International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (ISSN (print): 2249-7277 ISSN (online): 2277-7970)

Volume 2 Number 2 June 2012

A Novel Association Rule Mining with IEC Ratio Based Dissolved Gas
Analysis for Fault Diagnosis of Power Transformers
Ms. Kanika Shrivastava 1, Mr. Ashish Choubey2
ME in High Voltage and Power System in Electrical Engineering, JEC, Jabalpur, (MP) 1
Assistant Professor, JEC, Jabalpur (MP) 2
[email protected] 1

mixtures of many different hydrocarbon molecules.

They are composed essentially of saturated
hydrocarbon called paraffin whose general molecular
formula is CnH2n+2 with n the range of 20 to 40
[1][2][3]. When use in transformers, the oil acts as a
dielectric medium and also as a heat transfer agent.
The breakdown of electrical insulating materials and
related components inside the transformer liberates
gases within the unit. The distribution of these gases
can be related to the type of electrical fault, and the
rate of gas generation can indicate the severity of the
fault.

Abstract
Dissolved gas Analysis (DGA) is the most important
component of finding fault in large oil filled
transformers. Early detection of incipient faults in
transformers reduces costly unplanned outages. The
most sensitive and reliable technique for evaluating
the core of transformer is dissolved gas analysis. In
this paper we evaluate different transformer
condition on different cases. This paper uses
dissolved gas analysis to study the history of
different transformers in service, from which
dissolved combustible gases (DCG) in oil are used
as a diagnostic tool for evaluating the condition of
the transformer. Oil quality and dissolved gasses
tests are comparatively used for this purpose. In this
paper we present a novel approach which is based
on association rule mining and IEC ratio method.
By using data mining concept we can categorize
faults based on single and multiple associations and
also map the percentage of fault. This is an efficient
approach for fault diagnosis of power transformers
where we can find the fault in all obvious
conditions. We use java for programming and
comparative study.

Insulating oils suffer from deterioration, which can

become fatal for transformers. Also, discharge in oil
can cause serious damage to the other insulating
materials, making the monitoring of power
transformers insulation an important task. When
insulating oils and cellulose materials in reactive
equipment are subjected to higher than normal
electrical or thermal stresses, they decompose to
produce certain combustible gases referred to as fault
gases. For incipient fault conditions (i.e. slowly
evolving fault), the gases generated will be dissolved
into the oil long before any free gas is accumulated in
the gas relay. Thus by analyzing oil sample for
dissolved gas content it is possible to assess the
condition of the equipment and detecting faults at an
early stage. If a fault is indicated, the type of fault can
be predicted using various analysis methods.

Keywords
DGA, ROGERSs ratio Method, IEC Method, Data
Mining, Association Rule Mining.

I.

A large number of techniques are available for

transformer health monitoring. However, a focused
approach is required for diagnostics. Considering the
long service life of a power transformer and prevalent
use of human judgment (expert), there is a need to
structure a knowledge base around expert knowledge
while continuing to create new diagnostic capabilities
which can be plugged in. This paper gives an
overview about how fusion of data mining based

Introduction

Power transformers are designed to transmit and

distribute electrical power. Performing offline and
invasive tests also add to the replacement cost.
Hence, there is an increasing need to move from
traditional schedule-based maintenance programs to
condition-based maintenance. Mineral oils are
34

International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (ISSN (print): 2249-7277 ISSN (online): 2277-7970)
Volume 2 Number 2 June 2012

techniques can be used in diagnostics of power

transformers.

insulation system (paper, wire) to the oil under

detrimental conditions. Empirical measurements of
the relative percentage of these gasses in the oil have
been mapped to specific problems in the transformer.

The remaining of this paper is organized as follows.

We discuss DGA in Section 2. In Section 3 we
discuss about IEC. The Evolution and recent scenario
in section 4.In section 5 we discuss about proposed
approach. The conclusions and future directions are
given in Section 6. Finally references are given.
II.

According to Richard Green [4] the dissolved gas

analysis (DGA) technique is an important tool for
monitoring and troubleshooting a transformer's
operational condition. There are four basic
transformer fault types, categorized by severity. [5]
Arching, the most severe transformer fault, produces
significant amounts of hydrogen and acetylene as the
mineral oil breaks down from the electrical
discharge. If cellulose insulating paper is exposed to
the arching, then CO2 and CO will be generated.

DGA

Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is the study of

dissolved gases in insulating fluid such
as transformer oil. Insulating materials within
transformers and electrical equipment break down to
liberate gases within the unit. The distribution of
these gases can be related to the type of electrical
fault, and the rate of gas generation can indicate the
severity of the fault. The identity of the gases being
generated by a particular unit can be very useful
information in any preventative maintenance
program.

Next in severity is localized heating or sparking due

to intermittent high voltage flash without current. The
symptomatic gases produced are increased levels of
methane and ethane. Third in severity is localized
overheating. Overheating, as an example, may be
caused by electrical contact failure, which produces
ethylene and methane gases. If severe overheating
occurs, then trace amounts of acetylene may be
present.

The collection and analysis of gases in an oilinsulated transformer was discussed as early as 1928.
Many years of empirical and theoretical study have
gone into the analysis of transformer fault gases.

Lowest in severity is a low-energy electrical

discharge that is sometimes referred to as a corona
event. This low-order fault will produce hydrogen
and methane with traces of ethane and ethylene. If
the low-energy discharge occurs within the cellulose
insulation paper, then CO2 and CO will be present.
[6]

DGA usually consists of three steps: Sampling,

extraction, analysis. Modern technology is changing
this process with innovation of DGA units that can be
transported and used on site as well as some that
come directly connected to the transformer its self.
Online monitoring of electrical equipment is an
integral part of the smart grid. Though this new
technology is promising often oil quality labs are still
utilized as third party verification. Also upgrading all
equipment to meet the goals of the smart grid can be
cost prohibitive.
Power transformers, being key components in any
electrical network, require mindful operation and
maintenance, in order to obtain safe and optimum
working life. As transformers age, monitoring of their
condition becomes more vital, with surveillance and
diagnostic techniques being needed to prevent the
possibility of surprise failures. Dissolved Gas
Analysis (DGA) is a fundamental technique in
establishing fault mechanisms in oil-filled power
transformers. In its simplest form, DGA analyzes the
relative amount of three gasses in transformer oil:
CH4, C2H4 and C2H2 (methane, ethylene and
acetylene) these gases are discharged from the

Figure 1: Basic Gas Chromatograph Components

[Richard Green]
Transformer oil sample analysis is a useful,
predictive, maintenance tool for determining
transformer health. Along with the oil sample quality
tests, performing a dissolved gas analysis (DGA) of
the insulating oil is useful in evaluating transformer
health. The breakdown of electrical insulating
materials and related components inside a
transformer generates gases within the transformer.
The identity of the gases being generated can be very
35

International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (ISSN (print): 2249-7277 ISSN (online): 2277-7970)
Volume 2 Number 2 June 2012

useful information in any preventive maintenance

program. There are several techniques for detecting
those gases and DGA is recognized as the most
informative method.

advantage of using ratio method is that, they

overcome the issue of volume of oil in the
transformer by looking into the ratio of gas pairs
rather than absolute values.

The two principal causes of gas formation within an

operating transformer are electrical disturbances and
thermal decomposition. All transformers generate
gases to some extent at normal operating
temperatures. Insulating mineral oils for transformers
are mixtures of many different hydrocarbon
molecules, and the decomposition processes for these
hydrocarbons in thermal or electrical faults are
complex. The fundamental chemical reactions
involve the breaking of carbon hydrogen and carboncarbon bonds. During this process, active hydrogen
atoms and hydrocarbon fragments are formed. These
fragments can combine with each other to form
gases: hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), acetylene
(C2H2), ethylene (C2H4), and ethane (C2H6).
Further, when cellulose insulation is involved,
thermal decomposition or electric faults produce
methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide
(CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2). The gases listed
above are generally referred to as key gases.

Rogers Ratio Method of DGA [9] is an additional

tool that may be used to look at dissolved gases in
transformer oil. Rogers Ratio Method compares
quantities of different key gases by dividing one into
the other. This gives a ratio of the amount of one key
gas to another. By looking at the Gas Generation
Chart, you can see that, at certain temperatures, one
gas will be generated more than another gas. Rogers
used these relationships and determined that if a
certain ratio existed, then a specific temperature had
been reached. By comparing a large number of
transformers with similar gas ratios and data found
when the transformers were examined, Rogers could
then say that certain faults were present. Like the Key
Gas Analysis above, this method is not a sure thing
and is only an additional tool to use in analyzing
transformer problems. Rogers Ratio Method, using
three-key gas ratios, is based on earlier work by
Dorneneburg, who used four gas ratios. Ratio
methods are only valid if a significant amount of the
gases used in the ratio is present.

The gases listed above are considered key gases and

are generally considered combustible. The total of all
combustible gases may indicate the existence of any
one or a combination of thermal, electrical, or corona
faults.

When a fault occurs inside a transformer, there is no

problem with minimum gas amounts at which the
ratio are valid. There will be more than enough gas
present. The Rogers method utilizes four gas ratios:
CH /H , C H /CH , C H /C H and C H /C H . These

III.

ratios and the resultant fault indications are based on

large numbers of DGAs and transformer failures and
what was discovered after the failures. Rogerss ratio
method as presented in Table 1(a,b,c).IEC uses 3 gas
ratios, C2H2/C2H4, CH4/H2 and C2H4/C2H6. Each
ratio is quantized to a classification code 0, 1, or 2.
So in total there is to be 27 possible combinations
(fault types) but IEC 599 defines only 11
combinations leading to non-decision diagnosis,
when falling within the invalid group of 16 remaining
combinations. In [1, 10], IEC codes are extended
into expert rules using experiences in the field by
filling in the gaps created by IEC. The IEC Ratio
codes and Fault types are given in Table 2 and Table
3 respectively. The main advantage is elimination of
the non-decision problem with all the 27
combinations included. The IEC codes are extended
into the expert rules using experiences in the field by
filling in the gaps created by IEC. The result
according to IEC method is shown in Table4.

IEC Ratio Method

Like a doctor perform different test for the disease,

DGA can warn about the problem or fault in oil. It
diagnosis and increases the chances of finding the
appropriate cure. The detection of incipient faults in
oil immersed transformers by examination of gases
dissolved in oil, developed from original Buchholz
relay application. According to N. A. Muhamad et al.
[7] Gas Chromatograph (GC) is the most practical
method available to identify combustible gases. GC
involves both a qualitative and quantitative analysis
of gases dissolved in transformer oil [8].
According to N. A. Muhamad et al. [7] there are
several approaches which are used for DGA. Some
among them are Norms Method, Gas Ratio Method
and Key Gas method. In condition monitoring, the
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International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (ISSN (print): 2249-7277 ISSN (online): 2277-7970)
Volume 2 Number 2 June 2012

Table 1(a): Rogers Ratio Codes [3]

Gas Ratio
CH4/H2
C2H6/CH4
C2H4/C2H6
C2H2/C2H4

Ratio Codes
i
j
k
l

1-2

1-2

1-2

Joints
Flashover
without power
follow through
Arc with
Power follow
through
Continuous
Sparking to
floating
Potential
Partial
discharge with
tracking

Table 1(b): Fault Codes of Rogers Ratio [3]

Ratio Code
i

j
k

Range
<0.1
>0.1,<1.0
>=1.0,<3.0
>=3.0
<1.0
>=1.0
<1.0
>=1.0,<3.0
>=3.0

Code
5
0
1
2
0
1
0
1
2

<0.5
>=0.5,<3.0
>=3.0

0
1
2

Table 2: IEC Ratio Codes [11]

Ranges of
the Gas
Ratio
<0.1
0.1-1
1-3
>3

Table 1(c): Classification based on Rogers Ratio

Codes [3]
i
0

j
0

k
0

l
0

1-2

1-2

Codes of Different Gas Ratio

C2H2\C2H4 CH4\H2 C2H4\C2H6
0
1
1
2

1
0
2
2

0
0
1
2

Table 3: Fault types according to the IEC Gas Ratio

Codes [11]

Diagnosis
Normal
Deterioration
Partial
Discharge
Slight
Overheating
<150 0 C
Overheating
150 0 C 200 0
C
Overheating
200 0 C 300 0
C
General
Conductor
Overheating
Winding
Circulating
Current
Core and Tank
circulating
currents,
Overhead

Fault
Type
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

37

Fault Type

C2H2/
C2H4

CH4/
H2

C2H4/C2H6

No Fault
0
<150
C
Thermal Fault
1500C-3000C
Thermal Fault
3000C -7000C
Thermal Fault
0
>700
C
Thermal Fault
Low Energy PD
High
Energy
PD
Low
Energy
Discharge
High
Energy
Discharge

0
0

0
0

0
1

0
1

1
1

0
0

1 or 2

1 or 2

International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (ISSN (print): 2249-7277 ISSN (online): 2277-7970)
Volume 2 Number 2 June 2012

Table 4: DGA Sample Data with IEC Method

S.NO

H2

CH4

C2H4

C2H6

C2H2

FAULT
CODE

FAULT TYPE

4.5925

24.797

13.8563

14.707

.003033

1500C-3000C Thermal Fault

5.3862

.4166

.028271

.04776

.000408

Low Energy PD

1.6427

1.4899

.5277

7.4315

.00452

No fault
0

4.1159

.8980

2.5779

.9623

.03779

<150 C Thermal Fault

1.7011

1.1971

.8177

.117

.1293

High Energy Discharge

1.8589

3.108

3.212

2.148

.00807

3000C -7000C Thermal Fault

.3985

5.5257

4.442

.8250

.00277

>700 0C Thermal Fault

1.3229

.4296

.04557

.000205

.01314

High Energy Discharge

29.9914

1.8591

.5192

.7374

.05910

High Energy PD

10

4.4171

.3517

.1288

.0297

.005011

Null
0

11

1.7020

.2414

.2545

.2089

.00405

<150 C Thermal Fault

12

6.0646

12.025

15.713

.6513

.001383

>700 0C Thermal Fault

13

.7323

3.0435

1.382

.2912

.00198

>700 0C Thermal Fault

14

2.7011

1.1871

.7167

.217

.2293

High Energy Discharge

15

.1487

.9906

.1008

.0745

.00965

3000C -7000C Thermal Fault

16

6.8729

2.2421

.1700

.4064

.00599

No Fault

17

30.991

2.8591

.6192

.6374

.06910

High Energy PD

18

2.6080

18.9712

2.7400

39.848

.00415

1500C-3000C Thermal Fault

19

4.3368

1.0566

.9231

.2002

.002501

Low Energy Discharge

20

5.7787

.5458

.07298

.1546

.00692

Low Energy PD

21

8.6976

1.0636

2.1259

.5134

.5348

High Energy Discharge

22

3.1681

9.265

6.6307

2.9401

.02215

3000C -7000C Thermal Fault

23

1.8012

1.231

.6167

.113

.2133

High Energy Discharge

24

.7683

.7255

.00873

.1139

.00994

Null

25

2.545

.1450

.0044

.00074

.01355

Null

26

1.8421

.8287

.1761

.6180

.00252

No fault

27

.8573

6.3671

4.9939

5.0809

.000120

150 C-3000C Thermal Fault

28

4.4798

45.47

342.5

35.39

21.562

>700 0C Thermal Fault

29

31.9914

2.113

.5583

.6613

.0513

Low Energy PD

30

7.3779

.6711

.09027

.06864

.003792

Null

31
32

.5585
7.9165

.1546
4.3174

.0041
5.211

.000846
3.284

.01696
1.8652

8
8

Low Energy Discharge

Low Energy Discharge

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International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (ISSN (print): 2249-7277 ISSN (online): 2277-7970)
Volume 2 Number 2 June 2012

But, the drawback of these ratio methods is that it

fails to cover all range of data and quite fall outside
the scope of tables. To overcome this problem, in this
paper we use data mining with IEC ratio is used to
overcome the drawback and combine both codes.

IV.

furan. Frequency response analysis gives the

information regarding the movement of winding but
does not give much, information above mechanical
integrity of winding which is essential for
transformer reliability. They proposed, an approach
has been made to compare the moisture content in the
winding from RVM and estimated from oil ppm
(using Norris diagram) and estimated from winding
DLA.

Evolution and Recent Scenario

In 2008, Dr. D.V.S.S. Siva Sarma et al. [12] discuss

Non-Destructive Evaluation of Power transformer by
monitoring various parameters, to predict its inservice behavior, is very much necessary for
operating engineer to avoid catastrophic failures and
costly outages. Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) is an
important tool for transformer fault diagnosis. The
ratio methods used in the DGA have an advantage
that they are independent of volume of gases
involved. But the main drawback of the ratio methods
is that they fail to cover all ranges of data and
ambiguity about the boundaries of gas ratios in
diagnosing the fault. Artificial Intelligence
techniques like Artificial Neural Network (ANN),
Fuzzy Logic (FL) and Extension Neural Network
(ENN) are used to overcome the above drawbacks,
and the results of various methods are compared in
their research.

In 2009, Z. Yang et al. [10] present a novel

association rule mining (ARM)-based dissolved gas
analysis (DGA) approach to fault diagnosis (FD) of
power transformers. In the development of the ARMbased DGA approach, an attribute selection method
and a continuous datum attribute discretization
method are used for choosing user-interested ARM
attributes from a DGA data set, i.e. the items that are
employed to extract association rules. The given
DGA data set is composed of two parts, i.e. training
and tests DGA data sets. An ARM algorithm namely
Apriori-Total from Partial is proposed for generating
an association rule set (ARS) from the training DGA
data set. Afterwards, an ARS simplification method
and a rule fitness evaluation method are utilized to
select useful rules from the ARS and assign a fitness
value to each of the useful rules, respectively. Based
upon the useful association rules, a transformer FD
classifier is developed, in which an optimal rule
selection method is employed for selecting the most
accurate rule from the classifier for diagnosing a test
DGA record. For comparison purposes, five widely
used FD methods are also tested with the same
training and test data sets in experiments. Results
show that the proposed ARM-based DGA approach
is capable of generating a number of meaningful
association rules, which can also cover the empirical
rules defined in industry standards.

In 2008, Zhang Wei-zheng et al. [13] about the Fisher

rule to evaluate the results of the two pretreatment
methods is also introduced. The evaluation of the
results indicates that both of the two data
pretreatment methods can achieve the purpose of big
difference in the value of mean between classes and
small difference in dispersion of a class. The DGA
data of the failure transformers are treated by
different normalization methods as the training
samples, and then the samples are trained in the
compound neural networks which use the CP
algorithm. The diagnosis results of the test samples
indicate that the new methods may help to improve
the precision of network diagnosis.

In 2010, Blint Nmeth et al. [15] deal with an expert

system that utilizes fuzzy logic implementation into
dissolved gas in oil analysis technique. To improve
the diagnosis accuracy of the conventional dissolved
gas analysis (DGA) approaches, this part proposes a
fuzzy system development technique based combined
with neural networks (fuzzy-neural technique) to
identify the incipient faults of transformers. Using the
IEEE/IEC and National Standard DGA criteria as
references, a preliminary framework of the fuzzy
diagnosis system. Then they deals with artificial
neural network (ANN) based fault diagnosis is
presented, which overcomes the drawbacks of the
previously applied fuzzy diagnostic system that is it

In 2009, C.K. Diwedi et al. [14] discusses from the

test results, it is observed that the transformer which
has very good result. Winding cellulose paper may be
aged to such an extent (assessed from DP) that may
sudden force or transient may result in failure. DP
cannot be conducted regularly to ascertain
mechanical integrity of the winding paper. FURAN
analysis is a substitute for DP. But most of time,
Furans are not detected and there is no universal
correlation available for DP and Furan.. Both, the
moisture content and ageing of paper influences
39

International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (ISSN (print): 2249-7277 ISSN (online): 2277-7970)
Volume 2 Number 2 June 2012

cannot learn directly from the data samples. These

expert system also consider other information of
transformer such as type, voltage level, maintenance
history, with or without tap changer etc. These
proposed approaches provide the user a more
accurate result and better condition awareness of the
transformer.

V.

Proposed Approach (IEC +

Association)

Our approach is based on IEC ratio method where we

can find the fault efficiently and accurately. Our
proposed algorithm is shown below:
1.
2.

3.
4.

5.

Insert the ratio of H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6 and

C2H2.[Figure 2]
Generate Gas Ratio Rule which is CH4/H2,
C2H2/C2H4, and C2H4/C2H6. IEC Ratio
Method Uses the Following Three Ratios:
CH4/H2, C2H2/C2H4, and C2H4/C2H6. [Figure
3]
Find the Fault according to the condition
given in table 2 and table 3.[Figure 4]
Apply association Rules:
4.1 Pattern is generated.
4.2 All itemsets that have support above the
user specified minimum support are
generated. These itemset are called the
large itemsets. All others are said to be
small.
4.3 For each large item set, all the rules that
have
minimum
confidence
are
generated as follows: for a large item
set X and any Y C X, if
support(X)/support(X - Y) 2 minimumconfidence, then the rule X - Y j Y is a
valid rule.
4.4 Enter the minimum support.
4.5 Match the database which satisfies the
minimum support.

Figure 2: Sample Database

Print the fault type.

Figure 3: IEC Gas Ratio

40

International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (ISSN (print): 2249-7277 ISSN (online): 2277-7970)
Volume 2 Number 2 June 2012

Our approach find all most all type of faults

according to the fault type which are in accordance of
IEC table with the help of association rule mining.
According to Sotiris Kotsiantis et al. [16]
Association rule mining is one of the most important
and well researched techniques of data mining, was
first introduced in [17]. It aims to extract interesting
correlations,frequent patterns, associations or casual
structures among sets of items in the transaction
databases or other data repositories. Association rules
are widely used in various areas such as
telecommunication networks, market and risk
management, inventory control etc. Various
association mining techniques and algorithms will be
briefly introduced and compared later. Association
rule mining is to find out association rules that satisfy
the predefined minimum support and confidence
from a given database. The problem[16] is usually
decomposed into two subproblems. One is to find
those itemsets whose occurrences exceed a
predefined threshold in the database; those itemsets
are called frequent or large itemsets. The second
problem is to generate association rules from those
large itemsets with the constraints of minimal
confidence. Suppose one of the large itemsets is Lk,
Lk = {I1, I2, , Ik}, association rules with this
itemsets are generated in the following way: the first
rule is {I1, I2, , Ik-1} {Ik}, by checking the
confidence this rule can be determined as interesting
or not. Then other rule are generated by deleting the
last items in the antecedent and inserting it to the
consequent, further the confidences of the new rules
are checked to determine the interestingness of them.
Those processes iterated until the antecedent
becomes empty. Since the second subproblem is
quite straight forward, most of the researches focus
on the first subproblem.

IEC + DM approch is work in the following manner.

1) If the pattern is found from the IEC method
the fault is returned according to the IEC
method.
2) If the pattern is not found then we choose
the minimum associated rule from the IEC
Rule table.
3) Because we associte related Items , this
approach provides a good and efficient way
of finding faults.
The sample for this study and analysis is taken from
Office Of The Executive Engineer,Testing Divison
II,
MPPTCL Nayagaon Jabalpur , Oil
Testing Laboratory.

Figure 5: Based on Association

Figure 6: Result Based on Association

Figure 4: Fault Type

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International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (ISSN (print): 2249-7277 ISSN (online): 2277-7970)
Volume 2 Number 2 June 2012

Table 5: Result Based on IEC + DM

S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

IEC ( FT )
1500C-3000C Thermal Fault
Low Energy PD
No fault
<150 0C Thermal Fault
High Energy Discharge
3000C -7000C Thermal Fault
>700 0C Thermal Fault
High Energy Discharge
High Energy PD
Null
<150 0C Thermal Fault
>700 0C Thermal Fault
>700 0C Thermal Fault
High Energy Discharge
3000C -7000C Thermal Fault
No Fault
High Energy PD
1500C-3000C Thermal Fault
Null
Low Energy PD
High Energy Discharge
3000C -7000C Thermal Fault
High Energy Discharge
Null
Null
No fault
1500C-3000C Thermal Fault
>700 0C Thermal Fault
Low Energy PD
Null
Null
Null

IEC + DM
1500C-3000C Thermal Fault
Low Energy PD
No fault
<150 0C Thermal Fault
High Energy Discharge
3000C -7000C Thermal Fault
>700 0C Thermal Fault
High Energy Discharge
High Energy PD
Low Energy PD
<150 0C Thermal Fault
>700 0C Thermal Fault
>700 0C Thermal Fault
High Energy Discharge
3000C -7000C Thermal Fault
No Fault
High Energy PD
1500C-3000C Thermal Fault
No fault
Low Energy PD
High Energy Discharge
3000C -7000C Thermal Fault
High Energy Discharge
High Energy Discharge
Null
No fault
1500C-3000C Thermal Fault
>700 0C Thermal Fault
Low Energy PD
Low Energy PD
Low Energy Discharge
High Energy Discharge

Figure 7: Occurences Count

Figure 8: Frquency
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International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (ISSN (print): 2249-7277 ISSN (online): 2277-7970)
Volume 2 Number 2 June 2012

Then we enter the minimum support value 2.

References
[1] DiGiorgio, J.B. (2005) Dissolved Gas Analysis of
Mineral Oil Insulating Fluids. DGA Expert System: A
Leader in Quality, Value and Experience 1, 1-17.
[2] Chu, D. and A. Lux, On-line monitoring of power
transformers and components: a review of key parameters.
Electrical
Insulation
Conference
and
Electrical
Manufacturing & Coil Winding Conference, 1999.
Proceedings, 1999: p. 669-675.
[3] Siva Sarma, D.V.S.S. and G.N.S. Kalyani, ANN
Approach for Condition Monitoring of Power Transformers
using DGA. 2004 IEEE Region 10 Conference, TENCON
2004. 2004. C: p. 444-447.
[4] Richard Green, Dissolved Gas Analysis in
Transformer Operations Plays Key Role, Pollution
Engineering, 2008.

Figure 9: Result Set

Our comparison shows the fault percentage of each
ratio which is shown in figure 10.

[5]Northern Technology & Testing,

www.nttworldwide.com/faults.htm.

Fault

Types,

[6] USA Industrial Group, Transformer Oil Testing,

www.usaindustrialgroup.com/transoiltest6.htm
[7] N. A. Muhamad, and S.A.M. Ali , Lab View with
Fuzzy Logic Controller Simulation Panel for Condition
Monitoring of Oil and Dry Type Transformer, World
Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 20
2006.
[8] Dr. Sarma S, K.G.N.S., ANN Approach For Condition
Monitoring of Power Transformer Using DGA. IEEE
International Conference, 2004: p. 444-447.
[9] IEEE and IEC Codes to Interpret Incipient Faults in
Transformers, Using Gas in Oil Analysis, by R.R. Rogers
C.E.G.B, Transmission Division, Guilford, England. Circa
1995.

Figure 10: Comparison

VI.

Conclusion
Directions

and

[10] Z. Yang, W. H. Tang, A. Shintemirov, and Q. H. Wu,

Association Rule Mining-Based Dissolved Gas Analysis
for Fault Diagnosis of Power Transformers, IEEE
Transactions on Systems , Man and Cybernetics , Part C:
Applications and Reviews, Vol. 39, No. 6, November 2009.

Future

The main procedures of our approach are developed,

including data preprocessing, rule discovery with
Association Rule Mining (ACM). Then, with the
useful rules extracted from a generated ACM, a
classifier is constructed and utilized of power
transformers with the proposed implementation
method. For comparison purposes, we can input set
of ratio using IEC approach. In our approach we can
provide single and multilevel classification, based on
that our fault analysis is approx on scale of 1/1.

[11] Mang-Hui Wang, A Novel Extension Method for

Transformer Fault Diagnosis, IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 1, January 2003.
[12] Dr. D.V.S.S. Siva Sarma G.N.S. Kalyani, Application
of AI Technique for non desctructive evaluation of power
transformers using DGA,2008 IEEE.
[13] Zhang Wei-zheng, Wang Zheng-gang, Rong Jun,
Kuang su', Zhang GuiXin , The Application of Compound

43

International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (ISSN (print): 2249-7277 ISSN (online): 2277-7970)
Volume 2 Number 2 June 2012
Networks in Fault Diagnosis of Power Transformer,
CICED2008 81-45 CP1778 Technical Session 1
Distribution network equipment .
[14] C. K Diwedi, M.B. Daigavane, Evaluation of
Moisture Content In Paper-Oil of Aged Power Transformer
Using RVM, Second International Conference on
Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology,
ICETET-09.

[15] Blint Nmeth, Szilvia Laboncz, Istvn Kiss, Gusztv

Cspes, Transformer condition analyzing expert system
using Fuzzy neural system, IEEE 2010.
[16] Sotiris Kotsiantis, Dimitris Kanellopoulos,
Association Rules Mining: A Recent Overview, GESTS
International Transactions on Computer Science and
Engineering, Vol.32 (1), 2006, pp. 71-82.
[17] Agrawal, R., Imielinski, T., and Swami, A. N. 1993.
Mining association rules between sets of items in large
databases. In Proceedings of the 1993 ACM SIGMOD
International Conference on Management of Data, 207-216.

Kanika Shrivastava received her

B.E
degree
in
Electrical
Engineering from Gyan Ganga
Institute of Technology, Jabalpur,
M.P, India in 2009 and M.Tech
degree in Electrical Engineering
from Jabalpur Engineering College,
Jabalpur, (MP).

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