Written by Elizabeth Austin
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The Story of Jeans
A Reading AZ Level M Leveled Reader Word Count: 720
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Photo Credits:
Front cover: Joe Bator/CORBIS; back cover, pages 5,
6, 11: Courtesy Levi Strauss & Co. Archives; title page:
Rolf Bruderer/CORBIS; page 7: Library of Congress;
page 8: Getty Images; page 9: Hulton Archive/Getty
Images; page 12: clipart.com.
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The Story of Jeans
Level M Leveled Reader
2007 Learning AZ
Written by Elizabeth Austin
with research by Heidi M. Powers
Illustrations by Darcy Tom
ReadingAZTM
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Written by Elizabeth Austin
The Story of Jeans
Table of Contents
Introduction ....................................................................................... 4
History ................................................................................................ 5
Changing Fashions............................................................................ 7
How Jeans Are Made...................................................................... 12
Conclusion........................................................................................ 17
Glossary ............................................................................................ 18
Take a look in your closet or
clothes drawer. Do you see a
pair of jeans? You probably do.
The average American owns
about seven pairs. You may be
wearing a pair right now. Or
you might have a jean jacket,
shirt, or a pair of denim shoes.
Jeans are so common, you may
wonder who invented them
and how the fashion took off.
Introduction
People of all ages wear jeans.
The miners in California had a problem with their pants. When
they found gold or ore, they carried it in their pockets. But the
metal was heavy, and the pockets ripped. In 1873, Levi became
partners with a tailor named
Jacob Davis. Jacob and Levi
made tough denim pants
with copper rivets sewn into
the seams. Rivets are strong
metal fasteners. The miners
loved the waist overalls,
as they were called, and they
quickly became popular.
California miners in the 1880s loved waist overalls.
Jeans were invented by a
German man named Levi
Strauss. He went to the U.S.
in 1847 and followed the
Gold Rush to San Francisco.
He carried many kinds of
fabric to sell to dry goods
stores. Business was booming
in California during the Gold
Rush. Levi quickly became
a successful businessman.
Levi Strauss founded Levi Strauss & Co.
History
During World War II, off-duty U.S. soldiers wore jeans.
They made jeans seem like tough, casual American pants.
They became a symbol of America in many other countries.
Jean or Denim?
Today, we call denim pants jeans.
But jean and denim are two different
fabrics. Denim is a strong all-cotton
fabric. Jean is a thinner, weaker fabric
made of cotton and linen. But both
fabrics are dyed blue with indigo. They
look very much alike, and the names
became confused. Eventually, so many
people called Levis pants jeans, the
company officially changed the name.
8
Levis jeans were work pants.
Male workers wore them all
the time. But a gentleman
wouldnt think of wearing
jeans. Women didnt wear
pants at all. But this changed
when Western movies became
Cowboys and a cowgirl sport denim pants.
popular. All the cowboys
wore jeans. People thought
the cowboys looked tough and cool. But jeans still werent
proper for places like school, stores, or offices.
Changing Fashions
Back in the U.S., fashions changed.
Movie stars wore jeans in their films.
Teenagers everywhere loved them.
Some schools banned jeans because
of their rebel image. But casual
clothing, including jeans, became
popular for more and more occasions.
A typical teenager of the 1950s wears
her rebellious pants.
Eventually, jeans were so common
that it became okay for anyone to
wear them. You can even find pictures
of the president wearing jeans.
9
10
In the 1980s, clothing
designers made new styles.
They bleached, decorated,
and stonewashed (wore
out) jeans. They made them
baggy, stretchy, and flared.
In 2000, the Italian designer
Gucci sold a pair of jeans
for $3,715.00.
Designer jeans
walk the runways
of fashion shows.
Jeans are dyed every color
of the rainbow. Denim
is used to make almost
everything, including
jackets, hats, skirts, shoes,
and wallets. Antique, or
old, jeans are also popular.
You can find them in thrift
stores for a very low price.
Or you can find them in
specialty stores, where
they are very expensive.
Do You Know?
These Levis jeans from the
1930s are very valuable.
You may have
noticed that many
blue jeans are sewn
with orange thread.
This is unusual. Most
clothing is sewn with
thread the same
color as the fabric.
The orange thread
matches the copper
rivets. Many kinds
of jeans use two
stitches side by
side to make the
orange show up.
11
12
Most jeans begin as
fibers growing on the
cotton plant in puffs
called bolls. The bolls
are picked and the
seeds are removed.
Then the fibers are
White bolls on cotton plants
combed to untangle
them. The fibers are called lint, like the lint in your pocket.
Machines twist the lint into a thick rope. The rope is pulled,
twisted, and stretched into a long, thin thread called yarn.
How Jeans Are Made
Yarn is dyed before it is woven into denim. Blue denim is
made from both blue and white yarn. When your jeans wear
out or rip, you can see the white threads showing through.
Denim is woven in a diagonal pattern. The fabric is so sturdy
that it is used in some paper money. Thats why money
doesnt fall apart if you accidentally wash it in your pocket.
Bundles of fabric are called bolts. One bolt of denim weighs
500 pounds (227 kg). It can make 60 pairs of adult-size jeans.
Electric saws cut through 120 layers of cloth at once. The
cloth is cut into many sizes and sewn together. One pair
of jeans goes through 37 different sewing steps. It takes
213 yards (195 m) of thread to sew one pair of jeans.
14
13
The original jeans were dyed
with indigo, which comes from
special plants. The plant leaves
are first soaked in water. Then the
water is stirred, in order to mix in
oxygen. This changes the plant
mixture from orange to yellow to
green to blue. But indigo is very
expensive. For many years, jeans
makers used dye from coal or oil.
But these dyes cause pollution.
Some jeans makers have found
special bacteria that make blue
dye. The next pair of blue jeans
you buy may have been dyed
by bacteria!
Bolts of denim. Unlike
many fabrics, denim is dyed
before weaving, rather than after.
Making Blue Jeans Blue
Now, people can even
order custom-made
jeans. You can send all
your measurements
to a custom jeans
company. They will
make a pair to fit
inseam
you perfectly.
Custom-made jeans
will perfectly fit all of
your measurements.
waist
hip
thigh
leg opening
16
to make jeans.
4 The cut fabric is sewn together
patterns and sizes.
15
3 The fabric is cut into
lint into yarn.
1 Round bobbins pull and twist
into strips of cloth.
2 Looms weave the yarn
Glossary
made specifically for one
person (p. 16)
custom
relaxed; not formal (p. 8)
casual
wide, rolled-up strips of
fabric (p. 14)
bolts
puffs of cotton (p. 12)
bolls
not allowed (p. 9)
banned
valuable and old
(p. 11)
antique
indigo
linen
ore
rivets
diagonal slanted; at an angle (p. 14)
a dye made from
plants; also, a deep,
dark blue color (p. 8)
a thin, light fabric
made from a plant
called flax (p. 8)
rock with precious
metal in it (p. 6)
bits of metal that
hold things together
(p. 6)
18
17
Today, all kinds of people around the
world wear jeans. People wear them
everywhere. Designers have even
made denim tuxedoes for the most
formal occasions. Jeans are popular
today for the same reasons they
were popular when Levi Strauss first
made them. They look good, they
last long, and they are comfortable.
Thats probably why you own a pair
or two, or seven, yourself.
A denim tux,
complete with
vest and tie
Conclusion
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