8 +44 2= 1yg 1001, = 8+2= 10,9 Clearly, 1110, > 1001, Complement of 1110 = 0001 Adding 0001 w 1001, we get 1001 001 0 [There is no carry over} ‘Complement of 1010 = 0101. ©. The answer is -O101 or -101 Binary Multiplication Rules: 1x 1=1,1*0=0 Mlustration 33. Multiply 1111 by 11 mu u un mn to1i01 Solution Vedic mathematics is the ancient system of mathematics Which was recreated from the Vedas between 1911 and 1918 by the late Sri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji, a brilliant scholar and exponent of the spiritual teachings of the Veda. The name Vedic mathematics refers to a set of sixteen mathematical formulae called sutras. These sixteen sutras form sixteen one-line formulae which enable us to 4uickly solve the complex problems in mathematics. The real beauty and simplicity of Vedic mathematics lies in Numbers #111 the fact that Vedic methods are fast and effective because they rely on mental working, In the present chapter, we shall discuss some of these Vedic sutras which are useful in competitive examinations. Der Multiplication by ‘The sutra used is Nikhilam. Meaning: All by nine and the lst from 10 Mustration 34 7538 «9 1. Write © zero in front of the given number to get 07538 «9 2 Subtract the right-hand figure 8 from 10 and add the right neighbour O (no right neighbour. ie, 10-8) +0=[2] 3. Subtract 3 from 9 and add the right neighbour 8 ic. 0-3) +8 = 14, write 4 and carry over { AT 4, Subtract $ from 9 and add the right neighbour 3 ie, (9-5) +3=7 842 ‘5 Subtract 7 from 9 and add the right neighbour 5 ie, (9-7) 45=7. 7842 6. Atthe last step, when we have 0, subtract 1 from the right neighbour and use it as the left-hand digit, ie. 7-1=6, «The answer is 67842 Exercises Compute 1, 425379 2. 6285.x9 3. 386549 4. 725699) Answers 1, 382833 2. 56565 3. 78M 4. 653121 Multiplication by 11 to 19 Multiplication by 14 The rule being used here is add the right neighbour. Wlustration 35. 7869 «11 Step 1. Write a zero in front of the given number to get 07869» 11 Step 2. For 9, there is no right neighbour. 9+0=9142-8 Quantiative Apuiude Step 3. For 6, add the right neighbour 9, ie, 6 +9 = 15, write S and carry over 1 3 Step 4. For 8, add the right neighbour 6, 846+ 1=14+1=15, write Sand carry over 1 59 . For 7, add the right neighbour 8, ie,,7+8= 15+ 1=16, write Gand carry over | 16559 Step 6. For 0, add the right neighbour 7, ie, 047+ 1 = 8, write 8 to get 86559 7869 « 11 = 86859 Exercises Compute 1, 3768 «11 2. 3042711 3. 687469 11 4. 5789411 Answers 1, 41448 2. 433697 3, 7562159 4. 36834 ‘Multiplication by 12 ‘The rule being used here is multiply each digit by 2 and then add the right neighbour. Mlustration 36 2578 « 12 Step 1. Write 0 in front of the given number. i.e, 02578 « 12 Step 2. Double § and add the right neighbour 0 (no right neighbour) ie, 16 + 0= 16, write 6 and carry over 1 6 Step3. Double 7 and add the right neighbour 8, Lc., (72)+8=22-+1=23, write and camry over? Double 3 and add the right neighbour 7, i. (2*5)+7=17+2= 19, write 9 and camry over | 36 ‘StepS. Double 2 and add the right neighbour 5, Lc, (2*2)+5=9+ 1=10, write Oand carry over | ccd Step 6. Double 0 and add the right neighbour 2, ic. (0% 2)+2=2+1=3, write 3t0 got Eza 2578 « 12 = 30936 Exercises Compute: 1, 4632 « 12 2, 5287 «12 3. $8632» 12 4, 98789 12 Answers, 1, 703584 2. 63083 3. 703584 4. 18468: ‘Multiplication by 13 ‘The rule is multipliy each digit by 3 and then add the right ncighbour. lustration 37. 7625 « 13 We write 1, 07625 « 13 2 (SxS) +0815 3 (2¥3)+S= 1+ I= 12 4.6% 3)+2= 204121 5. (743) +6=27+2=29 6. (Ox 3)+7=7+ [9133] tna similar way we define rules for multiplication by rena) Exercises ‘Compute 1. 32546 13 2, 56327 «14 3. 76354» 15 4, 82593 «16 Answers, 1, 42302 2, 788578 3. 1145310 4. 1321488 General Method of Multiplication In Vedic mathematics there are number of multiplication methods based on different Vedic sutras. We shall dis- ceuss here the general method of multiplication which is very simple and also quicker than the normal method. This method can be applied to all the cases of multipli- cation and it can be extended for finding product of polynomials, solving linear equations, et. It is based on the sutra Urdhva-Tirvaghhyam (settetoare) which means Fertically and Crosswise lultiplication by a two-digit number Mustration 38 Multiplication of 24 and 17, Step 1. Multiply the two right-hand most digits, vertically, that is, 4» 7 = 28, Write down 8 and carry over 2| 17 8 @x2 ‘Step 2. Multiply 7 by 2 and 1 by 4, crosswise, and add these two products together, i¢., 7x 2= 14 and 1x4 = 4; 14+ 4= 18; 18 +2 = 20. Write down 0 and carry over 2. 24 xX . i7 2028 (2x74 1x 4)+2 Step 3. Multiply the two left-hand most digit, vertically, thal is, 1 x 2= 2; 2 +2 (camry digit) = 4. Write down 4 as the leftchand most digit to give the final answer 408 4 1 420.8 Qx1+2 ‘Note: The above method can be started either from the right or from the left. Diagrammatic Representation of the Working Rule Step 3 Step 2 Step 1 °° Q 9 °° 1, & | ‘One-step multiplication: 204 204 17 or 17 122474 1 x4pred 408 = 4/,0/,8 or 408 Exercises Find the following products: 48x23 23465 3. 7683 48194 512" 48, 6. 8467 Answers 1. 108 2. 210 3. 608 4. 7614 5. 576 6, 5628 - Mlustration 39 Multiplication of 427 and 32. Step 1. Multiply 2 by 7 to get 14. Write down 4 and carry over I. Numbers 81.13 4 2 2 4 ex? ‘Step 2, Multiply 2 by 2 and 3 by 7. Add the two products ‘and then add I (carry over) to get 26. Write down 6 and carry over 2. 427 32 64 Qx243"I+1 Step 3. Multiply 4 by 2 and 2 by 3. Add the two prod- ucts and then add 2 (carry over) to get 16. Write down 6 and carry over 1 424 oN 32 1626 4 (2*4+2%3)+2 Step 4. Multiply 4 by 3 and add 1 (carry over) to get 13. +. The final answer is 13664. 427 32 error x3)41 Diagrammatic Representation Step4 —Step3_ Step 2_——Step ° ° x 000 000 One-step multiplication: 427 32 4x 324443 x 22* IES xIDKT B 6 o or 427 32 13,6,6,4 or 13664 Exercises Find the following products. 1. 2867 « 42 2. 5634*35 3. 7826 x 46 4, 6043 «57 3. 8024*89 6, 7053 « 32Numbers il 115 Answers Answers 1. 734140 2.274320 3, 1551532 4, 6971179 2 102173003, 11838928 4. 1730300 5. 1874944 6, 3419783, 4. 14173250 —$. 220153506 32500123. lustration 44 Multiplication of 31245 and 234 Wlustration 46 Multiplication of 21324 and 4325 Diagrammatic Representation Diagrammatic Representation Sip 7 Sep 6 Sep Sip Sup 3 Sp 2 Se Step4 Step 3. Step2 Step 1 Step 8 Step 7 Step 6 Step 5 One-step multiplication: 21324 4325 Peevesesrr Tre TievTerIrrerarere ls?) s 2 2 2 73.Hg133,3,0 oF 7311330 SxI+ e330 Ded w aS xDD ADI WASHOTDeAS A . 6 3 ee) Exercises oe Find the following products. 21324 131542213 2 4252 Mo a. 51208413 anos 4.61243 «4025, 2931 * S64 6, 72308 » 325, = Answers 9,2:2,26,330,0 oF 92226300 1, 6718446 2. 14643066 3. 21147252 HHL, Multiplication by a five-digit number. 4. 24619686, 16533660 6, 23499125 i IIL. Multiplication by a four-digit number Mlustration 45 Multiplication of 4123 and 3254 Diagrammatic Representation Sip 7 Sten Sip S Sn ¢ %y 3 ay 2 Supt One-step multiplication: 4123 3234 SRA IARNSA DESY SDDS -» y ; “ 4 4123 3254 13,451,6,2,4,2 or 13416242 Exercises Find the following products, 1, 2143%3253 2, 4180*2462. 4,.6125*2314 5, 72303045 3. $321 «21668 6 8123 «4001 Mlustration 47 Multiplication of 32143 and 23413 Diagrammatie Representation Step4 —Step3_—Step2— Step 1 StepS Step? Step 6 Step S Step 9 (One-step multiplication: 32143 23413 7,5:2:5)64,0,59 or 752564059 Exercises Find the following products 1, 231424135 2 3124521313, 22041 «3122 4. 4130421535, 2002531256 6, 10321 «21503, Answers 1, 95692170 2. 66583095 3, 68812002 4. 88927512 5. 68850150 6. 221932463114 © Quantiasive Aprnude Answers A. 120414 2. 197190 3. 359996 43451 57181366. 225606 Mustration 40 Multiplication of 3237 and 46 Diagrammatic Representation Step $ Step 4 Step 3 Step? Step I gee Qgde 0900 0099 0000 One-step multiplication: 3237 46 SAS OF 2x42 OH3 KAI KOTAK TT KO “up ? ’ 2 oF 5237 46 24,0,9.0,2 or 240902 Exercises Find the following products. 12332 2316243. 6d 4.712058 S. BIB 256, 9264» 36 Answers 1. 68576 2. 135966, }. 212262, 4. 384480 5. 203350 6, 333504, Mlustration 41 Multiplication of 31245 and $4 Diagrammatic Representation Step 6 Step S Step 4 Step 3 Step2 Step | 16,8,7,2,3,0 oF 1687230 Exercises Find the following products. |. 21M2*62 2. B1DSR* TA 3, 21OMS «83 4.51238 "43 §, 69250+32 6, 83215 «26 Answers 1, 1323204 2, 2312722 3. 1746735 4. 2203108 5. 216000 6, 2163590, IL Multiplication by a three-digit number lustration 42 Multiplication of 234 and 143 Diagrammatic Representation Step5 —Step4Step3.Step2— Step} boo be sb ‘One-step multiplication: 234 13 Te3fandedafpad ed xdedeajsnd eanaad 3 4 £2 234 143 3,3)456,2 or 33462 Exercises Find the following products 1, 346 « 245 24623123, S24 «435 4. 621 «305 5.713269 6 431 «812 Answers 1. 8870 2 Mai 3. 227040 4. 189405 $. 191797 6 9072 Mlustration 43 Multiplication of 2135 and 432 Diagrammatic Representation Step 6 Step Step 4 Step 3 Step2 Step 1 90.00 29009000 00090095 0000 boo < 0. ‘One-step multiplication: Pepa abe aDvd HS a9 2 3 2 0 oR, or 922320 Exercises Find the following products 312423852. 4320635 3, 2143+ 724 453243 7324 «286 6 8123 « 8421LAG) Quanttative Aptitude vinculum we convert all the digits greater than five into the vinculum form which simplifies the arithmetical com- putations. Vinculums are negative numbers. The word vinculum is a Latin word meaning bond, ic., a number is bonded to the next base of ten by a deficiency. For example, 7 is, bonded to 10 by the deficiency 3, 48 is bonded to 50 by the def siency 2 © PROBLEM SOLVING TRICK © To change a digit into a vinculum number, subtract that number from 10 and increase the next digit to the left by | Mustration 48. (i) If we vinculate the units digit in 48, we get $3 (performing at unit’s place 10 - 8 and inereas- ing ten’s place by 1) Gi) Ifwe vinculate 68 in 468, we get 532 (performing at unit's place 10 ~ 8, ten’s place 9 ~ 6 and increasing hundred’s place by I,ie,4+1=5). (Gi If we vinculate 786, we get 1274 (is) Itwe vineulate the digits 7,6 and 8 in 174683, we get 235323. © PROBLEM SOLVING TRICK © To devinculate a number, subtract it from 10 and | reduce the digit to the left by | Ilustration 49. Devinculate 1.37 =29 (Performing 10 — 1 = 9 and reducing the next digit 3 by lie, 3-1=2) 2. 433 = 368 (Performing 10 -2=8, 9 digit 4 by I, ie. 4 ~ 3. 1336736 = 0675864 4, 2395197 = 1658053 5. 8003 = 7996 = 6 and reducing the next 3) Rules for multiplying vineulums 4x2=8 ax 4x3<8 ax Adding and subtracting vinculums 4e3e7 Mustration 50 L3xG-72 26 4, 13x 3 68 a 9.0 T Multiplication using vinculums Mustration 51 Multipli Express 856 as 1 193,4,73 2 These answer is 1934732. On devinculating, this becomes 584648 Wustration 52 Multipi Express 489 as STT and 989 as 1077 tion of 489 and 989 S16421 The answer is $T8421. On devinculating, this becomes 483621 lustration 53 Multiplication of $9 and 98. Express 89 as 1 TT and 98 2s 103 Now iT 102 17322 The answer is 17322. On devinculating, this becomes 8722. Exercises Find the following products using vinculums: 1.78» 97 2.987 ~897 3, 3897 = 6988 4.799% 879-5, 9998996. 9876 7898 7. 38987 » 19899 Answers 1. 7566, 2. 885339 3. 27232236 4702321 5. 898101 6. 7a000688 7. 78802313 Using Urdhva-Tiryagbhyam process of multiplication, ‘we can also find the product of polynomials.Mlustration 54 Obiain the following products 1 Get syle + 99) 2. 2x +3yy4r +79) 3. (27 + 3x + 4)3x? + Sx +3) 4. (8420 +32 + de + 212K + ad +P + 2x +3) Solution 1. x +» x+9y 2+ Hay +9 2 w+ay 4x + Ty Re + oxy +2 3 We +art4 a+ Sx +3 Gxt + 19 + 3327 + 20K + 12 4 tb de at + de +2 atta ee Or +3 28+ Re? + 15x + 24x +304 + 24 + 19? + 160 +6 CAUTION If and when a power of x is absent, it should be given ‘a zero coefficient and the multiplication should be carried on exactly as before Mustration 55 Obiain the product (40 + 3x +2) (TP +27 +4), Solution We can write: 4x’ + or? + 3x+2 Ix + 2? Das OS + Dias Bo + A Exercises Obtain the following products: 1. Gi +2y)ax +4) 2 (r+ Tx 4y) 3. (x? + 2v + 32x? + 4 + 7) 4. 4x8 + Or + 5208 +3 +7) 5S. (0+ 3x4 + De) + Se t+ QYDeP +a + 3x? +e + 3) Answers 1 3x2 + Lay + 6)? 2. 3x! + 17xy — 28)? 3. det + 83+ 1Se? + 26x +21 4, 2x! Gx? + Bx 5x7 + DIX? + 305 + 32¥4 +278 +232 + Te +6 ‘There are a number of methods of finding the square of ‘a number. The method we shall discuss here gives a general Numbers © 117 procedure of finding square of any number and is based fon a process known as Dvandva Yoga or the duplex ‘combination process. The term Dvandva Yoga or duplex is used in two different senses, The first one is by squaring: and the second one is by cross-muliplication. In the present context, itis used in both the senses (a* and 2ab). Duplex of a Number For a single-digit number, duplex is its square. For example, duplex of 5 is 5? = 25, duplex of 7 is? = 49 For a two-digit mimber, duplex is twice the product of the two digits For example, duplex of 43 is D = 2. (4 * 3)=24 Duplex of 62 is D = 2 « (6 * 2)= 24 Duplex of 76 is D = 2% (7 = 6) = 84 For a three-digit number, duplex is twice the product of the outer two digits plus the square of the middle digit. For example, Duplex of 352 is D = 2 (3 * 2)+ 5? = 37 Duplex of 534 is D= 2 «(5 * 4) +3? = 49 Duplex of 736 is D = 2 « (7 x 6) +3? = 93 For a four-digit number, duplex is the sum of two products: first, twice the product of the extreme digits, and second, twice the product of the middle two digits. For example, Duplex of 2345 is D=2 (2% 5) +234) Duplex of 3162s D=2% (3x 2)+2% (I x6)=24 Duplex of 8137 is D=2% (8% 7) +2 (Ix3)=118 Duplex of 26734isD =2(2*4)+2%(6«3)+7? $16 +36+49= 101 Duplex of 341628 is D=2 «(3 «8)+2%(4%2) $2 (1x6) = 48+ 16+ 12 = 76 The process of finding the square of a number is best illustrated with the help of the following examples. Mlustration 56 Square of 46. Duplex of 4 is D= 4? = 16, Duplex of 46 is D = 2 * (4 « 6) = 48, Duplex of 6 is D= 6° = 36 2 = 36+ 48 « 10+ 16 = 10° = 2116 Alternatively, 46? = 16/48/36 = 2116 Mlustration 57 Square of 378. Duplex of 3 is D= 3 =9 Duplex of 37 is D = 2% (3 « 7) = 42 Duplex of 378 is D = 2 «(3 * 8) + Duplex of 78 is D= 2 * (7 * 8) = 112 Duplex of 8 is D= 8? = 64LIB © Quantitative Aptitude 2.378 64+ 112 10+97 x 10 +42 «10° +9 104 = 1428s Alternatively, 3782 = 9/42/97/112/64 = 142884 Mlustration 58 Square of 1254. Duplex of | is D= P= 4 Duplex of 12 is D = 2 = (1 2)= Duplex of 125 is D=2* (1 = 5) +2? =14 Duplex of 1254is D=2 «(1 <4)+2 «(2 5)=28 Duplex of 254 is D = 2 « (2 4) +5? =41 Duplex of 54 is D = 2 (5 = 4) = 40 Duplex of 4 is D= 4? = 16 2S = 16 + 40 = 10+ 41 = 10? 4109+ 1x 10° ‘Alternatively, 1254? = 1/4/14/28/41/40016 = 1572516 Mlustration 59 Square of 30125 30128? = 9/0/6/12/31/4/14/20/25 = 907818625 28 10° + 14 108+ Exercises Evaluate: Law 3. 26 4457 6. 31267 7. 701P 9, 2134: 10, 430317 Answers 1. 1156 2. 1849 3. 55696 4, 208849 5. 6421156 6, 9771876 7, 49168144 8. 17089956 9, 485600025 10, 1851666961 ‘Squaring of Numbers Ending in 5 Step 1. Square S and put down 2S as the right-hand pa of the answer. Step 2, After dropping 5, multiply the number left by a ‘number | more than itself, This gives left-hand part of the answer. lustration 60. 75° 7 x 8Y/S? = 56/25 = $625 (9 « 10)/5? = 90/25 = 9025 Squaring of Numbers Ending in 25 Step 1. Square 25 and put down 625 as the right-hand part of the answer. Step 2. Add 3 to the number left after dropping 5 and then multiply by the corresponding proportion, This gives left-hand part of the answer. Mlustration 61 42: 425? = 442 + 3) 6 (62 + 3) 25 12 (122 + 32 Exercises Find the squares of the following. 13s 24s? Bas 4, Ds 6 2S 7. 112: Answers 1, 1225 . 2025 4, $0625 5. 105625 7. 12651 8. 1050625 to zai Saad ‘The method we give below for finding the cube of a two- digit number is based on the Vedie Anurupya Suira. The steps involved inthe calculation are: Ifa and h are the two digits of the given two-digit ‘number, Step 1. Write the first row as a ab al » Step 2. Write down the double of the figure under each of the middle digits, ie, a ah ab Ai) 2ath Dab? Ai) a 630% + 3ab? + «ii) (Adding (i) and (i) from right to left left-hand digit being carried forward t so the next higher digit) (ii) gives the desired result Mlustration 62 Cube of 24 8 6 2 oF 2 ot BS 4 2a) = 13824 Mlustration 63 Cube of 17. 1 7 MB 4 9 3 13 Mlustration 64 Cube of 63 26 RSH 216 108 0 47 280047 Mlustration 65 Cube of 84. 52 286 RH 512286 sD 7 0 4Exercises Evaluate: Lie 2 323 4.27 5.35% 643° 1.56 8, 68" 9, 728 10. 8 Answers 1. 2744 2. 9 3. 12167 4. 19683 5, 42875 6, 79507 8 175616 8 314432 9, 373248 10. 551368 © PROBLEM SOLVING TRICK ¢ ‘The binomial expansion (a+ by = at + da'b + 6a°b? + dab3 + b* gives us the clue for raising any given number to its fourth power. aah ah 3a°b Sa? 3ab* + dab) +f a dab + bab ‘The straight division method is the general method for dividing numbers as it covers all the possibilities and we get the answer in one line. The Vedic sutra being used here is On Top of the Flag. Mlustration 67 741 +35 ‘Step 1. Out ofthe divisor 35, write only the first digit, ie. 3 in the divisor column and put the other digit, ic., 5 om fop of the flag as shown above. [For a two-digit divisor there will be one flag digit and for a three-digit divisor there will be two flag digits, and so on.) As one digit has been put on top, we allot one place at the right end of the dividend to the remainder portion of the answer and mark it off from the other digits by a vertical line and 1 as the remainder. Write down 2 asthe first quotient digit andthe remainder 1s placed below and just before the second dividend digit 4. ‘The second dividend number is now 14. Step 2. Divide 7 by 3 to get 2, as the quotient 3517.4) Numbers 1.19 Step 3. From 14, sublract the product of first 35,4) 1 uotient digit 2 and the fag digit S. ie. yp 7 14-(2* $=4, Divide 4 by 3,toget Fasthe Pt second quotient digit and 1 as the remainder, annexed to the | making it 11 Step 4. In the remainder portion (ic., portion after 1), we do not divide and just subtract the 3°[?4{i1 product of the previous quotient digit and the — [20 flog digit, ic., 11 ~ (1 * 5) to obiain 6 as the remainder. Thus, we have, 21 as the quotient and remainder is 6. Mustration 68. 7347 +54 Since the number of flag digits is one, there- fore the vertical line is placed after one digit from the right. Divide 7 by 5: Q is Land R is 2, st{734)7 23-(1x4) = 19 5117.344]27 Divide 19 by 5: Q is 3 and R is 4. tae fs 3 44-G x 4)=32 Divide 32 by 5: Q is 6 and R is 2 1-6«4)=3 ‘The answer is 136 remainder 3. Mlustration 69 9621 + 42 Divide 9 by 4: Q is 2 and R is 1 16-2 2)= 12. Divide 12 by 4: Q is 3 and R is O 02- G2) =~, 4#/9,62)1 2 negative number (Note) To avoid this, Divide 12 by 4 to get Q as 2 and R as 4 42-2 2)=38 Divide 38 by 4: Q is 9 and R is 2 2-@x9=3 The answer is 229 remainder 3. Mustration 7015707 + 66 6°(155770 07 237-165 The answer is 237 remainder 65, Mlustration 71 7458 + 127 12774445 [108 38 [92 ‘The answer is $8 remainder 92. Note: If instead of getting the remainder, we want the quotient in terms of decimals, we can have it in the usual way.46 6 Quantitative Aptitude increase in numerator Solution Since, aa 3 fist faction therefore, the firs fraction > 5 isthe greatest is less than the Mlustration 22. Which ofthe following fractions is the least? 24 6 8 S°u'17723 ce MT an te fin faction 2, erie, eas Faction stele 3. Inserting a fraction between two given fractions To insert a fraction between two given fractions a ot and 4 ‘Step 1. The numerators of the two given fractions are added to get the numerator of the resulting fraction, that is, a, + a. Step 2. The denominators of the two given fractions are added to get the denominator of the resulting fraction, that is, 6, * B. Step 3. Resulting fraction = “*% | Athy - the following steps may be useful: Mlustration 23 Insert one fraction between 2 and 4 Solution Using the above method, Solution Using the above method, s eo 2 S49. ri 7 iw Further, 55477 749 9 512716 9 + sno 1 2 Os o> © ; (@) None of these 3 anerax( of e323) =2 esa 3 @9 (by 12 © 1s (d) None of these 4. Sanplty: Qe [Q+2e (2+2+(QH III (@ 191s (b) 17S (© 1s (d) None of these (d) None of these 0.8x0.8%0.8-0.5%0.5x0.5 6 The simBiFcatOn OF 0 50.8 05+0.5x05 ives (a) 08 (b) 04 (©) 03 (a) 0.13 1 7. The simplification of [+t 5 {2 yields 2 n @ oD 2 107 OF ®t‘Multiply the numerator and denominator Meet nee deminer of et 3 term —_— (3) by 33 to get 33, 447 a7 160 160 ‘2. Comparison of Fractions ‘The following points are found useful while comparing ‘two or more fractions. (@) Ifthe denominators of the fractions are same, the largest is one whose numerator is the largest. Mlustration 16 Which is the largest fraction among 37045 ; epg? Solution (b) Ifthe numerators of the fractions are same, the largest is one whose denominator is the smallest. Mlustration 17 Which is the largest fraction among $5. S 37 a 5? man (©) Ifneither the numerators nor denominators of the fractions are same then they are converted into equivalent fractions of the same denominator by taking the L.C.M. of the denominators of the given fractions. Then, the fractions are compared according to (1). lustration 18 Which is the largest fraction among Soldtion L.CM. of 2, 3, 5 and 8 = 120 1 Then, 3 2x60 ~ 120 2 _ 2x40 _ 80 37 3x40 ~ 120 A 4x2 96, 5 ~ 3x24 ~ 120 3 _ SxS _ 75 and, 87 8xI5 ~ 120 Simplification © 45 Now, the denominator of these fractions are same and the largest numerator is 96. Hence, the largest fraction, (@ Two fractions can also be compared by cross multiplication method. Mlustration 19 Which is greater < or 3 Solution Step 1. Cross multiply the two given fractions buys BX we get 6x 7=42 and 13 «5 = 65 Step 2. Since 65 is greater than 42 and in 65, the : sumer of ince, = Ege Mlustration 20 Which one of the following fractions is the largest? Solution Since in each of the given fractions the difference between the numerator and denominator is same and the largest numerator is 9, therefore, the largest SiMe where a oF o8 (0 owe of ese uot s08308 69842-30158 (@) 100000 (b) 69842 (©) 39684 {d) 30158 2 13. 4. 1s. 16. 2.752.75x2.75-2.25%2.252.25 Bie vals Of 275x2.754 2.75% 2.25+2.25%2.25 (a) 030 (b) 0.50 (©) 3.00 (@) 8.00 1 J eas20 ae pxte20 81 oF ) 23 6 of @t Evaluate: 253*059-2%0.53x0.41+0.41x0.41 valuate 053x041 f) 016 (b) 08 © 0.12 (@) None of these 2 ist The value of 2 %I8" ig a 2 4 05 O) , oF Oe ‘The simplification of + yields the result at 7 18, 19, 20. 2. 2, 23, Simplification 8 4.7 wo? b 1 @ > 1 Woy (a) 15 (b) 63 (©) 24 (a) 36 The value of + to sof Tad Teak aay OP 1 four places of decimals is (a) 1.1202 () 1.1203 (©) 11208 (d) None of these 3 4, 3g i what pan of 7 3 1 oF oT 3 (A) None of these ‘The simplification of 1+ yields the result wt. 4 (a) ) F © (@) None of these Which of the following fractions is less than 2 ant reer han 2 1 2B MG ©) i a OD OF 1 How many are there in 3752 () 300 (by 400 () 500 (€) Cannot be determined In a college, tu of the girls and 7” of the boys took part in a Social camp. What of the total number of students in the college took part in the eamp? @ Ipslo. zg © 3 L 22. a. 2. 33. 1 QQuanataive Aptiade 1 1 35 © 25 1 () 430 (d) None of these ‘When simplified, the product, (-s)-she4) -( 1 1001 1003 3 @ © The value of hy 2 30 B 0 @) © (d) None of these 2valygl z 2 xateot tye Ispxagre, ) 7 wl (d) None of these Ly slpopoh og? Jastanat o 432 sy t3tt2y = BS 2 1 @ 35 (by : ! J @ 45 45 The simplification of 0.67% 0,67 x0.67 ~0,001 0.67%0,67-+0.067+0.01 (a) 0.57 (b) 0.66 (©) 0.68 (a) 0.77 In a cemtain college the number of girls is twice the 1 1 umber of boys. th of the girls and 5th of the boys took part in a social camp. What part of the total number of students took part in the camp? 7 7 (a) ® o 1 os @ 12 uw If we multiply a fraction by itself and divide the product by its reciprocal, the fraction thus obtained is 83, ‘The fraction is oi 2 a 0 (b) 25 i &) 5 (d) None of these Which of the ftlowing numbers isthe greatest? (a) 03 (b) 1 +03 i oy @) Joao What fraction must be subtracted from the sum of bo 1 amd & tw have an average of 7 ofall the three fractions? wt O72 1 (b) © @ |. A person was to multiply a fraction by ©. Instead, he divided and got an answer which exceeds the 1 correet answer by >. The correct answer was 6 36 oR © 7 On (d) None of theseat. 4s. 47. 49. 2+ r+ @ 2 m4 oo (@ Cannot be determined 1 1 The value of +554 34q correct 10 three places of decimal is @ 073 (b) 0715 © 077 @ o718 212 o2%36~? (@) 1782 (b) 1722 (©) 1728 @ 1712 [PRT «18 = 84 @ 3 &) 312 © 3.3 @ 34 ‘The difference between the sum of 8 24, 38. sf and 2 and tenet wle mambo is 2 13 oy O45 u © (@) None of these (22)(2) = 73. nae a oan @ G19 &) (3,14) © (14,3) @ (24,6) If we multiply a fraction by itself and divide the product by the square of its reciprocal, the fraction 0 obtai is 38 ‘The original fraction is 16 8 Ons Os 4 1 oF oO; Ifx* y= + 2° 2) then 7* 5 =? @ 24 &) 28 © 8 @ 2 If'm and m are whole numbers such that mf” = 121, then (m= 1)"! =? @ 10 © 1 oO 0 @ 10 Beweentwo fan ant! how many aston are there in all? (@) Four ©) Zero (©) Sixteen @ Infinite si. 82. 53, 58, s7. Simplification 49 ‘A boy was asked to multiply a given number by 8/17. Instead, he divided the given number by $ and got the result 225 more than what he should have got if he had multiplied the number by 8/17. ‘The given number was @ 8 on (©) 64 (@) 136 fc tent The value of 757357347510 8 u 8 i &) , 9 OD © ie Vim 2 >” 28 (a) 6 () 3 9 (@) 12 If we multiply a fraction by itself and divide the product by its reciprocal, the fraction thus obtained 26 i is 185}. The original fraction is 8 2 fa) cs (b) 25 (ec) 4 (d) None of these « ato > ie oo = Fh, what is SP equal to? u 0 o? og @ 2 @2 7 Ati of oil was Sth fll, when six botes of oil were taken out and four bottles of cil were poured ino, al How many tes of cn it contain? (@) 10 (b) 20 (©) 30 () 40 In an examination a student was asked to find ain ‘ofa certain number. By mistake be found im fit His answer was 150 more than the comect answer. ‘The given number is (@) 180 ©) 20 © (a) 20 1Y5-3Y>_5 999 ) The vale of (2-5 2-2] 2-5) (2-5) is410 59, 60. ot. 02. 63. 6s. 66. 1 Quanuiave Apanade 1003 1003, o> © Tor 1 © Ter (@) None of these If V2" = 64, then find the value of n. (@ 8 () 10 (©) 2 (16 If 10° = 25 then what is the value of 10" 0) 5 (a) -S Simplify 1 2 @ 5 4 ot (8) Cannot be determined a +b ab ath 1 SR = SE, en find the value of SP in terms of ¢ and d only. ed os etd w 4 (1.06 + 0,047 = 4% 1.06 « 0.04 (a) 1.04 (b) 14 (©) 15 (4) Cannot be determined ‘The highest score inan inning was =thof the total score and the next highest was 5 th of the remainder. These scores differ by 8 runs. What was the total score in the innings? (a) 162 (b) 132 fe) 142 (@) 132 sino (2) c6ay¥2 +3298 70. mn. Rn 2. 1 3 fa) uy (bo) "y i 7 @ vt 88 u f) 7 © & a 2 © ~ @) n When dh of a number is subtracted from fd of the same number, the remainder obtained is 12. The number is @) 4 © 120 &) 2 @ 6 ‘What is the difference between the largest and the S219 6 smallest fractions =.55+7¢ and > 33 u @ OF B 9 OF Os tram sends $i pa of many ad hen ain eam: 1 part of the remaining money, what part of his money is with him now? @ (o) rc) @ 1 Manmohan spends “th part of his money as pocket money and haf the reinderin ther afi he is let with Rs 48 per month, what isthe monthly inconse? (a) Rs 360 (©) 5320 (b) Rs 400 (a) Rs 300 If the difference between Su part and 3th pan of 4 number is 4, what isthe number? @ ® ) 100 o* (0mt 2rd part of a number is 96, what is the value of 18. 6. 3 qth part of the same number? @ & (@) 192 (©) 108 @ 2 ‘Arman completes, Zu ‘of his journey by aeroplane, 2th by tran and the rest by ta What part of hi journey does he complete by taxi? & 7 os m2 oF (a) None of these Hr Bfeid)- is the value of x? 8. Simplification 4.11 ) @ ©) 3 ©» @1 The value of 1,073x1.073-0.927 ,_(34)4x98 |. 1073-0927” (27)7x(3) (@ 2 1 © 25 The value of 202,313 gv x42 Ite = S00, then the value of is equal to @ 0 1 2 (@) None of these Given 331 @t w= 9. 10. 9°+ 7, when divided by 8, would have a remainder of @o ) 6 © 5 (4) None of these H.C of 3240, 3600 and a third number is 36 and th LCM. is 24 355? 72, The third number is @ Pxsxr ) PxPKP © BxBxP @ xx? ‘There are four prime numbers written in ascending ‘order. The product of the first three is 385 and that of the last three is 1001. Find the first number. () 050 @s ° @ 5 () 7 on @ 7 ‘The value of (223282 75~2,25%2,25*2.25 (@) 030 © 3 The simplification of ( 15983x75983— 4598345983 ) 30000 (@) 121796 (b) 121866 (©) 121986 (@) 12196 (0.6)° ~(0.1)"" aeen42 2 13. 18. 15, 16. 7. 18, vw © Quantitative Aptitude @) ~ 2 oF ‘What is the missing figure in the expression given below? 16.16 8.99.90, 77 77°77 @t (b) 7. (e) 457 (d) 32 If the numerator and the denominator of a proper fraction are increased by the same quantity, then the resulting fraction is (a) Always greater than the original fraction (b) Always less than the original fraction (©) Always equal to the original fraction (a) None of the above 2-0 as = then tind 2%, ae ab @ 3 ot ©2 (d) None of these He) 2(e) z3(B) (2) e.g) o(@)-2@) ml 83) °83°89" Which of the following is the lowest © gtyty What digit exists at unit's place in (483)? (a) 8 (b) 9 ©) 0 wut Which of the following can’t be the difference of two four-digit numbers formed by the four digits 4, 6, 7 and 9, where each digit can be repeated? (a) $085 (b) 09s © s7s (205 Find the remainder when 7?! + 7 + 7° + 7 is divided by 25. 20. a. 2, 2. mM. m7. 28, 29. 30. 3 @) 0 ) 2 4 @ 6 ‘A four-digit number is formed, using digits 1, 2, 3 ‘and 4, without repeating any one of them, What is the sum of all such possible numbers? (a) 66600 (b) 66660 (c) 66666 (4) 60000 How many multiples of 9 can be found which are less than 9999 and are perfect cubes? @) 5 (b) 6 © 7 @ 8 it Va =56+ a" then (a, 6) could be @) G.4) (b) (2, 12) fc) 4, 18) (@) 4) Find the greatest number which when divides 51,141 ‘and 276 leaves the same remainder. (a) 15 (b) 30 (©) 45 (@) 60 ‘What is the smallest number with which 1800 must be multiplied to make it a perfect cube? (@ 12 (b) 5 © 18 @ Is ‘A number when divided by 192 gives a remainder of $4, What remainder would be obtained on dividing the same number by 162? (2 (b) 4 © 6 ws 2.53 * 0.154 is the same as if (a) 253 * 0.00184 (b) 25.3 « 1.54 (©) 253 « 0.154 (2) 253 « 0154 The difference between the squares of two consecutive odd integers is always divisible by (@ 8 ) 7 © 6 3 ‘The number 3° + 312+ 315 + 3° isa perfect cube of fan integer for natural number » equalling @ 2 ) 8 © 4 (1s ‘The number of ways, in which 8064 can be resolved as the product of two factors, is ‘10 tb) 16 © ™ 8 Find the positive integer, which when added to the 2 numerator and denominator of =, will result in a fraction nearest to +3 15 (@ 6 @4 () 5 @ 3 Ifx=5+2V6, then420 © Quantitative Aptinde which is nearer to 15 than 14 Bo 2 Difference = 18 — M455 = Te 46 (c). Taking the quotient 2, y and 7, we get 2y = 180 Which gives the quotient as 3 ‘ Substituting the value of y, we get oat 273 58 (a). Given product 4-008 1003 rool” 3 59 (c). V2" = 64 or, (2'2 = 2% = i. 47 (c). Let x be the fraction 60 (b). 10” = Yio = JS - yews (y 64 (a). Putting x for ? and solving ved 25 3 48 (b). Substituting x = 7 and y = 5, we get * TPS = (7+ 25-2) =F X39 = 243 los 49 (c). Given that mi! = 121 => m' on, re aX4y Hence, m= 11, n= 2. Substituting these values (m — 1"! = (11 = Pt = 10 = 1000 7 8 51 (xx Dox F225 on x= 136 = 10 53 (c). Putting x for ? TBE 2.25 366228 e2 _ as Saab or, x= (JOKERS on r= 6x15 se red +d? —2ed 55 (c). Given that > = [by componendo and dividendo} ie, ifa=17,thena+b~23 or, b= 6 -b=17-6=11 a32 (a). Given expression «4. 3. - = Jt2x242x> = 2444329 7 206 837 stm 67 (9,197 Fe) 6 7 2 = 2-252 s s 5 35 (a). 0.001 = (0.1)°; 0.067 = 0.1 « 0.67 ‘The given expression ab ~ PF iabeP = 0.67 - 0.10 = 0.87 36 (a). Let total number of students = x =a-b Number of girl students = Number of boy students = 5 Number of girls who took part in camp - 33) -2: sla) 18 Number of boys who took part in camp . (3) «Zk ala)” 24 Total number of students who took part in camp 2 eye (1605), 7 15°24 (i) a en, 44), «1528 _ S12 (eg)? Sa 27 37 (b). Let the fraction be ‘Simplification 4,19 42 (0). ; = 0.50000 Ai) Fy ~ 01667 ii) (divide () by 3) 1 rss iu” 0.04167 Aili) (divide (ii) by 4) Aiv) (divide (ii) by 5) Adding, we have 0.71667 or 0.717 up to three places: 43 (c). Putting x in place of ? x+i2 2*02%3.6%12 on, x= 17.28 44 (a). Substituting x for ?, we get VERT = 18 = 84 : on. AT = Mo, daa - (2) 84x84 #8 18%7 =3.41 @ 8248 @ MsSimplification @ 421 Difference between the largest and the smallest fractions 65 (a). Putting x for ? and solving = OD _ 40_ 315 _ 165 33 - ~ $60 (1.06 + 0.047 — x = 4 x 1.06 x 0.04 7 Te S60 Se S60 11 Hare, 1.06 = @ and 0.04 = b 74 (b). Let the money with the man at first be Re 1 Bat Bae tab «Money spent = ot = Re x= (a+b)? —4ab = (ab)? . e = (1.06 ~ 0.04)? = (1.02)? = 1.0404 Remaining money = | - 3 =Rst 66 (a). Let the total score be x runs, such that x(r-3x) of Bs = Rs 75 Total money with him now ° 1 i is wit 67 (a) (4) 4 (64) 4 (32985 lb past of his money is with him now. 1+ (By + (-1 x 32y"5 1484+ (CH « G2)") 4s Pocket money = + of Re I= Re + Lest Ds « O) i . 72 (d). Let the monthly income of Manmohan be Re 1 id inder = 1 Lone 1 1 and remainders 5 BES ee dete iert 8 8 ‘Other expenses $ orne 4 =Re Se (oo —oer2y Set a we a 121*64 (8)? +3*11 * Saving = 5 ~ 35 = Re 35 ew CAP ~3X3KUXIL 8XIL (bd). x= “Monthly income = 48 + * = Rs 300 TDdx8x8 64433 25 on, xn CAFSINO~39) 73 (c). Let the number be 1 7 88 +33 or, x= at * 88 Let the number be 1 70 (a). L.C.M. of 7, 8, 16 and 35 = 560 5 _ 5x70 _ 350 8x70 ~ 560 21x16 _ 336 35x16 560 9x35 _ 315 16x35 560 a, a SX80 _ 480 anes > 7x80 ~ 360212: 83 5-75 78 (¢). 2 (Oh Toes Ke shea 21 63"3 (22)! x10" 349438 (B44 x(9) ————yis._ SOFT ee 3 : 756 277 x) U2 33 202 DS SUS 8S 23 2 2 3h'xG? ee ae = Lory? 0.977 , a4y'xa*y ro 303x208 1.073-0.927” @)7xG) Abt by Ly = (1.073 + 0,927)(1.073~ 0.927) , 378 2 2PPSS x33 1.073 0.927 = 22! x 30x share S=10 6 (a). Consider 9, 9°, 9°, 94, 9°. Each of the these numbers, when divided by 8, will leave a remainder of 1. +. 9°+7, when divided by 8, will eave a remainder of 7 (b). The product of the numbers = H.C.F * L.CM. Let the third number be x, fe 3240 ¥ 3600 x = 36 24 3 x SP TF 36024 «35 x5? x7? ** ongt (Px *DxC 6ab+2a* 6b? +2ab aay, £422, 2428 asd avb 0 le ee ah a [: a+b avb ee (2232) x24 38x . 2aGhee),20b+a) 2 Fo Sgt aged ane aba) a 26x37 St x7? _wsa Mealy AE aPxx? b-a bra 8 (a). The four prime numbers are 5, 7, 11 and 13. 4 (c). Given expression Aen ey, = Eras VETO? _ 25 () By wing aah G+)-G-1 4 (2.75)? (2.25) 275-225 a Nett -1042/i == 40 _ s (2.95)? +2,75%2.25+ (2.25 4 2 “se = xt 276-40 = 41 = 2r- 41 = [2 br 407 = 4x7 + 1681 ~ 164x = 4 (37 ~ 6x - 40) = 4x? — 24r — 160 => 140x= 18419 256 81 42 (4), -2x3 = 268 #9 = 256-81 +49 => *=32 13 (a). A 6 win win 14 (c). = 14a? ~ 146) = 13a' + 136° sama la3 > fn ate eta, ab, 2 > 87) 150. (2) = o9sss 2 37 82) 1.0985 (@) Ifx 108 + x of 5 +5*34 x=36 48 (b). Given expression = 108494341 108 13 19 (6). Let x of 5 = 35 3 3 xe ox -3 Then, x= ggx12 =F 20 (c). Given expression 1 1 tltygttty 24 (d). 038 na 20m = 0.25 does not lie between 0.33 and 0.875 = 0.96 which exceeds 0.875 = 0.92 which exceeds 0.875 = 0.708 which ies between 0,33 and 0:875 1, 75 Number fase 1 18 > 3x8 = 300 Out of the 5 girls, 1 took part in the camp. Out of the 8 boys, I took part in the camp. Out of the 13 students, 2 took part in the eamp. 2 22 (a). 23 (6). th of total number of students took part Bw 1s 3003 _ 1003 1001 3 20454241 28 7 120 120-30 _ 8934114-205 _ 802 18 9 Given expression = 34 fax? BB 5 [xg Say 29 (0). 5 = 0.60 3 Gt 07s 2 5 = 0.66 . 35253 “ 4°3°5 30 (c). Given expression 240%300 = 240300 _ 59954. Quanttative Aptiude Mlustration 11. If the price of sugar increases by 25%, find how much per cent its consumption be reduced so as not to increase the expenditure, Solution Reduction in consumption x10) % -( tid 100+P ~ (2 qxito) or 20% 100+25 Mlustration 12 If the price of a commodity decreases by 25%, find how much per cent its consumption be increased s0 as not to deerease the expenditure. Solution Increase in consumption -( P. 100) % 100-P so 3 ( 28 100-25 SC 5. If a number is changed (increased/decreased) successively by x% and y%, then net % change is given by (rey6)o6 which represents 100. increase or decrease in value according as the sign is positive or negative. Ifx or y indicates decrease in percentage, then put negative sign before x or y, otherwise positive sign. Explanation Lat the given sumber be ¥. Itit creased by x%, then it becomes: . Nx _ N(x+100) N+ ste otwea ne ME = Merson If it is further increased by ¥%, then it becomes N(x100) , N(x 100) T0100" 100 (+ 100) (+100) (100)? N(x+100) (+100) (100)? Net change = _ N(Q00x-+100y-+x9) Mlustration 13 If salary of a person is first increased by 15% and thereafter decreased by 12%, what is the net ‘change in his salary? Solution Here, x ~ 15 and y = -12. The net % change in the salary Ixia = (1s-12- or 12) ( 100 ss % Since the sign is positive, the salary of the person increases by 1.2%. Mlustration 14 The population of a town is decreased bby 25% and 40% in two successive years. What per cent population is decreased afler two years? Solution Here, x =~ 25 and y = ~40 The net % change in population = (sere) 280 es or — 55% 00 = (2840+ Since the sign is negative, there is decrease in population after two years by 58%. 'SC6. Iftwo parameters A and B are multiplied to get a product and if 4 is changed (increased/decreased) by x% and another parameter B is changed (increased decreased) by y%, then the net % change ini prot By given( y+ sich represents increase or decrease in value according. as the sign in positive or negative. Ifx or y indicates decrease in percentage, then put negative sign before x or y, otherwise positive sign. Mustration 15 Ifthe side ofa square is increased by 20%, its area is increased by AY. Find the value of K Solution Since side « side = area Net Me change in afea - (x+r+ hls : (20+20e22422)0, 100 100 (Here, x = 20 and y = 20] = 44% Therefore, the area is increased by 44% Here, k= 44 Wlustration 16 The radius of a circle is increased by 2%. Find the percentage increase in its area. Solution Since x * radius * radius = area 2 Net % change in area . (rere) = (202022)Given: x A Am Hes C= 100% 5 peace 100% 002 24-48 y y & c= 1004 = 1 on” 3 + 100% of B. Mlustration 8 If is 20% of Cand B is 25% of C, then what percentage is 4 of B? (SOWIHIGH Here, x = 20 and y = 25 A= x 100% of B 7 = 2 x 100% of B, Len 80% of B SC 3. (@) If two numbers are respectively 1% and y% ‘more than a tid number, then the first number ig (1002, 100+ wat 100 of the second and the 100+ 100+x (&) If two numbers are respectively 2% and y% {ess than a third number, then the first number xt) is (10 = 100) ofthe second and he 100- y 100) of the first. £ og (10+e 100 ance sien (ME lcm cod Ge) 100 100+) oup( 100 100 Je © sore 5) ~ eae) -Aoe5) 100+x 100+ = 4 (imo (ies) 100% of B 5 (toa) (b) can be proved. =c+c- mnt, B= 6+ 5 c-( Similarly, Percentage #53 Mlustration 9 Two numbers are respectively 20% and ‘50% more than a third number. What per cent isthe first of the second? Solution Here, x = 20 and y = S0 : 100+ 100+ . (weet 100+50 i.e, 80% of the second. Fine umer=[ ) % 100% ofthe second * 100% of the second justration 10 Two numbers are respectively 32% and 20% less than a third number. What per cent is the first of tha: “scond? Solution Here, x = 32 and y = 20 100 100-y 2 Fit mamber = 790100} te ssond “(23 32 x00 of the second 100-20 , 85% of the second. SC 4. (@) Ifthe price of a commodity increases by PY, then the reduction in consumption so as not to increase the expenditure is (sone) (b) Ifthe price of a commodity decreases by P¥%, then the increase in consumption so as not to decrease the expenditure is x00) Explanation Let the original price of the commodity be Rs 100 ‘Then, the increased price = 100 + pm = Rs (100 + P) ‘Therefore, to keep the price unchanged, there should be a reduction in the consumption of the commodity by Rs P. +s Decrease in Rs (100 + P) = Rs P 2 Decrease in Rs 100 = 100 100+P *. Required reduction in consumption is Pe (worm) Similarly, () part can be proved.(Here, x = 2 and y = 2] 1, “4; 25 "6 ‘Therefore, the percentage increase in area is aim Mlustration 17 The tax on a commodity is diminished bby 15% and its consumption increases by 10%. Find the effect on revenue Solution Since tax * consumption = revenue + Net % change in revenue = (x44) - (-15+10- Bai 100 (Here, x = 15 and » = 10) == 6.5% The revenue decreases by 6.5% ‘SC 7. If the present population of a town (or value of aan item) be P and the population (or value of item) changes at 4% per annum, then (a) Population (or value of item) after n years (b) Population (or value of item) n years ago P = (+76) ‘where ris positive or negative according as the population (or value of item) increases or decreases Explanation Population at the end of first year Population at the end of second year oti) ts) A) Poplton sien ofn ens = (14-5) Percentage © 55 Wlustration 18 The population of a town increases '5% annually. [Fits present population is 84,000, what will it be in 2 years time? Solution Here, P = 84000, r = S$ and n= 2 . Population afier 2 years tes) sy = 84000{ 1+ > ( 100 Los 105 - « IS og £84000 » 755% 9p 7 92610 Mlustration 19 The population of a town increases at the rate of 5% annually. If the present population is 4.410, what it was 2 years ago? Solution Here, P= 4410, r= 5 and n = 2 + Population of the town 2 years ago SC & If a number A is increased successively by x% followed by 1% and then by 2%, then the final value of A will be +2 +3) 106 \'* 705 In case a given value decreases by any percentage, we will use a negative sign before that. Mlustration 20. The population ofa town is 1,44,000. It increases by 5% during the first year. During the second year, it decreases by 10% and increases by 15% during the third year. What is the population after 3 years? Solution Here, P= 144000, x = 5, y =~ 10 and z= 15 Population after 3 years deal etal) sf itl) 144000 105% 90115 100% 100%100 = 1,56,49256 © Quantitative Aptinude ‘SC 9. In an examination, the minimum pass percentage is x%, If a student secures y marks and fails by _zmarks, then the maximum marks inthe examination 100(y+2) are x Explanation Let the maximum marks be m. Given: x% of m=y += 10+) * = Zxmey+ = Joo “Mn +E orm Mlustration 21 In an examination, a student must get ‘60% marks to pass, If @ student who gets 120 marks, fails by 60 marks, find the maximum marks. Solution tere, x= 60, y = 120 and z = 60 4 Masia mars = 10022) 0120460) _ 100%:180 60 SC 10. In an examination x% and y% students respectively fail in two different subjects while % students fail in both the subjects, then the percentage of students who pass in both the subjects will be (100 ~ (x+y ~ 2))%. Explanation ‘%age of students who failed in one subject only —2)% ‘%age of students who failed in other subject only -2% %age of students who failed in both the subjects = 2% <. Yeage of students who passed in both the subjects = [100 - [x 2) + G2) + 2))% = (100 (e+ y= 299% Mustration 22 In an examination, 42% students failed in Mathematics and 52% failed in Science. If 17% failed ‘in both the subjects, find the percentage of those who passed in both the subjects. Solution Here, x = 42, y= $2 and z= 17 Percentage of students passing both the subjects. = (100 — (x + y — 2))% = (100 ~ (42 + 52 ~ 17))%6 oF 23% rn ih! 1. What percentage is equivalent to 5 4 (a) 525% (b) 425% (©) 625% (@) None of these 2 0-005 = (... 2 ..)% 1 1 @ 3% &) 3% © i (@) None of these 3 63% ‘expressed as a fraction in its lowest term is 2 1 @ 5 © is © 3 (@) None of these 4. What fraction is 0.6%? 7 coy ©) 500 3 00 (@ None of these @ © 0.025 in terms of rate per cent is (a) 3.5% (b) 2.5% © 15% () None of these 6 What per cent of 12 is 84? (a) 800% (b) 600% (©) 700% (@) None of these i, nat pat 1 1 (@ 675 (b) 875% © ori (©) None of these 1 8. Express 83% as a fraction 1 OR 1 OR 1 ) 35 (d) None of these 9. 37L%6 of Rs 48 is13. M4 Is. 16. 17. 21. 2. (a) Rs 20 (b) Rs 16 (©) Rs 18 (@) None of these 2,4, What per cent of > is 32 (a) 15% (b) 18% (©) 10% (@) None of these 75% of 480 = (2) «15 (@) 12 (b) 36 (o) 24 (@) None of these If 200% of a number is 90, then what is the 80% of that number? (@) 48 (©) 24 (b) 36 (@) None of these ir arbse of «mri 48 thn 874% ofthe number will be (a) 115 & 135 (©) 10s (6) None of these 2 15 = 375% of 220. @ 55 () 75 © 65 (4) None of these What per cent of 4 km is 8 metres? (a) 04 (b) 02 ©) 08 (@) None of these 2% of y + y% of x (a) 3% of ay (b) 2% of ay (©) 5% of xy (A) None of these 0.35% of a number is equivalent to multiplying it by the number (a) 0.0025 (b) 0.0045 (©) 0.0035 (4) None of these If 8% of x = 4% of y, then 20% of x is (a) 15% of (b) 10% of y (©) 20% of y (4) None of these 3% of y +% of x= x% of (x+y) @axty (b) x Oy (4) None of these ‘A number x is 125% of y. To compute y, the number x has to be multiplied by (a) 0.08 (b) 0.4 (©) 08 (6) None of these 25% of 25% =? (a) 6.25 (b) 0.0625 (©) 0.625 (@) None of these Which number is 60% less than $0? @ mu b) 3% ©) 32 (@) None of these 2. 26. 27. 29. 31. 32, Pereentage © 57 20% of 30% of 20% of Rs 850 is (@) Rs 9.50 (b) Rs 10.20 ©) Rs 10.50 (@) None of these The greatest of 163%, 65%, 03 is 2 2 (a) 165% () 65% ©) 0-3 (@) Cannot be compared 40% of 20% + 30% of 25% + 50% of 28% is equivalent to (a) 29.5% (b) 28.5% (c) 30.5% (@) None of these 11 90% of A = 30% of B and B = x% of A, then the value of x is (a) 800 (b) 300 (©) 700 (a) None of these | quintal 25 kg is what per cent of 1 metric tonne? 1 1 (a) 165% (b) 85" (© 12}% (a) None of these 1f 12% of x is equal to 6% of y, then 18% of x will bbe equal to how much per cent of y? (a) 7% (b) 9% (©) 11% (d) None of these If a number is 20% more than the other, how much per cent is the second number less than the first? 1 2 (a) 125% (b) 165% (©) 164% (@) None of these If 4's income is 25% less than that of B, then how much per cent is B's income more than that of 4? 1 to) 333% © uF If the given two numbers are respectively 7% and 28% of a third number, then what percentage is the first of the second? (a) 20% (b) 25% (©) 18% (4) None of these Two numbers are respectively 60% and 20% more than a third number. Second number expressed as a percentage of first is (a) 75% (b) 90% (©) 80% (a) None of these ‘Two numbers are less than a third number by 30% and 37% respectively. How much per cent is the second number less than the first? (d) None of these35. 36. 3. al. © Quantiative Aptinde (@) 15% (b) 10% (©) 20% (4) None of these ‘Two numbers are respectively 20% and 10% more than a third number. How much per cent is the first ‘number more than the second? 1 7 1 (a) 97% (© 1h (d) None of these ‘The price of cooking oil has increased by 15" ‘The percentage of reduction that a family should effect in the use of cooking oil so as not to inerease the expenditure om this account is 2 (a) 1855% 1 @) 175% (@) None of these IF the price of apples goes down by 10%, find the percentage of increase that a family should effect in its consumption so as not to increase expenditure fon this account. (a) 135% (b) 15 9 1 (©) 115% ‘A number is increased by 20% and then decreased bby 20%, the final value of the number. fa) does not change (b) decreases by 2 (©) increases by 4% — (d) decreases by 4 A man’s wages were decreased by 50%. Again, the reduced wages were increased by 50%. He has a loss of (a) 35% (©) 20% 9 (@) None of these (b) 25% (d) None of these ‘The population of a town is decreased by 20% and 25% in two successive years. What per cent population is decreased after two years? (a) 50% (b) 40% ©) 60% (d) None of these ‘The difference between a discount of 35% and two successive discounts of 20% and 20% on a certain bill was Rs 22. Find the amount of the bill. (a) Rs 3,200 (b) Rs 2,200 (©) Rs 1,800 (d) None of these A shopkeeper marks the prices of his goods at 25% higher than the original price. After that, he allows ‘a discount of 12%. What profit or loss does he get? (0) 10% profit (b)_ 15% profit (©) 10% loss. (15% loss a2. 4B. 45. 47. 49. ‘Two shopkeepers sell a radio of similar brand and type at the same list price of Rs 1,000. The first allows two successive discounts of 20% and 10% and the second allows the successive discounts of 15% and 15%. Find the difference in discounts offered by the two shopkeepers. (a) Rs 3.50 (b) Rs 1.50 1) Rs 2.50 (@) None of these The tax on a commodity is diminished by 10% and its consumption increases by 10%. Find the effects (a) 1% (b) 2% (©) 3% (d) None of these ‘The radius of @ sphere is increased by 10%, The surface area increases by fa) 21% (b) 31% fe) 41% (a) None of these When the price of an article is reduced by 15% the sales increases by 35%. The percentage change in the total amount of receipts is 3 3 (a) 145% decrease (b) 145% inerease (6) 133% decrease) None of these Ifthe side of a square is increased by 30%, its area is increased by (@ 4 (7 The length and breadth of a square are increased by 30% and 20%, respectively. The area of the rectangle so formed exceeds the arca of the square by (a) 56% (b) 46% (6) 66 (8) None of these (b) 69% (4) None of these In measuring the sides of a rectangle, one side is taken 10% in excess and the other 20% in deficit. Find the error per cent in area calculated from the measurement (a) 12% deficit (b) 10% deficit (c) 12% excess (a) None of these For a rectangle, the length and breadth are increased by 10% and 20%, respectively. The percentage increase in area is (a) 24% (b) 48% (c) 32% (@) None of these Water tax is increased by 20% but its consumption is decreased by 20%. The increase or decrease in the expenditure is (a) 4% decrease (6) 8% decrease (b) 4% increase (8) 8% increase