Significance of site investigation
and geotechnical characterization
using Field methods
Dr D Neelima Satyam
Assistant Professor
IIIT Hyderabad
Virtually every structure is
supported on soils; whose which
are not, either fly, float or fall over
SOIL :
Natural aggregates of mineral grains, loose or moderately
cohesive inorganic or organic in nature that have the
capacity of being separated by means of simple mechanical
processes.
Structures are built with soil
Dams , embankment
Structures are built in soil
Structural foundations footings, piles, rafts, tunnels
Geotechnical engineering
A unique combination of science, experience, judgment and a
passion for understanding the uniqueness and variability of
ground conditions resulting from the forces of nature.
It is the art of determining the properties of unseen and
variable materials to provide a facility that perform as
expected at acceptable level of risk and at an optional cost.
Foundation Engineering
In a broad sense, foundation engineering is a art of selecting,
designing and constructing the elements that transfer the weight of
structure to the underlying soil or rock.
The role of engineer is to select the type of foundation, its design
and supervision of construction.
Before the engineer can design a foundation intelligently, he must
have a reasonably accurate conception of the physical properties
and the arrangement of the underlying materials. This requires
detailed soil explorations.
General Observation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Soil does not posses a unique or linear stress-strain
relationship.
Soil behavior depends up on the pressure, time and
environment.
Soil at every location is essentially different
Nearly in all the cases, the mass of soil involved is underground
and cannot be seen entirely, but must be evaluated on the
basis of small size samples, obtained from isolated locations.
Most soils are very sensitive to disturbance from sampling and
thus the behavior measured by a lab test may be unlike that of
in situ soil.
Definition of foundation
The lowest part of a structure is generally referred to as foundation.
Function of foundation
To transfer load of the superstructure to the soil on which it is
resting.
Requirements (Functional)
A properly designed foundation is one that transfers the structural
load throughout the soil without overstressing of soil which can
result in either excessive settlement or shear failure,
both of which can damage the structure.
Foundation Engineering
Loads can be static or dynamic
Static: Building, structure, dam, retaining wall,
embankment, etc.
Dynamic: Earthquake, vibrating equipment, or
sensitive equipment
Subsurface Exploration
Purpose of subsoil exploration
Steps in Soil/Rock exploration
Collection of Preliminary information: type of
structure, general use, topography, GWT
map, soil map
Reconnaissance survey
Site investigation: Planning, test boreholes,
collecting soil samples
Collection of Preliminary Information
Collection of Preliminary Information
Db = 3S ( Light steel or narrow concrete buildings )
0.7
Db = 6 S ( Heavy steel or wide concrete buildings)
0.7
Foundation Design
Geotechnical Engineer
Where to sample
How deep to sample
What to sample
How to sample
Soil borings
Auger boring (Post hole and helical boring :
<5m),Power driven augers , 60-70m
Wash boring
Rotary drilling
Percussion drilling
Wash boring
Scrapper bucket: sand mixed with pebbles
Clayey soils
Very soft soils
GEOLOGICAL MAP OF DELHI
Soil Profiles of Delhi
G
N
O
L
G
A
B
J
P
I
K
E
D
Q
P
Q
D
F
AA
Kakraula Gaon
0
Sec-17
Dwaraka
Sec-12
Dwaraka
Sec-7
Dwaraka
Shahdra
--14
--14
--14
--23
--10
--9
--14
--36
--9
--10
--9
--16
--30
--32
--11
--8
--38
--22
--21
--23
--27
--18
--38
--50
--23
--37
--53
--35
--52
Depth --13
(m)
--13
--22
12
--12
--23
--30
--42
15
Filled up
soil
Sandy
silt
15
15
Silty
sand
Clayey
sand
Fine
sand
Quarzite
Gravely
sand
|--N
CC
Dayal Singh College,
Lodi road
Electric Cremation,
Ring Road Jn
Lodi road
--3
--2
--12
Depth --7
(m)
--6
--7
15
--6
--8
--9
--24
--12
--17
--19
--20
--34
--44
--19
--29
--25
--23
Filled up
soil
--4
--11
Sandy
silt
--100
Silty
sand
Clayey
sand
Fine
sand
Quarzite
Gravely
sand
|--N
EE
Sec-1,
Noida
Sec-6,
Noida
Dallupura
Sewage Plant
Noida
Sec-12,
Noida
Depth
(m)
--10
--6
--22
--18
--8
--20
--15
Sec-33,
Noida
Sec-61,
Noida
--7
--5
--22
--7
--21
--8
--16
--9
--25
--16
--7
--9
--10
--8
--14
--8
--9
--10
--20
--12
--11
--11
--20
--22
--16
--21
--64
--6
--19
--28
--20
--32
--16
--17
--20
--15
--18
--30
--84
--15
--17
--17
--53
--56
--39
--47
--56
--27
15
Filled up
soil
Sandy
silt
Silty
sand
Clayey
sand
Fine
sand
Quarzite
Gravely
sand
|--N
GG
Pusa
Road
Tilak
Bridge
RL 208
200
196 --26
192
188
--29
--45
Mandi
House
--12
--10
--45
212
--18
--28
Punjab
Bagh Rohini
209
208
--12
--26
--21
--14
--26
--38
--15
--17
--40
--37
--25
--75
--20
--42
--22
--38
--30
--29
--51
--30
--48
180 --51
--60
Filled up
soil
C.P
--23
--25
--34
184 --42
176 --50
216
--12
--15
--20
--30
--40
Patel
Road
--70
--61
--25
--29
--35
--30
--37
--63
--40
Sandy
silt
Silty
sand
Clayey
sand
Fine
sand
Quarzite
Gravely
sand
|--N
JJ
Chanakyapuri
0
B.D Marg
--14
--18
--21
--38
--30
--39
--34
--42
--39
--25
--23
--35
--42
--63
--56
Depth
(m)
30
Filled up
soil
Sandy
silt
Sarai Kale
Golf
Links
Lodi Road
Khan
--12
--12
--26
--19
--21
--25
--26
--29
--30
Silty
sand
Sec-1,
Noida
Sec-12, Sec-62,
Noida Noida
--7
--10
--19
--16
--8
--9
--13
--14
--30
--28
--25
--34
--38
--77
--20
--13
--8
--10
--14
--13
--42
--26
--10
--15
--12
--13
--14
--15
--31
--22
--30
--43
--46
--17
--31
--81
--26
--29
Clayey
sand
--16
--18
--23
--26
Fine
sand
Quarzite
--18
--51
--78
Gravely
sand
--39
--25
--22
--32
--55
--29
--34
--30
--34
--32
--32
--38
|--N
RR
Shahjahah
Road
Sewanagar
Boat Club
209
208
RL 208
204
200
--3
--10
--20
N.D.Rly.Stn
212
--47
--7
--15
ISBT
208
207
--11
--15
--17
--17
--20
--36
--21
--7
--100
Chawri Bazar
196
--27
--18
--27
--32
196
--43
--22
--36
--35
188
--49
--34
--35
184
--57
--36
180
Filled up
soil
Sandy
silt
Silty
sand
Clayey
sand
--40
--51
--46
--60
Fine
sand
Quarzite
Gravely
sand
|--N
GROUND WATER CONTOURS OF DELHI
DEPTH OF BED ROCK
SITE CHARACTERIZATION
THROUGH
SEISMIC REFRACTION
&
MASW METHODS
oscilloscope
Seismic Refraction
ASTM D 5777
Note: Vp1 < Vp2
Determine depth
to rock layer, zR
Source
(Plate)
zR
x1
x2
x3
x4
t1
t2
Vertical Geophones
t3
t4
Soil: Vp1
Rock: Vp2
Seismic Refraction
Horizontal Soil Layer over Rock
Travel Time (seconds)
0.020
xc Vp2 Vp1
zc =
2 Vp2 + Vp1
0.015
Vp2 = 4880 m/s
0.010
xc = 15.0 m
0.005
1
Vp1 = 1350 m/s
t values
Depth to Rock:
zc = 5.65 m
0.000
0
10
20
30
40
Distance From Source (meters)
x values
50
Seismograph with all Accessories
PEG 40Kg
McSeis-SX48
Base plate
Accessories
Geophones
28Hz,& 4.5Hz
Battery
Wooden Hammer
Connecting Cables
Geophones
28 Hz
4.5 Hz
McSeis-SX48
Connecting
Cables
Field Arrangements
Seismic Refraction
Source: Propelled Energy Generator
(PEG-40)
Hammer Mass: 36 Kg
Hammer drop height: 36-43 cm
Motor: 12 Volt (requires car battery)
Output Frequency band: 10-250 Hz
(depends on ground conditions)
Weight assembled with shields: 113 kg.
1D Velocity Profiles
Vp (m/s)
Vp (m/s)
0
500
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
300
600
900 1200 1500 1800
0
5
5
BMK
15
APS
SHL
20
D08
D22
25
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
10
10
DAP
JAP
15
TIJ
20
VIP
HAN
25
30
30
35
35
Vp (m /s)
Vp (m /s)
0
400
600
800
1000
D05
15
20
D13
D16
D19
25
30
35
10
D10
D20
Depth (m)
10
Depth (m)
200
15
300 600
900 1200 1500 1800
KIN
INP
KHY
20
25
30
35
WPB
PUV
Velocity Profiles
(m)
-100
Depth
-95
Velocity Model at JNU Campus, Opp. Girls Hostel
Vp
0.8
0.30
0.54
0.79
1.03
1.28
1.0
-90
-85
0
10
20
30
1.4
Distance
40
50
60
(m)
(km/sec)
Scale = 1 / 476
Velocity Profiles
( m)
-100
Janakpuri
Vp
0.30
0.45
0.60
0.75
0.90
Depth
-90
-80
-70
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Distance
( m)
DDA Park, Mayapuri
Vp
-95
Depth
( k m /s e c )
70
( m)
Scale = 1 / 100 0
0.34
0.63
-85
0.93
-75
0
10
20
30
40
Distance
50
60
( k m /s e c )
70
( m)
Scale = 1 / 100 0
VP at 40m depth
MASW
Source: wooden
hammer 11kg
Multichannel Records at JNU Site with Source Shifting along the Survey Line
-64
136
336
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
(a) at 69m
(f) at 39m
(b) at 63m
(g) at 33m
( c) at 57m
(h) at 21m
(d) at 51m
(i) at 9m
(e) at 45m
(j) at 3m
1D Velocity Profiles
Vs (m /s)
0
200
Vs (m /s)
400
600
0
5
400
600
10
SHV
10
BSF
JNU
15
VK1
20
VK2
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
200
LSA
SAB
15
PVI
20
LAS
NDV
25
25
30
30
Vs (m /s)
0
400
600
5
TUF
GKII
15
LTE
JAS
20
25
30
NFC
10
Depth (m)
10
Depth (m)
200
Vs (m/s)
200
400
600
SIN
JNS
15
JAN
SAN
20
25
30
RKP
Velocity Profiles
( m)
0
JNU Campus,Opp Girls Hostel
Vs
Depth
0.30
0.36
0.42
0.48
10
15
20
7
17
27
37
Distance
47
57
(m)
(km/s)
Scale = 1 / 666
Velocity Profiles
( m)
O pe n g r o u nd o p p t o N a n a d a d e v i A p t s , S e c - 1 0 D w a r k a
Vs
5 .0
Depth
0.21
0.26
15 .0
0.31
25 .0
3 .0
13.0
23.0
33.0
43 .0
53 .0
Di s t a n c e
( m)
Scale = 1 / 66 6
Defence land, sec-2 2 Dwar ka
Vs
5 .0
Depth
( k m/ s )
63.0
( m)
0.20
0.25
15 .0
0.31
0.36
25 .0
9 .0
19 .0
29.0
39.0
Distan ce
49.0
59.0
(m)
(km/s)
S c al e = 1 / 6 6 6
Average Shear Wave Velocity Vs30 Map of Delhi Region
Down-hole/cross-hole tests
Down-hole/cross hole tests are in-situ test methods
-
to measure dynamic soil/rock properties
to determine P-wave and S-wave velocities
to identify soil stratification
to determine shear modulus, G =.vs
Down-hole Seismic test
Surface source
S-wave arrival time, t
vs = dz/dt
Layer 1
Transd. 1
Layer 2
Transd. 2
Depth, z
Down-hole test
Source of impulse
Receiver
a) Down-hole test
Receiver
Source of impulse
b) Up-hole test
Cross-hole test
Source
Receiver
L
2 boreholes arrangement
Cross-hole test
Source
Receivers
3 boreholes arrangement
Down-hole testing
Downhole
Testing
Horizontal Plank
Oscilloscope
Pump
with normal load
x
t
z1
Hammer
z2
packer
Horizontal
Velocity
Transducers
(Geophone
Receivers)
Test
Depth
Interval
Shear Wave Velocity:
t
Vs = R/
R12 = z12 + x2
R22 = z22 + x2
Cased
Borehole
GPR Demo Survey for utility
mapping at Habsiguda
By
Dr. Neelima Satyam D
Earthquake Engineering Research Centre
International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad
Hyderabad-32
Email:
[email protected]; neelima.satyam@ gmail.com
Survey plan
GPR Data Collected
Plan of Utility Survey
10m x 5m
10mx 5m
Manhole 0.3m circular
1st cable : bunch dia 40mm (network ca
2nd cable single dia 60mm (High power
Dia 200mm (Metallic)
Dia 600mm (Non-Metallic : RCC)
3D Sectional view
Free Orbit View (sectional)
0.19
0.75
0.82
0.88
0.19
0.9
0.93
0m
0.7
0.94
1.0 m
1st cable : bunch dia 40mm (network cable
2nd cable single dia 60mm (High power ca
Dia 200mm (Metallic)
Dia 600mm (Non-Metallic : RCC)
3D View of Utility
Remarks
2 grids with 10m x 5m are made and surveyed
Two sets of cables (red colored) one in bunch (40mm dia) mostly it is
network cables and other running as single cable (60mm dia) which is
a high power cable are shown along with depths mentioned (slide 8)
One water pipe line (blue color) metallic with 200 mm dia was detected
with depths mentioned (slide 8)
Sewer pipe non-metallic (grey color) line with 600 mm dia was
detected with depths mentioned (slide 8)
Manhole invert levels are detected approximately at 2.2 m below GL
(since strata was highly saturated because of rain noise levels are
high)
Rain water collection chamber was also identified.
Plan of Utility Survey
A-1724'51"N 78 32'50"E
B- 1724'51"N 78 32'51"E
C-1724'51"N 78 32'51"E
D-1724'50"N 78 32'51"E
Divider
1*
Road to Uppal
Dia 100mm (Metallic)
bunch dia 60mm
Grid Size 20m x 8m
Optical fiber / telephone
1* Bunch of cables
Others are single
3D Sectional view
Sp
Sf
Bp
Bf
(CLAY )
B p
=
S f B f
Sp
B f + 0.3
( SAND)
B + 0.3
p
PROCEDURE
30 cm diameter hole is trimmed
where
.
the plunger is to be seated
Seating load of 4 kg is attached to the plunger
and dial gages reading is brought to zero
Results
Electrical resistivity method
Four electrodes at equal spacing, 2 will be used to send electric
current and 2 Which are inside will measure the voltage drop
between them
RA
=
L
Report
Description of the scope of the investigation
Description of the structure
Site location (neighboring structures, drainage
condition, veg type)
Geological settings
Details of field exploration (#, spacing, Db)
Type of soil profile
Lab tests
Water table details
Recommendations, limitations and conclusions of
the investigation
Figures/graphs
Site map
Plan view of the exploration
Bore log details
Graphs corresponding to test data
