SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) (ARCHITECTURE)

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [ARC3413]

DESIGN STUDIO INTEGRATION

NAME : TSAI WAN CHING
STUDENT ID : 0315185
LECTURER : MR. SANJAY

1.0 Lighting Analysis

1.1 Natural Lighting

Daylight factor (DF) is defined as the ratio of interior illuminance

EI

outdoor illuminance: DF=

illuminance Where

Eo

) to available

indoor illuminance, at a given point

Eo

, outdoor

is the unobstructed horizontal exterior illuminance. The

daylight factor concept is applicable only where the sky luminance distribution is known
or can reasonably be estimated. In this scenario, the average daylight level in Malaysia
E

) is assumed to be 20000 lux.

Second Floor Fruits Kiosk

Average Lux Reading

) = 11250 lux

Daylight Level In Malaysia ) = 20000 lux

E
E

Daylight Factor = ( / )100%

= 56.25% (x0.1)
= 5.62%

Mezzanine Floor Fruits Kiosk

Average Lux Reading

) = 11970 lux

Daylight Level In Malaysia ) = 20000 lux

E
E

Daylight Factor = ( / )100%

= 59.85% (x0.1)
= 5.98%

Daylight Factor(%)
<2
2-5

Zone
Not adequately lit
Adequately lit

>5

Well lit

Distribution
Artificial lighting is needed
Artificial lighting may be
used for part of the day
Artificial lighting is not
required except at dawn,
but glare problem may
happen

Both of the area have daylight factors of 5.62% and 5.98% respectively, which is bright
and sufficient for the market activities.
1.2 Artificial Lighting
Lighting Standard MS1525 : 2007

Sufficient lighting should be provided to achieve comfortable atmosphere and

appearance.

Proposed Light and Specification

Type of Fixture
Photo of Luminaire

Recessed Down Light

Type of Light Bulb

Wattage Range(W)
Color Temperature, K
Color Designation
Lumens

Philips ST422B
15
2700
Warm White
3300 lm

Lumen Method
Location
Dimension of Room, L x W

Ground Floor Food Kiosk

12.7 x 5.5

2
Total Floor Area (m )

Mounting Height,

Hm

69.85
(m)

Room Index, K

3.4 - 0.9 = 2.5

L xW
K = ( L+W ) H m
=

Utilization Factor(UF)
Maintenance Factor(MF)
Standard Illuminance Level Required(lux)
Number of Fittings Required, N

12.7 x 5.5
( 12.7+ 5.5 ) x 2.5

= 1.54
0.44
0.75
500
For recessed down light,
ExA
N = F x UF x MF
=

500 x 69.85
3300 x 0.44 x 0.75

= 32

Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR)

32 units of recessed down lights are

required at the area.
1 A
SHR = H m N

1 69.85
2.5
32

= 0.59
SHR =
Fittings Layout by approximately(m)

S
H

= 0.59

(S) = 0.59 X 2.5 = 1.48m

Fittings required along 12.7m wall
12.7
1.48
= 8.59
= 9 rows
Spacing along 5.5m wall

5.5
1.48
= 3.72
= 4 rows
Therefore, approximately 9 x 4 = 36 units
of luminaires required.

Proposed Lighting Arrangement

To achieve an uniform lighting arrangement throughout the L-shaped food kiosk, a total
of 60 recessed downlights are used.

1.3 PSALI - First Floor Fruit Kiosk

Proposed Light and Specification

Type of Fixture
Photo of Luminaire

Suspended Track Light

Type of Light Bulb

Wattage Range(W)

LEDARE LED bulb GU10

8

Color Temperature, K
Color Designation
Lumens

2700
Warm White
1200 lm

Lumen Method
Location
Dimension of Room, L x W
2
Total Floor Area (m )
Mounting Height,

Hm

(m)

Room Index, K

First Floor Fruit Kiosk

14.16 x 6.5
92.04
3.4 - 0.9 = 2.5
L xW
K = ( L+W ) H m
=

Utilization Factor(UF)
Maintenance Factor(MF)
Standard Illuminance Level Required(lux)
Number of Fittings Required, N

14.16 x 6.5
(14.16+6.5) x 2.5

= 1.78
0.44
0.75
500
For fluorescent light,
ExA
N = F x UF x MF
=

500 x 92.04
1200 x 0.44 x 0.75

= 116.2
= 116
1 16
4

= 29

29 units of track lights are required at the

area.

Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR)

1 A
Hm N

SHR =

1 92.04
2.5
29

= 0.71
SHR =
Fittings Layout by approximately(m)

S
H

= 0.71

(S) = 0.71 x 2.5 = 1.78m

Fittings required along 14.16m wall
14.16
1.78
= 7.9
= 8 rows
Spacing along 6.5m wall
6.5
1.78
= 3.7
= 4 rows
Therefore, approximately 8 x 4 = 32 units
of luminaires required.

Proposed Lighting Arrangement

To achieve an uniform lighting arrangement throughout the L-shaped fruit kiosk, a total
of 41 track lights are used.

2.0 Acoustic Analysis

2.1 Reverberation Time Calculation - First Floor Fresh Cut Fruits Kiosk
Total Floor Area

(m 2)

135.9

Volume of Zone

(m3)

461.9

Occupancy
Assume that,
Peak hour : 50 people
Non peak hour : 20 people

25

Material

Function

Plaster
Brick
Timber
Timber

Ceiling
Wall
Floor Finishing
Laminated
Table
Timber
Chair
Air
Total Sound Absorption by Materials
Time
Peak Hour
Non Peak Hour

Number of
People
50
20

Sound
Absorption(sa)

135.9
172
135.9
30

Absorption
Coefficientin
2000 Hz(s)
0.04
0.05
0.1
0.15

14
135.9

0.1
0.07

1.4
9.5
43

Area( m

Absorption Coefficient
in 2000Hz(s)
0.5
0.5

5.4
8.6
13.6
4.5

Sound Absorption(sa)
25
10

According to the tables above, the total sound absorption at fresh cut fruits kiosk at
2000Hz during peak hour and non peak hour are 68sa and 53sa respectively.

Reverberation Time [Peak Hour]

RT = 0.16 x V / A
= 0.16 x 461.9 / 68
= 1.09s

Reverberation Time [Non Peak Hour]

RT = 0.16 x V / A
= 0.16 x 461.9 / 53

= 1.39s

The reverberation time for fresh cut fruits area during peak hour is 1.09s. According to
Acoustic Standard ANSI(2008), the reverberation time of fresh cut fruits area during
peak hour has already exceed the optimum reverberation time that is below 1.2s.
The reverberation time for fresh cut fruits area during non peak hour is 1.39s, which has
also exceed the optimum reverberation time, 1.2s.

In order to reduce the reverberation time, acoustic tiles with 0.6 absorption coefficient
acts as the finishing wall.
Material

Function

Plaster
Brick
Acoustic Tiles
Timber
Timber

Ceiling
Wall
Finishes
Floor Finishing
Laminated
Table
Chair
-

Timber
Air

Sound
Absorption(sa)

135.9
172-x
x
135.9
30

Absorption
Coefficientin
2000 Hz(s)
0.04
0.05
0.6
0.1
0.15

14
135.9

0.1
0.07

1.4
9.5

Area( m

5.4
8.6-0.05x
0.6x
13.6
4.5

Total Sound Absorption by Materials

Time

Number of
Absorption Coefficient
People
in 2000Hz(s)
Peak Hour
50
0.5
Non Peak Hour
20
0.5
Assume reverberation time required for non peak hour is 1.2s.

43+0.55x
Sound Absorption(sa)
25
10

Reverberation Time [Non Peak Hour]

RT = 0.16 x V / A
1.2 = 0.16 x 461.9 / (53+0.55x)
53+0.55x = 61.59
2
0.55x = 8.59 m

x = 15.62 m

Reverberation Time [Peak Hour]

RT = 0.16 x V / A
= 0.16 x 461.9 / [68+(0.55 X 15.62)]
= 0.96s

2
Hence, 15.62 m area of acoustic tiles are needed in order to achieve reverberation

time of 1.2s, even though during peak hour, which is within the ANSI requirements.
Material to Reduce Reverberation Time - Acoustic Tiles

Acoustic tile decreases the volume of the room, resulting in shorter reverberation time,
and the tiles will absorb rather than reflect the sound. Acoustic tiles with a Noise
Reduction Coefficient (NRC) of 0.75 or better is recommended as the higher the
number, the better it is. The installation absorbs 65% of the noise in a room, creating a
quieter space.

Advantages of Acoustic Tiles:

- Quick and easy acoustical solution
- Create unique patterns
- Panel size allows for flexible mounting options
- Paintable & Printable finish

2.2 Combined Sound Pressure Level - First Floor Fresh Cut Fruits Kiosk

The sound level assumption are made during peak hour(9am) where fruit business and
eateries are having high human activities, and non peak hour(2pm), lower number of
occupant in the market. Noise sources have been categorized as external traffic noise
and internal noises that creates by human activities within the market.

Peak Hour(9am)
(i) External Noise Sources
Sound penetrate from main road : 82 dB
Back Alley : 60 dB
Combined SPL for external noise sources:

82 = 10 log (
log

I mainroad

(I mainroad /1 x 1012)

(I mainroad /1 x 1012 )

I o
= 8.2

= antilog 8.2

(I mainroad /1 x 1012 ) = 1.58 x 108

I mainroad =

60 = 10 log (
log

1.58 x 104

I backalley

I o

(I backalley /1 x 1012) = 6
12

) = antilog 6

12

) = 1 x 106

(I backalley /1 x 10
(I backalley /1 x 10

I backalley =

1 x 106

Total intensities,

SPLexternal

I external

1.58 x 104

1.59 x 104

= 10 log ( I external / I o
4
12
= 10 log( 1.59 x 10 /1 x 10

= 82.01 dB

6
+ 1 x 10

(i) Internal Noise Sources

Noise from First Floor Fresh Cut Fruits Kiosk : 73dB
Noise from First Floor Seating Area : 65dB
Combined SPL for internal noise sources:

73 = 10 log (
log

I kiosk

(I kiosk /1 x 1012)
12

12

) =

(I kiosk /1 x 10
(I kiosk /1 x 10
I kiosk

= 7.3

= antilog 7.3
2.0 x 107

2.0 x 105

65 = 10 log (
log

I o

I seating

(I seating /1 x 10

12

I o

) = 6.5

(I seating /1 x 1012) = antilog 6.5

(I seati ng /1 x 1012) =

3.16 x 10

I seating =

3.16 x 106

Total intensities,

SPLinternal

I internal

2.0 x 105

2.32 x 105

6
+ 3.16 x 10

= 10 log ( I internal / I o
5
12
= 10 log( 2.32 x 10 /1 x 10

= 73.65 dB

Total intensities,

SPL total

I total

I external

I internal

+
4

1.59 x 10

1. 82 x 10

+ 2.32 x 10

= 10 log ( I total / I o
4

= 10 log ( 1.82 x 10

12

/ 1 x 10

= 82.6 dB

Hence, combined SPL at peak hour is 82.6dB.

Non Peak Hour(2pm)

(i) External Noise Sources
Sound penetrate from main road : 70 dB
Back Alley : 57 dB
Combined SPL for external noise sources:

70 = 10 log (
log

I mainroad

(I mainr oad /1 x 1012)

(I mainroad /1 x 1012 )

I o
=7

= antilog 7

(I mainroad /1 x 1012 ) = 1 x 107

I mainroad =

1 x 105

57 = 10 log (

I backalley

log

I o

(I backalley /1 x 1012) = 5.7

(I backalley /1 x 1012 ) = antilog 5.7

(I backalley /1 x 1012 ) = 5.01 x 105
I backalley =

5.01 x 10

Total intensities,

SPLexternal

I external

1 x 10

+ 5.01 x 10

1.05 x 105

= 10 log ( I external / I o
5

12

= 10 log( 1.05 x 10 /1 x 10

= 70.21 dB

(i) Internal Noise Sources

Noise from First Floor Fresh Cut Fruits Kiosk : 62dB
Noise from First Floor Seating Area : 56dB
Combined SPL for internal noise sources:

62 = 10 log (

I kiosk

I o

log

12

(I kiosk /1 x 10

(I kiosk /1 x 1012)
12

(I kiosk /1 x 10
I kiosk

= 6.2

= antilog 6.2

) =

1.58 x 10

56 = 10 log (
log

I seating

1.58 x 10 6
6

I o

(I seating /1 x 1012) = 5.6

(I seating /1 x 1012) = antilog 5.6

(I seating /1 x 1012) = 3.98 x 105
I seating =

3.98 x 107

Total intensities,

SPLinternal

I internal

1.58 x 106 +

1.98 x 106

= 10 log ( I internal / I o
6
12
= 10 log( 1.98 x 10 /1 x 10

= 62.97 dB

3.98 x 107

Total intensities,

SPL total

I total

I external

1.05 x 105 +

1.25 x 105

I internal
1.98 x 106

= 10 log ( I total / I o
5
12
= 10 log ( 1.25 x 10
/ 1 x 10
)

= 70.97 dB

Hence, combined SPL at non peak hour is 70.97dB.

In short, the combined SPL at peak hour is 82.6dB and 70.97dB at non peak hour.
These sound levels have exceeded the general recommended sound level for market
which is 48-52dB. This is due to the constant activities of fresh cut fruits and nonstop
conversation at seating area, and also the fact that the market is located next to the
main road near traffic light and back alley, which has high pedestrian and traffic flow.
The implementation of perforated steel metal panel acts as the facade of the building
helps to reduce the noise level.

Material for Sound Reduction - Perforated Steel Metal Panel

The use of perforated steel metal panel acts as the facade of the building, which forms
sound barriers due to the reflective material, noise will be bounce off, but is not
eliminated. Barriers incorporating absorptive materials mitigate sound waves, and
protect hearing and health. These barriers have a layer of absorbing material and air
beneath the perforated metal panel.

Advantages of Using Perforated Steel Metal Panel:

- Supply of perforated metal sheets out of variety of materials: galvanized steel,
stainless steel, aluminum, and carbon steel
- Able to fabricate perforated metal into a component that is ready to be installed
- Able to provide panels based on your specifications for target frequency range,
thickness of panel and projected cost
- Able to custom finish components to match any color scheme

2.3 Sound Transmission Loss - Mezzanine Fruit Kiosk

2

Material

Area( m

SRI(dB)

Brick Wall

54.4

42

Steel Panel
Window

14.2

45

Brick Wall
SRI = 10 log (1/T)
42 = 10 log (1/

T brick
T brick

antilog 4.2 = (1/

T brick

)
)

105

= 6.31 x

Steel Panel Window

SRI = 10 log (1/T)
45 = 10 log (1/

T brick

antilog 4.5 = (1/

T brick

T overall

= 3.16 x

T brick

10

( 54.4 x 6.31 x 105 ) +(14.2 x 3.16 x 105)

= 5.66 x

68.6
5

10

Transmission Coefficient of
Material
5
6.31 x 10
5
3.16 x 10

SRI overall

= 10

= 10

log 10
log 10

1
5.66 x 105
17667.84

= 42.47dB

The overall transmission loss from the main road to the mezzanine fruit kiosk is
42.47dB, which means that the amount of sound vibration generated inside will
deducted by 42.47dB before transmitting through the walls or windows to the exterior,
and vice versa, The external noise at the main road is 82dB during peak hour, therefore,
the total sound level transmitted from main road junction to the interior of mezzanine
fruit kiosk is 82dB- 42.47dB = 39.53dB.

References
Cavanaugh, W. (2010). Architectural Acoustic. New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons.
Departments of Standards Malaysia. (2007) Malaysian Standard MS1525. (1st Edition)
Descottes, H. (2011). Architectural Lighting Designing with Light and Space. New York ;
Princeton Architectural Press.
Karlen, M., & Benya. J. (2004). Lighting Design Basics. Hoboken, New Jersey : John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Storey, S. (2002). Lighting Design. London : Pavilion Books.