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Lecture3 - Small Scale Fading

This document discusses small scale fading in wireless communications, including: 1) Small scale fading causes multipath fading effects like flat and frequency selective fading. 2) Multipath fading can be modeled statistically based on the random amplitudes, phases, delays and Doppler shifts of multipath components. 3) Flat fading occurs for narrowband signals where the frequency response is constant, while frequency selective fading occurs for wideband signals where the response varies over the bandwidth.

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Karthik Mohan K
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122 views

Lecture3 - Small Scale Fading

This document discusses small scale fading in wireless communications, including: 1) Small scale fading causes multipath fading effects like flat and frequency selective fading. 2) Multipath fading can be modeled statistically based on the random amplitudes, phases, delays and Doppler shifts of multipath components. 3) Flat fading occurs for narrowband signals where the frequency response is constant, while frequency selective fading occurs for wideband signals where the response varies over the bandwidth.

Uploaded by

Karthik Mohan K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENGG 5303/IERG 5100 Advanced

Wireless Communications
Part III:
Small Scale Fading

Update
We have considered
Large scale fading: Path loss and shadowing

We will now consider


Small scale fading: multipath fading
Flat and frequency selective fading
Rayleigh fading
Doppler spread and coherence time
Delay spread and coherence bandwidth

Statistical Multipath Model

Random number of multipath components, each with

Random
Random
Random
Random

amplitude
phase
Doppler shift
delay

Random components change with time


Leads to time-varying channel impulse response

Measured Channel Impulse Response

Time Varying Multipath Channel

Baseband Representation of Digitally


Modulated Passband Signals
TX passband signals

Complex Representation of passband signals

x
4-PSK
6

Representation of Received Passband


Signals

Multipath channel

Random Phase

Random Amplitude
Impulse response of the channel at time t to the impulse
input at time t-t

8

Rayleigh fading

Update
We have considered
Large scale fading: Path loss and shadowing

We will now consider


Small scale fading: multipath fading
Flat and frequency selective fading
Rayleigh fading
Delay spread and coherence bandwidth
Doppler spread and coherence time
The effects of fading on system performance

10

Flat Fading vs. Frequency Selective Fading


Flat fading:
L=1, i.e., no delay spread
Channel impulse response is one single impulse
The frequency response is a constant (over the
communication bandwidth)
Usually occurs for narrowband communication, i.e.,
low symbol rates

Flat Fading vs. Frequency Selective Fading


Frequency selective fading:
L>1, i.e., with delay spread
Channel impulse response consists of multiple
impulses
The frequency response varies over the
communication bandwidth
Usually occurs for wideband communication, i.e.,
high symbol rates

Multipath Dispersion and Frequency


Selectivity
Time dispersion parameters
Mean excess delay

Root mean square delay spread

Maximum excess delay

13

Multipath Dispersion and Frequency


Selectivity
Delay spread ( t )
Spread of delays in echo

1
B

Coherence bandwidth ( c 5 )
t
Minimum separation of frequency for uncorrelated
fading
Typical values
Indoor: Bc ~ 1MHz
Outdoor: Bc ~ 100 kHz.

14

Time Varying Nature of Channel


Fading

Time-Varying Nature of Wireless Channel


Cause for time-varying nature

movements of mobile or objects in the environment

I (t) or Q (t)

On each path, l is a random process


This random process is correlated in time
The faster the autocorrelation function decays with the
time difference, the faster the channel varies
To measure how fast the channel varies: Doppler spread
and coherence time.

16

Doppler Shift
A measure of how fast the channel fading varies
The frequency of radio wave changes when the receiver
moves relative to the transmitter (source of the wave)
The received frequency is higher compared to the emitted
frequency when the receiver approaches the transmitter,
and lower when the receiver moves away from the
transmitter

Doppler Shift
Doppler frequency shift
fd =

v
cos

Doppler spread: the


maximum Doppler shift observ
fD = v

sourc
e

er

Doppler Shift

One second of Rayleigh fading with


a Doppler spread of 10Hz

One second of Rayleigh fading with


a Doppler spread of 100Hz

Autocorrelation
(

E (t) * (t + ) J 0 2 f D

f D = 10Hz

Doppler Spread and Coherence Time


Doppler spread (
)
Spread of frequency due to mobility

Coherence time (
for time correlation above
0.5)
Minimum separation of time for uncorrelated fading
Typical Values
Pedestrian (~ 5 km / hr) fd ~ 14 Hz (at 2.4 GHz)
Vehicular (~ 100 km/hr) fd ~ 300 Hz (at 2.4 GHz)
21

Fast and Slow Fading


Very Fast Fading (Very rare in practical
systems)
Coherence time < Symbol period
Channel variations faster than baseband signal
variations

Fast Fading
Coherence time ~ 10 to a few hundred symbol
periods

Slow Fading
Coherence time ~ a thousand or more symbol
periods

22

23

Wireless Channel

Input

Outpu
t

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