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Transistor Intercom Circuit

July 4, 2014 By Administrator

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An intercom is an independent voice communication system used within a building or a vehicle and is
permanently mounted. Intercoms can be simplex where only one party talks and the other listens, or ca

duplex where both the parties can talk and listen. Here we are designing a two way transistor intercom
circuit using two speakers and a changeover switch such that when one is used for listening, other is use
for speaking and vice-versa.

Transistor Intercom Circuit Principle:

This transistor intercom circuit is a simple two way intercom circuit which is used for the dual purpose o
sending as well as receiving signals. Two loudspeakers are used in conjunction with a DPDT switch such
when one of the speakers is used for talking, the other is used for listening. Ringing signal from a astable
multivibrator is coupled to the collector of a transistor. This transistor amplifies the signal from the
loudspeaker (used for listening). This audio signal is amplified and then again power of this signal is
amplified to drive another speaker. Here a push pull amplifier is used as a power amplifier.

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Transistor Intercom System Circuit Diagram:

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Circuit Diagram of Transistor Intercom System

Transistor Intercom Circuit Design:

This circuit consists of four different sections the ringtone generator section, audio pre-amplifier sectio
driver section and the power amplifier section.

Power Amplifier Section Design:

The first step in the design is the selection of loudspeakers. Here our requirement is to construct an
intercom circuit where the speaker would produce audible sound atleast till a distance of 10 meters and
required sound pressure level of 70dB. Since the loudspeaker sensitivity would be around 85dB, the
required output power would be about 20W for the entire amplifier section.

Now that we have decided upon the output power, our next step is to decide the value of supply voltage
required. Here we are using a class AB power amplifier where the output AC power is given as :
P = (Vcc^2)/2*R, Where R is the value of load resistance.

Here suppose the load is a 4 Ohms loudspeaker. The supply voltage, Vcc would be around 12.66V. Here
use supply voltage of 12V. Now for designing the power amplifier section, keeping in mind the output po

of 20W, we use power transistors 2N2955. The voltage across the biasing resistor is around Vcc 1.4. Sin
biasing current is lesser, we use a high value resistor of around 1k.
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Driver Section Design:

To design the driver section, we use a NPN transistor BC547. The voltage across the emitter resistor is
difference between half of supply voltage and base emitter voltage for the transistor. Since emitter curre
equivalent to transistor collector current, we select a resistor of 6K as the emitter resistor.

Audio Amplifier Section Design:

To design the audio amplifier section, we require the transistor BC547. The biasing resistor is selected so
to allow biasing current of 0.16mA to allow the transistor to conduct. Here we use a 50K resistor. For bet
operations, we select value of all coupling capacitors to be around 10uF.

Read the post: How Transistor Works as an Amplifier?

Ringtone Circuit Design:

The ringtone generator circuit is designed using a simple 555 Timer in astable mode. Here the requirem
to generate an oscillating signal with a frequency of 50Hz. Assuming the value of capacitor to be around
10uF and discharge resistor of around 1K, we get the value of threshold resistor to be around 950 Ohms
Here we select a 1.5K pot and a 910 Ohms resistor.

How to Operate Transistor Intercom Circuit?

Circuit operation commences as soon as switch S2 is pressed. As 555 Timer gets powered up in astable
mode, it produces oscillating ringing signal. This signal is coupled to the collector of transistor Q1.

As DPDT switch is in a position such that speaker 1 is used as a microphone, signal from the microphone

amplified by the transistor. Speaker 1 is powered by the resistor R2 and capacitor C2 is used to couple th
signal to the base of the transistor. This amplified signal is again coupled to the driver stage through the

capacitor C4. The driver stage consists of the transistor Q2 such that as this transistor conducts, it couple
the audio signal to the next stage consisting of the power amplifier. The power amplifier is a push pull

amplifier using Darlington transistors. Two diodes D1 and D2 are used to provide proper biasing to the
transistors. The power transistors have high input impedance and low output impedance. During first ha

the signal cycle, transistor Q3 conducts while during the next half transistor Q4 conducts. Thus a amplifi
signal of about 150W is obtained at the output such that speaker 2 is driven through the 150W output.

Transistor Intercom System Circuit Applications:

1. This circuit can be used as a home intercom circuit.
2. It can be used at small buildings like coffee shops and small offices.
3. This circuit can also be installed in vehicles.

Limitations of the Circuit:

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1. This circuit is based upon theoretical calculations and may require practical changes to be made w
implementing the circuit in hardware.
2. This is designed for loudspeakers with low range and hence cannot be used at large buildings.
3. This requires a changeover switch.

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