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Abbott Intro To Real Analysis CH 4

This document defines and discusses various concepts related to limits, continuity, and functions. It begins by defining Dirichlet's function and Thomae's function, which are examples of functions that are nowhere continuous. It then defines limits of functions, continuity of functions, uniform continuity, and several related theorems. It discusses properties such as the intermediate value theorem, preservation of connectedness, and monotonicity. It concludes by defining classes of sets like Fσ and discussing properties of derivatives.

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416 views

Abbott Intro To Real Analysis CH 4

This document defines and discusses various concepts related to limits, continuity, and functions. It begins by defining Dirichlet's function and Thomae's function, which are examples of functions that are nowhere continuous. It then defines limits of functions, continuity of functions, uniform continuity, and several related theorems. It discusses properties such as the intermediate value theorem, preservation of connectedness, and monotonicity. It concludes by defining classes of sets like Fσ and discussing properties of derivatives.

Uploaded by

Anonymous ds6sqpdV
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 4

Review definitions and theorems and think of examples as well.


Dirichlets Function
(
1 if x Q
g(x) =
0 if x 6 Q
The function is nowhere-continuous on R.
Thomaes Function

t(x) =

1
n

if x = 0
if x = m
n Q \ {0} is in lowest terms with n > 0
if x 6 Q.

This function fails to be continuous at any rational point, but is continous at every irrational point.
Definition 4.2.1 - Functional Limit Let f : A R, and let c be a limit point of the domain
A. We say that limxc f (x) = L provided that, for all  > 0, there exists a > 0 such that whenever
0 < |x c| < (and x A) it follows that |f (x) L| < .
Definition 4.2.1B - Topological Version Let c be a limit point of the domain of f : A R. We
say limxc f (x) = L provided that, for every -neighborhood V (L), there exists a -neighborhood V (c)
around c with the property that for all x V (c) different from c (with x A) it follows that f (x) V (L).
Theorem 4.2.3 - Sequential Criterion for Functional Limits Given a function f : A R and a
limit point c of A, the following two statements are equivalent:
(i) limxc f (x) = L.
(ii) For all sequences (xn ) A satisfying xn 6= c and (xn ) c, it follows that f (xn ) L.
Corollary 4.2.4 - Algebraic Limit Theorem for Functional Limits Scalar multiplication, addition, multiplication, division.
Corollary 4.2.5 - Divergence Criterion for Functional Limits Let f be a function definied on
A, and let c be a limit point of A. If there exist two sequences (xn ) and (yn ) in A with xn 6= c and
yn 6= c and limxn = limyn = c but limf (xn ) 6= limf (yn ), then we can conclude that the functional limit
limxc f (c)doesnotexist.
Definition 4.3.1 A function f : A R is continous at a point c A if, for all  > 0, there exists a
> 0 such that whenever |x c| < (and x A) it follows that |f (x) f (c)| < . If f is continous at
every point in the domain A, then we say that f is continous on A.
Theorem 4.3.2 - Characterizations of Continuity Let f : A R, and let c A be a limit point
of A. The function f is continuous at c if and only if any one of the following conditions is met:
(i) For all  > 0, there exists a > 0 such that |x c| < (and x A) implies |f (x) f (c)| < 
(ii) limxc f (x) = f (c)
(iii) For all V (f (c)), there exists a V (c) with the property that x Vd elta(c) (and x A) implies
f (x) V (f (c))
(iv) If (xn ) c (with xn A), then f (xn ) f (c)
Corollary 4.3.3 - Criterion for Discontinuity Letf : A R, and let c A be a limit point of A.
If there exists a sequence (xn ) A where (xn ) c but such that f (xn ) does not converge to f (c), we may

conclude that f is not continuous at c.


Theorem 4.3.4 - Algebraic Continuity Theorem Assume f : A R and g : A R are continuous at a point c A. Then:
Scalar multiplication, addition, multiplication, division (where the quotient is defined) are all continous at c.
Fact - All polynomials are continous on R, all rational functions are continous wherever
they are defined.
Theorem 4.3.9 - Composition of Continous Functions Given f : A R and g : B R,
assume that the range f (A) = {f (x) : x A} is contained in the domain B so that the composition
g f (x) = g(f (x)) is well-defined on A. If f is continous at c A, and if g is continous at f (c) B, then
g f is continous at c.
Definition 4.4.1 Given a function f : A R and a subset B A, let f (B) represent the range of f
over the set b; that is, f (B) = {f (x) : x B}. We say f is bounded if f (A) is bounded in the sense of
Definition 2.3.1. For a given subset B A, we say f is bounded on B if f (B) is bounded.
Theorem 4.4.2 - Preservation of Compact Sets Let f : A R be continuous on A. If K A is
compact then f (K) is compact as well.
Theorem 4.4.3 - Extreme Value Theorem If f : K R is continous on a compact set K R,
then f attains a maximum and minimum value. In other words, there exists x0 , x1 K such that
f (x0 ) f (x) f (x1 ) for all x K.
Definition 4.4.5 A function f : A R is uniformly continuous on A if for every epsilon > 0 there
exists a > 0 such that |x y| < implies |f (x) f (y)| < .
Theorem 4.4.6 - Sequential Criterion for Nonuniform Continuity A function f : A R fails
to be uniformly continuous on A if there exists a particular 0 > 0 and two sequences (xn ) and (yn ) in A
satisfying
|xn yn | 0 but |f (xn ) f (yn )| 0

Theorem 4.4.8 A function that is continuous on a compact set K is uniformly continuous on K.


Theorem 4.5.1 - Intermediate Value Theorem If f : [a, b] R is continuous, and if L is a real
number satisfying f (a) < L < f (b) or f (a) > L > f (b), then there exists a point c (a, b) where f (c) = L.
Theorem 4.5.2 - Preservation of Connectedness Let f : A R be continuous. If E A is
connected, then f (I) is connected as well.
Definition 4.5.3 A function f has the intermediate value property on an interval [a, b] if for all x < y
in [a, b] and all L between f (x) and f (y), it is always possible to find a point c (x, y) where f (c) = L.
Definition 4.6.1 A function f : A R is increasing on A if f (x) f (y) whenever x < y and decreasing if f (x) f (y) whenever x < y in A. A monotone function is one that is either increasing or decreasing.
Definition 4.6.2 - Right-hand limit Given a limit point c of a set A and a function f : A R, we
write
limxc+ f (x) = L

if for all  > 0 there exists a > 0 such that |f (x) L|,  whenever 0 < x c < . Equivalently, in terms
of sequences, limxc+ f (x) = L if limf (xn ) = L for all sequences (xn ) satisfying xn > c and lim(xn ) = c.
Theorem 4.6.3 Given f : A R and a limit point c of A, limxc f (x) = L if and only if
limxc+ f (x) = L and limxc+ f (x) = L

Definition 4.6.4 A set that can be written as the countable union of closed sets is in the class F .
Definition 4.6.5 Let f be defined on R, and let > 0. The function f is continuous at x R if
there exists a > 0 such that for all y, z (x , x + ) it follows that |f (y) f (z)| < .
Theorem 4.6.6 Let f : R R be an arbitrary function. Then Df is an F set.

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