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Synchronous Generator

The document discusses synchronous generators including their construction, rotor circuit, speed of rotation, equivalent circuit model, phasor diagrams, power and torque characteristics, and parameter measurement. Synchronous generators produce power through a rotating magnetic field on the rotor inducing voltages on the stator windings. The output voltage is affected by factors like armature reaction and can be modeled by an equivalent circuit.

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hitesh89
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
183 views

Synchronous Generator

The document discusses synchronous generators including their construction, rotor circuit, speed of rotation, equivalent circuit model, phasor diagrams, power and torque characteristics, and parameter measurement. Synchronous generators produce power through a rotating magnetic field on the rotor inducing voltages on the stator windings. The output voltage is affected by factors like armature reaction and can be modeled by an equivalent circuit.

Uploaded by

hitesh89
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELE-351

Electrical Energy Conversion

Chapter 5

Synchronous Generators
9:54PM

Outline
Synchronous generator construction
The rotor circuit
The speed of rotation and the frequency of the electrical power
An equivalent circuit for a synchronous generator
The phasor diagram
Voltage regulation
Power & torque in synchronous generators
Measuring SG parameters
Frequency and voltage control of SG
Effects of load variations (voltage regulation) for isolated
generators.
9:54PM

Synchronous generator
A prime mover (diesel engine or turbine) is
connected to the shaft (rotor) to supply
mechanical power.
power
A dc current is applied to the rotor or field
winding producing a rotating magnetic field
(Br).
A 3 set off voltages
l
i induced
is
i d d on the
h stator
or armature windings.
9:54PM

Elementary Synchronous generator

The rotating magnetic field is created by the dc


current applied to the field winding on the spinning
rotor!
Voltage
o tage is
s induced
duced o
on tthe
e 3 windings
d gs p
placed
aced o
on tthe
e
stator by the variation of the magnetic flux.
9:54PM

The rotor circuit (magnet)


( g )
2 and 4-pole machines have nonsalient
(cylindrical) poles while machines with 4 or
more poles have salient (sticking out)
poles.

9:54PM

The rotor circuit (magnet)

Photograph of a salient 8 pole synchronous machine rotor


Photographofasalient8polesynchronousmachinerotor
9:54PM

The rotor circuit (magnet)


DC current is supplied to the
rotor byy means of slipp rings
g
and brushes.
Slip
p Rings:
g are metal rings
g
encircling shaft and are
insulated from it
O
One end
d off rotor
t winding
i di is
i
connected to each of the 2
slip rings
A stationary brush mounted
on the machine casing ride
on each slip ring
9:54PM

A brushless exciter system


The dc current that appears on the rotor is
obtained from a rectified induced voltage.

9:54PM

Another brushless exciter system


Notice the small pilot exciter (extra windings,
permanent magnet and rectifiers).

9:54PM

The speed of rotation of a synchronous


generator
The electrical frequency is synchronized to the
rotor speed.
speed
Recall that the magnetic field created by a 3 4pole machine moves 180
180 while the stator currents
vary 360.

Therefore
Therefore, a 2-pole
2 pole generator must turn at 3600
r/min to produce a 60 Hz voltage while a 4-pole
must turn at 1500 r/min to produce 50 Hz power.
9:54PM

10

The induced voltage


The internal generated voltage (no load) is:
E A = K ,

NC
K=
2

where is given in Electrical rad/s

How can this voltage be varied?

9:54PM

11

The output voltage of the generator

9:54PM

12

The output voltage of the generator


Last figure shows a 2 pole rotor spinning
inside a 3 phase stator
stator, without load
Rotor magnetic field BR develops a voltage EA
is p
positive out of conductors,, at top,
p, and
negative into the conductors at bottom of
figure
When there is no load on generator, the
armature current is zero, EA=V
If the
th generator
t is
i connected
t d to
t a lagging
l
i PF
load, the peak current occurs at an angle
behind the peak voltage as in fig (b)
9:54PM

13

The output voltage of the generator


Current flowing in stator windings produces its
magnetic field BS
The direction of BS is found by R.H.R. as shown in
fig(c). This BS produces another voltage in stator,
namedd Estat as shown
h
in
i figure
fi
Having these two voltage components in stator
windings,
i di
total
t t l voltage
lt
in
i one phase
h
is
i sum off EA andd
Estat :
V = EA + Estat and Bnet = BR + BS
The angle of Bnet coincide with angle of V shown in
fig (d)
9:54PM

14

The output voltage of the generator


To model the effect of armature reaction, note:
Estat lies
li at an angle
l off 90 behind
b hi d plane
l
off
maximum current IA
Estat directly proportional to IA and X is
constant of proportionality
Estat = -j X IA
voltage in one phase V = EA - j X IA

9:54PM

15

The output voltage of the generator


Factors that affect the output voltage (V):
Armature reaction: Field created by the stator or
armature currents.
Self-inductance and resistance of the stator
windings.

These can be modeled by an inductive


reactance and resistance in series with the
internal generated voltage

9:54PM

16

The output voltage of the generator


Stator self-inductance named LA (its reactance
XA) and stator resistance is RA :
V = EA- jXIA- jXAIA- RAIA
Armature reaction & self
self-inductance
inductance in machine
both represented by reactances, normally they are
combined to a single reactance as :
XS = X + XA
V = EA- jXSIA- RAIA
9:54PM

17

Equivalent model of a 3 synchronous


generator

9:54PM

18

The per-phase equivalent circuit and


phasor diagrams

How does V/ vary with the load type?


9:54PM

19

Synchronous Generators
Power and Torque
Not all mechanical power goes to a
synchronous
h
generator becomes
b
electrical
l i l
power
The difference between input & output power
represent the losses.

9:54PM

20

Synchronous Generators Power and Torque


The input mechanical power is the shaft power in the
synchronous generator
Pin = app m
The power converted from mechanical to electrical
form
Pconv = ind m
= 3EA IA cos
where is the angle between EA and IA)
The difference between Pin and Pconv in generator
represents mechanical, core, and stray losses of the
machine
hi
9:54PM

21

Synchronous Generators Power and Torque


Th
The reall electrical
l t i l output
t t power off synchronous
h
generator
t in
i
line quantities:
Pout=3 VT IL cos
in phase quantities:
Pout= 3 V IA cos
The reactive power output:
Qout=3 VT IL sin
in pphase quantities:
q
Qout= 3 V IA sin
Ignoring the armature resistance RA (XS >> RA), a useful
relation
l ti can be
b derived
d i d to
t approximate
i t the
th output
t t power off
the Generator.
9:54PM

22

Synchronous Generators Power and Torque


To derive that useful equation with the stator
resistance ignored, a simplified phasor diagram
is used

9:54PM

23

Synchronous Generators Power and Torque


The vertical segment bc is EA sin or XS IA cos

IA cos = EA sin / XS
Substituting this in the equation of Pout

Pout = (3V EA sin) / XS


Since resistances assumed zero, no electrical losses in
the generator and Pconv = Pout
Th
The above
b
equation
ti shows
h
that
th t the
th power produced
d d by
b
a the generator depends on the angle (between V and
EA), the torque
q angle
g
Maximum power that the generator can supply occurs
when = 90.

Pmax = (3V EA ) / XS
9:54PM

24

Synchronous Generators Power and Torque


From chapter 4, torque developed in a generator
can be expressed as:
ind= k BR BS
ind= k BR Bnet
Magnitude of torque in this equation is:
ind= k BR Bnet sin
is the angle between the rotor field and the net
magnetic field
Since BR produces voltage EA, and Bnet produces
V, the angle between EA and V is same as angle
b t
between
BR andd Bnet
9:54PM

25

Synchronous Generators Power and Torque


Alternative expression for this torque in syn.
Gen is deri
Gen.
derived
ed
Using Pconv= ind m

indd =

3V E A sin

m X S

This equation gives torque in terms of circuit


parameters.
9:54PM

26

Measurement of Synchronous Generator


Model Parameters
Main parameters: IF EA relationship, XS and RA.
Open-circuit test EA= VT
EA
Short-circuit test Z S = R + X =
IA
E A V ,oc
=
Since XS >> RA,, X S
IA
IA
VDC
DC voltage test in the armature 2 RA =
I DC
VDC
RA =
2 I DC
9:54PM
2
A

2
S

27

Measurement of Synchronous Generator


Model Parameters

EA from the open circuit test and IA from the short


circuit
i i test are taken
k at the
h ratedd field
fi ld current If, rated
9:54PM

28

The Effect of Load Changes on a


Synchronous Generator Operating Alone
For EA constant, if the load changes, the voltage drop
across XS andd V also
l change
h

How can V be regulated? By varying If


9:54PM

29

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