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Datebase System Concepts

This document introduces database management systems and their uses. A DBMS contains organized data about an enterprise that can be accessed and managed efficiently. Examples of database applications include banking, universities, sales, and manufacturing. The document outlines drawbacks of using file systems to store data, such as data redundancy, difficulty of access, and integrity and concurrency issues. It introduces database systems as a solution and discusses data models used to describe data, relationships, and constraints, including the relational model.

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Eliza
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113 views

Datebase System Concepts

This document introduces database management systems and their uses. A DBMS contains organized data about an enterprise that can be accessed and managed efficiently. Examples of database applications include banking, universities, sales, and manufacturing. The document outlines drawbacks of using file systems to store data, such as data redundancy, difficulty of access, and integrity and concurrency issues. It introduces database systems as a solution and discusses data models used to describe data, relationships, and constraints, including the relational model.

Uploaded by

Eliza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction

Database System Concepts

Database Management System (DBMS)


DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise

Collection of interrelated data

Set of programs to access the data

An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use

Database Applications:

Banking: transactions

Airlines: reservations, schedules

Universities: registration, grades

Sales: customers, products, purchases

Online retailers: order tracking, customized recommendations

Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain

Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions

Databases can be very large.


Databases touch all aspects of our lives
Database System Concepts

1.2

University Database Example


Application program examples

Add new students, instructors, and courses

Register students for courses, and generate class rosters

Assign grades to students, compute grade point averages (GPA)


and generate transcripts

In the early days, database applications were built directly on top of

file systems

Database System Concepts

1.3

Drawbacks of using file systems to store data

Data redundancy and inconsistency

Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files

Difficulty in accessing data

Need to write a new program to carry out each new task

Data isolation multiple files and formats

Integrity problems

Database System Concepts

Integrity constraints (e.g., account balance > 0) become


buried in program code rather than being stated explicitly

Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones

1.4

Drawbacks of using file systems to store data (Cont.)

Atomicity of updates

Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial updates


carried out

Example: Transfer of funds from one account to another should either


complete or not happen at all

Concurrent access by multiple users

Concurrent access needed for performance

Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies


Example: Two people reading a balance (say 100) and updating it by
withdrawing money (say 50 each) at the same time

Security problems

Hard to provide user access to some, but not all, data

Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems

Database System Concepts

1.5

Data Models
A collection of tools for describing

Data
Data relationships
Data semantics
Data constraints
Relational model
Entity-Relationship data model (mainly for database design)

Object-based data models (Object-oriented and Object-relational)


Semistructured data model (XML)
Other older models:

Network model
Hierarchical model

Database System Concepts

1.9

Relational Model
Relational model (Chapter 2)
Example of tabular data in the relational model

Columns

Rows

Database System Concepts

1.10

End

Database System Concepts

1.11

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