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CH 2 P2 Signal

The document discusses linear time-invariant (LTI) systems and convolution. It defines an LTI system's impulse response as its output when the input is a Dirac delta function. The output of an LTI system is the convolution of the input signal with the impulse response. Convolution has properties like commutativity and associativity. The convolution integral relates the present system response to past inputs weighted by the impulse response. Graphically, convolution calculates the area of overlap between the input and a shifted impulse response. The impulse response completely characterizes an LTI system. Memoryless systems have an impulse response of a scaled Dirac delta. Causal systems have impulse responses of zero for negative time. Invertible systems can recover the input from

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Mukul Rahman
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37 views

CH 2 P2 Signal

The document discusses linear time-invariant (LTI) systems and convolution. It defines an LTI system's impulse response as its output when the input is a Dirac delta function. The output of an LTI system is the convolution of the input signal with the impulse response. Convolution has properties like commutativity and associativity. The convolution integral relates the present system response to past inputs weighted by the impulse response. Graphically, convolution calculates the area of overlap between the input and a shifted impulse response. The impulse response completely characterizes an LTI system. Memoryless systems have an impulse response of a scaled Dirac delta. Causal systems have impulse responses of zero for negative time. Invertible systems can recover the input from

Uploaded by

Mukul Rahman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear Time-Invariant Systems

The convolution Intregral (Theorem)


--System Impulse Response:
The system impulse response can be defined as the
response h(t) as the response y(t) when
x(t ) = (t )

h(t)

y (t ) = h (t )

11

The convolution Intregral (Theorem) Cont.

y (t ) =

x( )h(t )dt = x(t ) * h(t )

Three different time scales are involved


Excitation time
Response time t
System-memory time t-
This relationship is based on time domain analysis of linear time
invariant systems. It states that the present value of the response of a
linear time invariant system is weighted intregral over the past history of
the input signal, weighted according to the impulse response of the
system. Thus, the impulse response acts as a memory function for the
system.
13

Important Properties of Convolution

Continuous time convolution satisfies the following important properties


--Commutativity:
x(t)*h(t)=h(t)*x(t)
x(t)

h(t)

h(t)

y(t)

x(t)

y(t)

--Associativity:
x(t)*h1(t)*h2(t)=[x(t)*h1(t)]*h2(t)=x(t)*[h1(t)*h2(t)]
x(t)

h1(t)

h2(t)

y(t)

x(t)

h1(t)*h2(t)

y(t)

15

Important Properties of Convolution Cont.


-- Distributivity:
x(t)*[h1(t)+h2(t)]=[x(t)*h1(t)]+[x(t)*h2(t)]

x(t)

h1(t)
+

y(t)

x(t)

h1(t)+h2(t)

y(t)

h2(t)

16

Important Properties of Convolution Cont.

x( ) (t )d = x(t )

x(t ) * (t ) =

x(t ) * u (t ) =
x(t ) * (t ) =

x( )u (t )d =

x( )d

x( ) (t )d = x(t )

x(t ) (t a) = x(a) (t a )

x(t ) (t a)dt = x(a)

x(t ) * (t a ) = x(t a )

17

Total Impulse Response

x(t)

h1(t)

h2(t)
+

y(t)

h4(t)

h3(t)

h ( t ) = h1 ( t ) * h2 ( t ) + h3 ( t ) * h4 ( t )
X(t)

h(t)

y(t)

18

Graphical Interpretation of Convolution


Theorem
y(t)=rect(t/2a)*rect(t/2a)
= x(t)*h(t)
-a

x(t)
1
a

h(t)

-a

1
a

y(t ) =

x( )h(t )d

= Calculation of area of the product of the two signals

21

x(t)

h(t)

1
-a

h(t )

-a+t

t<-2a
-2a<t<-a

-a

x( )

1
a+t -a

Area=0

t -a
t=-2a

Area=0

t -a

Area={(a+t)-(-a)}*(1*1)=base*height
=t+2a
22

x( )
h(t )

-a+t -a t

-a<t<0

a
a+t

Area={(a+t)-(-a)}*(1*1)=base*height
=t+2a

x( )
h(t 1 )

-a
-a+t

a
a+t

t=0

Area={(a)-(-a)}*(1*1)=base*height
=2a
23

x( )
h(1
t )

-a
-a+t

t a a+t

0<t<a

Area={(a)-(-a+t)}*(1*1)=base*height
=2a-t
x( )

1 h(t )

-a -a+t a t

a+t

a<t<2a

Area={(a)-(-a+t)}*(1*1)=base*height
=2a-t
24

x( )

1
-a

-a+ta

h(t )

a+t

Area=0
y(t)=0

y(t)
Increasing area
-2a

=t+2a -2a<t<0

Decreasing area

2a

t -2a

=2a-t 0<t<2a
t

=0

t 2a

25

Properties of linear time-invariant systems


The impulse response of an LTI system represents a complete description of

the characteristics of the system


Memoryless LTI systems
Input-output relationship
y(t)=kx(t)
Impulse response by definition

h (t ) = k (t )

26

Causal LTI systems


Causal LTI systems
For a continuous-time system to be causal, y(t) must not depend on x( )
for >t

y (t ) =
From equation
h(t)=0 for t<0

x ( )h ( t ) d

27

Invertible LTI systems

Invertible LTI systems


Y(t)=h1(t)*h(t)*x(t)=x(t) so h1(t) must satisfy
h1(t)*h(t)=(t)
Stable LTI systems
Total h(t) must be finite i.e.

h (t )d t <

28

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