2012 IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO2012), Melaka, Malaysia: 6-7 June 2012

Modeling and Simulation of Reverse Power

Relay for Generator Protection
Muhammad Mohsin Aman1, Member IEEE, Ghauth Bin Jasmon1, Senior Member IEEE,
Qadeer Ahmed Khan2, Ab. Halim Bin Abu Bakar1, Member IEEE, Jasrul Jamani Jamian3

Abstract--Modeling tools are useful for basic understanding of

power system, particularly for new engineers. Such tools help the
new engineers to modulate the system under normal and faulty
conditions. This paper presents the modeling and simulation of
digital reverse power relay on MATLAB/Simulink. Various
data conversion steps in digitization of a signal are also discussed.
In the past, electromechanical relays were commonly used, now
such relays have been replaced with high accuracy and high
speed digital relays. Fast operation of relay is desirable,
particularly for such type of faults which could lead to system
blackout. Digital relays offer other advantages also, in term of
multiple variable settings and compact size. In this paper, the
relay performance is tested on 11kV synchronous generator,
connected with 220kV through a step up transformer.
Keywords -- Reverse power relays, Relay Modeling, Digital relays.

I. INTRODUCTION

ROTECTION relays play a very important role in the safe

and reliable operation of power system. Insecure or failed
protection systems may make the situation worse and lead
to the system blackouts. All faulted conditions do not lead to
such situations. Faults that causes such situations include N-1
contingency of line, overloads, reverse power flow (loss of
mechanical input) and others [1]. A typical protection scheme
is an arrangement of various types of relays such as
overcurrent, short circuit relay, over-under voltage, over-under
frequency relays and others. In 90s, most of the relays in
power system were electromechanical, later on replaced with
solid-state. Now both types of relays are being replaced with
digital relays. Digitals relays offer advantage of fast in
operation, small in size and reliable in operation in case of
power system fault [2-3]. The relay also offers advantage in
terms of their sensitivity and wide range controlling.
Simulation tools offer great help particularly for fresh
engineers and researchers to familiarize with real operation of
power system [4]. As a researcher, the behavior of the system
could be seen under different scenarios and results could be
manipulated, which is not possible in healthy system.
MATLAB also offers simulation based Power System

Analysis Toolbox for power system engineers. However this

toolbox does not have protection relays modules. In this paper,
the design of a digital Reverse Power Relay (RPR) is
constructed on MATLAB/Simulink. Several digitization
process also include in signal processing. Such steps are also
discussed in this paper.
II. REVERSE POWER RELAY (ANSI CODE - 32)
Reverse Power Relays (RPR) are commonly used in power
system for detecting motoring action of synchronous
generator. This condition normally occurs when the prime
mover (engine or turbine) fails, however the field winding is
still connected with the excitation system. This resulted in
motoring action and the machine behaves like a synchronous
motor connected with large power system. In such condition,
the turbines become the active load on that machine. Motoring
action draws power from the system to drive the prime mover
and can cause severe damage to the prime mover. This
condition is not desirable and there is an objectionable
temperature rise in case of steam turbine. Therefore such
conditions need to detect quickly and the GCB should be
tripped [5]. Diesel engines and gas turbines are less
susceptible to immediate damage, but unburned fuel may
present a fire or explosion hazard.

1
Muhammad Mohsin Aman, Ghauth Bin Jasmon and Ab. Halim Bin Abu
Bakar are working with University of Malaya, Malaysia. They can be reached
at [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
respectively.
2
Muhammad Qadeer Ahmed Khan is working with ENI Corporate
University, Italy. He can be reached at [email protected].
3
Jasrul Jamian Jamian is working with Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. He
can be reached at [email protected].

978-1-4673-0662-1/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE

317

TABLE I
MOTORING REVERSE POWER REQUIREMENTS AND
REVERSE POWER POSSIBLE DAMAGES [6]
Prime
Mover

Motoring Power
(% of rated)
5-25

Diesel
Engine

Gas Turbine

Hydro

Steam
Turbine

10-15
(Split Shaft)
>50%
(Single Shaft)
0.2-2
(blades of water)
>2
(blades of water)

0.5-6

Possible Damage

Protection
Setting

Fire/Explosion due
to un-burnt fuel
Mechanical
Damage to
gearbox/shafts
Gear box damage

Blade and runner

cavitations
Turbine blade
damage
Explosion due to
rise of temperature
of steam
Gearbox damage on
geared sets

50 % of
motoring

2012 IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO2012), Melaka, Malaysia: 6-7 June 2012

Table 1 gives the details of the potential problems for

various prime mover types and the typical settings for reverse
power protection [6]. The RPR is usually set to 20% to 50%
of the motoring power required by prime mover. Here the
word motoring power means the minimum amount of power
required by the generator to run the prime mover at the rated
rpm. This data is usually obtained from the manufacturer of
the prime mover [6].
For illustration of motoring power and reverse power relay
setting, an example is given below.
Consider a 440MVA generator, with no load losses of
generator 1.785 MVA and permissible motoring time is 15sec.
the other necessary data include:
No Load Loss of Turbine
1,350 KW
No Load Loss of TG unit
3,135 KW
Permissible Motoring Time
60 Sec.
Relay Constant
1 pu. = Generator KVA
The permissible motoring setting is 30%.

undergoes 180" phase shift normally referred as Maximum

Torque Angle (MTA) as shown in Fig. 1. This suggests that if
we use a directional relay with MTA of 180" (using generator
phase angle conventions) then it could detect the loss of prime
mover as the current phasor would reverse and enter the trip
region. However the magnitude of this reversed current phasor
is quite small compared to the forward current as the generator
draws just enough real power to meet the losses and drive the
turbine. Hence, the directional relay for detecting the loss of
prime mover needs to have a high degree of sensitivity
compared to directional relays used for over-current
application [10].

For RPR settings, two parameters need to be calculated

include (1) Reverse power trip level (2) Time delay.

(a)
(b)
Figure 1. (a) Phasor Representation (b) Block Representation of Current
and Voltages under Reverse Power Flow

For Safe Operation -- Reverse Power Trip Level:

Trip Level < No load loss of TG unit * 0.3
= 3,135 * 0.3 = 940.5 KW
Pick up = Trip level / relay constant
= 941 / 440= 0.0021 pu
Setting = - 0.0021 pu (924kW)
Reverse Power Trip Delay
Trip Delay < Permissible Motoring time
Setting = 750 Cycles for 50Hz system (15 Sec)

Reverse power condition could also occur during

synchronization, when the frequency of the machine to be
synchronized is slightly lesser than the bus bar frequency and
the breaker is closed. In such condition power will flow from
the bus bar to that machine. Therefore during synchronization
frequency of the incoming machine is kept slight higher than
that of the bus bar. This ensures that the machine takes on load
as soon as the breaker is closed [7].
RPR could also be used for islanding detection. Whenever
the difference between load and available generation is not
sufficient to obtain an appreciable rate of change of frequency
but the active power continues to flow into the grid to feed
external loads, RPR with UF can be used to detect loss of grid
supply[8]. The other applications of reverse power relay could
be seen in [9].
III. PRINCIPLE OF REVERSE POWER RELAY
A reverse power relay is a directional relay that is used to
monitor the power flow from generator (running in parallel
with another generator or the utility) and in case of abnormal
condition take appropriate action. Under abnormal condition,
the direction of power changes from the bus bar into the
generator. This condition normally occurs when prime mover
fails. The real power drawn from the grid is quite small
compared with the generator rating. However stator current

The installation of RPR on a power system is shown in Fig.

2. For applications where a protection sensitivity of better than
3% is required, a metering class CT should be employed to
avoid incorrect protection behavior due to CT phase angle
errors when the generator supplies a significant level of
reactive power at close to zero power-factor. The reverse
power protection should be provided with a definite time delay
on operation to prevent spurious operation with transient
power swings that may arise following synchronization or in
the event of a power transmission system disturbance [6].

Figure 2. Reverse Power Relay in Power System

Let is the angle between current and voltage on phase

A, then under normal direction of load flow -90o < < 90o and
in case of reversed power flow +90o < < 270o [11]. It has
been observed that the overlapping interval between voltage
and current is longer than their non-overlapping interval
during normal conditions as shown in Fig. 3a. However this
overlapping reduces to a low level in case of reverse power
flow, shown in Fig. 3b.

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2012 IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO2012), Melaka, Malaysia: 6-7 June 2012

multiplied to give an output 1 during the overlapping and 1 for the non-overlapping interval. The product is then
integrated from 0 to -L. The upper limit of the integrator is
set at 0 value so that under normal load flow conditions the
integral always remains less than 0. However, under reversed
power flow conditions the integral output tends to fall until it
reaches the threshold value L. In present case L is set at 0.01,
however any value could be selected depending on the amount
of reverse power. The block diagram for implementing the
directional element is shown in Fig. 5 and its implementation
on Simulink is shown in Fig. 6.
Figure 3a. Angle between Voltage and Current Waveforms under Normal
Conditions

Figure 3b. Angle between Voltage and Current Waveforms under Fault
Conditions

This difference of overlapping interval under normal and

reversed power flow conditions will be used to implement the
directional element of the relay.

Figure 5. Concept Diagram for Implementing Directional Element.

IV. MODELING OF REVERSE POWER RELAY

To model the reverse power relay, the RPR is divided into
three parts directional element, delay element and hold block
as shown in Fig. 4.

Figure 6. Modelling of Directional Element on SIMULINK

Figure. 4 Block Diagram For Implementing Reverse Power Relay

A. Directional Element
In the directional element, low voltage and current signals
from CT and PT signals are converted to a perfect square
wave form with 1 values. The two level signals are then

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2012 IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO2012), Melaka, Malaysia: 6-7 June 2012

Figure 7. Modeling of Delay Element and Hold Element on SIMULINK

0 output to indicate fault condition.

In case a temporary fault or transient condition occurs
for less than T seconds, the integrator will be reset to 0
by the relational operator, once the fault disappears.

B. Delay Element
The purpose of the delay element is to prevent the relay
from sending a false trip signal to the CB during transient
or a temporary fault conditions. The logic for implementing
delay element is represented Fig. 7 (left side).
The output of the directional element (input of delay
element) is sent to a decision block (switch4) whose output
is 0 in case of normal and 1 in case of abnormal (reverse
power) conditions. This output in turn is integrated. The
value of the integral is compared with the threshold level
T, whose value is set equal to the amount of delay time
desired. When the value of the integral is less than the level
T, the output of the delay element will be 1, indicating
normal condition.
Under stable condition, since the input received at the
integrator is 0. Hence the value of the integrator will
always be 0 (less than value T), therefore the output of
the delay element will correspondingly be 1. However
under permanent abnormal condition, the input to the
integrator will be 1 and after T seconds, the integral
value will exceed T, causing the delay element to produce

C. Hold Block
The purpose of the hold block is to keep the state of the
relay stable after the relay has tripped. This is because once
the CB has opened, the fault will cease to exist, indicating a
normal condition and tempting the relay to again send a 1
signal to the CB, causing it to again close.
The logic for implementing the hold block is shown in
Fig. 7 (right side). The 0 value from the delay block is
first inverted and then integrated. As soon as the value of
the integral exceeds 0 value, the o/p of the hold block will
change from 1 to 0. However here integrator cannot
reset therefore once the integral exceeds its threshold of 0
it will never come back to that value and hence the output
of the hold block will always be 0 value.
The switch block, between delay and hold element is
used only to prevent the relay from false tripping during
starting transients period.

Figure 8. Reverse power relay model in power system

A. Case 1:
This is a normal case in which the mechanical input to
the generator changes from 0.2pu to 0.8pu at 20 sec. The
input/output power and relay status observed is shown in
Fig. 9. In this case, relay does not trip, however output
power oscillate initially about the equilibrium point.

V. SIMULATIONS AND RESULTS

For testing and simulation of designed relay, a 200MVA
11kV synchronous machine is used, connected with 220kV
network through a step up transformer 11/220kV as shown
in Fig. 8. The details of the system are given in appendix.
The relay is tested under different scenarios. The test
conditions, results and discussions are given below.

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2012 IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO2012), Melaka, Malaysia: 6-7 June 2012

C. Case 3:
In third case, the mechanical input to the generator
changes from 0.5pu to -0.1pu at 90 sec. The input/output
power and relay status observed is shown in Fig. 12.

Figure 9. Relay performance (a) Input/Output Power (b) Relay Status

B. Case 2:
In second case, the mechanical input to the generator
changes from 0.5pu to 0.1pu at 90 sec. The input/output
power and relay status observed, shown in Fig. 10.

Figure 12. Relay performance (a) Input/Output Power (b) Relay Status

Figure 13. Integrator Input (From Switch2 in Directional Element)

Here it could be observed that the relay trip around 7 sec

after the fault has occurred on 90 sec. The integral input of
directional element is also plotted, shown in Fig. 13. It
could be observed that overlapping pattern is in agreement
with Fig. 3b, thus the relay tripped.

Figure 10. Relay performance (a) Input/Output Power (b) Relay Status

D. Case 4:
Case 4 is a cumulative case to show the performance of
the reverse power relay under different conditions. The
mechanical input changes to the generator changes several
times from 0 to 140 sec.
From Fig. 14, it could be observed that the system
operates safely during all mechanical transients and safely
isolated the generator at 107sec, when mechanical input
loss occurred.
Figure 11. Integrator Input (From Switch2 in directional element)

In this case relay does not trip. However at 90 sec, the

electrical power reverses (-0.2pu) momentarily. This is also
a case of stable system. The integral input of directional
element is plotted in Fig. 11. Here it could be observed that
the integral input changes direction (-ve) momentarily but
later on stable (+ve).

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2012 IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO2012), Melaka, Malaysia: 6-7 June 2012

considering different examples as case studies. The

digitization process is also discussed in details. As
compared to other power relay model in existing power
system softwares, MATLAB offers advantage in terms of
their flexibility. Researchers could modify the testing
parameters as well as the design of the relay.
These models have been contributed to MATLAB
online resources to support their Power System Tools. The
complete model with case studies could be accessed on
[12]. These models help the fresh engineers to develop the
analytical skills and visualize the system behavior under
normal and transient conditions.
VII. APPENDIX
Generator:
VL-L=11kV f=50Hz S=200MVA
Transformer:
VP/VS (L-L) =11kV/220kV f=50Hz
Utility Source:
VL-L=220kV f=50Hz S=1000MVA

Figure 14. Relay performance (a) Input/Output Power (b) Relay Status

The delay time integral output (Integral1 in Fig. 7) is

plotted in Fig. 15(a).

S=210MVA

VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The first author gratefully acknowledges the financial
support given by the University of Malaya, under Bright
Spark Programme (BSP) for the PhD work in this area.
IX. REFERENCES
[1]

S. Tamronglak, et al., "Anatomy of power system blackouts:

preventive relaying strategies," Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions
on, vol. 11, pp. 708-715, 1996.
[2] Vahidi, B. and Esmaeeli, E., MATLAB-SIMULINK-based
simulation for digital differential relay protection of power
transformer for educational purpose. Computer Applications in
Engineering Education.
[3] Yalla V.V.S. Murty, a and W.J. Smolinskib, Design and
implementation of a versatile digital directional overcurrent relay
Electric Power Systems Research Volume 18, Issue 1, January 1990,
Pages 47-55 Published by Elsevier B.V."
[4] ABB,
"SRW
Reverse
Power
Relay
Avaialble
on:
http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot229.nsf/veritydisplay/5a5acc
6d19070dd985256ead0068d04c/$file/41-252A.pdf [Accesed on: 03
Mac 2012].
[5] M. M. Aman;, et al., "Digital Directional and Non-Directional Over
Current Relays: Modelling and Performance Analysis," NED
University Journal of Research, vol. 8, 2011.
[6] Peter Rush Network Protection & Automation Guide ALSTOM
T&D Energy Automation & Information (2002) ASIN:
B00480IKQO.
[7] Online
Article
Available
on:
http://www.electrotechnik.net/2009/06/reverse-power-relayfunction-and.html [Accesed on 25 Feb 2012]
[8] K. Rajamani and U. K. Hambarde, "Islanding and load shedding
schemes for captive power plants," Power Delivery, IEEE
Transactions on, vol. 14, pp. 805-809, 1999.
[9] Basler
Electric
Available
from:
http://www.electricalmanuals.net/files/RELAYS/BASLER/BE132R/9171100990R.pdf Accessed on: 03 March 2012," September
2007.
[10] Pathinkar, Y.G. and Bhide, S.R., Fundamentals of Power System
Protection, PHI Learning Pvt. Limited (2008)
[11] Arun G. Phadke, James S. Thorp Computer relaying for power
systems John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY, USA 1988
ISBN: 0-471-92063-0."
[12] MATLAB File Exchange. Author: Muhammad Mohsin Aman
http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/authors/126
622.

(a)

(b)
Figure 15. (a) Delay Time Integral Output (b) Relational Element
Output

Fig. 15b shows during transients at 70 seconds, the

integral output rose momentarily, which is reset by the
relational operator. This result reliable operation of the
relay at all time.
VI. CONCLUSION
The paper has presented the modeling and simulation of
digital reverse power relays using MATLAB/SIMULINK
. The proposed relay model has been demonstrated by

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