College Logo & Name

A Training Report on
Major Training
in
Embedded Systems Design & Development
Using Arduino

From
Techoz Solution & Information Services Pvt. Ltd.

Submitted by:

Department of Electronics & Communication

Rajiv Gandhii Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr./Ms.

student of B.E. year, Electronics &

Communication Engineering, in the academic year 200 - of this institute have completed their
major training work entitled "Embedded Systems Design & Development" and submitted a
satisfactory report as a part of requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering
from Rajiv Gandhi University, Bhopal (M.P.).

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Chapter 1
ARDUINO

Arduino interface boards provide the engineers, artists, designers, hobbyists and anyone
who tinker with technology with a low-cost, easy-to-use technology to create their creative,
interactive objects, useful projects etc., A whole new breed of projects can now be built that can
be controlled from a computer.
1.1 WHAT IS ARDUINO?

Figure 1.1 ARDUINO UNO

Arduino is an open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use

hardware and software. Its intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in
creating interactive objects or environments. Its an open-source physical computing platform
based on a microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software for the
board.
In simple words, Arduino is a small microcontroller board with a USB plug to connect to
your computer and a number of connection sockets that can be wired up to external electronics,
such as motors, relays, light sensors, laser diodes, loudspeakers, microphones, etc., They can
either be powered through the USB connection from the computer or from a 9V battery. They can
be controlled from the computer or programmed by the computer and then disconnected and
allowed to work independently.6-

Anyone can buy this device through online auction site or search engine. Since the Arduino
is an open-source hardware designs and create their own clones of the Arduino and sell them, so
the market for the boards is competitive. An official Arduino costs about Rs 1000.
The name Arduino is reserved by the original makers. However, clone Arduino designs often
have the letters duino on the end of their name, for example, Freeduino or DFRduino. The
software for programming your Arduino is easy to use and also freely available for Windows,
Mac, and LINUX computers at no cost.

1.1.1 Microcontroller
Microcontroller can be described as a computer embedded on a rather small circuit board.
To describe the function of a microcontroller more precisely, it is a single chip that can perform
various calculations and tasks, and send/receive signals from other devices via the available
pins. Precisely what tasks and communication with the world it does, is what is governed by
what instructions we give to the Microcontroller. It is this job of telling the chip what to do, is
what we refer to as programming on it.
However, the uC by itself, cannot accomplish much; it needs several external inputs:
power, for one; a steady clock signal, for another. Also, the job of programming it has to be
accomplished by an external circuit. So typically, a uC is used along with a circuit which
provides these things to it; this combination is called a microcontroller board. The Arduino Uno
is one such microcontroller board. The actual microcontroller at its heart is the chip called
Atmega328. The advantages that Arduino offers over other microcontroller boards are largely in
terms of reliability of the circuit hardware as well as the ease of programming and using it.
1.1.2 Open-source hardware
Open-source hardware shares much of the principles and approach of free and opensource software. The founders of Arduino wanted people to study their hardware, to understand
how it works, make changes to it, and share those changes with the world. To facilitate this, they
release all of the original design files (Eagle CAD) for the Arduino hardware. These files are
licensed under a Creative Common Attribution Share-Alike license, which allows for both

personal and commercial derivative works, as long as they (people) credit Arduino and release
their designs under the same license.
The Arduino software is also open-source. The source code for the Java environment is
released under the GPL and the C/C++ microcontroller libraries are under the LGPL
1.2 HISTORY OF ARDUINO
While teaching a physical computing class at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in 2005,
Massimo Banzis students were unwilling to spend the 76 euros for the BASIC Stamp
microcontrollers commonly used in such applications. Banzi and his collegues looked for
alternatives, finally settling on the wiring platform developed by one of Banzis students. In his
own words:
we started to figure out how could we make the whole platform even simpler, even cheaper,
even easier to use. And then we started to essentially re implement the whole thing as an open
source project.
Once they had a prototype, a student wrote the software that would allow wiring programs to run
on the new platform. Upon seeing the project, visiting professor Casey Reas suggested that there
might be wider applications than just design schools for the new product. The prototype was
redesigned for mass production and a test run of 200 boards was made. Orders began coming in
from other design schools and the students looking for Arduinos, and the Arduino project was
born and Massimo Banzi and David Cuartielles became its founders.ARDUINO is an Italian
word, meaning STRONG FRIEND. The English version of the name is Hardwin. As of
May 2011, more than 300,000 Arduino units are in the wild.
1.2.1 Design Goals

Work with a Mac

USB connectivity
Look nice
Cheap
More powerful than a BASIC stamp
Something you could build/fix yourself

Simple and easy to use by someone without formal electronics training

1.2.2 Business Models

Since the entire project is open source, anyone can build and sell Arduino-compatible
devices. So in this sense, the Arduino project relies heavily on its branding for its financial
success. Other projects manufacture compatible and cheaper boards, however people are loyal to
the Arduino branded boards because they associate quality and a certain image to the final
product.
1.2.2.1 By the Numbers
Year

Units Sold

2005

200

2006

10 000

2010

120 000

2011

300 000

1.2.3 Competitors
Before Arduino, the largest players in the design/hobbyist market segment were the PIC
microcontroller family (made by Microchip) and the BASIC Stamp (made by Parallax). Since
the introduction of the Arduino, other large companies have tried to enter the hobbyist market,
including Texas Instruments, and even Microsoft . However, the open-sourced tools of the
Arduino and the size of its community are large barriers for new platforms to overcome.

Figure 2 GOOGLE trends comparing ARDUINO with its

biggest competitors

1.2.4 Community
As the project is aimed at students and hobbyists who may not have any formal electronics
background, there are many excellent guides online covering everything from making a light
blink to creating a laser harp. The official forum has almost 60 000 registered users, and along
with helping users with their projects, is extremely active in developing new libraries to extend
the functionality of the Arduino . The open-source share and share alike sentiment is very strong,
and the vast majority of users freely publish the code to their projects.
1.3 PHYSICAL COMPUTING
Physical Computing is an approach to learn how humans communicate through computers
that starts by considering how humans express themselves physically.

Chapter 2
PLATFORM

2.1 HARDWARE
2.1.1 ARDUINO Board Layout

Figure 3 ARDUINO board layout

2.1.2 ARDUINO pin diagram.

Figure 4 ARDUINO pin diagram

2.1.2.1 ATmega8 (Microcontroller)

16 MHz
8 Kbyte Flash RAM(1K taken by the boot loader)
1 Kbyte RAM(eg.for auto/local variables and stack)
14 digital Input/Output Ports

2.1.2.2

Single

chip

transfer interface

USB to a sync. Serial data

Figure 5 ATmega8

USB 2.0 compatible

Transmit and receive LED frive signals
256 Byte receive,128 Byte transmit buffer
Data transfer rate from 300bits/sec to 2 Mb/sec

2.1.3 EXTERNAL power

Figure 6 AC adapter can be used

Figure 7 ARDUINO can run off with USB or EXTERNAL power source

The power requirement for ARDUINO is 9 to 12V DC, 250mA or more, 2.1mm plug, centre pin
positive.
The

OFF-the

shelf

Figure 8 An easier way to

connect a battery

adapter

must

AC)
should be between

be

DC

adapter (i.e. it has to put out DC, not

9V and 12V DC

must be rated for a minimum of 250mA current output, although you will likely want
something more like 500mA or 1A output, as it gives you the current necessary to power

a servo or twenty LEDs if you want to.

must have a 2.1mm power plug on the Arduino end, and
the plug must be "centre positive", that is, the middle pin of the plug has to be the +
connection.

Current rating: Since you'll probably be connecting other things to the Arduino (LEDs, LCDs,
servos) you should get an adapter that can supply at least 500mA, or even 1000 mA (1 ampre).
That way you can be sure you have enough juice to make each component of the circuit function
reliably.
The Arduino's on-board regulator can actually handle up to 20V or more, so you can actually use
an adapter that puts out 20V DC. The reasons you don't want to do that are twofold: you'll lose
most of that voltage in heat, which is terribly inefficient. Secondly, the nice 9V pin on the
Arduino board will actually be putting out 20V or so, which could lead to potential disaster when
you connect something expensive to what you thought
was the 9V pin. Our advice is to stick with the 9V or
12V DC adapter.

2.1.4 ARDUINO flavors!!

There have been many revisions of the USB
Arduino.some of them are
1. Arduino UNO:
This is the latest revision of the basic Arduino USB board. It connects to the computer with a
standard USB cable and contains everything else you need to program and use the board. It can
be extended with a variety of shields: custom daughter-boards with specific features. It is similar
to the Duemilanove, but has a different USB-to-serial chip the ATMega8U2, and newly designed
labeling to make inputs and outputs easier to identify.

2. Arduino Mega 2560:

A larger, more powerful Arduino board. Has extra
digital pins, PWM pins, analog inputs, serial ports,
etc. The version of the Mega released with the Uno,
this version features the Atmega2560, which has
twice the memory, and uses the ATMega 8U2 for
USB-to-serial communication.
3. Arduino Duemilanove:
The Duemilanove automatically selects the appropriate power supply (USB or
external power), eliminating the need for the power selection jumper found on
previous boards. It also adds an easiest to cut trace for disabling the auto-reset, along
with a solder jumper for re-enabling it.
Note: around March 1st, 2009, the
Duemilanove

started

to

ship

with

the ATmega328p instead

of

theATmega168.

4. Arduino Fio:
An Arduino intended for use as a wireless node.
Has a header for an XBee radio, a connector
for

a LiPobattery,

and

battery

chargingcircuit.

5. LilyPad Arduino:
A stripped-down, circular Arduino board
designed for stitching into clothing and

other

fabric/flexible

applications.

Needs

an

additional adapter to communicate with a

computer.
6. Arduino Diecimila:
The main change in the Arduino Diecimila is
that it can be reset from the computer, without
the need to physically press the reset button on
the board. The Diecimila uses a low dropout
voltage regulator which lowers the board's
power consumption when powered by an external supply (AC/DC adapter or battery). A
resettable polyfuse protects your computer's USB ports from shorts and surges. It also
provides pin headers for the reset line and for 3.3V. There is a built-in LED on pin 13. Some
blue Diecimila boards say "Prototype - Limited Edition" but are in fact fully-tested
production boards (the actual prototypes are red).
7. Lilypad Arduino 03
This revision has a 6-pin programming header that's compatible with FTDI USB cables and
the Sparkfun FTDI Basic Breakout. It adds support for automatic reset, allowing sketches to
be uploaded without pressing the reset button on the board. The header is surface mounted,
meaning

that

the

board

has

no

pokey

bits

sticking

out

the

back.

8. Arduino NG Rev.C

Revision C of the Arduino NG does not have a built-in LED on pin 13 - instead you'll see
two small unused solder pads near the labels "GND" and "13". There is, however, about 1000
ohms of resistance on pin 13, so you can connect an LED without external resistor.

9. Arduino Extreme
The Arduino Extreme uses many more surface mount components than previous USB
Arduino boards and comes with female pin headers. It also has RX and TX LEDs that
indicate when data is being sent to or from the board.

10.

Arduino Mini 04
On this version of the Arduino Mini, two of the pins changed. The third pin became reset
(instead of ground) and fourth pin became ground (instead of
being unconnected). These boards are labelled "Mini 04".

Figure 9 Different Flavours Of ARDUINO with their Configuration

Still there are ,Arduino Serial,Arduino Serial v2.0,Arduino Nano 3.0,Arduino Nano
2.x,Serverino(S3V3),Arduino Stamp 02,Mini USB adapter 03,Mini USB Adapter,Arduino
Bluetooth.

2.1.5 Basic Terminologies in ARDUINO:

1. Analog to digital converter(ADC)
The process of Analog to digital conversion is shown in figure.
The Arduino has 10 bits of Resolution when reading analog signals.
2 power 10=1024 increments
Influence also

by how fast you sample

2. Pulse width modulation (PWM)

The Arduino has 8bit of resolution, when outputting a signal using PWM. The range of output
voltage is from 0 to 5 Volts
2power 8=255 Increments
Average of on/off (digital signals to make an average voltage), Duty cycle in 100% of 5Volts.
2.3 LANGUAGE REFERENCES:
The Microcontroller on the board is programmed using the Arduino programming language
(based on wiring) and the arduino development environment(based on processing).
2.3.1 Arduino Programming Language(APL)(based on wiring)
The Arduino programming language is an implementation of Wiring, a similar physical
computing platform, which is based on the Processing multimedia programming environment.

2.3.1.1 Wiring
Wiring is an open-source programming framework for microcontrollers. Wiring allows
writing cross-platform software to control devices attached to a wide range of microcontroller
boards to create all kinds of creative coding, interactive objects, spaces or physical experiences.
The framework is thoughtfully created with designers and artists in mind to encourage a
community where beginners through experts from around the world share ideas, knowledge and
their collective experience. There are thousands of students, artists, designers, researchers, and
hobbyists who use Wiring for learning, prototyping, and finished professional work production.
2.3.2 Arduino development environment(based on processing)
2.3.2.1 Processing
Processing is an open source programming language and environment for people who
want to create images, animations, and interactions. Initially developed to serve as a software
sketchbook and to teach fundamentals of computer programming within a visual context,
Processing also has evolved into a tool for generating finished professional work. Today, there

are tens of thousands of students, artists, designers, researchers, and hobbyists who use
Processing for learning, prototyping, and production.
2.3.3 Software
The software used by the arduino is Arduino IDE.
he Arduino IDE is a cross-platform application written in Java, and is derived from the IDE for
the Processing programming language and the Wiringproject. It is designed to introduce
programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software development. It includes a
code editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation,
and is also capable of compiling and uploading programs to the board with a single click. There
is typically no need to edit makefiles or run programs on acommand-line interface. Although
building on command-line is possible if required with some third-party tools such as Ino.
The Arduino IDE comes with a C/C++ library called "Wiring" (from the project of the same
name), which makes many common input/output operations much easier. Arduino programs are
written in C/C++, although users only need define two functions to make a runnable program:

setup() a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize settings

loop() a function called repeatedly until the board powers off

Figure 10 A screenshot of the Arduino IDE showing the "Blink"program,a simple biginner
program

A typical first program for a microcontroller simply blinks a LED on and off. In the Arduino
environment, the user might write a program like this:

#define LED_PIN 13
void setup () {
pinMode (LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
}
void loop () {
digitalWrite (LED_PIN, HIGH);
delay (1000);
milliseconds)
digitalWrite (LED_PIN, LOW);
delay (1000);
}

// enable pin 13 for digital output

// turn on the LED

// wait one second (1000
// turn off the LED
// wait one second

For the above code to work correctly, the positive side of the LED must be connected to pin 13
and the negative side of the LED must be connected to ground. The above code would not be
seen by a standard C++ compiler as a valid program, so when the user clicks the "Upload to I/O
board" button in the IDE, a copy of the code is written to a temporary file with an extra include
header at the top and a very simple main() function at the bottom, to make it a valid C++
program.
The Arduino IDE uses the GNU toolchain and AVR Libc to compile programs, and
uses avrdude to upload programs to the board.
For educational purposes there is third party graphical development environment called Minibloq
available under a different open source license.
2.3.3.1 language reference
Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts: structure, values (variables and
constants), and functions.
Available datatypes in ARDUINO IDE are
void

boolean
char ( 0 255)
byte - 8 bit data ( 0 255)
int - 16-bit data (32,767 - -32,768)
long 32 bit data (2,147,483,647 to -2,147,483,648)
float
double
string - char array
String - object
array
Arithmetic operators
Arithmetic operators include addition,subtraction,multiplication and division.For math that
requires fractions,you can use float variables,if you can bear large size and slow computation
speeds in your microcontroller.
e.g. ,
y = y + 3;
x = x 7;
i = j * 6;
r = r / 5;
Comparision operators
Comparisons of one variable or constant against another are often used in if statements to test if
a specified condition is true.
e.g. ,
x == y // x is equal to y
x != y // x is not equal to y
x < y // x is less than y

x > y // x is greater than y

x <= y // x is less than or equal to y
x >= y // x is greater than or equal to y

Logical operators
Logical operators are usually a way to logically combine two expressions and return a TRUE or
FALSE depending on the operator.
There are three logical operators, AND, OR, and NOT.
e.g. ,
Logical AND:
if (x > 0 && x < 5) // true only if both expressions are true
Logical OR:
if (x > 0 || y > 0) // true if either expression is true
Logical NOT:
if (!x > 0) // true only if expression
TRUE/FALSE
These are Boolean constants that define logic levels of the arduino.
FALSE is easily defined as 0 (zero)
TRUE is often defined as 1, but can also be anything else except zero. So in a Boolean sense, -1,
2, and -200 are all also defined as TRUE.
e.g. ,
if (abcd== TRUE);
{
DoSomethingNice;
}
else
{
DoSomethingHorrible;
}

HIGH/LOW
These constants define pin levels as HIGH or LOW and are used when reading or writing to
digital pins.
HIGH is defined as logic level 1, ON, or 5 volts
LOW is logic level 0, OFF, or 0 volts.
e.g. ,
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
INPUT/OUTPUT
These constants define pin levels as HIGH or LOW and are used when reading or writing to
digital pins.
HIGH is defined as logic level 1, ON, or 5 volts
LOW is logic level 0, OFF, or 0 volts
e.g. ,
pinmode(13, OUTPUT);
2.3.3.2

Arduino/processing language Comparision

The Arduino language (based on Wiring) is implemented in C/C++, and therefore has some
differences from the Processing language, which is based on Java.
Figure 11 Comparision between Arduino and Processing
language

2.3.4 SIMULATOR for ARDUINO:

The Arduino Simulator app gives the user the freedom to work without the basic setup
of hardware and software. It is designed to be used by beginners and also, experienced
developers, who want to quickly develop Arduino projects.
The developer can make the necessary changes in the code - delay, pin number, and state - 0
(low) 1 (high) - and check it immediately. The app shows the breadboard, complete with 14
LED pins.
You can drag and place the wires in the correct positions to connect to Arduino. If the wires
are placed according to the code, then it will show the expected results. Once satisfied, you
can save it and email it. The code can be copied and used in an actual project just as easily.

This app is an easy way to work through Arduino projects. With customisable codes, and a
simple to use interface, this Arduino Simulator app from Schogini Systems is a convenient
app for Arduino developers.
A screenshot of Arduino simulator is shown in the figure below

Figure 12 screenshot of ARDUINO simulator

Chapter 3

APPLICATIONS OF ARDUINO
Arduino was basically designers to make the process of using electronics in
multidisciplinary projects more accessible. It is intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and
anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments. Arduino can sense the
environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors and can affect its surroundings by
controlling lights, motors, and other actuators. Because of these features, Arduino finds extensive
application in various fields. Arduino projects can be stand-alone or they can communicate with
software running on a computer.
ARDUINO is spreading rapidly across the globe. Arduino is actually an open source
hardware project that can be programmed to read temperatures, control a motor, and sense touch.
The Arduino is both a cute, blue micro controller platform that fits nicely in the palm of your

hand and an expanding community of developers who support it, distributed across two dozen
countries, four continents, and counting.
The Arduino board is for anyone who wants to build a basic level of intelligence into an object.
Once programmed, it can read sensors, make simple decisions, and control myriad devices in the
real world. Using it is a snap: first, hook up a few sensors and output devices to the Arduino, then
program it using the free developers software. Next, debug your code and disconnect the
Arduino. Then, the little blue Arduino becomes a standalone computer.
The original intention of the Arduino project was to see what would happen if community
support were substituted for the corporate support that is usually required for electronics
development. The first developers Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, David Mellis, and
Nicholas Zambetti ran a series of workshops on assembling the Arduino, giving away the
board to stimulate development.
Thousands of projects have been done worldwide using this tiny little device.some of which to
mention are:

Simple room temperature readout

Interactive real-time auditory feedback system
GPS receiver Module
Ultrasonic Sensor
Infrared detectors
SONAR
Various sensor projects like
Keypad security code
Sensor tube for heart monitor
Pulse rate monitor
Various light projects like
Multicolor light display
Seven-segment LED display
Double seven-segment LED dice
LED array
LCD module

Various sound projects like

Oscilloscope
Light harp
VU meter
Various power projects like
LCD Thermostat
Computer controlled fan
The hypnotizer
Miscellaneous Projects like
Lie detector
Magnetic door lock
Infrared remote
Lilypad binary clock
Just to name a few.as the trademark goes, there are nearly infinite possible projects
using this tiny device, which we still yet to discover
Some of the major applications are 3D printers, whose founder went out to become an
enterprenuer, and major pride came to ARDUINO, when giant firm GOOGLEs most
ambitious ANDROID, deployed ARDUINO in its new venture ANDROID OPEN
ACCESSORY DEVELOPMENT KIT. which allows external USB hardware to
interact with an Android-powered device in a special accessory mode. ANDROID
executive announced this in annual GOOGLE IO meet conference 2011.ANDROID
calls that device made of Arduino as ADK(Android development kit).
Arduino also has won annual 2012 INTERACTION AWARD sponsored by
GOOGLE, for its extensive applications in various fields.

3.1 Why Arduino is popular?

Here are five reasons why the Arduino is more popular than beagle board:

Starter Projects: Editing and rewriting is often easier than writing from scratch. Its the
same with electronics. Its easier to mod an idea than start with a blank slate. Thats
where the Beagle Board falls short. It has virtually no example application that you can
just copy and hack to learn from, says Massimo Banzi, one of the co-founders of the

Arduino project. Its a chicken-and-egg problem for the Beagle Board. Unless there are
more example codes out there, it is difficult to draw in the audience. And without the
audience it is challenging to get enough sample projects into the community.

Cost and Durability: At $30 a piece, an Arduino is an inexpensive investment for

someone who wants to try it out. Its the price of a few sandwiches, says Torrone.
Compare that to the Beagle Board-XM, which costs $180. One reason why the Arduino is
so cheap is because it is easy to clone. The microcontroller is completely open source so
the components are all commodity, says Torrone. With the Beagle Board, hobbyists
dont have the same amount of freedom. They have to work closely with Texas
Instruments or its partners, says Torrone. Arduino is also very resilient. Drop it, smash it
and it still stays alive. Add to that its low-power requirement, and the product becomes a
must-have for Diyers. An Arduino can run on a 9V-battery for days. The Beagle Board is
fast and powerful but that also means lots of energy is needed, which makes it difficult
for simple projects, says Torrone.

A Thriving Community: Arduinos popularity means its easy to get started. Companies
such as Adafruit, Spark Fun and Liquidware not only sell chips, but they also host blogs
that suggest ideas on how to use your Arduino while providing extensive project plans to
guide you in completing your creations. Will Chellman, a student who has played with
Arduino for years, says hes now experimenting with the Beagle Board. But finding
documentation and information to work off is not easy, he says. The lack of welldocumented projects done with the Beagle Board can be intimidating to new users as
well, says Banzi. Theres lots of of interesting stuff (about the Beagle Board) but it is
very technical, he wrote in a comment recently on Gadget Lab in response to the launch
of Beagle Board-XM. Banzi says Beagle Board documentation is also scattered and
fragmented. Parts of it have aged and you spend quite a bit of time jumping from wikis
to mailing list to track which specific bit of documentation applies to your board, boot
loader etc., he says.

Maturity is the key: Arduino has had a head start on the Beagle Board. By October
2008, about 50,000 Arduino boards had already been shipped. That year, the first Beagle

Boards started making their way into the hands of hardware enthusiasts. The Beagle
Board is just two years old. Since it hasnt been around long enough, theres not enough
people building apps based on it, says Chellman. Thats not to say that Beagle Board
isnt catching up. Earlier this month, we showed five projects ranging from a video wall
to the iPad of ham radios that use the Beagle Board. Theres also a build-your-own tablet
kit that is based off the Beagle Board.

Simple is attractive: With its single-board computer configuration, 1-GHz processing

power and the choice of accessories, the Beagle Board is a creative engineers dream
come true. But the same reasons make it intimidating to those who want to geek out on a
DIY project but dont have the technical know-how. Arduino users point out that it is
simple to connect external sensors to the board, and the example codes out there make it
easy to get started quickly. Arduino is a simple system designed for creative people with
little or no prior knowledge of electronics, says Banzi. Its cheap and open source with
lots of documentation written in a not too technical language. Above all, it has a very
welcoming attitude towards beginners and tries not to scare them too much.

3.2 Conclusion and future scope

Over the years, Arduino has went out to become a huge success and a common name
among students. With GOOGLE deploying it, peoples imagination has went out to much
higher level than before. A developer in the annual GOOGLE IO conference said when
Arduino and Android coming together, this really proves INFINITY EXISTS in the
future. I think a study on Arduino and practical experiments on Arduino must be added for
UG courses of engineering, to help students to leverage their talents and imagination.

REFERENCES
1. http://www.arduino.cc

-Arduino Official webpage

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino -wikipedia
3. Jonathan Oxer,Hugh Blemings Practical Arduino-cool projects for open source hardware
4.Simon monk 30 ARDUINO PROJECTS for the EVIL GENIUS.
5. http://www.arduino.cc/playground/Projects/ArduinoUsers
6.http://www.arduinothedocumentary.org
7.http://www.google.com
8. http://www.accessories.android.com