Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Model for

Real- Time Simulation

A. B. Dehkordi, Student Member, IEEE, A. M. Gole, Senior Member, IEEE, T. L. Maguire, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract--This paper presents the implementation of a model
for a permanent magnet motor on a real time digital simulator.
The conventional interfaced model approach popular in some
emt-type programs is shown to be inappropriate for real-time
simulators, because it is more susceptible to numerical instability.
The paper introduces an embedded phase domain model which
reduces numerical instabilities.
Both the conventional as well as the embedded phase domain
model models are shown to provide identical results in the steady
state and transient situations; however the conventional model
becomes unstable quickly if the time-step is increased.
This paper also presents the application of this new model to
simulate the machine using the evaluated inductances that have
been evaluated by (FEM) method based modeling.
Keywords: Permanent magnet machines, real time digital
simulator, Electromagnetic transient analysis, embedded model
of the machine, numerical instability.

I. INTRODUCTION

N recent years, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

(PMSMs) are increasing applied in several areas such as
traction, automobiles, robotics and aerospace technology [1].
Accurate digital simulation tools are necessary to evaluate
their field performance particularly when they are driven with
solid-state drives connected to larger electrical networks. One
of the areas of interest is the design of controllers for these
motor drives. In many applications the physical controls have
to be designed and tuned for best performance. If the
simulation of the motor and drive can be implemented in realtime, it becomes possible to interface the physical
manufacturer-built controller (not its model) and protection
equipment to the simulation using appropriate digital-analog
and analog-digital converters. The real time digital simulator
is a combination of specialized computer hardware and
software designed specifically for the solution of power
system electromagnetically transients in real-time. One such
real-time digital simulator is the RTDS. Since the RTDS

This work has been done with the financial support of RTDS Technologies
Inc.
A. B. Dehkordi is with the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (email: [email protected]).
A. M. Gole is with the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (e-mail:
[email protected]).
T. L. Maguire is with RTDS Technologies Inc., Winnipeg, Canada (e-mail:
[email protected]).
Presented at the International Conference on Power Systems
Transients (IPST05) in Montreal, Canada on June 19-23, 2005
Paper No. IPST05 - 159

combines the real time operation properties of analogue

simulators with the flexibility and accuracy of digital
simulation programs, there are many areas where this
technology has been successfully applied [2].
Traditionally transient simulation programs use the dq0
based modeling method to model different types of machines
and the machines are interfaced to the network. These
interfaced models have interfacing delays which can cause
numerical stability problems in the presence of other
interfaced components, particularly when the case is running
in real time. Modeling the permanent magnet machines in
RTDS has important industrial applications such as maglev
trains and new generation of automobiles.
This paper presents two different approaches to model the
permanent magnet synchronous machine in RTDS, the
traditional dq0 model of the machine and the embedded phase
domain model. According to second method the machine is
modeled as a set of time-variant mutual inductances. The
machines are compared in the transient and steady state
situations, and in the final step their performance is observed
with an inverter, supplying the AC voltage for the terminals of
the permanent magnet synchronous machines.
II. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL OF THE PMSM
A. Structure of the Permanent Magnet Machine
The cross-sectional layout of a surface mounted permanent
magnet motor is shown in Fig.1.
STATOR

MAGNET

ROTOR
CORE

Fig. 1.

Structure of the permanent magnet synchronous machine [3]

The stator carries a three-phase winding, which produces a

near sinusoidal distribution of magneto motive force based on
the value of the stator current. The magnets are mounted on
the surface of the motor core. They have the same role as the

field winding in a synchronous machine except their magnetic

field is constant and there is no control on it [3].
B. Equivalent dq0 model of the PM machine
The dq0 equivalent circuit of the PM machine shown in
Fig.2 is similar to the one for the synchronous machine; it has
the armature resistance Rs , d and q axis leakage and mutual

We always try to not enter the excessive load region;

otherwise the magnet is in danger of being damaged.
The equations for the dq0 model of the Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Machine are:
dd
= Vd Rs id q
dt
d f
= Rmim Rmi f
dt
dq
= Vq Rs iq + d
dt

inductances ls , Lmd and Lmq .

id

0 q

ls

Rs

Vd

d d
dt

if
+

d f

Lmd

dt

Rm

im

d Ls + Lm

f = Lm
q 0

0 d

id
i
f
Ls + Lm iq
0

(2)

The magnet is modeled by a current source im parallel to

Rs

the resistance Rm . This part of the circuit can be modeled as a

ls

thevenin equivalent circuit, so that the direct axis equivalent

circuit of the machine will be the circuit shown in Fig. 4.

d q

Vq

dt

Lmq

id

b)
Fig. 2.

Lm

a)

iq

Lm

(1)

Dq0 Equivalent circuit model of the PMSM a) D axis b) Q axis

The rotor magnet can be considered as a loop of constant

current source, im located at the stator direct axis. Any change
in the magnetic flux of the rotor magnet will cause an induced
electromagnetic force, resulting in a circulating current in the
magnet [3].Essentially resistance Rm connected across the
direct-axis magnetization inductance Lmd shows this effect
[3]. There is no leakage inductance in the field. The
permeability of the magnet material is almost unity so the air
gap inductance seen by the stator is the same in direct and
quadrature axes and also no saturation will happen inside the
machine.
Fig. 3 shows the demagnetization curve of the magnet that
can be divided into three regions by three lines, called noload, rated-load and excessive-load lines [4].

0 q

ls

Rs

Vd

dd
dt

if

Rm
+

Lmd

d f

Rmim

dt

Fig. 4. D axis thevenin equivalent circuit of the PMSM

This model is similar to the conventional equivalent circuit

of the synchronous machine, except there is no leakage
inductance on the field.
C. Typical data for the PM motor
The data used for the simulations in this paper is from a 3phase 208-volt, 6 kW test motor used by the Sebastian and
Slemon [3]. Table 1 shows the value of the machine
parameters. The base values of the voltage and current are
RMS values of the stator phase voltage and current.
III. INTERFACE MODEL OF THE PMSM IN RTDS

Fig. 3. Demagnetization curve of the permanent magnet [4]

Equations (1) and (2) can be used in the diagram of Fig.5

to interface the machine to the network. In every time step the
program reads the voltage from the previous time step and
applies the Park transform to get the dq0 components of the
voltage, then using (1) it calculates the derivatives of the
fluxes. Predictor corrector integration calculates the new
values of the fluxes and by multiplying the inverse of
inductance matrix to the fluxes, dq0 component of the currents
can be obtained. Using the inverse Park transform we have the
phase currents ia , ib and ic that can be injected to the

 Laf ( )
Lmd

1
Lbf ( ) = T ( ) 0
Lcf ( )
0

From (6) and (7) as an example we have:

Laa ( ) = Ls + Lm cos 2 ( H )

network.

va , vb , vc

 ,
 ,


d
q
f

vd , vq , v0

Park
Transform

Eq (1)

Lab ( ) = Lba ( ) = M s Lm cos 2 + ( H )

6

Laf ( ) = L fa ( ) = M f cos ( H )

(from previous time step)

id iq i f

Inverse
Park
Transform

ia , ib , ic

1
( L0 + Ld + Lq )
3

1 L + Lq
Ms = d
+ L0
3
2

d , q , f

(for injection)

IV. EMBEDDED MODEL OF THE PMSM IN RTDS

The machine can be modeled as set of mutual inductances
that change in value with time. In this case the model doesnt
have the problem of interface that may cause numerical
instabilities. This model doesnt use the Park transform and
directly solves the machine equations in phase domain. For a
machine, or in general, a set of time-varying mutual
inductances can be written:
d
(4)
L ( t ) i ( t )
dt
Where v and i are vectors of node voltages and branch

currents and [ L ] is the inductance matrix of the set. Using the

trapezoidal integration we have:
t
1
i (t ) = [ L(t ) ] v(t ) +
2
t
1
1
[ L(t )] v(t t ) + [ L(t )] [ L(t t )] i(t t )
2
 

(5)

Ih

A. Calculating the Phase Domain Inductances of the

Permanent Magnet Machine
Equation (5) can be directly used to model the machine;
however we need to have the value of the inductances as a
function of time. Using an orthogonal transformation [5];
T 1 ( ) = T t ( ) the data in table can be used to write:
0
Lq
0

0
0 T ( )
L0

1
( Ld Lq )
3
2
Mf =
Lmd
3
Lm =

(12)

B. Inverting the Inductance Matrix of the Machine

The inductance matrix [ L ] of the machine has to be inverted
in every time step to calculate the G matrix of the machine. In
RTDS this task has to be done in a limited amount of time. As
a result having a fast routine for inverting the inductance
matrix is important. Cholesky decomposition can be used for
inductance matrices generated by FEM programs.
An analytical inverse of the inductance matrix can be
prepared when this matrix is as defined as the equations in the
preceding section.
V. COMPARING DIFFERENT MODELS OF THE PMSM IN RTDS

The machine can be modeled as set of current sources Ih

parallel to a network of g values that can be obtained from the
matrix GL = t [ L ]1 .
2

Ld
Labc ( ) = T 1 ( ) 0
0

(10)

Because the matrix has to be inverted in every time step,

its important to have a non-singular inductance matrix, so the
above parameters must satisfy this condition.

Interfacing the machine to the network.

(9)

Where:
Ls =

v (t ) =

(8)

The rest of inductances can be calculated in a similar way.

The self inductance of the filed is the same in phase domain
and dq0 domain:
(11)
L f ( ) = L f

Eq (2)

Fig. 5.

(7)

(6)

The dq0 and embedded model of the PM machine have

been implemented in RTDS in addition to the normal RTDS
synchronous machine model. Both of the machine models are
running at rated speed. It is possible to add a mechanical load
to the machine and project from the previous time step [6].
A. Performance of the Machines in Steady State
The circuit of the machine is shown in Fig. 6. A 60 Hz
three phase voltage source with 208 V line-line voltage
supplies the machines.
The embedded model of the machine contains a component
with 4 coupled windings. The model allows entering the
parameters of the PM machine as input. The windings A, B
and C are Y connected armature windings with the neutral
isolated from the ground. A very large resistance provides the
isolation. The equivalent current source and resistance of the
magnet is modeled by a Thevenin equivalent circuit with the
1.272 kV voltage source in series with the magnet resistance.
The armature resistances are in series with the inductances.
Dq0 PM machine is connected to a similar AC source and

is a component with three nodes. Parameters of the machine

are identical, and the initial rotor angle ( 0 ) for both of them is
set to 0 .

AC source

Rs

Rm

Fig. 8. Equivalent circuit of the machine in steady state

Rmim

AC source

Interfaced
Machine
Model

rs

Solving the circuit gives us the values of the armature

current at the steady state which agrees with the simulation
results.
Va , peak ( 2 Lmd im(
3
(13)
I a , peak =
= 79.953 (A)
jXd + Rs
B. Three Phase Short Circuit on the terminals of the Machine
Fig. 9. shows the current waveforms of the machines after
the short circuit. The currents of the machines are identical
however the delay of the current in dq0 model is more after
the short circuit.

PM

100

Fig. 6. Test circuit for comparing the new machine models

80

40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80

200

200
Voltage

100

100

50

50

-50

Current (A)

Voltage (V)

150

-50

-100

-100
Currents

-150

-150

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

-200
0.045

Time (Sec)

Fig. 7. Performance of the Machines in Steady State

The equivalent circuit of the machine in steady state is

shown in Fig. 8. The term 2 at the voltage source is
3

because of the Park transform that we used.

Steady State Component

60

Current (A)

There is an interfaced model of the synchronous machine

in RTDS. By setting the parameters, this machine is used as a
permanent magnet machine and the simulation results were
compared with the embedded and interfaced models of the
machine in Fig. 7.
Fig. 7 shows the steady state waveform of the phase A
voltage and current. The currents of the three machines are
exactly the same; although there is a 5S delay in the current
of dq0 machine model, which is the error of projection.

-200
0

Rs

Vm = 2 Lmd im
3

rs

150

Xd

Vm(

Rs

Vs

Va(

Embedded
Machine
Model

Rs

Vs

JG
Ia

-100
0

Transient Component

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

Time (Sec)

Fig. 9. Three phase short circuit current of the machines

Equation (14) gives the peak value of the short circuit

current at the steady state which agrees with the simulation
result.
2
Lmd
2
(14)
I sc , peak =
im
( Lq ) + Rs2 = 40.721 (A)
3 2 Ld Lq + Rs2
The transient part of the short circuit current contains three
components: steady state AC current, transient exponentially
damping AC current with the time constant Td , and the
transient exponentially damping DC component with the time
constant Ta , where:
l &L
(15)
Td = s md = 0.084 (ms)
Rm
[7]
(16)
1
Ta =
Rs 1
1
+
2 Ld Lq

(17)

And
L
Ta = d = 11.253 (ms)
Rs

(18)

Equation (18) shows that Td the transient time constant of

the machine is very small, and its because Rm the magnet
resistance is very large. This interesting fact removes the
transient AC component of the short circuit current, and we
just deal with the damping DC current and steady state
current. Fig. 9 verifies the time constants of the waveforms
obtained from the short circuit.
C. Numerical Stability of the Machines
Numerical stability of the different types of the permanent
magnet synchronous machine was studied by running the case
with different time steps. The embedded model of the machine
has the best performance among these models and is stable
even for very large time steps. This model is accurate and the
results are the same in different time steps. The RTDS
synchronous machine is unstable with the time-steps larger
than 169 S , the same thing happens with the interface model
with the time-steps larger than 167 S .Typical time-steps are
50 S . Similar results obtained when an inductive source
supplied the machines. The conventional model of the
machine becomes numerically unstable at large time-steps
with the inductive source. Poor performance of interface
machine in larger time steps is shown in Fig. 10.

of rotor position. Numerical methods like FEM base methods

can be used to model the electromagnetic phenomena in the
electric machines and also calculate the inductances, however
these programs are very slow and are not practical for network
solution.
In this paper the calculated inductances from [8] are
tabulated and used to run the embedded phase domain case of
the synchronous machine with more accurate inductances. The
machine is a 90kVA, 200V (L-L), 400 Hz, 4 pole, 3-phase
salient pole synchronous generator (aircraft generator). In
another case the traditional dq0 model of the synchronous
machine uses the simplified dq0 equivalent circuit of this
machine:
Fig. 12 shows the phase A open circuit voltage of both
machines which has a good agreement with the results in [9].
200

Voltage (V)

We ignored the dampers in the machine so:

Ld = Lq = Ld

100
0
-100
-200

2.5

3.5

4.5

5.5

6.5

7.5

Time (ms)

Fig. 12. Phase A open circuit voltages of the machines

Phase A armature current and the field current of the

machine after a 3 phase symmetric short circuit is shown in
Fig. 13. Fig. 13. (a) is the stator current of the dq0 machine
and Fig. 13. (b) is for the embedded phase domain machine
with real inductances.

Embedded model

40

-500
1000

-40
0
x 10

0.2
5

0.4

0.6

0.8

Injection-based model

10

1
0

20

25

30

(b)

10

15

20

25

30

Time (ms)

(c)

50
0
-50

-0.5

15

Time (ms)

100

0.5

10

15

20

25

30

Time (ms)

-1
-1.5
0

500

-500

Current (A)

1.5
Current (A)

0
-20

(a)

500

20

Current (A)

Current (A)

Current (A)

1000

0.2

0.4
0.6
Time(Sec)

0.8

Fig. 10. Armature currents of the machines in time step 167 S

VI. FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH FOR MODELING THE

ELECTRIC MACHINES IN RTDS
Equations (9)-(12) are approximate formula for calculating
the inductances of the synchronous machine however, in a real
machine inductances change as a more sophisticated function

Fig. 13. The currents of the machine in short circuit a) phase current of dq0
model of the machine b) phase current of embedded model of the machine c)
Field current of embedded model of the machine

VII. CONCLUSION
The dq0 and embedded model of the permanent magnet
machine has been implemented and verified in RTDS. The
models have identical results. The embedded model of the
machine is more stable with large time-steps than the
conventional model of the machine. The problem of the

embedded model of the machine is the calculation load of the

model which is higher than the conventional model, because
the inductance matrix of the machine has to be inverted in
every time step. With the new RPC cards in RTDS, this task is
not a significant problem anymore. Coupling the FEM based
programs and transient simulation programs can be a very
successful step in modeling the power system network with
more accuracy.
VIII. APPENDIX
TABLE I
TYPICAL DATA FOR THE PMSM [SLEMON]
Parameter

Symbol

Line-line rated voltage

V ll

Typical value
208 V

Rated stator current

Il

16.7 A

Rated power

Pr a te d

6016 W

D-axis inductance

Ld

.249 pu

4.76 mH

Q-axis inductance

Lq

.249 pu

4.76 mH

Stator leakage inductance

ls

.109 pu

2.09 mH

Stator resistance

Rs

.059 pu

0.423

Magnet resistance

Rm

1.94 pu

13.92

Equivalent magnet current

im

5.47 pu

91.35 A

XI. BIOGRAPHIES
A. B. Dehkordi (M04) was born in Shahrekord,
Iran in 1977. He received his B.Sc. and M.Sc.
degrees in Electrical Engineering from Sharif
University of Technology, Tehran, Iran in 1999 and
2002 respectively. He worked as a research engineer
for Sharif University of Technology in power quality
projects in 2002. He is currently a Ph.D. student at
the Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering at the University of Manitoba. His
research is on the modeling of electric machines for
the Real Time Digital Simulation.
A. M. Gole (M82, SM04) obtained the B.Tech.
(EE) degree from IIT Bombay, India in 1978 and the
Ph.D. degree from the University of Manitoba,
Canada in 1982. He is currently a Professor of
Electrical and Computer Engineering at the
University of Manitoba. Dr. Goles research interests
include the utility applications of power electronics
and power systems transient simulation. As an
original member of the design team, he has made
important contributions to the PSCAD/EMTDC
simulation program. Dr. Gole is active on several working groups of CIGRE
and IEEE and is a Registered Professional Engineer in the Province of
Manitoba.
T. L. Maguire (M84, SM04) was born in Canada
in 1951. He received a Ph.D. degree in 1992 at the
University of Manitoba. Dr Maguire is with the
RTDS technologies Inc. He is experienced with

IX. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of RTDS
Technologies Inc.
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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]
[6]

[7]
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FACTS and HVDC as well as with power system

control application and simulations.