TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

LECTURE 1 OF 7
TOPIC

SUBTOPIC

FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

:

5.1 FUNCTIONS

At the end of the lesson, students are able to:

a) represent relation using arrow diagram or as ordered pairs.
b) identify relations and functions.
c) sketch graph function.

LEARNING
OUTCOMES

relations!
The correspondence between elements in one set and the elements in another set. For example
Let

A={2,3} and B={6,15,12} . Relation: is a factor of .

Displayed by using :
Arrow diagram

15

Ordered pairs

DEFINITION

12

{(3,6),(3,12), ),(3,15), (4,12),(5,10)}.

FUNCTION
A function is a relation in which every element of set X is matched with only
one element of set Y.

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

Types of relation

1
2

1
2

3
4

b
c

One to one

One to many

Function

Not Function

Many to one

Many to many

Function

Not Function

A function f: A B is a mapping from set A to set B, written as

f: x y, or f(x) = y with and x is the object and y is the image.
Domain = set of all objects i.e. Set A
Range= set of all images .
Codomain = Set B. Each element in set A is mapped onto its image in set B but
may be some elements in Set B are mapped onto.
A function is onto when its range equals its codomain.

DOMAIN

1
2

1
2

CODOMAIN

RANGE

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

Finding the value of image requires substitution of image into the function.
Example 2:

Illustrate the function f : x x + 3

A
1

B
f

2
3
4

Example 3:

3 x 6 . Find
The function f is given by f : x
a) f(4)

b) the value of x whose image is 18.

c) the value of x such that f(x)=x.

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

The Test of a function

VERTICAL LINE TEST
The vertical line test is a graphical method used to determine whether a relation in x is a function. If any
vertical line drawn intersects the curve y = f(x) only at one point, then f(x) is a function of x.

State whether the graph represent a function or not?

EXAMPLE 1:

a.

y= x

b.

y = x2

f(x

f(x)

Ans:

c.

Ans:

f ( x ) = x2 ( 2 x

d.

Ans:

1
x
f(x

y=

Ans:

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

LECTURE 2 OF 7
SUBTOPIC

LEARNING
OUTCOMES

5.1 FUNCTIONS
At the end of the lesson, students are able to:

a. Sketch the graph of a function.

b. State the domain and range of a function.

DOMAIN & RANGE

Domain, , is the set of the values of x in which () is defined. Some functions
defined for certain values of x only.

Range, , is the set of all possible value of () as x varies throughout the domain .

Domain and range of function can be written in the form of sets or interval notations.
There are two methods to find the domain and range of a function ()
(i)

Graphically

(ii)

Algebraically

The domain and the range of the function can be determined by means of graph,
How far the graph extents horizontally will determine the domain, and vertically to
determine the range.

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

For function f to be defined (or exists) ,we consider the kind of numbers that can be
substituted into f (x) ; usually the negative values, the positives or zero. It is also said that
domain is the set of restricted values that can be substituted so that f is defined.

TYPES OF FUNCTION

1.Fraction

f ( x )

g( x )
h( x )

2. Square root

h( x ) 0

g ( x) 0

f ( x ) g( x )

3. Logarithmic
f ( x ) ln g( x )

4. Polynomials: constant,
linear, quadratic and cubic
functions

It can be positive or negative only

Value of number under a square root can

be positive or zero only

g( x ) 0

Take log of positive value only. it cannot

be negative or zero.

f ( x ) x 2 x3

All real numbers can be raised to the first,

second and third power.

with x R

5.Exponential

f ( x ) ex

DESCRIPTION

RESTRICTION FOR
THE DOMAIN

Df R
All real numbers can be indices.

xR

Df R

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

Determine the domain and range of each of the following functions:

a. f ( x) = x 2 4 x + 3

b. f ( x) = x 2

4x + 3

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

Basic shape graph of a function

i) Constant
y

y
y=k
x

Df

x=k

Rf

Df

Rf

ii) linear
y

y = mx+c
with m >0

y =mx+c
with m<0
x

Df

Rf

Df

Rf

(iii ) Quadratic function ( find vertex using Completing the square)

(a) f ( x) = a ( x h) 2 + k , a > 0

(b) f ( x ) a( x h )2 k ,a 0
f(x)

Open up
k
k
x

Df

Rf

Df

Rf

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

(iv) Cubic function

f ( x ) x3 c

f ( x ) x 3 c

f(x)

f(x)

Df

Rf

Df

(v) surd function

(a) f ( x ) x c d

(b) f ( x ) x c d
f(x)

f(x)

Df

Rf

Df

Rf

(vi) Reciprocal function

1
f ( x )
xa

Rf
f ( x) =

1
x

f(x)

0
x

Df

Rf

Df

Rf

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

vii)Absolute value function

a . f(x) = |x-c|+d

b. f(x) = -|x-c|+d

f(x)

f(x)

d
0

0
C

Df

Rf
Df

(viii)Piecewise function
Combine more than one functions together
based on their respective domains

x, x < 1

f ( x) = 5 , x = 1
x + 1, x > 1

Rf

10

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

Sketch the graph of the functions and state the domain and range for each of the functions.

1.

=
Df

2.

=
Df

y=5

=
Rf

y = 4x + 3

=
Rf

2.

=
Df
4.

=
Df

=
Rf
y = 2 - 2x

=
Rf

x=4

11

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

12

2. Quadratic functions
The general form f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c can be converted to this form f ( x) = a ( x h ) + k by using
2

completing the square.

The minimum or maximum point of a quadratic function is V(h,k) or b , f b .
2a 2a

x 1
2. y =
2

y 3x 2 + 1
1. =

1.

3.

=
Df

2.

f ( x) =( x 3) 4
2

=
Rf

4. g ( x) = x

=
Df

+ 6x + 3

=
Rf

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

5.

=
Df

6.

f ( x) = x 2 6 x

=
Rf

=
Df

f ( x) = 2 x 2 12 x + 4

=
Rf

3. Cubic function
The general form is f ( x) = ax + bx + cx + d , where a, b, c and d are constant;
3

1.

=
Df

f(x) = x 3

=
Rf

2.

=
Df

f(x) = -x 3

=
Rf

a0

13

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

3.

=
Df

4.

g(x) = 4 - x 3

f(x)=2x 2 ( x 1)

=
Df

=
Rf

Rf
=

4. Square root Functions or Surd Functions

The domain of the square root function are the set of non negative real numbers.
The basic shape of surd functions:
f ( x)=

f ( x) = x

f ( x) = x

f ( x) = x

4. Sketch the graph of the functions and state the domain and range for each of the functions.

1.

=
Df

f (=
x)

=
Rf

x 2

2.

=
Df

f (=
x)

=
Rf

x +3

14

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

3.

f (=
x)

=
Df

5.

x+4

=
Rf
g ( x)=

=
Df

x +1 + 2

=
Rf

4.

=
Df

6.

=
Df

y = x+3

=
Rf
g ( x) = 1 3x 1

=
Rf

15

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

5. Reciprocal Functions
The domain of a reciprocal functions are all real values except where the denominator
equals zero 0.
For f =
( x)

1.

=
Df

3.

=
Df

g ( x) =

a
+ c , line x-b and y=c are the asymptotes.
x b

2.

1
x

=
Rf
g ( x)=

1
3
x

=
Rf

g ( x) =

=
Df

4.

1
x

=
Rf

f ( x)= 2

=
Df

3
x

=
Rf

16

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

5.

=
Df

f ( x) =

4
+1
x+2

Rf
=

6.

=
Df

f ( x) =

5
+2
x 3

Rf
=

5. Absolute values of linear function

1.

=
Df

g ( x) = x

=
Rf

2.

=
Df

g ( x) = x

=
Rf

17

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

3.

=
Df

5.

=
Df

g ( x)= x + 4

=
Rf
f ( x) = x + 2 3

=
Rf

4.

f (=
x) 4 x 1

=
Df

6.

=
Df

=
Rf
f ( x) = 1 3x + 1

=
Rf

18

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

5. Piecewise Functions
Functions that are defined by more than one expression for different intervals of the domain
are called piecewise functions.

1.

=
Df

x 2 ; x 3
f ( x) =
2 x ; x > 3

=
Rf

2.

=
Df

3 ; x 1

f ( x) = x ;1 < x 4

4 x; x > 4

=
Rf

19

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

3. Write f ( x) =1 5 x + 5 x as a piecewise function. Hence sketch the graph of the function.

Write down its domain and range.

20

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

LECTURE 3 OF 7
TOPIC

SUBTOPIC

FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

:

LEARNING
OUTCOMES

5.2 COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

At the end of the lesson, students are able to:
a) Represent composite function by an arrow diagram.
b) Find composite functions.
c) Find one of the functions when the composite and the other
functions are given.

Composite functions
Composite functions are functions that arise as a result of the
combination of two or more basic functions.

g f is denoted by ( g f )( x ) = g [ f ( x)] .

g
f(x)

g f Or gf

g [f(x)]

21

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

EXAMPLE 1

( x)
If f=
a. fg(x)

b. gf(x)

c. gg(x)

If f ( x) =
3 x, x R , g(x) = 2x - 1, x R
and h(x) = x 2 , x R
a. gf(3)

a. gf(3)

c. gg(x)

b. gf(x)

a. fg(x)

EXAMPLE 2

x , x 0 and g(x) = 1+ x, x . Find:

b. fgh(2)

b. fgh(2)

. Find:

c. ghf(4)

c. ghf(4)

22

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

The functions f, g and h are defined by f ( x)= 2 x , =

g ( x)

h( x=
) 2x 1
(a) Show that f

.
2

3
, x 1 and
x +1

EXAMPLE 3

( x) = x .

(b) Find an expression for g 2 ( x ) , and state for which two values of x it is undefined.
(c) Solve the equation h

Solution:

( x) = x .

23

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

EXAMPLE 4

The function g is defined by g ( x) = x + 1, x 1 . Determine the

function f (x) if gf ( x ) = e x

Solution:

Given that () = 2 + 1 and () = 2 + 4 + 5, find the function

of ().

Solution:

EXAMPLE 5

24

TOPIC 5: FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

EXAMPLE 6

x 2,
The function f is defined by f ( x ) =
the function g if gf ( x) = x 2 6 x + 1, x R

) 2 x + 1 , find the function of gf(x).

If fg ( x) = 4 x 2 2 x + 1 and g ( x=
Subsequently, find the values of x that satisfy fg(x) = gf(x).
Solution:

x R. . Determine

EXAMPLE 7

25

LECTURE 4 AND 5 OF 7
TOPIC
:
SUBTOPIC

LEARNING
OUTCOMES

FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

5.3 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
At the end of the lesson, students are able to:
a) To determine whether a function is one to one.
b) Define and determine the inverse of a function.
c) Determine whether the function has an inverse and find the
inverse of a function
d) Identify the domain and range of and inverse function

ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTIONS
A

1
2

Diagram 1

Diagram 2

In both diagrams, every element is mapped onto exactly one element of set B.
In diagram 1 function f has the property of one-to-one function.

If f(x)=3, then x=a only

To show f is one to one:

If

f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) then x1 = x 2

However in Diagram 2, elements a and c are mapped onto element 1, which is many to one.
Since g (a ) = g (c)

but a c , therefore g is not one to one.

26

METHODS TO DETERMINE ONE-TO-ONE :

-Graphical and Algebraic Methods

Graphical
method

Horizontal Line test

If any horizontal line drawn intersects the graph of the function cuts only

at one point, then the function is one-to-one function. It shows that one
image is mapped from only one object.

Example 1: Use the graphical method to determine whether each of the following
functions is one-to-one function.
a)

b)
f(x)

f(x

1
0

c)

d)
f(x)
f(x)
1

1
1

27

 Algebraic
Method

Function f maps elements Set X to those in Set Y. A function f is called a oneto-one function if two elements of set X have the same image.

If

f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) then x1 = x 2

Note: Quadratic or absolute value functions are symmetrical and not one to
one. To make it one-to-one, we have to take either side of the graph.

Example 2: Determine whether f is a one to one function or not .

a/ f x 2 x 3

(b)

c) f x x 2 6 x

d) f x x 2 12 x; x 6

28

f x x 3 12

INVERSE FUNCTIONS
If f maps the elements from set X to Set Y. The inverse function of f or f 1 x will map
back from Y to X .
f

Let

y f ( x ),

then x f 1( y )

-3

-11

-2

f-1
X

Note that

1 = =
1 = =

To verify that f

x is the inverse of f,

show that

ff

( x) = x

Existence of The Inverse of a Function

1 ,
1

And:

1 =
1 =

How?
Step 1:

Let y=f(x), then f-1(y)=x

Step 2:

Rearrange so that x becomes the subject of equations.

Step 3:

x is the inverse function as stated in step 1.

Or
Use property

ff

( x) = x
29

Example :Find the inverse function of

a) f ( x )

2
x4

b)

f ( x ) x 2 4 x 4; x 2 .

x+ p
, x 3 , where p is a constant. Determine
x3
3
a) the value of p if f(5) = ,
2

2.

Given f(x) =

b) f -1

30

c) the value of x for which f -1 is undefined

3. Given that f ( x) = 3 x 3 + 4 and g ( x) = 3x

x2

a)

State the domain and range for f and g

b)

Find f-1 and g-1 and the domain and range

31

4. The functions f and g are defined by f : x

a) Find fg (x) and deduce f 1 ( x)

2x 5
3x + 5
and g : x
.
x+3
2 x

b) Determine the domain and range of

f 1 (x )

32

LECTURE 6 AND 7 OF 7
TOPIC
:
FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS
SUBTOPIC
:
5.4 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
At the end of the lesson, students are able to:
a) Determine the relation of exponential and logarithmic functions by
LEARNING
algebraic and graphical approaches.
OUTCOMES
:
b) Find the domain and range of an exponential and logarithmic
functions
c) Determine the composite functions involving exponential and
logarithmic function.
d) Sketch the graph involving exponential and logarithmic functions

Exponential and Logarithmic Function

Relationship Between An Exponential and Logarithmic Function

Exponential function

The inverse of exponential function, () = is

Let [ 1 ()] =
af

1( x )

=x

f ( x ) = log a x
The inverse of exponential function is a logarithmic function.

Logarithmic function

The inverse of logarithmic function, () = log is

Let [ 1 ()] =
log 1 () =
1 () =
The inverse of logarithmic function is exponential function.

y
y=x
f(x)=logax
1
f (x) =

ax
x

33

Exponential Function:
Exponential Function is a function of the form f(x) = ax where x R and a > 0

Basic Exponential Function Graph Domain is R

Horizontal asymptote : line y=k

Takes a bend shaped curve and cuts y -axis.

The one end of the curve will approach the asymptotic line and the other end will
increase or decrease infinitely.

To deduce
a)For f(x) = ax +k ,where x R and a

b) For f(x) = a-x +k ,where x R and a >1

As x , y and

As x , y and

As x , y k +

As x , y k +

c) For f(x) = -ax +k ,where x R and a >1 a) For f(x) = -a-x +k ,where x R and a >1
As x , y and

As x , y k and
As x , y

As x , y k

EXAMPLE 1
Sketch the graph of the following functions:
a) f ( x ) 2 x 1

34

2x
b) h( x ) 3 1

c)

h( x ) e x 2

x
d) y e 5

35

e) y = 2e x 1

Logarithmic Functions.

Function of the form f ( x) = log a ( x k ) , x R+, a > 0

a) Domain is x > k (tips: +x for RHS of VA)
b) Vertical asymptote ; line x=k
c) Take a bend shaped curve and always cut x axis
d) One end of the curve will approach the asymptote,
and another one will increase/decrease infinitely

For f ( x) = log a ( x k )
D f = (k , )

f ( x) = log a (k x )
D f = (, k )

As x , y and

As x , y and

As x k , y

As x k , y

For f ( x) = log a ( x k )
D f = (k , )

f ( x) = log a (k x )
D f = (, k )

As x , y and

As x , y and
As x k , y

As x k , y

36

EXAMPLE 1

Sketch the graph of the following functions

a) f ( x) = log10 ( x 1)

b)

f ( x) = ln (2 x 6 )

c)

f ( x) = ln ( x 3)

37

d)

f ( x) = ln ( x 2 )

e)

f ( x) = ln( x + 1)

f)

f ( x) = ln(4 x)

38

Relationship Between An Exponential and Logarithmic Function

Example 1
Given

f ( x) = e x + 2 , find f 1 (x) and sketch the graph of f (x) and

f 1 (x) on the same axes.

39

Example 2
Given f ( x) = ln(3 x + 2) , determine f 1 (x) and sketch the graph of f (x) and

f 1 (x) on the same axes.

40

Example 3
The function f and g are defined as f(x) = ln (x + 1) , x > -1 and g(x) = x2 + 2x, x > -1
a) State the range of f and find the inverse function of f.
b) Find the composite function f g .
c) Find the value of x if

( f 1 g )( x ) = e3 1

41