Physics of Ultrasonic

Sound : Sound is a mechanical wave that results from the back and forth vibration of the particles of
the medium through which the sound wave is moving. If a sound wave is moving from left to right
through air, then particles of air will be displaced both rightward and leftward as the energy of the
sound wave passes through it. The motion of the particles is parallel (and anti-parallel) to the
direction of the energy transport. This is what characterizes sound waves in air as longitudinal
waves.
ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 defines sound as "(a) Oscillation in pressure, stress, particle
displacement, particle velocity, etc., propagated in a medium with internal forces (e.g., elastic or
viscous), or the superposition of such propagated oscillation. (b) Auditory sensation evoked by the
oscillation described in (a)."
So, Sound is a regular mechanical vibration that travels through matter as a waveform. It consists of
longitudinal or compression waves in matter.

Travels through matter

Although it is commonly associated in air, sound will readily travel through many materials, such as
water and steel. Some insulating materials absorb much of the sound waves, preventing the waves
from penetrating the material.
Does not travel in vacuum
Because sound is the vibration of matter, it does not travel through a vacuum or in outer space.
When you see movies or TV shows about battles in outer space, you should only be able
to see an explosion but not hear it. The sounds are added for dramatic effect.
However, note that in outer space, there are actually some widely-spaced atoms and
molecules floating around. But since they are so far apart, regular wave motion would
not be great enough to detect.
Sound waves are different than light waves
Light and radio waves are electromagnetic waves. They are completely different than sound, which
is vibration of matter. Electromagnetic waves are related to electrical and magnetic fields and
readily travel through space.

Sound can propagate through compressible media such as air, water and solids as longitudinal
waves and also as a transverse waves in solids (see Longitudinal and transverse waves, below). The
sound waves are generated by a sound source, such as the vibrating diaphragm of a stereo speaker.
The sound source creates vibrations in the surrounding medium. As the source continues to vibrate
the medium, the vibrations propagate away from the source at the speed of sound, thus forming the
sound wave. At a fixed distance from the source, the pressure, velocity, and displacement of the
medium vary in time. At an instant in time, the pressure, velocity, and displacement vary in space.
Note that the particles of the medium do not travel with the sound wave. This is intuitively obvious
for a solid, and the same is true for liquids and gases (that is, the vibrations of particles in the gas or
liquid transport the vibrations, while the average position of the particles over time does not
change). During propagation, waves can be reflected, refracted, or attenuated by the medium.[4]
The behavior of sound propagation is generally affected by three things:

 A relationship between density and pressure. This relationship, affected by temperature,

determines the speed of sound within the medium.
The propagation is also affected by the motion of the medium itself. For example, sound
moving through wind. Independent of the motion of sound through the medium, if the
medium is moving, the sound is further transported.
The viscosity of the medium also affects the motion of sound waves. It determines the rate at
which sound is attenuated. For many media, such as air or water, attenuation due to viscosity
is negligible.
The speed of sound in dry air is given approximately by

for temperatures reasonably close to room temperaature, where TC is the celsius temperature,

Sound Speed in Gases

The speed of sound in an ideal gas is given by the relationship

Show

R = the universal gas constant = 8.314 J/mol K,

T = the absolute temperature
M = the molecular weight of the gas in kg/mol
= the adiabatic constant, characteristic of the specific gas

For air, the adiabatic constant = 1.4 and the average molecular mass for dry air is 28.95 gm/mol.
This leads to

ultrasonics, vibrations of frequencies greater than the upper limit of the audible range for humans
that is, greater than about 20 kilohertz. The term sonic is applied to ultrasound waves of very
high amplitudes. Hypersound, sometimes called praetersound or microsound, is sound waves of
frequencies greater than 1013 hertz. At such high frequencies it is very difficult for a sound wave to
propagate efficiently; indeed, above a frequency of about 1.25 1013 hertz it is impossible for
longitudinal waves to propagate at all, even in a liquid or a solid, because the molecules of the
material in which the waves are traveling cannot pass the vibration along rapidly enough.
Frequencies used for ultrasonic level transmitters extend to 50kHz and beyond.

Sounds in the range 20-100kHz are commonly used for communication and navigation by bats,
dolphins, and some other species.

Transducers
An ultrasonic transducer is a device used to convert some other type of energy into an ultrasonic
vibration. There are several basic types, classified by the energy source and by the medium into
which the waves are being generated. Mechanical devices include gas-driven, or pneumatic,
transducers such as whistles as well as liquid-driven transducers such as hydrodynamic oscillators
and vibrating blades. These devices, limited to low ultrasonic frequencies, have a number of
industrial applications, including drying, ultrasonic cleaning, and injection of fuel oil into burners.
Electromechanical transducers are far more versatile and include piezoelectric and magnetostrictive
devices. A magnetostrictive transducer makes use of a type of magnetic material in which an
applied oscillating magnetic field squeezes the atoms of the material together, creating a periodic
change in the length of the material and thus producing a high-frequency mechanical vibration.
Magnetostrictive transducers are used primarily in the lower frequency ranges and are common in
ultrasonic cleaners and ultrasonic machining applications.
By far the most popular and versatile type of ultrasonic transducer is the piezoelectric crystal, which
converts an oscillating electric field applied to the crystal into a mechanical vibration. Piezoelectric
crystals include quartz, Rochelle salt, and certain types of ceramic. Piezoelectric transducers are
readily employed over the entire frequency range and at all output levels. Particular shapes can be
chosen for particular applications. For example, a disc shape provides a plane ultrasonic wave,
while curving the radiating surface in a slightly concave or bowl shape creates an ultrasonic wave
that will focus at a specific point.
Piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers also are employed as ultrasonic receivers, picking up
an ultrasonic vibration and converting it into an electrical oscillation.

Table Two: Sound Speeds in Fluids

All data given at 25C (77F) unless otherwise stated
Sound Speed
Change Kinematic

v/C

Acetic acid, nitrile

Acetic acid, ethyl ester (33)
Acetic acid, methyl ester
Acetone
Acetonitrile
Acetonylacetone
Acetylen dichloride
Acetylene tetrabromide (47)

Specific
Gravity
1.082
(CH3CO)2O
(20C)
1.082
(CH3CO)2O
(20C)
C2H3N
0.783
C4H802
0.901
C3H6O2
0.934
C3H6O
0.791
C2H3N
0.783
C6H10O2
0.729
C2H2Cl2
1.26
C2H2Br4
2.966

Acetylene tetrachloride (47)

C2H2Cl4)

1.595

1,147

3,763.1

Alcohol
Alkazene-13
Alkazene-25
2-Amino-ethanol

C2H6O
C15H24
C10H12Cl2
C2H7NO

1,207
1,317
1,307
1,724

3,960
4,320.9
4,288.1
5,656.2

2-Aminotolidine(46)

C7H9N

1,618

5,308.4

4-Aminotolidine(46)

C7H9N

0.789
0.86
1.20
1.018
0.999
(20C)
0.966
(45C)

1,480

4,855.6

Ammonia (35)

NH3

1,729 (33C)
962.6
(190C)

5,672.6
6.68
(-27C)
3158.2
(374F)

Substance
Acetic anhydride (22)
Acetic acid, anhydride (22)

Chemical
Formula

Amorphus Polyolefin

0.771
0.98

Viscosity x10-6

m/s

ft/s

m/s/C m2/s

1,180

3,871.4 2.5

0.769

8.274

1,180

3,871.4 2.5

0.769

8.274

1,290
1,085
1,211
1,174
1,290
1,399
1,015
1,027

4,232.3
3,559.7
3,973.1
3,851.7
4,232.3
4,539.9
3,330.1
3,369.4

0.441
0.467
0.407
0.399
0.441

4.745
5.025
4.379
4.293
4.745

0.400

4.304

1.156
(15c)
1.396

12.438
(15C)
15.02

4.394
(20C)
1.863
(50C)
0.292 (33C)

47.279
(68F)
20.045
(122F)
3.141 (27F)

4.1
4.4
4.5
4.1
3.6
3.8

4.0
3.9
3.4
3.4

ft2/s

26,600 286,000
47.064

t-Amyl Polyolefin

C5H12O

0.81

1,204

3,950.1

4.374

Aminobenzene (41)
Aniline (41)

C6H5NO2
C6H5NO2

5,377.3 4.0
5,377.3 4.0
2798.6
(-306F)

39.058
39.058

Ar

1,639
1,639
853 (188C)

3.63
3.63

Argon (45)

1.022
1.022
1.400 (188C)

Azine

C6H5N

0.982

1,415

4,642.4 4.1

Benzene (29, 40, 41)

Benzol (29, 40, 41)
Bromine (21)

C6H6
C6H6
Br2

0.879
0.879
2.928

10.673
(68F)
7.65
7.65
3.475

Bromo-benzene (46)

C6H5Br

1,306
1,306
889
1,170
(20C)

0.992
(20C)
0.711
0.711
0.323
0.693

7.456

1-Bromo-butane (46)

C4HgBr

0.275

5.272
(59C)

Bromo-ethane (46)

C2H5Br

0.275

2.959

4,284.8 4.65
4284.8 4.65
2,916.7 3.0
3,838.6
1.522
(68F)
1.276
3,343.2
1,019
(20C)
(68F)
1.460 900
2,952.8
(20C) (20C) (68F)

Bromoform (46,47)

CHBr3

n-Butane(2)

C4H10

2-Butanol
sec-Butylalcohol

C4H10O
C4H10O

n-Butyl bromide (46)

C4H9Br

n-Butyl chloride (22,46)

C4H9Cl

tert Butyl chloride

Butyl oleate
2,3 Butylene glycol

C4H9Cl
C22H42O2
C4H10O2

Cadmium (7)

Cd

Carbinol (40,41)

CH4O

Carbitol

C6H14O3

Carbon Dioxide (26)

CO2

Carbon disulphide

CS2

2.89
(20C)
0.601
(0C)
0.81
0.81
1.276
(20C)

918

3,011.8 3.1

1,085 (5C)
1,240
1,240
1,019
(20C)

3,559.7
5.8
(23C)
4,068.2 3.3
4,068.2 3.3
3,343.2
(68F)

0.887

1,140

3,740.2 4.57

0.84

984
1,404
1,484
2,237.7
(400C)

3,228.3 4.2
4,606.3 3.0
4,868.8 1.51
7,341.5
(752F)

1,076

3,530.2 292

0.695

1,458
839 (37C)

4,783.5
2,752.6
7.71
(-35F)

0.137 (- 1.474 (37C) 35F)

1,149

3,769.7

0.278

2.991

926

3038.1

0.607

6.531

46.483

1.019

Cetane (23)

C16H34

Chloro-benezene

C6H5Cl

0.791
(20C)
0.988
1.101 (37C)
1.261
(22C)
1.595
(20C)
1.75 (150C)
0.773
(20C)
1.106

1-Chloro-butane (22,46)

C4H9Cl

0.887

Carbon tetrachloride (33, 35, 47) CCl4

Carbon tetrafluoride (14) (Freon
CF4
14)

Chloro-diFluoromethane (3)
(Freon 22)
Chloroform (47)
1-Chloro-propane (47)

CHClF2
CHCl3
C4H7Cl

Chlorotrifluoromethane

CClF3

Cinnamaldehyde
Cinnamic aldehyde
Colamine
o-Cresol (46)

C9H8O
C9H8O
C2H7NO
C7H8O

m-Cresol (46)

C7H8O

Cyanomethane
Cyclohexane (15)
Cyclohexane

C2H3N
C6H12
C6H12O

1.491 (69C)
1.489
0.892

2.48

0.654

7.037

3.239
3.239
0.49
(15C)
0.529
(15C)
0.646

34.851
34.851
5.272
(59C)
5.692
(59F)
6.95

1.355cp 14.579
(440C) (824F)
7.478

875.2 (- 2,871.5
6.61
150C) (-238F)
1,338

4,389.8 3.71

4.32

1,273

4,176.5 3.6

1,140

3740.2

0.722 7.768
0.529 5.692
(15C) (59F)

893.9 (50C)
979
1,058
724 (82C)
1.112 1,554
1.112 1,554
1.018 1,724
1.047 1,541
1.034 1,500
(20C) (20C)
0.783 1,290
0.779 1,248
0.962 1,454

2,932.7
(-58F)
3,211.9
3,471.1
2,375.3
(-116F)
5,098.4
5,098.4
5,656.2
5,055.8
4,921.3
(68F)
4,232.3
4,094.5
4,770.3

4.57
4.79
3.4

0.55
0.378

5.918
4.067

4.29
5.979
(40C)
0.441
1.31
0.071

46.16
64.334
(104F)
4.745
14.095
0.764

5.26
3.2
3.2
3.4

4.1
5.41
3.6

(17C) (63F)
Cyclohexanone

C6H10O

0.948

1,423

4,668.6 4.0

Decane (46)

C10H22

0.730

1,252

4,107.6

1-Decane (27)
n-Decylene (27)
Diacetyl
Diamylamine

C10H20
C10H20
C4H6O2
C10H23N

0.746
0.746
0.99

1,235
1,235
1,236
1,235

4,051.8
4,051.8
4,055.1
4,120.7

1,2 Dibrimo-ethane (47)

C2H4Br2

2.18

995

3,264.4

trans-1,2-Dibromoethane (47)
Dibutyl phthalate
Dichloro-t-butyl alcohol
2,3 Dichlorodioxane
Dichlorodifluoromethane (3)
(Freon 12)
1,2 Dichloro ethane (47)
cis1,2-Dichloro-ethene (3, 47)
trans1,2-Dichloro-ethene (3,47)
Dichloro-fluoromethane (3)
(Freon 21)
1-2-Dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane (47))
1-3-Dichloro-isobutane
Dichloro methane (3)
1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2 tetra
fluoroethane
Diethyl ether
Diethylene glycol
Diethylene glycol, monoethyl
ether
Diethylenimide oxide
1,2-bis(DiFluoramino) butane
(43)
1,2-bis(DiFluoramino)-2methylpropane (43)
1,2-bis(DiFluroamino)-propane
(43)
2,2-bis(DiFluoramino)- propane
(43)
2,2-Dihydroxydiethy ether
Dihydroxethane

C2H2Br2
2.231
C8H22O4
C4H8Cl2O
C2H6Cl2O2
1.516
CCl2F2
(40C)
C2H4Cl2
1.253
C2H2Cl2
1.284
C2H2Cl2
1.257
1.426
CHCl2F
(0C)

935
1,408
1,304
1,391

3,067.6
4,619.4
4,278.2 3.8
4,563.6 3.7

774.1

2,539.7 4.24

1,193
1,061
1,010
891
(0C)

3,914
3,481
3,313.6
2,923.2
3.97
(32F)

C4Cl2F6

1.654

669

2,194.9

C4H8Cl2
CH2Cl2

1.14
1.327

4002.6
3,510.5
2,182.7
(14F)
3,231.6
5,203.4

1,3-Dimethyl-benzene (46)

C8H10

1,2-Dimethyl-benzene (29, 46)

C8H10

1.26
13.55
(20C) (68F)
4.0
4.0
4.6
3.9
0.79
8.5 (68F)
(20C)

C4H10O
C4H10O3

0.713
1.116

1,220
1,070
665.3 (10C)
985
1,586

C6H14O3

0.988

1,458

4,783.5

C4H9NO

1.00

1,442

4,731

C4H8(NF2)2 1.216

1,000

3,280.8

C4H9(NF2)2 1.213

900

2,952.8

C3H6(NF2)2 1.265

960

3,149.6

C3H6(NF2)2 1.254

890

2920

C4H10O3
C2H6O2

1,586
1,658
1,343
(20C)

2,203.4 2.4
5,439.6 2.1
4,406.2
(68F)

CClF2-CClF2 1.455

1.116
1.113
0.868
(15C)
0.897
(20C)

3.4
3.94

0.61

6.563

0.31

3.335

0.311

3.346

0.749
(15C)
0.903
(20C)

8.059
(59F)
9.716
(68F)

3.73
4.87
2.4

3.8

1,331.5 4,368.4 4.1

1,4-Dimethyl-benzene (46)

C8H10

2,2-Dimethyl-butane (29, 33)

C6H14

1,334 4,376.6
(20C) (68F)

Ether
Ethyl ether
Ethyene bromide (47)
Ethylene chloride (47)

0.649
(20C)
C3H6O
0.791
C7H16
0.674
C8H10O4
1.2
CH2I2
3.235
C4H8O2
1.033
C12H26
0.749
C2H6O2
1.113
C2H3N
0.783
(CH3CO2)2O 1.082
C2H6O
0.789
C2H7NO
1.018
C4H10O
0.713
C4H8O2
0.901
C2H6O
0.789
0.867
C8H10
(20C)
1.461
C2H5Br
(20C)
1.950
C2H5I
(20C)
C4H10O
0.713
C4H10O
0.713
C2H4Br2
2.18
C2H4Cl2
1.253

Ethylene glycol

C2H6O2

1.113

1,658

5439.6

d-Fenochone
d-2-Fenechanone

C10H16O
C10H16O

Fluorine

1,320
1,320
403 (143C)

4330.7
4330.7
1322.2
11.31
(-225F)

Fluoro-benzene (46)

C6H5F

1,189

3900.9

Formaldehyde, methyl ester

C2H4O2

1,127

3697.5

4.02

Formamide

CH3NO

1,622

5321.5

2.2

Formic acid, amide

CH3NO

0.947
0.947
0.545 (143C)
1.024
(20C)
0.974
1.134
(20C)
1.134
(20C)

1,622

5321.5

774.2
1,444
1,450
1,444

2540
4737.5
4575.2
4737.5

Dimethyl ketone
Dimethyl pentane (47)
Dimethyl phthalate
Diido-methane
Dioxane
Dodecane (23)
1,2-Ethanediol
Ethanenitrile
Ethanoic anhydride (22)
Ethanol
Ethanol amide
Ethoxyethane
Ethyl acetate (33)
Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl benzene
Ethyl Bromide (46)
Ethyliodide (46)

Freon R12
Furfural
Furfural alcohol
Fural

C5H4O2
C5H6O2
C5H4O2

1.157
1.135
1.157

0.662

7,123

1,079

3,540

1,174
1,063
1,463
980
1,376
1,279
1,658
1,290
1,180
1,207
1,724
985
1,085
1,207
1,338
(20C)
900
(20C)
876
(20C)
985
985
995
1,193

3,851.7
3,487.5
4,799.9
3,215.2
4,514.4
4,196.2
5,439.6
4,232.3
3,871.4
3,960
5,656.2
3,231.6
3,559.7
3,960
4,.89.8
(68F)
2,952.8
(68F)
2874
(68F)
3231.6
3231.6
3264.4
3,914

4.5

0.399

4.293

3.85
2.1

1.80

19.368

0.441
0.769
1.39

4.745
8.274
14.956

0.311
0.489
1.396
0.797
(17C)
0.275
(20C)

3.346
5.263
15.020
8.575
(63F)
2.959
(68F)

0.29

3.12

2.1

0.311
0.311
0.79
0.61
17,208
(20C)
0.22
0.22

3.346
3.346
8.5
6.563
185.158
(68F)
2.367
2.367

4.0
3.4
4.87
4.4
4.0

4.87
4.87

0.584 6.283
(20C) (68F)

3.7
3.4
3.7

2.91

31.311

2.91

31.311

2-Furalehyde
2-Furancarboxaldehyde
2-Furyl-Methanol
Gallium
Glycerin
Glycerol
Glycol
50% Glycol / 50% H2O

C5H4O2
C5H4O2
C5H6O2
Ga
C3H8O3
C3H8O3
C2H6O2

Helium (45)

He4

Heptane (22,23)

C7H16

n-Heptane (29, 33)

C7H16

Hexachloro-Cyclapentadiene
(47)

1.157
1.157
1.135
6.095
1.26
1.26
1.113

1,444
1,444
1,450
2,870
1,904
1,904
1658
1,578
0.125 (- 183 (269C) 269C)
0.684
1,131
(20C)
0.684
1,180
(20C)

4737.5
4737.5
4757.2
9416
6246.7
6246.7
5439.6
5,177
600.4 (452F)

C5Cl6

1.7180 1,150

3,773

Hexadecane (23)

C16H34

0.773
1,338
(20C)

4,389.8 3.71

Hexalin

C6H12O

0.962

1,454

4770.3

Hexane (16, 22, 23)

C6H14

1,112

3,648.3 2.71

n-Hexane (29, 33)

C6H14

1,079

3,540

2,5-Hexanedione
n-Hexanol

C6H10O2
C6H14O

0.659
0.649
(20C)
0.729
0.819

1,399
1,300

4589.9 3.6
4,265.1 3.8

Hexahydrobenzene

C6H12

0.779

1,248

4094.5

5.41

Hexahydrophenol

C6H12O

0.962

1,454

4770.3

3.6

Hexamethylene (15)

C6H12

0.779

1,248

4094.5

5.41

Hydrogen (45)

H2

2-Hydroxy-toluene (46)

C7H8O

3-Hydroxy-toluene (46)

C7H8O

Iado-benzene (46)

C6H5I

Iado-ethane (46)

C2H5I

Iado-methane

CH3I

Isobutyl acetate (22)

C6H12O

Isobutanol

C4H10O

0.071 (256C)
1.047
(20C)
1.034
(20C)

1,187 (256C)
1,541
(20C)
1,500
(20C)
1,114
1.823
(20C)
1.950 876
(20C) (20C)
2.28
978
(20C)
1,180
(27C)
0.81
1,212
(20C)

3.7
3.7
3.4
2.2
2.2
2.1

3,710.6 4.25

757.1
757.1

8,081.836
8,081.836

0.025

.269

0.598 6.434
(20C) (68F)

3,871.3 4.0

3.6

46.483
(68F)
760.882
(63F)
4.798

4.53

3894.4
(-429F)
5,055.8
(68F)
4,921.3
(68F)
3,654.9
(68F)
2,874
(68F)
3,208.7
3,871.4
4.85
(81F)
3,976.4

4.32
(20C)
70.69
(17C)
0.446

1.31
14.095
(17C) (63F)
1.31
(17C)
0.003 (256C)
4.29
(40C)
5.979
(40C)

14.095
(63F)
0.032 (429F)
46.16
(104F)
64.334
(104F)

0.954
0.29

3.12

0.211

2.27

Iso-butane

1219.8 4002

Isopentane (36)

C5H12

Isopropanol (46)

C3H8O

Isopropyl alcohol (46)

C3H8O

Kerosene
Ketohexamethylene

C6H10O

Lithium fluoride (42)

LiF

Mercury (45)

Hg

Mesityloxide

C6H16O

Methane (25, 28, 38, 39)

CH4

Methanol (40, 41)

CH4O

Methyl acetate

C3H6O2

o-Methylaniline

C7H9N

4-Methylaniline

C7H9N

Methyl alcohol (40,44)

CH4O

Methyl benzene

C7H8

2-Methyl-butane (36)

C5H12

Methyl carbinol

0.62
(20C)
0.785
(20C)
0.785
(20C)
0.81
0.948

980

3,215.2 48

0.34

3.658

2.718

29.245

2.718

29.245

0.114

1.226

292

0.695

7.478

292

0.407
4.394
(20C)
1.863
(50C)
0.695

4.379
47.279
(68F)
20.095
(122F)
7.478

4.27

0.644

7.144

0.34

3.658

3,838.6
(68F)
3,838.6
(68F)
4,343.8 3.6
4,668.6 4.0
8,152.9
1.29
(1652F)
4,753.9
(75F)
4,297.9
1,328.7
17.5
(-128F)

C2H6O

1,170
(20C)
1,170
(20C)
1,324
1,423
2,485
(900C)
1,449
13.594
(24C)
0.85
1,310
0.162 (- 405 (89C) 89C)
0.791
1,076
(20C)
0.934 1,211
0.999
1,618
(20C)
0.966
1,480
(45C)
0.791 1,076
1,328
0.867
(20C)
0.62
980
(20C)
0.789 1,207

Methyl-chloroform (47)

C2H3Cl3

1.33

985

3,231.6

Methyl-cyanide
3-Methyl cyclohexanol
Methylene chloride (3)
Methylene iodide
Methyl formate (22)

C2H3N
C7H14O
CH2Cl2
CH2I2
C2H4O2

1,290
1400
1,070
980
1.127

4,232.3
4,593.2
3510.5 3.94
3,215.2
3,697.5 4.02

Methyl iodide

CH3I

978

3,208.7

a-Methyl napthalene
2-Methylphenol

C11H10
C7H8O

3-Methylphenol

C7H8O

0.783
0.92
1.327
3.235
0.974
2.28
(20C)
1.090
1.047
1.034
(20C)

Milk, homogenized
Morpholine
Naptha
Natural Gas (37)

C4H9NO

1,510
1,541
1500
(20C)
1,548
1.00
1,442
0.76
1,225
0.316 (- 753 (-

3530.2
3973.1
5,308.4
4855.6
3530.2
4,357
(68F)
3215.2
3960

4.0

4,954.1 3.7
5,055.8
4,921.3
(20C)
5,080
4,731
3.8
4,019
2,470.5

1.396
0.902 9.705
(20C) (68F)
0.441 4.745
0.31

3.335

0.211

2.27

4.29
46.16
5979
64.334
(40C) (104F)

103C)
1.207 (246C)
1.204
(20C)
0.808 (199C)
1.135
0.718
(20C)
0.736
(20C)
0.703
0.704
(20C)
0.723
(20C)

103C)
595 (246C)
1,415
(20C)
962 (199C)
1,300

(-153F)
1,952.1
(-411F)
4,624.4
(68F)
3,156.2
(-326F)
4,265.1 4.0

1,207

3,960

4.04

1,207

3,960

4.0

1,172

3,845.1 4.14

Neon (450

Ne

Nitrobenzene (46)

C6H5NO2

Nitrogen (45)

N2

Nitromethane (43)

CH3NO2

Nonane (23)

C9H2O

1-Nonene (27)

C9H18

Octane (23)

C8H18

n-Octane (29)

C8H18

1-Octene (27)

C8H16

Oil of Camphor Sassafrassy

Oil, Car (SAE 20a.30)
Oil, Castor
Oil, Diesel
Oil, Fuel AA gravity
Oil (Lubricating X200)
Oil (Olive)
Oil (Peanut)
Oil (Sperm)
Oil, 6
2,2-Oxydiethanol

1390
1.74
870
C11H10O10 0.969 1,477
0.80
1,250
0.99
1,485
1530
0.912 1431
0.936 1,458
0.88
1,440
1,509
C4H10O3
1.116 1,586
1.155(- 952 (O2
186C) 186C)
C2HCl5
1.687 1,082
C2HCl5
1.687 1,082
0.626
C5H12
1,020
(20C)
C5H12
0.557 1,006
C5Cl6
1.718 1,150
C2Cl4
1.632 1,036
C7F14
1.67
583
C6F14
1.672 508
C6H6
0.879 1306
C9H8O
1.112 1554
C6H5NO2
1.022 1639
1170
C6H5Br
1.522
(20C)
C6H5Cl
1.106 1273

Oxygen (45)
Pentachlorine-ethane (47)
Pentalin (47)
Pentane (36)
n-Pentane (47)
Perchlorocyclopentadiene (47)
Perchloro-ethylene (47)
Perfluoro-1-Hepten (47)
Perfluoro-n-Hexane (47)
Phene (29, 40, 41)
b-Phenyl acrolein
Phenylamine (41)
Phenyl bromide (46)
Phenyl chloride

1.514

16.29

0.217 (199C)
0.549
0.99
(20C)

2.334 (326F)
5.907
10.652
(68F)

0.73

7.857

0.737

.930

190
0.670

2,045.093
7.209

100

1076.365

0.173

1.861

3,346.5

0.363

3.905

3,300.5
3,773
3,399
1912.7
1,666.7
4284.8
5098.4
5377.3
3838.6
(68F)
4176.5

0.41

4.413

0.711

7.65

3.63

39.058

0.693

7.456

0.722

7.768

1,212.5 3,978

3.50

1,175.5 3,856.6 4.10

4560.4
2,854.3
4,845.8
4,101
4,872
5019.9
4694.9
4,738.5
4,724.4
4,951
5,203.4
3,123.4
(-303F)
3,549.9
3,549.9

3.8
3.6
3.7
2.75

2.4

4.65
3.2
4.0

3.6

0.78
(20C)
0.892
0.563 (13C)

1114
(20C)
1328
(20C)
1554
1125
(152C)
1125
(152C)
1125
(152C)
1423
2651
1099.8
1169
(900C)
1792
(900C)
985
(900C)
1740.1
(352C)
1003 (45C)
1904
1222
(20C)
1170
(20C)
1174
963 (13C)
1280
(2C)
1,222
(20C)
1058
963 (13C)

3654.9
(68F)
4357
4.27
(68F)
5098.4 3.2
3691
(306F)
3691
(306F)
3691
(306F)
4668.6 4.0
8698
3608.4
3835.3
0.71
(1652F)
5879.3
1.03
(1652F)
3231.6
0.64
(1652F)
5709
1.1
(666C)
3290.6
5.7
(-49F)
6246.7 2.2
4009.2
(68F)
3838.6
(68F)
3851.7 4.5
3159.4
6.32
(9F)
4199
4.63
(36F)
4009.2
(68F)
3471.1
(3159.4)
6.32
(9F)

C6H5N

0.982

1415

4642.4

Refrigerant 11 (3,4)

CCl3F

1.49

Refrigerant 12 (3)

CCl2F2

Refrigerant 14 (14)

CF4

Phenyl iodide (46)

C6H5I

Phenyl methane (16, 52)

C7H8

3-Phenyl prapenal

C9H8O

Phthalardione

C8H4O3

Phthalic acid, anhydride

C8H4O3

Pthalic anhydride

C8H4O3

Pimelic ketone
Plexigas, Lucite, Acrylic
Polyterpene Resin

C6H10O

Potassium bromide (42)

KBr

Potassium fluoride (42)

KF

Potassium Iodide (42)

KI

Potassium nitrate (48)

KNO3

Propane (2,13) (-45 to -130C)

C3H8

1,2,3-Propanetriol

C3H8O3

1-Propanol (46)

C3H8O

2-Propanol (46)

C3H8O

2-Propanone

C3H6O

Propene (17, 18, 35)

C3H6

n-Propyl acetate (22)

C5H10O2

n-Propyl-alcohol

C3H8O

Propylchloride (47)

C3H7Cl

Propylene (17, 18, 35)

C3H6

Pyridine

1.823
0.867
(20C)
1.112

0.948
0.77

1.859
(352C)
0.585 (45C)
1.26
0.78
(20C)
0.785
(20C)
0.791
0.563 (13C)

828.3
(0C)
1.516 (- 774.1 (40C) 40C)
1.75 (- 875.24
150C) (-

4.1

2717.5
3.56
(32F)
2539.7
4.24
(-40C)
2871.6 6.61
(-268F)

0.954 10.265
(15C) (59F)
0.644

6.929

39,000 419,500
.715cp 7.693
(900C) (1652F)

1.19
12.804
(327C) (621F)

.000757

2.718

29.245

0.399

4.293

2.549

27.427

0.378

4.067

0.992 10.673
(20C) (68F)

1,1,2,2-Tetrabromo-ethane (47) C2H2Br4

2966

150C)
891
(0C)
893.9
(50C)
783.7
(0C)
665.3 (10C)
656.4 (50C)
574 (10C)
1072
(250C)
990
2082
(1000C
)
1763.3
(336C)
1876.8
(292C)
1370
1207
1177
(250C)
1257.6
991
(450C)
1027

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-ethane (67) C2H2Cl4

1595

1147

1553
(20C)
1.632
1.595
(20C)
0.763
(20C)
1.123

1170
3838.6
(20C) (68F)
1036
3399

1.426
(0C)
1.491 (69C)

Refigerant 21 (3)

CHCl2F

Refrigerant 22 (3)

CHClF2

Refrigerant 113 (3)

CCl2F-CClF2 1.563

Refrigerant 114 (3)

CClF2-CClF2 1.455

Refrigerant 115 (3)

C2ClF5

Refigerant C318 (3)

C4F8

Selenium (8)

Se

Silicone (30 cp)

1.62 (20C)

0.993

Sodium fluoride (42)

NoF

Sodium nitrate (48)

NoNO3

Sodium nitrite (48)

NoNO2

Solvesso # 3
Spirit of wine

C2H6O

Sulfur (7, 8, 10)

Sulfuric Acid (1)

H2SO4

Tellerium (7)

Te

Tetrachloroethane

C2H2Cl4

Tetrachloro-ethene (47)

C2Cl4

Tetrachloro-Methane (33, 47)

CCl4

Tetradecane (46)

C14H3O

Tetraethylene glycol

C8H18O5

Tetrafluoro-methane (14) (Freon

CF4
14)
Tetrahydro-1,4-isoxazine

C4H9NO

Toluene (16, 52)

C7H8

0.877
1.884
(336C)
1.805
(292C)
0.877
0.789

1.841

926

1331
(20C)
1586
875.24
1.75 ((150C)
150C)
1.000 1442
0.867 1328
(20C) (20C)

2923.2
(32F)
2932.7
(122F)
2571.2
(32F)
2182.7
(14F)
2153.5
(-58F)
1,883.2
(14F)
3517.1
(482F)
3248

3.97
4.79
3.44
3.73
4.42
3.88
0.68
30

322.8

6830.7
1.32
(1832F)
5785.1
(637F)
6157.5
(558F)
4464.8
3960
3861.5
(482F)
4126
3251.3
(842F)
3369.4

0.74

3.7
4.0

1.37
14.74
(336C) (637F)

1.396

15.02

11.16

120.081

-1.13
1.43
0.73
1156
12,438
(15C) (59F)

3763.1

1.19

12.804

3038.1

0.607

6.531

4366.8
(68F)
5203.4

2.86
30.773
(20C) (68F)
3.0

2871.5
6.61
(-283F)
4731
4357
(68F)

3.8
4.27

0.644

6.929

a-Toluidine (46)

C7H9N

p-Toluidine (46)

C7H9N

Toluol

C7H8

Tribromo-methane (46,47)

CHbr3

1,1,1-Trochloro-ethane (47)

C2H3Cl3

Trichloro-ethene (47)
Trichloro-fluoromethane (3)
(Freon 11)
Trichloro-methane (47)
1,1,2-Trichloro- 1,2,2Tricfluoro-Etham
Triethyl-amine (33)
Triethylene glycol
1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-Chloro-2Bromo-Ethane
1,2,2-Trifluorotrichloro-ethane
(Freon 13)
d-1,2,2-Trimethylnorcamphor
Trinitroluene
Turpentine
Unisis 800
Water, distilled (49, 50)
Water, heavy
Water, sea
Wood Alcohol (40, 41)
Xenon (45)
m-Xylene (46)

0.999
(20C0
0.966
(45C)
0.866
2.89
(20C)

4.394
(20C)
1.863
(50C)
0.58

47.279
(68F)
20.053
(122F)
6.24

3011.8

0.654

7.037

985

3231.6

0.902 9.705
(20C) (68F)

3372.7
2717.5
(32F)
3211.9
2571.2
(32F)
3684.4
5275.6
2273.6

1618

5308.4

1480

4855.6

1308

4291.3

918

1.33

C2HCl3

1.464

CCl3F

1.49

CHCl3

1.489

C6H15N
C6H14O4

0.726
1.123

1028
828.3
(0C)
979
783.7
(0C)
1123
1608

C2HClBrF3

1.869

693

CCl2F-CClF2 1.563

783.7
(0C)
C10H16O
0.947 1320
1610
C7H5(NO2)3 1.64
(81C)
0.88
1255
0.87
1346
H2O
0.996 1498
D2O
1400
1.025 1531
CH4O
0.791 1076
630 (Xe
109C)
0.868 1343
C8H10
(15C) (20C)
CCl2F-CClF2 1.563

o-Xylene (29, 46)

C8H10

p-Xylene (46)

C8H10

Xylene hexafluoride

C8H4F6

Zinc (7)

Zn

2571.2
(32F)
4330.7
5282.2
(178F)
4117.5
4416
4914.7
4593
5023
3530.2
2067 (164F)
4406.2
(68F)

4.2

3.56
3.4

0.55

5.918

0.22

2.367

1.4

15.064

-2.4

1.00

10.76

-2.4
2.92

1.00
0.695

10.76
7.478

0.749
(15C)
0.903
(20C)

8.059
(59F)
9.716
(68C)

0.662

7.123

0.613

6.595

4.47
3.8

3.44

0.897

1,331.5 4,368.4 4.1

1.37

1334
(20C)
879
3298
(450C)

4376.6
(68F)
2883.9
10,820.2
(842F)