34. 1.8 For the circuit in Fig. PLS: (a) Identify and label all distinet nodes. (b) Which of those nodes are extraordinary nodes? (c) Identify all combinations of 2or more circuit elements that are connected in series. (@) Identify pairs of circuit elements that are connected in parallel. Figure P18: Circuit for Problem 1.8. 1.9 For the circuit in Fig. PLY: (a) Identify and fabel all distinct nodes. (b) Which of those nodes are extraordinary nodes? (c) Identify all combinations of 2 or more circuit elements that are connected in serie (d) Identify pairs of circuit elements that are connected in parallel. 4a 30 6a 20 20 4a a8Vv Figure P19: Circuit for Problem 1.9. 1,10. For the circuit in Fig. P1.10: (a) Identify and label all distinct nodes. (b) Which of those nodes are extraordinary nodes? (©) Identify all combinations of 2 or more circuit elements that ‘are connected in series. CHAPTER |_ CIRCUIT TERMINOLOGY 80 6a nv(*) Figure P1.10: Cireuit for Problem 1.10. (d) Identify pairs of circuit elements that are connected in parallel. 1.11 For the circuit in Fig. PL.11: (a) Identify and label all distinct nodes. (b) Which of those nodes are extraordinary nodes? (©) Identify all combinations of 2 or more circuit elements that are connected in series. (4) Identify pairs of circuit elements that are connected in parallel 1a 6a Figure PLU: 1.12 The total charge contained in a certain region of space 's —1.C. If that region contains only electrons, how many does t contain? "1.13 A certain eross section lies in the xy plane. 1f3 x 10° clectrons go through the cross section in the z-direction in 4 seconds. and simultaneously 1.5 x 10? protons go through the same cross section in the negative z-direction, what is the magnitude and direction of the current flowing through the cross section?PROBLEMS 35 14 Determine the current i(¢) flowing through a resistor if the cumulative charge that has flowed through it up to time t is siven by (a) g(t) =3.6r mC (b) g(t) = Ssin(377¢) uC “og = 0311 —e-™") pc (@) g(t) = 0.21 sin(12021) nC 115 Determine the current i(t) flowing through a certain device if the cumulative charge that has flowed through it up to time ris given by 0.458 pC 12sin?(800x¢) mC =3.2 sin(3771) cos(3771) pC Leh =e] nc “@ a) 146 Determine the net charge AQ that flowed through a resistor over the specified time interval for each of the following, currents: fa) i(t) = 0.36A, from =O tor =3s “(b) i(@) = [401 +8] mA, from7 = 1 stor = 12s (6) (9 = Ssin(4r1) nA, from t = 0 101 = 0.05 s (4) i(¢) = 12e-°7" mA, from t =O tor 17 Determine the net charge AQ that flowed through a certain device over the specified time intervals for each of the following currents: (@) i(@) = [3¢ + 615] mA, from t = “(b) i) = 4 sin(40zr1) cos(40x7) 1=0.055 (0) i) = [Het —3e 2, from =O tor (@) i(t) = 12e-* cos(40x1) nA, from + tor=4s BA, from 1=0 10 tor =0.05 s 118 If the current flowing through a wire is given by i(f) = 3e~"" mA, how many electrons pass through the wire’s ss section over the time interval from 1 = 0 to ¢ = 0.3 ms? 119 The cumulative charge in mC that entered a certain device is given by 0 fort <0, q)= 45 — for2s CHAPTER 1 CIRCUIT TERMINOLOGY pon aoe 200 Af 10V| 5Q Ou Vv 309 Figure P1.39: Circuit of Problem 1.39, Figure P1.40: Circuit for Problem 1.40. 1.41 For the circuit in Fig, P41, generate circuit diagrams that include only those elements that have current flowing through them for (a 1<0 (b) O<1<2s (@ t>2s Figure PLAL: Circuit for Problem 1.41.2 CHAPTER 2_ RESISTIVE CIRCUI Glossary of Important Terms —_ Provide definitions or ‘explain the meaning of the following terms: balanced bridge circuit KCL. piezoresistive coefficient sensitivity branch KVL. piezotesistor source transformation, circuit equivalence LED planar circuit superconductor conductivity loop potentiometer thermistor current divider mechanical stress power rating topology dielectric ‘mesh resistance voltage divider diode ‘Multisim resistivity Wheatstone bridge forward bias node reverse bias YEA transformation fuse overcurrent sheostat insulator path semiconductor PROBLEMS Gt el Section 2-1: Ohm's Law 24. An AWG-14 copper wire has a resistance of 17.1 9 at 20°C. How long is it? 22 A +k Jong AWG-6 metallic wire has a resistance of approximately 6 & at 20°C. What material is it made of? 2.3 A thin-film resistor made of germanium is 2mm in length and its rectangular cross section is 0.2 mm x 1 mm, as shown in Fig. P2.3. Determine the resistance that an ohmmeter would measure if connected across its: (a) Top and bottom surfaces (b) Front and back surfaces (©) Right and left surfaces 2 mm——+ U. igure P2.3: Film resistor of Problem 2.3. 0.2 mm’ 4 TH 2.4 A resistor of length € consists of a hollow cylinder of radius a surrounded by a layer of carbon that extends from r =ator =b, asshown in Fig. P24. {a) Develop an expression for the resistance R, (b) Calculate R at 20°C for a= 2 em, b= 3 em, and £ = 10m. Hollow 28 A standard model used to describe the variation resistance with temperature T’is given by R= Roll +07). Where R is the resistance at temperature 7 (measur ©€), Ro is the resistance at T = 0°C, and a is a temper coefficient. For copper, a=4x 10°C"! At temperature is the resistance greater than Ro by 1 percent? characterized by a temperature coefficient (Gee resistance model given in Problem 2 connected to a 100-V household voltage source via a Swi ‘After turning on the switch, the temperature of the fil: increases rapidly from the initial room temperature of to an operating temperature of 180°C. When it reac operating temperature, it consumes 80 W of power. (a) Determine the filament resistance at 180°C. (b) Determine the filament resistance at room tempera (©) Determine the current that the filament draws at ‘temperature and also at 1800°C. (d) If the filament deteriorates when the current throu approaches 10 A, is the damage done to the filament, when it is first turned on or later when it arrives operating temperature? “Amswer(s) in Appendix F]A.110-V heating element in a stove can boil a standard pot of water in 1.2 minutes, consuming a total of 136 KI Determine the resistance of the heating element and flowing through it. Aceriin copper wire ha a resistance R characteri“ed by del given in Problem 2.5 with « =4 x 10-¥°C~!. R= 60 @ at 20°C and the wire is used in a circuit that ee rate an increase in the magnitude of R by more than 10 eent over its value at 20°C, what would be the highest etion 2-2: Kirchhoff’s Laws The circuit shown in Fig. P2.9 includes two identical iometers with per-length resistance of 20 S/cm. mine 2 and I. ra Figure P2.9: Circuit of Problem 2.9 Determine Vj, in the circuit of Fig. P2.10. Select the value of R in the circuit of Fig. P2.11 so that Aigh-voltage direct-current generating station delivers ‘of power at 250 kV to a city, as depicted in Fig. P2.12. y is represented by resistance Rj, and each of the wo ‘the transmission line between the generating station city is represented by resistance Rr. The distance en the two locations is 2000 km and the transmission ‘made of 10-cm-diameter copper wire. Determine (a) power is consumed by the transmission line and (b) mation of the power generated by the generating station by the city. 83 5a 52 + Rv 603 ns 423 6ASN%, T 5a 5a Figure P2.10: Circuit of Problem 2.10. 12v ot € > Blo 500.2 o 6mA "ut 500.2 Figure P2.11: Circuit of Problem 2.11 Ro. + = RZ (city) a pl ae Station +2000 km—+1 12 ‘Figure P2.12: Diagram for Problem 2.12.84 CHAPTER 2_ RESISTIVE CIRC 2.13 Determine the current I inthe citcuit of Fig. P2.13 given °2.17 Determine currents y to 14 in the circuit of Fig Po. that Ip = 0. he mj 2a ) 40; Figure P2.17: Circuit for Problem 2.17. 2.18 Determine the amount of power dissipated in the resistor in the circuit of Fig. P2.18, Figure P2.18: Circuit for Problem 2.18. "2.19 Determine Jy and Jy in the circuit of Fig. P2.19. Qo sa ae ype < a Figure P2.19: Circuit for Problem 2.19. 18 V{ Figure P2.14: "2.15 Determine /, in the circuit of Fig. P2.15, 2.20 Find Vap in the circuit of Fig, P2.20. 20 20 a 22 nv) On a ie ] t)ov faa v(* Figure P2.15: Circuit for Problem 2.15 r4 2.16 Determine currents /; to Js in the circuit of Fig, P2.16. cuit for Problem 2.20 4 2.21 Find fy to Js in the circuit of Fig. P2.21. 4b nv moh BA ey 5 C) © 12 Figure P2.16: Circuit for Problem 2.16. Figure P2.21: Circuit for Problem 2.21.‘PROBLEMS 85 222, Find / in the cireuit of Fig. P2.22. 2.26 After assigning node V; in the circuit of Fig, P2,25 as the ground node, determine node voltages Vo, V3, and Vj. aS é 2.27. Inthe circuit of Fig. P2.27, h = 42/81 A, Ip = 42/81 A, and 1; = 24/81 A. Determine node voltages V2, V3, and Vs after tov (*) 32 Gauging ore Pee ie gral ode) Figure P2.22: Cireuit for Problem 2.22. “223 Determine the amount of power supplied by the independent current source in the circuit of Fig. P2.23. 2 Ng20 7; ; Be) ys D2 4 22 Figure P2.27: Circuit of Problem 2.27. 2.28 The independent source in Fig. P2.28 supplies 48 W of Figure P2.23: Circuit for Problem 2.23, power. Determine /> 224 Given that in the circuit of Fig. P224, h=4 A, I= 1A,and Js = 1 A, determine node voltages Vj, V2,and V3. nv) RS 4h fo Figure P2.31: Circuit for Problem 2.31. °2.32 For the circuit in Fig. P2.32, find /, fort 0. 0 mw ee \ ey 4Q Figure P2.32: Circuit with SPDT switch for Problem 2.32. 233 Determine Rey at terminals (a,b) in the circuit of Fig. P2.33. 2.35 Req —* b 4Q 320 16.2 80 8a Figure P2.33: Circuit for Problem 2.33. °2.34 Select R in the circuit of Fig. P2.34 so that Vi = 5 V- SmA\ Figure P2.34: Circuit for Problem 2.34. CHAPTER 2_ RESISTIVE CIRCUIT If R = 12 Qin the circuit of Fig. P2.35, find 1 Figure P2.35: Circuit for Problem 2.35 2.36 Use resistance reduction and source transformation find V; in the circuit of Fig. P2.36. Alll resistance values are! ohms. 16 $16 $12 Figure P2.36: Circuit for Problem 2.36. 2.37. Determine A if Vau/ Vs = 9 in the cizcuit of Fig. P2. 3a 4 $ Ws 122 3199 332 Aly $6.2 Vou ° Figure P2.37: Cireuit for Problem 2.37. °2,38 For the circuit in Fig. P2.38, find Reg at terminals (a, 30 30 30 62 60 ae Figure P2.38: Circuit for Problems 2.38 and 2.39,BLEMS, 87 “239 Find Rug at terminals (c, d) in the circuit of Fig. P2.38. 2.43 Apply voltage and current division to determine Vo in the circuit of Fig. P2.43 given that Vou = 0.2 V. Simplify the circuit to the right of terminals (a, b) in Fig. P2.40 to find Reg, and then determine the amount of power “supplied by the voltage source. All resistances are in ohms, Sure 6 Figure P2.43; Circuit for Problem 2.43, Figure P2.40: Circuit for Problem 2.40 1 ; “2.44 Apply source transformations and resistance reductions ee ee LE 2) eset ne Hes a to simplify the circuit to the left of nodes (a, b) in Fig, P244 a) Terminals (a,b) into a single voltage source and a resistor. Then, determine I. (b) Terminals (a,c) {e) Terminals (a, d) 3A (a) Terminals (a, f) >} 02 a ° 1 3A 20 120 49 —o- é Figure P2.44: Circuit of Problem 2.44. 2.45 Determine the open-circuit voltage Voc across terminals Figure P2.41: Circuit for Problem 2.41 (a,b) in Fig. P2.45. 22 Find Req for the circuit in Fig. P2.42. All resistances are vohms. 5sQ 6Q g 30V 30 2A = Figure P2.42: Circuit for Problem 2.42. Figure P25: Circuit of Problem 2.45.88, CHAPTER 2_ RESISTIVE CIRCUIT 2.46 Use circuit transformations to determine / in the circuit of Fig. P2.46. 3A ~ 4a & 3a yl 30V 2a(f) 49 20 Figure P2.46; Circuit of Problem 2.46, 2.47 Determine currents 1; 10 [y in the circuit of Fig. P2.47. Re if Bese: 6a OR oe “gure P2.47: Circuit of Problems 2.47 and 2.48, 248 Replace the 12-V source in the circuit of Fig. P2.47 witha 4-A current source pointing upwards. Then, determine currents hol. °2.49 Determine current J in the circuit of Fig. P2.49. 10Q 402 259 tr sQ 302 602 sov 10Q $10Q Figure P2.49: Circuit of Problem 2.49. 2.50 Determine the equivalent resistance Reg at terminal (a, b) in the circuit of Fig, P2.50. 49 4a 4Q 6a Figure P2.50: Cincuit of Problem 2.50, Determine current / in the circuit of Fig. P2.51 6mA 2kQ: 2kQ 2mA Ov Figure P2.51: Circuit of Problem 2.51 1kQ 4PROBLEMS. 252 Determine voltage V, in the circuit of Fig. P2.52, Figure P2.S2: Circuit of Problem 2.52, Sections 2-4 and 2-5: Y-A and Wheatstone Bridge 253 Convert the circuit in Fig. P2.53(a) from a A to a Y configuration. a oc a a 298 ga 30 19 40 bo od b Loa @ &) Figure P2.53: Circuit for Problems 2.53 and 2.54, 254 Convert the circuit in Fig. P2.53(b) from aT to a TL configuration, “255 Find the power supplied by the generator in Fig, P2.55. R= 180 10 62 62 256 Repeat Problem 2.55 after replacing Ry with a short Grout, 89. 2.37, Find 1 in the circuit of Fig. P2.57. 9a 6Q 6a 99: 62 92 av Bong Figure P2.S7: Circuit for Problem 2.57. 2.58 Find the power supplied by the voltage source in Fig. P2.58. ay &- 32 32 62 R=60 6a Figure P2.58: Circuit for Problems 2.58 and 2.59, "2.59 Repeat Problem 2.58 after replacing R with a short circuit, 2.60 Find / in the cireuit of Fig, P2.60, All resistances are in ohms. nv) Figure P2.60: Cirouit for Problem 2.60, °2.61 Find Reg forthe cireuit in Fig. P2.61 189. 182 Figure P2.61: Circuit for Problem 2.61,