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Ultra-Wideband Printed Antennas Design

Mohamed Nabil Srifi
National School of Applied Sciences
Ibn Tofail University Kenitra
Morocco
1. Introduction
On February 14, 2002, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of the United States
adopted the First Report and Order that permitted the commercial operation of ultra
wideband (UWB) technology (FCC, 2002). The FCC allocated a bandwidth of 7.5GHz, i.e.
from 3.1GHz to 10.6GHz, to unlicensed use for UWB applications. Ultra Wideband is
defined as any communication technology that occupies greater than 500 MHz of
bandwidth, or greater than 25% of the operating center frequency. The UWB spectral mask
was defined to allow a spectral density of -41.3 dBm / MHz throughout the UWB frequency
band. UWB technology has several advantages that are the reasons that make it very
attractive for consumer communications applications; it has been regarded as one of the
most promising wireless technologies that have a capability of revolutionizing high data
rate transmission and enables the personal area networking industry leading to new
innovations and greater quality of services to the end users.
Ultra wideband systems present several advantages i) have potentially low complexity
and low cost; ii) have noise-like signal which makes unintended detection quite difficult,
because of their low average transmission power, UWB communications systems have an
inherent immunity to detection and interception; and low power consumption; iii) are
resistant to severe multipath and jamming; and iiii) have very good time domain
resolution allowing for location and tracking applications. Also UWB systems can
penetrate effectively through different materials. The low frequencies included in the
broad range of the UWB frequency band have long wavelengths, which allow UWB
signals to penetrate into a variety of materials, such as walls. This advantage makes UWB
technology favourable for through the wall communications, ground penetrating radar,
body implant wireless communications...
Since UWB has an ultra wide frequency bandwidth, it can achieve huge capacity as high
as hundreds of Mbps or even several Gbps with distances of 1 to 10 meters (Oppermann,
2004).
UWB systems operate at extremely low power transmission levels, and hence UWB signals
do not cause significant interference to other wireless systems. The UWB technology is one
of the viable candidates for short-range indoor radio communication systems supporting
very high bit rates services and applications.
In this chapter, different aspects and challenges of UWB antennas design are discussed. And
compact printed disc monopole antenna (3.5 to 31.9 GHz) for current and future ultra
wideband applications will be presented.

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2. Antennas for ultra wideband systems

Unlike conventional narrowband communication systems, UWB occupies a bandwidth of
several GHz. Consequently, the antennas in UWB systems play a more important role than
in other systems since they actually act as a band pass filter to reshape the pulse spectra so
they should be carefully designed to avoid unnecessary distortions. UWB systems design
are much more challenging than for conventional narrowband systems.
The systems must produce broad operating bandwidths for impedance matching, high gain
transmissions in the desired direction, stable transmission patterns and gains, consistent
group delays, high transmission efficiency, and low profiles. Various studies have been
devoted to evaluating the performance of UWB antennas (Agrawall et al., 1998; Amman &
Chen, 2003; Hertel & Smith, 2003; Klemm et al., 2005; MaTG & Jeng, 2005).
2.1 Printed monopole antennas
The huge development in communication technology and the significant demands of
wireless communication systems, lead to a fast evolution in the antennas design to take up
the challenges in size and performances. Antennas are considered to be the largest
components of integrated wireless systems; thus antenna miniaturization is a necessary task
to achieve an optimal design for integrated wireless and mobile communication systems.
The microstrip antennas present good solution and play an important role in the
development of the new generation of wireless and mobile communication systems.
These antennas have several advantages compared to the conventional microwave
antennas. The main advantages are: lightweight, small volume, low-profile, planar
configuration, compact, can be made conformal to the host surface, easy integrated with
printed-circuit technology and with other MICs on the same substrate, low cost, allow both
linear polarization and circular polarisation. On the other hand, theses antennas suffer from
some disadvantages as compared to conventional microwave antennas, due to the fact that
they have narrow bandwidth, lower gain, and Low power handling capability (Kumar &
Ray, 2003).
The printed monopole antennas give very large impedance bandwidth with reasonably
good radiation pattern in azumuthal plane.
2.2 UWB antenna design
As already mentioned, ultra wideband wireless communication systems are defined as any
radio system that has a -10dB bandwidth larger than 25 % with respect to the center
frequency. UWB is a carrier-less short range communications technology which transmits
the information in the form of very short pulses.
2.2.1 UWB antennas criteria
The antenna has a greater impact in UWB than in narrower band systems because of the
very large bandwidth of an UWB signal.
In the literature, several antenna types have been presented for use in UWB systems. In
addition to the fundamental parameters that must be considered in designing antennas for
any radio application, there are additional challenges for Ultra Wideband antennas.
Antennas play a critical role in the UWB communication systems, since they act as pulseshaping filters (Chen et al., 2004).

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Based on return loss (>-10dB) or voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR<2), the impedance
bandwidth can be determined. The bandwidth BW is a frequency span determined by the
upper frequency band limit f 2 and the lower limit f 1 :
BW f 2 f 1 ;

and the center frequency f c is defined as:

fc

f1 f2
2

2.2.2 UWB antennas requirements

The UWB antenna must achieve almost a decade of impedance bandwidth, spanning 7.5
GHz. The portable UWB systems are the main promising issue of UWB applications. For
this, antennas must be small size, conformal design, low cost, easily integrated into other RF
circuits. UWB antennas should have stable response in terms of impedance matching, gain,
radiation patterns, phase, and polarization within the operating band. Moreover, the
requirements for broad bandwidths are associated with other crucial constraints such as
small size and low cost because most promising UWB applications will be portable devices
(Arslan et al., 2006).
In addition, two essential design considerations for UWB antennas should be emphasized:
1) the power density spectrum (PDS) shaping of the radiated signals should conform to the
emission limit masks for avoiding possible interference with other existing systems, and 2)
the source pulses and transmit-receive antennas should be evaluated in terms of the overall
system performance (minimal BER). Other crucial criterion of the UWB antennas is
associated with the performance of overall transmitreceive antenna systems, due to the fact
that UWB systems maintain invariable performance across a wide range of a few gigahertz,
which affects the waveforms and spectra of the radiated pulses.
The design considerations of the UWB antennas and source pulses are based on
investigating S parameters, transfer functions, systems efficiency, group delay and fidelity.
However, in a systems point of view, the key performance parameter for wireless
communications is BER, which is formulated in terms of antenna system transmission
efficiency, fidelity between the received pulse and the template pulse, and incident power
(Arslan et al., 2006).
In impulse radio, transient characteristics of the system are very important. In other words,
the transmitted signal must be received at the receiver with minimum distortion. So, the
UWB antennas must be as distortion less as possible. Also, due to power limitations
specified by FCC mask for indoor UWB communications, UWB antennas must provide a
good matching between radiator part and feed section.
The group delay is another consideration that must be taken into account. It will be constant
for the frequency range if the phase is linear throughout the frequency range. This indicate
how well a UWB pulse will be transmitted and to what degree it may be distorted or
dispersed.
A nearly omnidirectional radiation pattern is desirable; this enables freedom in the receiver
and transmitter location. Also, high radiation efficiency is imperative for an UWB antenna
because the transmit power spectral density is excessively low. Conductor and dielectric
losses should be minimized in order to maximize radiation efficiency.

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With the great development on UWB technology, there is a growing demand for small and
low cost UWB antennas that can provide satisfactory performances in both frequency
domain and time domain.
Both transmit and receive antennas can affect the faithful transmission of UWB signal
waveforms because of the effects of impedance mismatch over the operating bandwidth,
pulse distortion effects, and the dispersive effects of frequency dependent antenna gains and
spreading factors (Sorgel et al., 2003).
For UWB communication systems, antennas requirements differ from base station
antennas to portable antennas. The base station antenna may be designed for indoor or
outdoor usage, and may be either directive or omnidirectional, depending on the
application (e.g. directional antennas could be used for example in radio links, whereas
omnidirectional antennas would be more favourable in mobile applications). On the other
part, the portable UWB antenna must be small and highly desirable to be low cost and
preferably constructed on a printed circuit board. The radiation efficiency is not as critical
parameter as in base station antennas, which makes it possible to use resistive loading
(Oppermann et al., 2004).
The choice of antenna type differs according to the applications. For example, for radar
applications a highly directive antenna is preffered, while for point-to-multipoint
communications an omnidirectional antenna is desired (Telzhensky & Leviatan, 2006).
It is relatively easy to design a UWB monopole antenna when considering only the
impedance bandwidth. But it is difficult to achieve the same radiation pattern bandwidth,
due to the significant changes in the antenna pattern at higher frequencies (Shih et al.,
2004).
An ideal wideband antenna acts like a high-pass filter, which means that the pulse
waveform is differentiated when passing through the antenna. UWB antennas should be
linear in phase and should have a fixed phase centre. Typical impedance circuits may not be
phase linear, and the antennas should be inherently impedance matched. The UWB antenna
gain should be smooth across the frequency band in order to avoid dispersion of the
transmitted pulse. On the other hand, the antenna gain appears different from different
angles, which lead to different pulse shapes depending on the angle to the receiver
(Opperman, 2004).
The performance of a UWB antenna is required to be consistent across the entire operational
band: radiation patterns, gains and impedance matching should be stable over the
operational band. Sometimes, it is also demanded that the UWB antenna provides the bandrejected characteristic to coexist with other narrowband devices and services occupying the
same operational band.
In several context, due to the overlap of the currently allocated UWB frequency band with
other existing technologies, such as WLAN2 (5.2GHz (51505350 MHz) and 5.8GHz (5725
5825 MHz)), WiMAX (34003690 MHz) and C-band (3.74.2 GHz), different ways have been
used: cutting a proper slot, putting parasitic elements near or rear the printed monopole
(Danesfahani et al., 2009; Soltani et al., 2009), C-shaped attachment element in patch (S.
Chen et al., 2007), and thus various structures with band rejection characteristic are
proposed, such as U-slot, inverted U-slot (Choi et al., 2005), small strip bar (Kim & Park,
2006), H-shaped conductor-backed plane (Zaker et al., 2008), rectangle-shaped plane (W.S.
Chen & Yang, 2007), arc-shaped slot (Khan et al., 2008), para- sitic coplanar elliptical patch
(H.J. Chen et al., 2008), fractal tuning stub (WenJun et al., 2005), U-slotted tuning stub (S.S.
Wen et al., 2005) , or fractal-shape wide slot (WenJun et al., 2006).

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2.2.3 Impedance bandwidth improvement

Printed monopole antennas are largely considered for use in UWB systems, due to theirs
attractive features. Circular planar monopole antennas show basic characteristics of the
planar UWB antennas.
The limited impedance bandwidth of planar monopole antennas should be improved to
satisfy UWB applications. Several attempts have been made to increase their operation
bandwidth (Behdad & Sarabandi, 2004; H.D. Chen, 2003; Lee et al., 2002; WenJun, 2005,
2006; Sze & Wong, 2001).
Different structures with a simple bevel (Amman et al., 2001, 2003), with shorting pins
(Amman & Z.N. Chen, 2003), using smooth rounded elements (Agrawall et al., 1998; Wu et
al., 2007a, 2007b) and using fractal elements (Ding et al., 2007; Gianviffwb & Rahmat-Sammi,
2002) have been designed for the bandwidth enhancement, and several techniques have
been proposed, such as adding steps to the lower edge of the patch Kim & Park, 2006), the
insertion of additional stub to the one side of circular patch (Choi et al., 2005) and adding of
the slit on one side of the radiating element (Wang et al., 2004), the use of feedgap
optimization (John, 2005), bevels (Amman, 2001), groundplane shaping (Zhang & Fathy,
2007) multiple feeds (Antonino et al., 2003), and offset feeding techniques (Amman & Z.N.
Chen, 2004), and introducing slit into the groundplane (Bao, 2007).

3. Printed disc monopole antenna for future UWB applications

In the last few years, circular monopole antennas have been studied extensively for UWB
communications systems because of some appealing features (easy fabrication, feedgap
optimization alone gives wide impedance matching and omnidirectional radiation
patterns).
One of the strongest contenders in terms of good impedance bandwidth, radiation
efficiencies, and omnidirectional radiation patterns are the circular disc monopole (CDM)
and elliptical antennas (Abbosh & Bialkowski, 2008; Allen et al., 2007; Antonino et al., 2003,
Liang et al., 2004; Powell, 2004; schartz, 2005; Srifi et al., 2009).
There is great demand for UWB antennas that offer miniaturized planar structure, so the
vertical disc monopole is still not suitable for integration with a PCB. This drawback limits
its practical application. For this reason, a printed structure of the UWB disc monopole is
well desired, which consist on printed radiator disc on substrate. Printed CDM antennas can
be fed simple microstrip line, coplanar waveguide (CPW), or slloted structures.
3.1 Geometry of the proposed antenna
The increased development on wireless technologies demands small and compact systems
with high transmission speeds. This requires higher operating bandwidths for the next
generation ultra wideband systems. For this reason, antennas have to be capable to provide
bandwidth much larger than the currently band defined by FCC.
The proposed UWB antenna (Srifi et al, 2009) consists of a circular disc with a radius of
R=7.5mm, printed in the front of dielectric substrate of 30mm x 35mm x 0.83mm dimensions
and a relative permittivity of 3.38, as shown in figure 1. On the other side of the substrate,
the partial ground plane with a length of 15.6mm only covers the section of the microstrip
feed line. The width of the ground plane is 30mm.
For this design, it was observed that operational bandwidth of the CDM antenna is from
3.3GHz to 10.6GHz.

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Fig. 1. The prototype of the proposed simple fed CDM antenna

As previously discussed, various techniques have been proposed to improve the matching
over a broad bandwidth, such as: feed gap optimization, bevels, ground plane shaping,
multiple feeds, and slit into the ground plane
In this work, the bandwidth of a compact printed circular antenna is improved by
introducing one and two microstrip lines between the feed line and the printed disc, which
gives two design structures: antenna1 (single microstrip line transition) and antenna2 (dual
microstrip line transition).
Antenna2 is modified by adding a second microstrip line between the feedline and the
circular disc patch on the antenna.
Figures 2-3 show geometry of both antenna1 and antenna2.

Fig. 2. Geometry fo antenna1 (single microstrip line transition)

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Fig. 3. Geometry fo antenna2 (dual microstrip line transition)

The following table resumes data corresponding to the proposed antenna
Width of the substrate
Length of the substrate
Width of the feed line
Length of feed line
Width of the first microstrip line
Length of the first microstrip line
Width of the second microstrip line
Length of the second microstrip line
Radius of the printed disc
Length of the partial ground plane
Dielectric permittivity
Thickness of the substrate

W
L
Wf
Lf
W1
L1
W2
L2
R
Lg
r
Hsub

30 mm
35 mm
1.8 mm
8 mm
1.4 mm
5 mm
1 mm
3 mm
7.5 mm
15.6 mm
3.38
0.83 mm

Table 1. Dimensions of the proposed antenna

These microstrip lines, with different impedance characteristic, allow the control of the
impedance bandwidth and return loss level by modifying the capacitance between the patch
and the ground plane.
The proposed antennas are fabricated and tested in Royal Military College of Canada
(RMC), Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Prototypes of antenna1 and antenna2 are illustrated on
figure 4-5.
3.2 Experimental and simulated results
Initially reflection loss measurements of the two antennas were completed in an anechoic
chamber, as shown in Figure 6.

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Fig. 4. Prototype of antenna1

Fig. 5. Prototype of antenna2

A single S11 port calibration was completed on a Anritsu 37377C VNA from 0.2 GHz to 40
GHz with 1601 data points. The proposed antennas were connected to a SouthWest
Microwave (SWM 1092-03A-5) K Connector. The end launch connector was only rated to 40
GHz (2.92 mm) and thus measurements above this frequency were not trusted.
The impedance bandwidth is improved by addition of a second microstrip line between the
feed line and the printed disc (antenna2).
For the first antenna (Antenna1), return loss measurement results, as shown in Figure 7,
illustrate |S11| is below -10 dB from 3.18 GHz to 11.74 GHz.

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Reflection loss measurements of the second UWB antenna (Antenna2) were completed and
results are shown in Figure 8. A performance increase is observed; i.e. |S11| is below -10 dB
from 3.5 GHz to 31.94 GHz.

Fig. 6. Photograph of the proposed antenna in an anechoic chamber

Fig. 7. Measured Return Loss of the first proposed antenna (Antenna1)

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Fig. 8. Measured Return Loss of the modified antenna (Antenna2)

The measurements of Radiation pattern of the proposed antenna were completed in an
anechoic chamber. Measured radiation patterns for antenna1 and antenna2, at 3.4GHz and
30.1GHz are illustrated in figures 9-10.

Fig. 9. Measured Return Loss of the antenna1 (single microstrip line transision)

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Fig. 10. Measured radiation pattern of the Antenna2 (dual microstrip line transision) at
3.4GHz and 30.10GHz
The simulated current field distributions on the antenna close to the measurement resonance
frequencies (5.2GHz, 9.5GHz, and 23.5GHz) are plotted in figures 11-13.
It is observed that the current distribution is mostly concentrated near the edge of the
ground plane in the closed region to the disc radiator element, while on top of the structure
the current are primarily distributed along the contour of the disc (edge) and feed line on
the top edge of ground plane, this leads to confirm that the performance of the antenna
is almost independent of the length of the ground plane, but highly dependant to its
width.

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Fig. 11. Simulated current distribution on the disc monopole and ground plane at 5.2GHz

Fig. 12. Simulated current distribution on the disc monopole and ground plane at 9.5GHz

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Fig. 13. Simulated current distribution on the disc monopole and ground plane at 23.5GHz

4. Printed arms monopole antenna

The design of antennas operating in multi-band (Guo et al., 2004, Lee et al., 2000, Llorens et
al., 2003; Sindou et al., 1999) allows the wireless devices to be used with only a single
antenna for multiple wireless applications, and thus permits to reduce the size of the space
required for antenna on the wireless equipment.
In this section, we present dual band antenna designed for two promising technologies 3G
and UWB wireless communication systems (srifi et al., 2009).
The geometrical configuration of this antenna, especially the size and position of the arms,
and size of the slot on the partial ground plane, are the critical parameters that permit to
obtain the desired operational bands, which cover several mobile and wireless
communication technologies: IMT-2000, PCS (1850-1990 MHz), UMTS (1920-2170 MHz),
IEEE 802.11j, a, the US-NIi, HIPERLAN2 (5.470 5.725 GHz) frequency band, and the 5.8
GHz ISM band. The UWB frequency range for this antenna is from 5.15 to 8.22 GHz. A third
frequency band, with a low level, is also observed around 3 GHz.
The antenna consists on six printed arms on the Rogers substrate (dielectric permittivity
of 3.38, dielectric loss tangent of 0.0027). The substrate dimensions are of
16mm36mm0.83mm.
To improve the impedance matching, a rectangular slot with a size of 4mm4mm is
introduced on the partial ground plane. Figure 14 shows the prototype of the proposed
antenna, a) top view, and b) bottom view.
Figure 15 plots measured return loss of the planar monopole antenna. Two frequency bands
are observed: 1.8-2.3GHz, 5.16-8.12 GHz, and additionally a third band at 3.07-3.32 GHz
with low reflection coefficient (-10.7 dB). The middle band is highly affected by the length of
the feed line Lf, as shown in figure 5.5. By varying Lf values, the operational bands of this
antenna can include other technologies such as WiMAX.
The measured radiation pattern of the proposed antenna at 2, 5.5, 5.8 and 7 GHz are
illustrated in figure 16. These patterns show an omnidirectional radiation characteristic,
with good gain values.

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The proposed compact printed monopole antenna for ultra wideband and third generation
mobile and wireless communication systems is easy to manufacture, low-cost, and can be
easily integrated within the printed circuit boards (PCBs) of notebook computers, mobile
terminals, and other wireless networking equipment.
By modifying antenna design parameters (mainly the size of the microstrip arms and the
slot on the partial ground plane) the proposed antenna can be used also for other
technologies such as WiMAX, and become thus triband antenna.

Fig. 14. Prototype of the planar monopole antenna

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Fig. 15. Measured return loss of the proposed antenna

Fig. 16. Measured radiation pattern of the antenna in YZ plane, XY plane, and XZ plane, at 2,
5.5, 5.8 and 7GHz.

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5. Conclusion
The UWB technology will be the key solution for the future wireless and mobile
communication systems. This is due to its ability to achieve very high data rate which
results from the large frequency spectrum occupied. UWB antenna is a crucial element in
UWB system; it remains as a particular challenging topic because there are requirements for
a suitable UWB antenna compared with a narrowband antenna.
The increasing demands for improved performances, and higher bit rate transmission
speeds, gives place to the need for new and future UWB wireless schemes, in which, UWB
antenna operation could be required to function beyond the 10.6 GHz upper frequency band
limit currently defined by the FCC.
Therefore, it is essential to design a smooth transition between the feeding line and the
radiator element for good impedance matching over the entire operational bandwidth. For
this reason, a novel technique has been introduced to improve its performance, which
consists on introducing two microstrip lines between the feedline and the radiator disc
element. This proposed matching technique is very simple to introduce in practice and
could be attractive for current and future UWB applications.
Measurements show that the operating bandwidth of the proposed antenna, after
introducing the second microstrip line, increases from 3.18 GHz to 11.74 GHz (bandwidth of
8.56GHz) to 3.5 GHz to 31.94 GHz (bandwidth of 28.47GHz), so the bandwidth increase is of
232%. Its observed that the performances of the modified antenna are better compared to
the first antenna.
Multiband printed arms monopole antenna is designed for 3G and UWB communications
systems. Two main frequency bands 1.8-2.3GHz, 5.16-8.12 GHz are covered, and an
additionally third band at 3.07-3.32 GHz is obtained and can be improved by slot size and
feed line dimensions. This antenna has a good performance, thus it is more suitable for
multiband systems including ultra wideband applications.
Proposed antennas in this chapter present good candidate for current and future ultra
wideband applications, due to theirs attractive features (i.e. small size, low profile, low cost,
impedance bandwidth, gain, nearly omnidirectional radiation).

6. Acknowledgment
Prof. M. N. Srifi (ibn tofail University), and Prof. M. Essaaidi (abdelmalek essaadi
University) would like to thank S.K. Podilchak and Prof. Y.M.M. Antar, Royal Millitary
College of Canada (RMC) Kingston, Ontario, Canada and Queens University, for their
helps, and prototyping the printed disc monopole antenna. Special thanks are due to V. K.
Palukuru and Prof. H. Jantunen, Microelectronics and Materials Physics Laboratories,
EMPART research group, Infotech Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland, for their support on
fabrication and measurement of printed arms monopole.

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Ultra Wideband Communications: Novel Trends Antennas and Propagation

Srifi, M. N.; Vamsi, K. P.; Essaaidi, M.; and Jantunen, H. Compact Planar Monopole Antenna
for 3G and UWB applications, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Volume 51
Issue 8, Pages 1939 1942, 2009.

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Ultra Wideband Communications: Novel Trends - Antennas and

Propagation

Edited by Dr. Mohammad Matin

ISBN 978-953-307-452-8
Hard cover, 384 pages
Publisher InTech

Published online 09, August, 2011

Published in print edition August, 2011

This book explores both the state-of-the-art and the latest achievements in UWB antennas and propagation. It
has taken a theoretical and experimental approach to some extent, which is more useful to the reader. The
book highlights the unique design issues which put the reader in good pace to be able to understand more
advanced research.

How to reference

In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:
Mohamed Nabil Srifi (2011). Ultra-Wideband Printed Antennas Design, Ultra Wideband Communications:
Novel Trends - Antennas and Propagation, Dr. Mohammad Matin (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-452-8, InTech,
Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/ultra-wideband-communications-novel-trends-antennas-andpropagation/ultra-wideband-printed-antennas-design

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