Engineering Practice

A Primer on Rectangular Tanks

This type of tank is often preferred to cylindrical tanks when space is limited. Follow
this guidance to calculate the relevant dimensions and ensure safe construction
Keith Kachelhofer
Hargrove Engineers + Constructors

ith the increasing age of

many chemical process
plants, a challenge often
arises when it comes
time to find suitable real estate to
erect and install new storage tanks.
Throughout the chemical process
industries (CPI), storage tanks are
most often thought to be cylindrical
tanks with flat bottoms and coned
roofs, or leg- or lug-supported cylindrical tanks with dished heads. However, rectangular tanks may provide
a viable alternative for facilities that
need to store a product under atmospheric pressure but have limited
space available to erect a traditional
cylindrical tank.
While abundant sources of information are available for cylindrical
tanks, engineering guidance related
to the specification or design of rectangular tanks is less readily available.
For most CPI engineers, the biggest
challenge associated with rectangular tanks is how to specify them and
how to identify the most economical
method of fabrication. As of today,
there is no specific published code
for rectangular tank design and fabrication. However, the American Petroleum Institute (API) does publish
API Bulletin 2V: Design of Flat Plate
Structures [1], which provides relevant engineering support.
Rectangular tanks are constructred from flat plates that have been
welded together with structural
beams added to provide rigidity. The
plate reinforcement can be implemented using vertical or horizontal
stiffeners. This article discusses several detailed design options for the
flat plates, stiffeners and stiffened
panels that are used to construct
rectangular tanks. The structural design of rectangular tanks is primarily an engineering function for meCHEMICAL ENGINEERING

FIGURE 1. This photo shows a reinforced nozzle on a rectangular tank during onsite construction.
Note the weep hole located at the bottom of the reinforcement pad

chanical and structural engineers.

However, having a fundamental understanding of what is involved with
the design process can greatly help
chemical engineers and related professionals during the evaluation and
specification process. The installation of nozzles (Figure 1) presents a
variety of challenges, which are discussed below.

Safety first
Rectangular tanks should always be
engineered in the anticipated corroded condition where the shell
plates would be at their anticipated
smallest allowable thickness. This
will require a corrosion allowance for
the wetted surfaces and possibly for
the exterior surfaces, as well. If the
tank is to be insulated, there might
be a concern about moisture becoming trapped under the insulation
and causing localized pitting and
corrosion on the exterior of the tank.
Analysis of a plate typically starts
with a few assumptions: The plate

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APRIL 2015

is initially flat, the thickness is small

compared to other dimensions, the
material is elastic, and deflection
does not exceed one half the thickness of the plate. As a general rule of
thumb, engineers can make the following assumptions:
t
Rectangular tanks with capacities
less than 30 ft3 typically do not require stiffeners
t
Tanks with capacities from 30300
ft3 in volume will require vertical or
horizontal stiffeners
t
Tanks above the 300 ft3 capacity
should have vertical and horizontal
stiffeners or may have to incorporate stays. Stays are horizontal circular rods (Figure 2) with each end
welded to the parallel plates used
to form the tank. The stays help
keep each plate from experiencing excessive deflection, and the
strategic use of stays in the tank
design can help to keep overall
material costs to a minimum
The governing condition for determining the need for stiffeners will be
61

Rectangular tank

"Stay"

"Stay" or connecting rod

Tank shell plate

FIGURE 2. Cylindrical rods are welded to parallel plates to

minimize deflection, as shown here. The use of stays is beneficial
when the outside stiffeners are too large

the height of the tank. As the height

of the tank increases, so does the
static pressure on the tank. In turn,
the size and quantity of structural
steel beams required for reinforcement will increase. The key to an
economical design is a final tank
design that uses the lightest-gage
plate material while still providing
sufficient reinforcement to ensure
needed rigidity.
The size and number of stiffeners
depends on the thickness of the tank
wall and the spacing of the stiffeners.
There is a tradeoff between the plate
thickness and the number of stiffeners added to the plate. For instance,
there could be a cost savings associated with reducing the plate thickness, but the savings may be offset
by the labor required to install plate
stiffeners. There are two methods of
reinforcing the plate through the
use of vertical or horizontal stiffeners.

The method of horizontal reinforcement is a more direct procedure.

Reinforcement incorporating vertical
stiffeners requires an assumption of
the shell plate thickness and spacing
between the stiffeners, which can be
an iterative process.
Figure 3 shows a rectangular tank
with a top rim stiffener and two vertical stiffeners. Since the plates used
to construct the tank are flat, they inherently are not rigid structures when
transverse static loads are imposed
on the surface. Therefore, structural
beams must be attached in order to
keep the plates from experiencing
excessive deflection. Areas of particular concern are the regions of unsupported plate that exist between
the tank corners and between the
stiffeners themselves. It is here that
the design engineer can combine
the properties of the tank wall with
those of the selected stiffener (Fig-

Top stiffener

Vertical stiffener

Region of unsupported
plate

FIGURE 3. Shown here is a rectangular tank with vertical stiffeners. Note the region of unsupported
plate between the vertical stiffeners
62

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

ure 4) to develop a composite beam,

which will have a higher structural
rigidity than just the structural member alone. A common method is to
consider a section of steel plate having an equal distance between stiffeners.
Determining the spacing between
vertical stiffeners is an iterative process. An initial assumption is made
for the stiffener spacing followed by a
mathematical evaluation of the plate
deflection and stress. The anticipated plate deflection and stress are
associated with published constants,
which are a function of the ratio of
the sides of the plate. Depending on
how the plate is statically supported,
these constants (along with the
ratio of the sides) and specifically tailored formulas can be used to determine the plate deflection and bending stress.
If the deflection is excessive (that
is, greater than one half of the plate
thickness) and stress is greater than
the values published in Table 1, then
the stiffeners must be spaced more
closely together.
Figure 5 shows a rectangular tank
with a top rim stiffener and one horizontal (intermediate) stiffener. The
advantage of this design is that the
intermediate stiffener is located in
proximity to where the average load
is acting on the surface plane. One
stiffener can be attached at the point
of loading and act as a beam with a
uniform distributed load. The design
incorporating horizontal stiffeners is a
more direct and simplified approach
as opposed to making assumptions
with vertical stiffeners.
Tanks incorporating stiffeners
can use a wide range of structural
shapes, including angle, channel or
structural T's. When using a structural angle for reinforcement at the
top, the angle can be oriented with
the toe out where one face of the
angle is oriented against the shell
plate. But the intermediate stiffener
needs to be attached with the toe
facing into the tank wall (one face
of the angle oriented outward) to increase structural rigidity, as shown in
Figure 6.
Stiffeners are attached to the tank
wall by using either continuous fillet
welds or stitch welds. For top stiffeners, the inner fillet weld must be continuous (Figure 7) in order to keep
the product from becoming trapped
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The shaded region indicates an area of

tank shell plate that structural engineers
will use in reinforcement calculations

Top stiffener
Intermediate
stiffener
H

Region of unsupported
plate

0.43H

FIGURE 5. A rectangular tank is shown with a top stiffener and an intermediate stiffener located at
43% of the height of the tank wall, measured from the bottom of the tank

FIGURE 4. Structural engineers will incorporate

a region of the shell plate into the reinforcement
calculation to help reduce the size of the reinforcement beam and reduce cost

or seeping between the tank wall

and the stiffener. The welds outside
of the wetted surface can be stitch
welds. Stitch welds (Figure 8) require
less labor and use less deposited
weld metal. For most applications, a
-in. fillet weld is sufficient with weld
lengths ranging from 2 to 3 in. and
the welds spaced anywhere from
610 in. apart.
The corners of the tank walls are
regions of high stress due to the discontinuity between the two adjoining plates. Thus, the corner joints
will require reinforcement or full penetration welds. Figure 9 shows two
corner joint designs that are commonly used during fabrication of
rectangular tanks.
A third option is to use a formed
corner on the tank shell plate with
a full penetration weld, as shown
in Figure 10. This is a preferred
method for small tanks that use
lighter-gauge steel walls (in the range
of 10-gauge plate to 1/4-in. plate).
The plate is easy to form and the
welds are economical.

Adding nozzles to the design

Nozzles installed in rectangular tanks
are typically not subjected to high
static head pressures, therefore the
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

connection of the nozzle to the tank

shell can typically be completed with
a fillet weld on the outside of the
tank and a fillet weld on the inside of
the tank. Typically, there is no need
for additional nozzle reinforcement.
However, if the nozzle is connected
to any rotating equipment, such as
pump suction piping, then the tank
nozzles should be installed using
full penetration welds, followed with
a capping fillet weld, as shown in
Figure 11.
Since the inherent geometry of
the plate does not permit excessive
loadings, dynamic equipment should
not be suspended directly from the
tank nozzles. If mixers and side-wall
agitators are to be installed on the
tank shell, then a third-party engineering firm should perform finite element analysis on the tank shell and
nozzle to ensure adequate reinforcement of the nozzle and shell plate. If
unsure as to the need for reinforcement, then the recommendations of
API 650, Section 5.7, can be applied
[2]. API 650 recommends that openings in tank shells that are larger
than an NPS 2 flanged or threaded
nozzle be reinforced, as shown in
Figure 1. All shell-opening connec-

tions that require reinforcement (for

example, nozzles, manholes, and
cleanout openings) must be attached by welds that fully penetrate
the shell, according to API 650.The
minimum cross-sectional area of the
required reinforcement must not be
less than the product of the vertical
diameter of the hole cut into the shell
and the nominal plate thickness. The
cross-sectional area of the reinforcement shall be measured vertically,
coincident with the diameter of the
opening. Table 5.6(a)(b) in API 650
provides recommendations for reinforcement plate dimensions. Be
sure to add a 1/4-in. NPT weep hole
in the bottom of the reinforcement
pad (Figure 1) to provide the access
needed to check for any potential
leaks behind the pad.
The bottom plate thickness can
be 1/4-in. or 3/8in. nominal thickness, assuming the plate is entirely
supported by a concrete pad. The
bottom plate needs to extend beyond the shell plate with sufficient
distance to incorporate anchor bolts
if desired. Since most rectangular
tank geometry is not subjected to
high overturning moments, anchor
bolts may not be required.

TABLE 1. ALLOWABLE DESIGN STRESS FOR PLATE MATERIAL, PSI

Material Grade

Design Temperature
100oF

150oF

200oF

250oF

300oF

SA283 C

15,700

15,700

15,700

15,700

15,700

SA36

16,600

16,600

16,600

16,600

16,600

SA516-70

20,000

20,000

20,000

20,000

20,000

SA240-304

20,000

20,000

20,000

20,000

18,900

SA240-304L

16,700

16,700

16,700

16,700

16,700

SA240-316

20,000

20,000

20,000

20,000

20,000

SA240-316L

16,700

16,700

16,700

16,700

16,700

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63

Continuous
weld

Tank shell
plate

Continuous weld

Cover plate
Top stiffener

Acceptable configuration
for top stiffener to accept
a tank lid/roof plate

Stitch weld
Tank
wall

Stitch weld
Preferred angle orientation for intermediate
stiffener, toe-in

FIGURE 6. Proper orientation of the top stiffener

and the intermediate stiffener using angled stiffeners is shown here. The stiffener shown at the
top is oriented with the "toe" out, while the intermediate stiffener is oriented with the "toe" in. The
intermediate stiffener is stronger with the "toe-in"
orientation where a region of the tank plate can be
used to resist deflection

If a roof plate is required, then several factors must be considered. Will

the roof be permanently attached to
the top stiffener or will it be bolted? If
the top of the tank is made to be removed, then its weight is very important. Be sure to provide lifting lugs
to facilitate maintenance. The size of
the tank and the need for access for
plant operations and maintenance
will determine if the plate needs to
be designed for personnel working
on the surface.
API 650 recommends a minimum
of 45 lb/ft2 for combined dead load
and live loads. This should be sufficient to allow a person to walk
on the roof without excessive deflection. For applications that may
have hot vapors above the liquid
level, it might be prudent to include
a corrosion allowance for the inside

FIGURE 7. This figure shows top stiffener detail

with a cover plate. Note the channel is oriented on
the X-X (strong) axis. See Figure 13 for details

of the plate.
The same design procedures that
are used for roof plates are also
used for side plates. First, find a ratio
of sides where there is a minimal
amount of deflection and check the
plate stress. Like the vertical stiffeners used for the tank walls, the
stiffeners for the roof plate will need
to be selected for deflection and
stress. For removable roof plates, a
general recommendation is to start
with 3/16in. or 1/4-in. plate incorporating channel sections, plate or
angle attached, with the X-X axis
parallel to the roof plates, as shown
in Figure 13.

Calculation methodology
There is a simplified method for determining the required shell-plate thickness and the required beam sizes
that can be used by CPI engineers.
The procedure yields results that are
both dependable and conservative.
As with most design processes, the
first step is to determine the volume
of product that needs to be stored.
Based upon the available real estate
in the plant, the geometry of the tank
then needs to be established. Knowing the required volume of the tank,
the length of one side can be determined using Equation (1):

w=3V

(1)

TABLE 2. MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, E

Material Grade

64

Design Temperature
100oF

200oF

300oF

400oF

500oF

Carbon steel

29.3 x 106

28.6 x 106

28.1 x 106

27.5 x 106

27.0 x 106

Austenitic stainless

28.3 x 106

27.6 x 106

27.0 x 106

26.5 x 106

25.8 x 106

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

FIGURE 8. On this tank, structural reinforcement is provided by a horizontal 'T' shape that
is stitch-welded to the side wall of a rectangular
stainless steel tank

Where:
w = the length of one side of the
tank, ft
V = the required volume for
storage, ft3
The preferred ratio of sides is: 1.5w
for the longer side and 0.67w for the
shorter side, with the relationships
shown in Equations (2) and (3):
LL = 1.5w

(2)

LS = 0.67w

(3)

Where:
LL = the length of the long wall, ft
LS = the length of the short wall, ft
Next, determine the hydrostatic force
on the inside surface of the shell
plate. This process involves fundamental statics, where the load imposed on the tank varies linearly with
the depth of the fluid (Figure 12).
The pressure at the top of the plate
is equal to zero, and the maximum
pressure is at the bottom of the tank.
To be conservative, the maximum
pressure will be used for determining plate deflection and stress using
Equation (4):

pmax = h

(4)

Where:
R = density of the fluid, lb/in.3
h = maximum height of the fluid, in.
The longest wall will govern the design for the tank shell, since this will
provide the largest area of the plate
that will be subjected to hydrostatic
forces. Hydrostatic forces act perpendicular to the surface. The pressure the fluid exerts on the tank walls
depends upon its depth. In the case
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Tank wall
Continuous weld

Reinforcement angle

Continuous weld

Full penetration weld

Continuous weld
Tank wall
Continuous weld

FIGURE 9. Two corner joint designs are shown here. The preferred method is the use of a reinforcement angle with continuous fillet welds

of water, there is 1 lb of pressure

for every 2.31 ft of depth. The force
on the shell plate can be calculated
using Equation (5):

Fr =

1
lb
0.036 3 ( h 2 )( S.G.)
2
in.

(5)

Where:
h = the maximum height of the fluid
level, in.
Fr = the resultant force, lb/in.
S.G. = the specific gravity of the fluid
stored (that is, the ratio of a specific
fluid density to the density of water),
dimensionless
The use of a horizontal intermediate stiffener located between the
top stiffener and the bottom of the
tank is the simplest approach. It is
recommended that the intermediate
stiffener be located at 0.43H from
the bottom of the tank [7] where H is
the height of the tank wall (Figure 5).
The next step is to determine
the required plate thickness, using
Equation (6):

t reqd = 0.3( h )

0.036( S.G.)(h)

(6)

Where:
S.G. = the specific gravity of the fluid
stored, dimensionless
S = the allowable bending stress for
the steel plate, psi
h = the
 maximum height of the fluid
level, in.
Table 1 provides a list of common
steel alloys and their respective
bending stresses. Table 2 provides
the modulus of elasticity of various
grades of steel at various temperatures. The modulus of elasticity is a
number that measures an objects
resistance to being deformed elastically when a force is applied.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

If the tank is in a corrosive environment, then an appropriate corrosion allowance needs to be added
to the required plate thickness. The
most common corrosion allowances
range from 1/16 to 3/16 in.
The next step is to determine the
required moment of inertia for the
stiffener located at the top of the
tank (this is shown in Figure 5). Inertia is a measure of a bodys ability to resist movement, bending or
rotation. The moment of inertia is a
measure of a beams stiffness in relation to its cross-section. As a beams
moment of inertia increases, its ability to bend decreases. For flat plate,
channel, structural T and angle, the
highest moment of inertia is located
on the X-X axis as shown in Figure
13. The minimum required moment
of inertia for the top stiffener beam
can be found using Equation (7):
(7)

(0.06Fr )(LL 4 )
Itop =
192( E )( t nom )

Where:
LL = length of the longest tank
wall, in.
E = modulus of elasticity, psi
tnom = the nominal thickness of plate
to be used, in.
The minimum required moment of
inertia for the intermediate stiffener
located between the top stiffener
and the tank bottom can be determined using Equation (8):

Iint =

(0.3F ) L 4
r ( L )

(8)

192( E )( t nom )

FIGURE 10. The preferred corner joint for lightgauge plate ranging from 10GA to 1/4-in. nominal
thickness. Forming the corners and providing one
full penetration weld helps to strengthen the corner and minimize plate distortions during welding

Be sure to convert your wall length

from feet to inches when using Equations (7) and (8) in order to maintain
consistent units. The top and intermediate stiffeners can be any variety
of structural shapes, such as channels, T-shapes or angles. Figure 13
shows examples of common structural shapes that can be used for
stiffeners. For smaller tanks, structural angles are the most economical
option, and they provide a surface
onto which a cover plate or lid can
be bolted or welded. Larger tanks
will typically incorporate larger structural members, such as channels.
The structural member must have a
moment of inertia that is greater than
what was calculated above for the
top and intermediate stiffeners. The
mechanical properties of structural
members can be found online at the
Engineers Edge website [8].
When selecting a structural member from the tables online provided in
Ref. 8, it is imperative to select a moment of inertia on the X-X axis of the
beam, as shown in Figure 13. This
is typically denoted as Ixx where I is
the moment of inertia of the shape
and the subscript X-X represents the
moment of inertia about the X-X axis.
When possible, try to use the same
structural member for both the top

TABLE 3. PLATE CONSTANTS FOR RECTANGULAR PLATES WITH ALL EDGES FIXED AND
UNIFORM DISTRIBUTED LOAD
W/H

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

Infinity

0.1386

0.1794

0.2094

0.2286

0.2406

0.2472

0.2500

0.0138

0.0188

0.0226

0.0251

0.0267

0.0277

0.0284

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65

Full penetration
weld with fillet
cap weld

Full penetration weld with

fillet cap weld

Free surface

Y
X
X

Y
Y

X
X

h
FR

stiffener and the intermediate stiffener to help minimize cost.

Plate deflection and stress

Once the stiffeners have been sized,
it is good practice to check the plate
deflection and plate stress. The first
step in calculating plate deflection
and stress is to determine the length
of the sides supported by adjacent
plates or structural members. Figure
14 shows a rectangular plate with
dimension W being the width of the
plate and dimension H being the
height of the plate. Next determine
the ratio of sides using Equation (9):

R plate

66

W
=
H

(9)

(10)

Channel

Structural T

Angle

Y
Plate




Et 3

Where:
A = constant from Table 3
p = hydrostatic pressure, psi

H = height
of the tank shell plate, in.
E = modulus of elasticity, psi (from
Table 2)

t = nominal thickness of the tank


shell plate, in.
The

plate deflection should be less
than half the thickness of the plate
being used on the tank. The plate
stress is determined usingEquation
(11):

FIGURE 12. This diagram shows the hydrostatic forces on the tank wall. The maxium height
of the fluid level is denoted as 'h' and is recommended to be 6 in. below the top of the tank wall

pH

FIGURE 13. Common structural shapes used

for reinforcement are shown here. The X-X axis
is considered to be the strongest axis to resist
movement under loading. It is important to attach
the reinforcement beam to the tank shell with the
X-X axis parallel to the plate
Rh

FIGURE 11. This figure shows details of a nozzle that is attached to a tank using full penetration
welds and a capping fillet weld on the inside and
outside of the nozzle

 pH 2

(11)

t2

Where:
W = width of unsupported plate, in.
H = height
of unsupported plate, in.

Where:

The width of unsupported plate is

dependent on the location between
stiffeners. When calculating the worst
case scenario for horizontal tanks,

the longest
tank shell plate (LL) can
be used in place of W as indicated
in the example problem. The ratio of
plate width to plate height is required
to find the appropriate constants in
Table 3. If a calculated ratio is between two published ratios in the
table then interpolation is permitted.
Calculated ratios above 2.0 will default to the infinity values published
in Table 3 [4].
The maximum hydrostatic pressure is determined by Equation (4).
The plate deflection is determined by
Equation (10):

Sample problem
A chemical plant requires a tank
with 250-ft3 storage capacity and an
open top. Assume the tank bottom
is resting

on a concrete pad with the
bottom fabricated from 1/4-in. plate.
The fluid is water at ambient conditions.
The objective is to provide an engineering design for the required shell

plate thickness and the required
stiffeners. The tank dimensions are
determined using Equation (1), as
shown in Equation (12):

B = constant from Table 3

FIGURE 14. Dimensions of unsupported plate

located between the stiffeners or adjacent plate


(2), as

shown in Equation (13):

LL = 1.5(6.29 ft ) = 9.5 ft 114in. (13)

The length of the short side of the
tank is determined using Equation
(3), as shown in Equation (14):

LS = 0.67(6.29 ft ) = 4.2 ft

50in. (14)

Since we know the tank sides

are 9.5 ft-by-4.2 ft then the floor
area is 40 ft2. Dividing the required
volume of 250 ft3 by the area of
40 ft2 the required tank height is 6.25
ft (75 in.)
The reaction force on the plate
is calculated using Equation (5), as
shown in Equation (15):

1
lb
0.036 3 ( 75 2 )(1)
2
in.
lb
= 101.25
in.

Fr =

(15)

Next, the required minimum plate

thickness is calculated using Equation (6), as shown here in Equation
(16):

t reqd = 0.3( 75in.)

(16)

0.036(1)( 75in.)
5
75.5in. (12) .)
= 0.286in.
in.
16,600 psi
16
The length of the long side of the
tank is determined using Equation Since the required thickness is
w = 3 250 ft 3 = 6.29 ft

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

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APRIL 2015

Buss-SMS-Canzler


above 1/4-in. then assume 5/16in. plate. The required moment of
inertia for the top stiffener beam
is calculated using Equation (7),
as shown in Equation (17):

Itop

lb
(0.06) 101.25 (114in.) 4 (17)
in.
=
192(2.93x106 psi)(0.3125in.)

= 0.583in.4

Use an angle 2.5 in. 2.5 in.

0.25 in., with a moment of inertia
Ixx= 0.703 in.4
Next, calculate the required
moment of inertia of the intermediate stiffener using Equation (8), as shown below in
Equation (18):
lb
(114in.) 4 (18)
in.
Iint =
192(2.93x106 psi)(0.3125in.)
= 2.918in.4

(0.3) 101.25

Use an angle 4 in. 4 in. 1/4 in.

with a moment of inertia Ixx = 3.04
in.4 or use a C4 5.4 channel (this
is a designation of the American
Inst. of Steel Construction; Details
can be found in [6]), with a moment
of inertia Ixx = 3.85 in.4
Check the plate deflection below
the intermediate stiffener. This
area of plate will experience the
highest pressure acting on the
plate. Determine the pressure
using Equation (4), as shown in
Equation (19):

p = 0.036

lb
( 72in.) = 2.59 psi (19)
in.3

Note: the fluid height is assumed to

be 72 in.
The ratio of plate dimensions is
determined using Equation (9), as
shown in Equation (20):

R plate =

W
9.5 ft
=
= 3.53
0.43H 2.68 ft

(20)

Remember that the recommended

location of the intermediate stiffener
[7] is 0.43H, which is 2.68 ft (32.25
in.) from the bottom of the tank.
The plate deflection is determined
using Equation (10), as shown
below in Equation (21):
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

(0.0284 )(2.59 psi)( 32.25 in ) 4

=
=
(2.93x106 psi) (0.3125in.)3

#(%
$%'"%
"
) #$"
"*

$%#('&
"
$%#&&&
(21)

0.088 in.

The plate deflection is less than

0.156 in. so the plate thickness
is determined to be sufficient.
Finally, the plate stress can be determined from Equation (11), as
shown in Equation (22):

(0.25)(2.59 psi)( 32.25 in) 4

=
(0.3125in.) 2

(22)

= 6,896 psi

The plate stress is below the published plate stress in Table 1 so the
tank design can be considered to
be safe.
Q
Edited by Suzanne Shelley

References
1. API Bulletin 2V, Design of Flat Plate Structures, 3rd Ed.,
June 2004.
2. API Standard 650, Welded Tanks for Oil Storage, 12th
Ed., March 2013.
3. Megyesy, Eugene F., Pressure Vessel Handbook, 10th
Ed., Pressure Vessel Publishing, 1995, pp. 213
219.
4. Young, Warren C., Roarks Formulas for Stress &
Strain, 6th Ed., McGraw-Hill, 1989, pp. 458465.
5. Moss, Dennis R., Pressure Vessel Design Manual,
Third Ed., Gulf Professional Publishing, 2004, pp.
227233.
6. American Inst. Of Steel Construction, "Manual of Steel
Construction Allowable Stress Design," 9th Ed.,
1989.
7. Mahajan, Kanti K., Design of Process Equipment,
Selected Topics, 2nd Ed., Pressure Vessel Handbook
Publishing, Inc., 1985, pp. 267-280.
8. Engineers Edge website: www.engineersedge.com/
structural_shapes_menu.shtml

Molecular
Distillation
with Short Path Evaporators
for effective thermal separation
of heat sensitive products
under high vacuum of min.
0,001 mbar (a)

Author
Keith Kachelhofer is the
process engineering leader at
Hargrove Engineers + Constructors (30 Park of Commerce Way,
Suite 100, Savannah, GA 31405;
Phone: 912-508-0846; Email:
kkachelhofer@hargrove-epc.
com). He holds a degree in mechanical engineering technology
from Southern Polytechnic University in Marietta, Ga. Kachelhofer has over twenty
years of experience with ASME vessels and API tanks
and has authored two previous articles in Chemical
Engineering. He is a registered Professional Engineer
in Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia,
West Virginia, New York, Delaware, Maine, Ohio and
Utah.

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