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11.0 HORIZONTAL AND MOMENT LOADS / RESTRAINTS
APPLIED TO THE WALL
11.1 DEFINITION OF LOADS / RESTRAINTS
Loads and Rotational Restraints can be applied to the wall at any
elevation. A Load may be any combination of horizontal and moment
loads. A Rotational Restraint may be applied on its own or in
conjunction with loads.
The following parameters define a Load/Restraint:
Elevation at which the Load/Restraint acts
Horizontal Load component per unit length of wall
Moment Load component per unit length of wall
Rotational restraint per unit length of wall
Loads / Restraints do not take effect until they are actually applied in
one of the construction stages. Multiple applications of Loads are
permitted.
More than one Load can be applied at the same elevation. A Load or
Rotational Restraint can be applied at the same elevation as a strut.
Only one value of Rotational Restraint can be applied at each elevation.
A Rotational Restraint cannot be removed once it has been applied.
11.1.1 Load/Restraint elevation
Loads/Restraints can be applied to the wall at any elevation above or
below ground level. An error will be reported if a Load/Restraint is
applied below the toe of the wall.
11.1.2 Horizontal load
A horizontal load is defined by its magnitude, P per unit length of wall.
The sign convention for applied loads is shown in Figure 8. i.e. a
positive load acts from the active side towards the passive side.
Horizontal loads may be used to model the effects of structural loads
not accounted for by the strut, soil or water pressures defined elsewhere
in the data.
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11.1.3 Moment load
A moment load is defined by its magnitude, M per unit length of wall.
The sign convention for applied moments is shown in Figure 8. i.e.
with the active side on the left a clockwise moment is positive.
Moment loads may be used to model the effects of structural loads
transmitted to the top of the wall or through floor slabs.
11.1.4 Rotational restraint
A Rotational restraint (moment spring) is defined by its rotational
stiffness Km. The magnitude of the restraint must (of course) be positive
and its units are typically:kN.m per m run per radian
kN.m per radian
for a wall
for a single pile
This facility may be used to model the effect of floor slabs which are
built into the wall. To model complete rotational fixity, enter a very
large value e.g. 1O30 units. A restraint cannot be removed once it has
been applied.
11.1.5 Moment load applied in combination with a rotational restraint
A special rule is imposed by the program when applying a moment
load at a node where a rotational restraint is already acting. The effect
of the rotational restraint is suspended during the stage in which the
moment is applied but operates again as usual in subsequent stages.
The logic of this rule is as follows:
1. When a moment load is applied at the same elevation as an existing
rotational restraint it is assumed that the moment load is applied via
the structural member which exerts the rotational restraint. A typical
construction sequence would be as follows:
Construction activity
WALLAP stage
Construction of a slab at elevation y1 Application of rotational
which provides rotational restraint.
restraint at elevation y1.
Excavation below the slab.
Excavation with resulting
bending moment induced in the
wall at y1 due to the restraint of
the slab.
Imposition of a vertical load on the
Application of bending moment
slab which causes a bending moment at y1.
at its connection with the wall.
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2. Since the applied bending moment originates in the slab, the
rotational fixity at the connection between slab and wall is not to be
taken into account in this stage. If it were, most of the applied
bending moment would end up in the slab and not the wall and this
would be quite inappropriate.
11.2 DATA ENTRY and EDITING
11.2.1 Define a new Load/Restraint
Applied loads and moment restraints
Load
no.
1
2
3
4
Elevation
12.00
2.00
7.50
Not defined
Horizontal
load
kN/m run
30.0
0.0
0.0
Moment
load
kN.m/m run
0.0
20.0
0.0
Moment
restraint
kN.m/m/rad
0
0
1.750E+10
At the Load/Restraint edit menu select an undefined Load/Restraint and
Type Ctrl+N, or
Click Edit|New on the main menu, or
Right click and select Insert at cursor from the popup menu
To copy data from an existing load/restraint, use the WALLAP
clipboard as described in Section 3.9.3.
11.2.2 Edit Loads/Restraints
Move to the item to be edited and enter a new value.
June 2007
