Chapter 1 Doing Social Research

1.1 Essay Questions

1 ) Describe the kinds of errors you are likely to make with each of the following:
premature closure, overgeneralization, and selective observation.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 3
Topic: Alternatives to Social Research
Skill: 02. Recognize difference between scientific & nonscientific
Objective: 01.02 Explain limits/weaknesses of non-research approaches
2 ) Briefly describe each of the steps involved in conducting a research project. Discuss
how "fixed" the steps are and the implications of this for a person doing research.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10
Topic: Steps in the Research Process
Skill: 05. Show awareness of appropriate procedures/techniques
Objective: 01.07 Organize steps of the research process
3 ) Explain how you would distinguish a qualitative from a quantitative social research
study, and give examples of each.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 08. Provide examples of abstract ideas/principles
Objective: 01.06 Distinguish between qualitative & quantitative research
4 ) What is the difference between basic and applied research?
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 04. Express familiarity with the range of techniques/methods
Objective: 01.04 Distinguish among goals/purposes of social research
5 ) What is social impact assessment (SIA)? How does it work?
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 05. Show awareness of appropriate procedures/techniques
Objective: 01.03 Identify types of social research & weakness/strengths
6 ) Describe the differences between exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory research.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 11
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Topic: Dimensions of Research

Skill: 04. Express familiarity with the range of techniques/methods
Objective: 01.04 Distinguish among goals/purposes of social research
7 ) How does a panel study differ from a time-series study?
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 05. Show awareness of appropriate procedures/techniques
Objective: 01.03 Identify types of social research & weakness/strengths
8 ) Give an example of a cohort study, describing what features make it a cohort study.
Diff: 4 Page Ref: 11
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 03. Display ability to extend learning to new situations
Objective: 01.03 Identify types of social research & weakness/strengths
1.2 Multiple Choice Questions
1 ) Professor Rodgers examined survey information on people who were 65 years old and
older. He found the average level of happiness reported increased from 1982 to 2002. He
concluded that people under 65 years of age also experienced increasing levels of
happiness from 1982 to 2002. The error he committed is called
A) the error of overgeneralization.
B) the error of selective observation.
C) the error of illogical reasoning.
D) the error of inaccurate observation.
E) no errors.
Answer: A
Diff: 5 Page Ref: 3
Topic: Alternatives to Social Research
Skill: 01. Apply abstract learning to realistic situations
Objective: 01.01 Compare/evaluate social research & alternatives
2 ) What is the purpose of basic social research?
A) It solves social problems and find which policies are best.
B) It improves social programs so they become more effective.
C) It invents new taxonomies and jargon.
D) It creates fundamental knowledge about how the social world works.
E) It predicts what future society will be like.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11-12
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Topic: Dimensions of Research

Skill: 04. Express familiarity with the range of techniques/methods
Objective: 01.04 Distinguish among goals/purposes of social research
Refer to the following paragraph to answer the questions below.
After graduating from university, Samantha got a job with the county government. Oneyear into her new job, she learned that a Big Corporation planned to build a huge new
factory on farmland outside the quiet, small town of Smallsville that had 2,000 residents.
The Big Corporation flew in a high-powered public relations team of five people who
showed a slick video, threw out a few statistics, and promised that many new jobs and
income would come to the county and town. Two of the public relations people said they
were Factory Site Experts. They said that in the three other locations where Big
Corporation had built factories in the past two years, the local people were very happy.
They said the same would occur in Smallsville and further study was unnecessary. Just
before the County Board was about to vote for approval, Samantha asked some questions.
How would the new factory with 1,000 employees affect the way of life in Smallsville?
Would the new factory create traffic congestion, noise, and air or water pollution? Would
the town need to upgrade its police, fire, or ambulance services? Would it raise housing
prices? What percent of the jobs would go to local people, and would the jobs be wellpaying and stable? Would there be three shifts with some shifts ending late at night or
early in the morning? How would the local schools and sewage treatment services be
affected? Would the new factory's location adjacent to the area's only park limit the use of
the park and its playground and bicycle trail by local children?
3 ) Samantha questioned the corporate Factory Site Expert's claims that the company had
created jobs and done wonderful things in two other towns, so the same thing would
happen here, so no further issues were involved. She challenged their claims that use all
EXCEPT which of nonscientific basis of knowledge?
A) tradition
B) authority
C) overgeneralization
D) premature closure
E) selective observation
Answer: A
Diff: 6 Page Ref: 3
Topic: Alternatives to Social Research
Skill: 01. Apply abstract learning to realistic situations
Objective: 01.02 Explain limits/weaknesses of non-research approaches
4 ) Based on her questions, Samantha urged the County Board to delay a decision and
first conduct a(n)
A) social impact assessment study.
B) evaluation research study.
C) time-series study
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D) cohort study.
E) action-oriented research study.
Answer: A
Diff: 4 Page Ref: 11
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 01. Apply abstract learning to realistic situations
Objective: 01.05 Define different ways that researchers use time
5 ) Which best summarizes the main goal of descriptive research?
A) advance knowledge about an underlying process or complete a theory
B) develop techniques and a sense of direction for future research
C) give a verbal or numerical (e.g., percentages) picture
D) extend a theory or principle into new areas or issues
E) provide evidence to support or refute an explanation
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 05. Show awareness of appropriate procedures/techniques
Objective: 01.04 Distinguish among goals/purposes of social research
6 ) Prestige and honor within the scientific community depend largely on
A) the size of a researcher's paycheck.
B) the number of appearances of a person on TV or in major newspapers.
C) one's reputation as a researcher as demonstrated by having many publications in
highly respected scholarly journals.
D) how popular the person is among students as an excellent teacher.
E) the number of powerful political and business a person has as friends.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7
Topic: How Science Works
Skill: 02. Recognize difference between scientific & nonscientific
Objective: 01.01 Compare/evaluate social research & alternatives
7 ) The president of Big Hotdog, Inc. considered changing the wage structure to increase
worker productivity. She called in the firm's top management team to make a decision.
The Vice President for Human Resources said, "We can't change it because we've had the
same wage structure for the past 20 years and the employees will object." The Vice
President for Finance said, "A new wage structure was tried at Spicy Meatball, Inc. and it
didn't work there so it won't work here." The Vice President for Production said, "My
brother is a Professor of Human Relations, and he says it's a good idea." The Vice
President for Sales said, "I've read an article in last week's Fortune magazine on it, and it
proves that the proposed new wage structure always is best." When the president
suggested getting more information, the Vice President for Overseas Marketing said, "We
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have enough knowledge in this room now and getting any more would be a waste of
time." The president agreed with the Vice President for Sales. Which error did she make?
A) appeal to authority as a basis of knowledge
B) appeal to tradition as a basis of knowledge
C) premature closure
D) selective observation
E) overgeneralization
Answer: A
Diff: 5 Page Ref: 3
Topic: Alternatives to Social Research
Skill: 01. Apply abstract learning to realistic situations
Objective: 01.02 Explain limits/weaknesses of non-research approaches
8 ) A tendency to assume that a person or source with a strong reputation or in a highstatus position is automatically correct, instead of carefully evaluating the quality of
information offered is called
A) selective observation.
B) skepticism.
C) the halo effect.
D) premature closure.
E) the scientific method.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3
Topic: Alternatives to Social Research
Skill: 02. Recognize difference between scientific & nonscientific
Objective: 01.02 Explain limits/weaknesses of non-research approaches
9 ) Explanatory research is
A) research in which a researcher seeks to test theories and addresses the question of why
events or patterns occur in social reality.
B) a technique developed by economists in which the positive and negative consequences
of something are estimated, given a dollar value, then balanced against one another.
C) evaluation research after the program or policy being evaluated ends.
D) evaluation research throughout the program or policy being evaluated.
E) research into a new area that has not been studied and in which a researcher develops
initial ideas and a more focused research question.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 05. Show awareness of appropriate procedures/techniques
Objective: 01.04 Distinguish among goals/purposes of social research

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10 ) Below are five of the seven steps of a research project in scrambled order. Of the five
listed below, which one is supposed to be second in the sequence among them?
A) interpret findings
B) collect data
C) design study
D) focus project
E) analyze the data
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10-11
Topic: Steps in Research Process
Skill: 07. Make distinctions among related ideas/processes
Objective: 01.07 Organize steps of the research process
11 ) Sara Sahara conducted a study on religion. She developed a questionnaire and
planned an accurate sample of 500 people. She ran off copies of her questionnaire and
contacted people in the sample. Next, she interviewed the sample and carefully recorded
all the information. She used various statistics to analyze the data and next interpreted her
statistics to bring out their meaning. Lastly, she wrote up her findings and method into a
paper, which she presented at professional meetings and sent to a scholarly journal for
possible publication. Which step in the process of research did Sara skip?
A) collect data
B) design study
C) focus research question
D) inform others
E) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 4 Page Ref: 10
Topic: Steps in Research Process
Skill: 01. Apply abstract learning to realistic situations
Objective: 01.07 Organize steps of the research process
12 ) Rusty Spoon, a hospital administrator, heard a lot about gay men getting HIV, AIDS.
He watched the male patients at his hospital admitted for AIDS. He thought they all
looked like homosexuals, as did almost all their male visitors. In reality, at his hospital,
60 percent of the HIV-positive male patients were heterosexual and 80 percent of their
visitors were neighbors, co-workers, or immediate family members. He most clearly
made which type of error?
A) selective observation
B) premature closure
C) overgeneralization
D) inattention
E) none, he made no error
Answer: A
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Diff: 4 Page Ref: 3

Topic: Alternatives to Social Research
Skill: 01. Apply abstract learning to realistic situations
Objective: 01.02 Explain limits/weaknesses of non-research approaches
13 ) After it was all over, Susan Jones surveyed the 150 residents of her neighborhood
about their reactions to a three-week experimental trash collection program. In the
program, residents separated cans, paper, glass, and plastic for recycling. She also
examined the percent of trash in the neighborhood that was properly sorted at the end of
the three-week period. Her results were used to prepare a report for the city trash
collection department.
Susan's study is an example of
A) basic research.
B) exploratory research.
C) evaluation research.
D) qualitative research
E) cohort analysis.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 11
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 03. Display ability to extend learning to new situations
Objective: 01.03 Identify types of social research & weakness/strengths
14 ) In exploratory research, one does all of the following, EXCEPT
A) become familiar with the basic facts, people, and concerns involved.
B) develop a well-grounded mental picture of what is occurring.
C) generate many ideas and develop tentative conjectures.
D) determine the feasibility of doing additional research.
E) test a theory or explanation.
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 06. Explain reasons for using a specific process/procedure
Objective: 01.04 Distinguish among goals/purposes of social research
15 ) Joe Foss studied gender differences in attitudes toward mathematics and science
among 45 first-grade students. Over the next twelve years, he studied the same 45
children when they were in the fifth, eighth, and twelfth grades. This is what type of
research?
A) case study research
B) cross-sectional research
C) panel study research
D) time-series research
E) action-oriented research
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Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 04. Express familiarity with the range of techniques/methods
Objective: 01.03 Identify types of social research & weakness/strengths
16 ) In 2001, Professor Dennis Wrong decided to conduct a study of 1,000 persons who
were married in 1946 to 1948 and were still married. He believed that the social climate,
returning veterans, and other changes around the end of World War II affected the
decision to marry and what occurred in their first year of marriage. Most likely, he was
conducting what type of study?
A) case study
B) panel
C) cohort
D) time-series
E) cross-sectional
Answer: C
Diff: 4 Page Ref: 11
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 01. Apply abstract learning to realistic situations
Objective: 01.05 Define different ways that researchers use time
17 ) All of the following characterizes applied research, EXCEPT which one?
A) Doing research is usually part of a job assignment and sponsors/supervisors who are
not professional researchers will judge/use the results.
B) Success is based on whether sponsors/supervisors use the results in decision-making.
C) The primary concern is with the internal logic and rigor of the research design, so a
research attempts to reach the absolute norms of scientific rigor and scholarship.
D) The driving goal is to produce practical payoffs or uses for the results.
E) Research problems one can explore are limited by the demands and interests of
employers or sponsors.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 11
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 04. Express familiarity with the range of techniques/methods
Objective: 01.04 Distinguish among goals/purposes of social research
18 ) A type of data collection technique that most closely follows the logic and principles
of natural science, in which researchers create situations and examine their effects on
participants is called
A) experimental research.
B) content analysis.
C) survey research.
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D) field research.
E) historical comparative research.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 08. Provide examples of abstract ideas/principles
Objective: 01.08 Know various ways/methods of soc. science explanation
1.3 Key Terms Vocabulary Questions
1 ) action research study
Answer: A type of applied social research in which a researcher treats knowledge as a
form of power and abolishes the division between creating and using knowledge to
engage in political action.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 14
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.04 Distinguish among goals/purposes of social research
2 ) applied social research
Answer: Research that attempts to solve a concrete problem or address a specific policy
question, and that has a direct, practical application.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 12
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.03 Identify types of social research & weakness/strengths
3 ) basic social research
Answer: Research designed to advance fundamental knowledge about the social world.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 12
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.04 Distinguish among goals/purposes of social research
4 ) case study
Answer: Research, usually qualitative, on one or a small number of cases in which a
researcher carefully examines a large number of details about each case.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 21
Topic: Dimensions of Research
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Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms

Objective: 01.03 Identify types of social research & weakness/strengths
5 ) cohort study
Answer: A type of longitudinal research in which a researcher focuses on a category of
people who share a similar life experience in a specified time period.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 20
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.05 Define different ways that researchers use time
6 ) cross-sectional research
Answer: Research in which a researcher examines a single point in time or take a onetime snapshot approach.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 18
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.05 Define different ways that researchers use time
7 ) data
Answer: The empirical evidence or information that a person gathers carefully according
to established rules or procedures; it can be qualitative or quantitative.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8
Topic: How Science Works
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.01 Compare/evaluate social research & alternatives
8 ) descriptive research
Answer: Research in which researchers present a picture of the specific details of a
situation, social setting, or relationship.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 17
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.04 Distinguish among goals/purposes of social research
9 ) empirical evidence
Answer: The observations that people experience through their senses - touch, sight,
hearing, smell, and taste; these can be direct or indirect.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8
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Topic: How Science Works

Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.01 Compare/evaluate social research & alternatives
10 ) evaluation research study
Answer: A type of applied research in which one tries to determine how well a program
or policy is working or reaching its goals and objectives.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 13
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.04 Distinguish among goals/purposes of social research
11 ) existing statistics research
Answer: Research in which one examines numerical information from government
documents or official reports to address new questions.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 22
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.03 Identify types of social research & weakness/strengths
12 ) experimental research
Answer: Research in which one intervenes or does something different to one group of
people but not another, then compares the results for the groups.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 22
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.03 Identify types of social research & weakness/strengths
13 ) explanatory research
Answer: Research in which a researcher identifies sources of social behaviors, beliefs,
conditions, and events; documents causes; tests theories; and provides reasons.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 17
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.04 Distinguish among goals/purposes of social research
14 ) exploratory research
Answer: Research in which a researcher examines a new area to formulate precise
questions that future research can address.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 16
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
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Objective: 01.04 Distinguish among goals/purposes of social research

15 ) field research
Answer: A type of qualitative research in which a researcher directly observes the people
being studied in a natural setting for an extended period. Often, the research combines
intensive observing with participation in the people's activities.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 23
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.06 Distinguish between qualitative & quantitative research
16 ) halo effect
Answer: An error often made when people use personal experience as an alternative to
science for acquiring knowledge. It is when a person over generalizes from what he or
she accepts as being highly positive or prestigious and let its strong reputation or prestige
"rub off" onto other areas.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 3
Topic: Alternatives to Social Research
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.02 Explain limits/weaknesses of non-research approaches
17 ) historical-comparative research
Answer: Research in which one examines a different culture or period to better
understand the social world.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 23
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.03 Identify types of social research & weakness/strengths
18 ) longitudinal research
Answer: Research in which the researcher examines the features of people or other units
at multiple points in time.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 18
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.05 Define different ways that researchers use time
19 ) overgeneralization
Answer: An error that people often make when using personal experience as an
alternative to science for acquiring knowledge. It occurs when some evidence supports a
belief, but a person falsely assume that it applies to many other situations as well.
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Diff: 3 Page Ref: 6

Topic: Alternatives to Social Research
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.02 Explain limits/weaknesses of non-research approaches
20 ) panel study
Answer: A powerful type of longitudinal research in which a researcher observes exactly
the same people, group, or organization across multiple time points.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 20
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.05 Define different ways that researchers use time
21 ) premature closure
Answer: An error that is often made when using personal experience as an alternative to
science for acquiring knowledge. It occurs when a person feels he or she has the answer
and does not need to listen, seek information, or raise questions any longer.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 7
Topic: Alternatives to Social Research
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.02 Explain limits/weaknesses of non-research approaches
22 ) qualitative data
Answer: Empirical evidence expressed as words, visual images, sounds, or objects.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8
Topic: How Science Works
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.06 Distinguish between qualitative & quantitative research
23 ) quantitative data
Answer: Empirical evidence in the form of numbers.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8
Topic: How Science Works
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.06 Distinguish between qualitative & quantitative research

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24 ) scientific community
Answer: A collection of people who practice science and a set of norms, behaviors, and
attitudes that binds them together.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8
Topic: How Science Works
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.01 Compare/evaluate social research & alternatives
25) scientific method
Answer: The ideas, rules, techniques, and approaches that the scientific community uses.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 9
Topic: How Science Works
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.01 Compare/evaluate social research & alternatives
26) secondary data analysis
Answer: A type of existing statistics study using data from a past study.
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 22
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.01 Compare/evaluate social research and alternatives
27) selective observation
Answer: An error that people often make when using personal experience as an
alternative to science for acquiring knowledge. It is when a person takes special notice of
some people or events and tends to seek out evidence that confirms what already is
believed and ignores contradictory information.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 6
Topic: Alternatives to Social Research
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.02 Explain limits/weaknesses of non-research approaches
28) social impact assessment study
Answer: A type of applied social research in which a researcher estimates the likely
consequences or outcome of a planned intervention or intentional change to occur in the
future.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 15
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.03 Identify types of social research & weakness/strengths
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29) social research

Answer: A process in which a researcher combines a set of principles, outlooks, and ideas
with a collection of specific practices, techniques, and strategies to produce knowledge.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 2
Topic: Introduction
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.01 Compare/evaluate social research & alternatives
30) survey research
Answer: Quantitative social research in which one systematically asks many people the
same questions, then records and analyzes their answers.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 22
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.03 Identify types of social research & weakness/strengths
31) time-series study
Answer: A type of longitudinal research in which a researcher gathers the same type of
information across two or more time periods.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 18
Topic: Dimensions of Research
Skill: 50. Ability to Define Key Terms
Objective: 01.05 Define different ways that researchers use time

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