AP Chemistry

Unit 2 Study Guide

1.
According to the law of multiple
proportions:
A) if the same two elements form two
different compounds, they do so in the same
ratio.
B) it is not possible for the same two
elements to form more than one compound.
C) the ratio of the masses of the elements
in a compound is always the same.
D) the total mass after a chemical change
is the same as before the change.
E) none of these

4.
Which of the following statements from
Dalton's atomic theory is no longer true, according
to modern atomic theory?
A) Elements are made up of tiny particles
called atoms.
B) Atoms are not created or destroyed in
chemical reactions.
C) All atoms of a given element are
identical.
D) Atoms are indivisible in chemical
reactions.
E) All of these statements are true
according to modern atomic theory.

2.
Which of the following pairs of compounds
can be used to illustrate the law of multiple
proportions?
A) NH4 and NH4Cl
B) ZnO2 and ZnCl2
C) H2O and HCl
D) NO and NO2
E) CH4 and CO2

5.
The first people to attempt to explain why
chemical changes occur were
A) alchemists.
B) metallurgists.
C) physicians.
D) physicists.
E) the Greeks.

3.
Many classic experiments have given us
indirect evidence of the nature of the atom. Which
of the experiments listed below did not give the
results described?
A) The Rutherford experiment proved the
Thomson "plum-pudding" model of the
atom to be essentially correct.
B) The Rutherford experiment was useful
in determining the nuclear charge on the
atom.
C) Millikan's oil-drop experiment showed
that the charge on any particle was a simple
multiple of the charge on the electron.
D) The electric discharge tube proved that
electrons have a negative charge.

6.
The Greeks proposed that matter consisted
of four fundamental substances:
A) fire, earth, water, air
B) fire, metal, water, air
C) earth, metal, water, air
D) atoms, fire, water, air
E) atoms, metal, fire, air
7.
The first chemist to perform truly
quantitative experiments was
A) Paracelsus.
B) Boyle.
C) Priestly.
D) Bauer.
E) Lavoisier.

Page 1

8.
The scientist who discovered the law of
conservation of mass and is also called the father of
modern chemistry is
A) Proust.
B) Boyle.
C) Priestly.
D) Bauer.
E) Lavoisier.

13.
The scientist whose alpha-particle
scattering experiment led him to conclude that the
nucleus of an atom contains a dense center of
positive charge is
A) J. J. Thomson.
B) Lord Kelvin.
C) Ernest Rutherford.
D) William Thomson.
E) John Dalton.

9.
Which of the following pairs can be used to
illustrate the law of multiple proportions?
A) SO and SO2
B) CO and CaCo3
C) H2O and C12H22O11
D) H2SO4 and H2S
E) KCl and KClO2

14.
Which one of the following statements
about atomic structure is false?
A) The electrons occupy a very large
volume compared to the nucleus.
B) Almost all of the mass of the atom is
concentrated in the nucleus.
C) The protons and neutrons in the nucleus
are very tightly packed.
D) The number of protons and neutrons is
always the same in the neutral atom.
E) All of the above statements (a-d) are
true.

10.
The chemist credited for inventing a set of
symbols for writing elements and a system for
writing the formulas of compounds (and for
discovering selenium, silicon, and thorium) is
A) Boyle.
B) Lavoisier.
C) Priestly.
D) Berzelius.
E) Dalton.

15.
If the Thomson model of the atom had been
correct, Rutherford would have observed
A) alpha particles going through the foil
with little or no deflection.
B) alpha particles greatly deflected by the
metal foil.
C) alpha particles bouncing off the foil.
D) positive particles formed in the foil.
E) None of the above observations is
consistent with the Thomson model of the
atom.

11.
What element (in trace amounts) has been
shown to help in protecting against heart disease
and cancer?
A) silicon
B) oxygen
C) selenium
D) copper
E) potassium

16.
Rutherford's experiment was important
because it showed that:
A) radioactive elements give off alpha
particles.
B) gold foil can be made to be only a few
atoms thick.
C) a zinc sulfide screen scintillates when
struck by a charged particle.
D) the mass of the atom is uniformly
distributed throughout the atom.
E) an atom is mostly empty space.

12.
The first scientist to show that atoms emit
any negative particles was
A) J. J. Thomson.
B) Lord Kelvin.
C) Ernest Rutherford.
D) William Thomson.
E) John Dalton.

Page 2

17.
Which of the following name(s) is(are)
correct?
1. sulfide S2
2. ammonium chloride NH4Cl
3. acetic acid HC2H3O2
4. barium oxide BaO
A) all
B) none
C) 1, 2
D) 3, 4
E) 1, 3, 4

21.

Ca 2+ has
A) 20 protons, 20 neutrons, and 18
electrons.
B) 22 protons, 20 neutrons, and 20
electrons.
C) 20 protons, 22 neutrons, and 18
electrons.
D) 22 protons, 18 neutrons, and 18
electrons.
E) 20 protons, 20 neutrons, and 22
electrons.

18.
Which of the following atomic symbols is
incorrect?
14
A) 6 C

24.

All of the following are true except:

A) Ions are formed by adding electrons to
a neutral atom.
B) Ions are formed by changing the
number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
C) Ions are formed by removing electrons
from a neutral atom.
D) An ion has a positive or negative
charge.
E) Metals tend to form positive ions.

25.
true?

Which of the following statements is (are)

B)

37
17

Cl

C)

32
15

D)

39
19

E)

14
8

19.
The element rhenium (Re) exists as two
stable isotopes and 18 unstable isotopes. Rhenium185 has in its nucleus
A) 75 protons, 75 neutrons.
B) 75 protons, 130 neutrons.
C) 130 protons, 75 neutrons.
D) 75 protons, 110 neutrons.
E) not enough information is given.
20.

40
20

18
19
A) 8 O and 9 F have the same number of
neutrons.
14
14
B) 6 C and 7 N are isotopes of each other
because their mass numbers are the same.
18 2C) 8 O has the same number of electrons

Which statement is not correct?

A) The mass of an alpha particle is 7300
times that of the electron.
B) An alpha particle has a 2+ charge.
C) Three types of radioactive emission are
gamma rays, beta rays, and alpha particles.
D) A gamma ray is high-energy light.
E) There are only three types of
radioactivity known to scientists today.

20
as 10 NE .
D) a and b
E) a and c

26.
Which among the following represent a set
of isotopes? Atomic nuclei containing:
I.
20 protons and 20 neutrons.
II.
21 protons and 19 neutrons.
III.
22 neutrons and 18 protons.
IV.
20 protons and 22 neutrons.
V. 21 protons and 20 neutrons.
A) I, II, III
B) III, IV
C) I, V
D) I, IV and II, V
E) No isotopes are indicated.

Page 3

27.
By knowing the number of protons a neutral
atom has, you should be able to determine
A) the number of neutrons in the neutral
atom.
B) the number of electrons in the neutral
atom.
C) the name of the atom.
D) two of the above.
E) none of the above

32.
Which of the following statements are true
of uranium-238?
I. Its chemical properties will be exactly like those
of uranium-235.
II. Its mass will be slightly different from that of an
atom of uranium-235.
III. It will contain a different number of protons that
an atom of uranium-235.
IV. It is more plentiful in nature than uranium-235.
A) III, IV
B) I, II, III
C) I, II, IV
D) II, III, IV
E) all of these

28.
The number of neutrons in an atom is the
same for all neutral atoms of that element.
A) True
B) False
29.
The average mass of a carbon atom is
12.011. Assuming you were able to pick up only
one carbon unit, the chances that you would
randomly get one with a mass of 12.011 is
A) 0%.
B) 0.011%.
C) about 12%.
D) 12.011%.
E) greater than 50%.

33.
An isotope, X, of a particular element has
an atomic number of 7 and a mass number of 15.
Therefore,
A) X is an isotope of nitrogen
B) X has 8 neutrons per atom
C) X has an atomic mass of 14.0067
D) a and b
E) a, b, and c
34.
Write the symbol for each of the following
elements.
a)
silver
_____________
b)
calcium
_____________
c)
iodine
_____________
d)
copper
_____________
e)
phosphorus
_____________

30.
The number of electrons in an atom is the
same for all neutral atoms of that element.
A) True
B) False
31.

An ion is formed
A) by either adding or subtracting protons
from the atom.
B) by either adding or subtracting
electrons from the atom
C) by either adding or subtracting neutrons
from the atom.
D) All of the above are true.
E) Two of the above are true

35.
How many oxygen atoms are there in one
formula unit of Ca3(PO4)2?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
E) none of these

Page 4

36.

The formula of water, H2O, suggests

A) there is twice as much mass of
hydrogen as oxygen in each molecule.
B) there are two hydrogen atoms and one
oxygen atom per water molecule.
C) there is twice as much mass of oxygen
as hydrogen in each molecule.
D) there are two oxygen atoms and one
hydrogen atom per water molecule.
E) none of these

41.
All of the following are characteristics of
nonmetals except:
A) poor conductors of electricity
B) often bond to each other by forming
covalent bonds
C) tend to form negative ions in chemical
reactions with metals
D) appear in the upper left-hand corner of
the periodic table
E) do not have a shiny (lustrous)
appearance

37.
Which of the following are incorrectly
paired?
A) K, alkali metal
B) Ba, alkaline earth metal
C) O, halogen
D) Ne, noble gas
E) Ni, transition metal

42.

38.
Which of the following are incorrectly
paired?
A) Phosphorus, Pr
B) Palladium, Pd
C) Platinum, Pt
D) Lead, Pb
E) Potassium, K

What are the forms of elemental carbon?

A) graphite and diamond
B) graphite, diamond, and
buckminsterfullerene
C) graphite and buckminsterfullerene
D) diamond and buckminsterfullerene
E) diamond, graphite, and carbonite

43.
Which metals form cations with varying
positive charges?
A) transition metals
B) Group 1 metals
C) Group 2 metals
D) Group 3 metals
E) metalloids

39.
Which of the following are incorrectly
paired?
A) Copper, Cu
B) Carbon, C
C) Cobalt, Co
D) Calcium, Ca
E) Cesium, Ce

44.
is

A species with 12 protons and 10 electrons

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

40.
All of the following are characteristics of
metals except:
A) good conductors of heat
B) malleable
C) ductile
D) often lustrous
E) tend to gain electrons in chemical
reactions

Page 5

Ne2+
Ti2+
Mg2+
Mg
Ne2

45.

The correct name for LiCl is

A) lithium monochloride
B) lithium (I) chloride
C) monolithium chloride
D) lithium chloride
E) monolithium monochloride

46.

The correct name for FeO is

A) iron oxide
B) iron (II) oxide
C) iron (III) oxide
D) iron monoxide
E) iron (I) oxide

53.
Write the names of the following
compounds:
a)
FeSO4
________________
b)
NaC2H3O2
________________
c)
KNO2
________________
d)
Ca(OH)2
________________
e)
NiCO3
________________

2+

47.

The correct name for Ca is

A) calcium
B) calcium (II) ion
C) calcium ion
D) calcium (I) ion
E) monocalcium ion

48.

The formula for calcium bisulfate is

A) Ca(SO4)2
B) CaS2
C) Ca(HSO4)2
D) Ca2HSO4
E) Ca2S

54.
Write the chemical formulas for the
following compounds or ions.
a)
nitrate ion
_________
b)
aluminum oxide
_________
c)
ammonium ion
_________
d)
perchloric acid
_________
e)
copper(II) bromide
_________

49.
Which of the following is incorrectly
named?
A) Pb(NO3)2, lead(II) nitrate
B) NH4ClO4, ammonium perchlorate
C) PO43, phosphate ion
D) Mg(OH)2, magnesium hydroxide
E) NO3, nitrite ion

55.
How many atoms (total) are there in one
formula unit of Ca3(PO4)2?
56.
Three samples of a solid substance
composed of elements A and Z were prepared. The
first contained 4.31 g A and 7.69 g Z. The second
sample was 35.9% A and 64.1% Z. It was observed
that 0.718 g A reacted with Z to form 2.00 g of the
third sample. Show that these data illustrate the law
of definite composition.

50.
All of the following are in aqueous solution.
Which is incorrectly named?
A) H2SO4, sulfuric acid
B) H3PO4, phosphoric acid
C) H3PO4, phosphoric acid
D) HCN, cyanic acid
E) HCl, hydrochloric acid

57.Explain how Daltons atomic theory accounts for:

a) the law of conservation of mass.
b) the law of definite composition.
c)
the law of multiple proportion.

51.
All of the following are in aqueous solution.
Which is incorrectly named?
A) HC2H3O2, acetic acid
B) HBr, bromic acid
C) H2SO3, sulfurous acid
D) HNO2, nitrous acid
E) HClO3, chloric acid
52.

58.
Symbol

Complete the following table.

#
protons

#
neutrons

31

38

52

75

#
electrons

Net
Charge

Pb

Which of the following pairs is incorrect?

A) NH4Br, ammonium bromide
B) K2CO3, potassium carbonate
C) BaPO4, barium phosphate
D) CuCl, copper(I) chloride
E) MnO2, manganese (IV) oxide

Mn

Page 6

29

3+
54
2+

59.

Complete the following table.

Symbol
Number of protons
Number of neutrons
Number of electrons
Atomic number
Mass number
Net charge

81.
A sample of chemical X is found to contain
5.0 grams of oxygen, 10.0 grams of carbon, and
20.0 grams of nitrogen. The law of definite
proportion would predict that a 69 gram sample of
chemical X should contain how many grams of
carbon?
A) 5.0 grams
B) 6.9 grams
C) 10. grams
D) 15 grams
E) 20 grams

69

Ga+3
34
46

60.
Arsenopyrite is a mineral containing As, Fe,
and S. Classify each element as metal, nonmetal, or
metalloid.

82.

H2O
and H2O2
. According to the
law of multiple proportions, the ratio of hydrogen
atoms per gram of oxygen in H2O to hydrogen
atoms per gram of oxygen in H2O2 is:
A) 1:1
B) 2:1
C) 1:2
D) 2:2
E) 4:1

Use the following to answer questions 61-70:

Name the following compounds:
61.
Al2(SO4)3
62.
NH4NO3
63.
NaH
64.
K2Cr2O7
65.
CCl4
66.
AgCl
67.
CaSO4
68.
HNO3
69.
N2O3
70.
SnI2

83.
You are given a compound with the formula
MCl2, in which M is a metal. You are told that the
metal ion has 26 electrons. What is the identity of
the metal?
A) Co
B) Al
C) Fe
D) Cr
E) Ni

Use the following to answer questions 71-80:

Write the formula for:
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.

Consider the following two compounds:

sodium dichromate
iron (III) oxide
dinitrogen trioxide
cobalt (II) chloride
aluminum hydroxide
hydrosulfuric acid
sulfurous acid
nitric acid
phosphoric acid
acetic acid

84.

Page 7

Which of the following names is incorrect?

A) cobalt(II) chloride
B) magnesium oxide
C) aluminum(III) oxide
D) diphosphorus pentoxide
E) All of the above names are correct.

85.

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Ions are formed by adding or removing
protons or electrons.
B) Scientists believe that solids are mostly
open space.
C) Heating water with a Bunsen burner
results in a 2:1 mixture of hydrogen and
oxygen gases.
D) At least two of the above statements (ac) are true.
E) All of the statements (a-c) are false.

87.
How many of the following postulates of
Dalton's atomic theory are still scientifically
accepted?
I.
All atoms of the same element are identical.
II.
Compounds are combinations of different
atoms.
III.
A chemical reaction changes the way atoms
are grouped together.
IV.
Atoms are indestructible.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

86.
How many protons and electrons does the
most stable ion for oxygen have?
# protons # electrons
A)

10 8

B)

C)

D)

E)

10

Page 8

0
1
2
3
4

Answer Key
1.
E
2.
D
3.
A
4.
C
5.
E
6.
A
7.
B
8.
E
9.
A
10.
D
11.
C
12.
A
13.
C
14.
D
15.
A
16.
E
17.
A
18.
E
19.
D
20.
E
21.
A
22.
B
23.
E
24.
B
25.
E
26.
D
27.
D
28.
B
29.
A
30.
A
31.
B
32.
C
33.
D
34.
a) Ag, b) Ca, c) I,
d) Ci, e) P
35.
D
36.
B
37.
C
38.
A
39.
E
40.
E
41.
D
42.
B
43.
A
44.
C

45.
D
46.
B
47.
C
48.
C
49.
E
50.
D
51.
B
52.
C
53.
a) iron (II)
sulfate
b) sodium acetate
c) potassium
nitrite
d) calcium
hydroxide
e) mickel (II)
carbonate
54.
a) NO3
b) Al2O3
c) NH4+
d) HClO4
e) CuBr2
55.
13
56.
See Sec.
2.2 of Zumdahl,
Chemistry.
57.
See Sec.
2.3 of Zumdahl,
Chemistry.

58.
Symbol
protons
neutrons
electrons
Charge

#
#
#
Net

Pb
124
0

82
82

Ga
38
3+

31
28

Te
75
2

52
54

Mn
29
2+

25
23

59.
Symbol
69Ga+3
80Se
Number of protons
31
34
Number of neutrons
38
46
Number of
electrons
28
34
Atomic number
31
34
Mass number
69
80
Net charge
+3
0

Page 9

60.
As = metalloid,
Fe = metal, S = nonmetal
61.
aluminum sulfate
62.
ammonium
nitrate
63.
sodium hydride
64.
potassium
dichromate
65.
carbon
tetrachloride
66.
silver chloride
67.
calcium sulfate
68.
nitric acid
69.
dinitrogen
trioxide
70.
tin(II) iodide
71.
Na2Cr2O7
72.
Fe2O3
73.
N2O3
74.
CoCl2
75.
Al(OH)3
76.
H2S
77.
H2SO3
78.
HNO3
79.
H3PO4
80.
CH3COOH
81.
E
82.
B
83.
E
84.
C
85.
B
86.
E
87.
C