Getting Started with the

Interactive Student Notebook

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Student Notebook

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Using the Interactive Student Notebook

Notebooks have made my

students more responsible
for their own learning.
They have become more
involved in the lessons,
more attentive during the
activities and reading, and
more precise in their note
taking.
Middle School Teacher

Introduction
Student notebooks are an essential part of any social studies course. Unfortunately,
they are too often drab repositories of information filled with uninspired, unconnected, and poorly understood ideas. Interactive Student Notebooks, however,
offer an exciting twist on the conventional social studies notebook. The first time
you see one, you will be immediately struck by the colorful and varied expression
within its pages. Words and diagrams, bullets and arrows, ink and pencil, a multitude of colors, highlightingall reveal a unique personal style as students express
their ideas, questions, feelings about and reactions to new content in a host of creative ways. No two Interactive Student Notebooks look the same.
At the same time, the Interactive Student Notebook provides a cohesive structure
and serves as the organizational anchor for the multiple intelligence activities that
occur in a TCI lesson. For each lesson, the Interactive Student Notebook centers
on three key elements of the TCI Approach:

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Preview Assignments At the start of each lesson, short, intriguing assignments help students connect the upcoming lesson to their own experience, activating their prior knowledge.The purpose of these assignments, along with
examples of the many different types, are found in Preview Assignment,
page 22.
Graphically Organized Reading Notes As the lesson unfolds, students use a
section called Reading Notes to record, in a striking graphic format, main
ideas and supporting details of what they are learning. Typically, all testable
information can be found in this section. Many examples of the various formats suitable for this part of the notebook are presented in Graphically
Organized Reading Notes, page 96.
Processing Assignments Students end each lesson with a Processing assignmentperhaps involving illustrated timelines, Venn diagrams, matrices, annotated maps, flowcharts, sensory figures, advertisements, visual metaphors, or
persuasive lettersto synthesize and apply what they have learned. Many
examples of these engaging assignments are found in Processing
Assignment, page 102.

Why Interactive Student Notebooks Engage Students

Teachers find that their students embrace the Interactive Student Notebook enthusiastically. I used to hate taking notes and filling out worksheets in class, one
student commented, but I love working on my notebook because its fun.
Teachers also report that because the Interactive Student Notebook encourages a
variety of forms of expressionpersonalized responses to the subject matter, artwork, graphics, timelines, maps, and song lyricstheres more interest and more
involvement by students, in addition to more learning and better retention. Here
are some of the reasons Interactive Student Notebooks are found to engage students so thoroughly:
They reach out to students, inviting them to be active participants in their
learning. Many students are accustomed to filling out blanks on a worksheet or
laboriously copying teacher-written notes from the board or the overhead. The
Interactive Student Notebook changes that. At the beginning of a lesson, students
are hooked with a Preview assignment that taps into their own experiences and
prior knowledge. Then students are encouraged to accurately record Reading
Notes for a purposesearching for implications or assumptions, identifying main
ideas, providing supporting details, interpreting information. They will use this
information during Processing assignments that challenge them to really think
and apply what they have learned. As a result, students become more creative,
more independent thinkers.
They encourage students to use a variety of intelligences, not just linguistic intelligence. Conventional student notebooks may work for motivated students with
strong linguistic skills, but they do not work as well for students with other predominant intelligences. In the Interactive Student Notebook, students approach

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Origin of the Interactive

Student Notebook
The Interactive Student
Notebook was initially
developed in the 1970s by
Lee Swenson and his colleagues at Aragon High
School in San Mateo,
California. Teachers at TCI,
after using Interactive
Student Notebooks in their
classrooms and seeing how
profoundly they improved
instruction, contacted Lee
in 1992 about adopting the
Interactive Student
Notebook as part of the TCI
Approach. Lee then collaborated with teachers at TCI to
refine his ideas by creating
standard guidelines for students and teachers, and by
expanding the variety of
graphic organizers.

Students like that the

notebooks allow them the
freedom and creativity to
express themselves in a
variety of ways. Parents
continually tell me that
they think its fantastic
that kids are relating
social studies to their lives
and writing about what
they learn in their notebooks.
High School Teacher

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Students use their visual

intelligence when they interpret information graphically
in their notebooks. With colored markers and construction paper, they create vivid
images that help them
understand and remember
key conceptssuch as the
attributes of Mexicos Porfirio
Diaz (above left), and the
demographic characteristics
of modern Latin America
(above right).

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understanding in many ways. They can tap into their visual intelligence through
such elements as graphs, maps, illustrations, pictowords, and visual metaphors;
their musical intelligence by composing song lyrics or reacting to a piece of
music; their intrapersonal intelligence by reflecting on the ways social studies
topics affect them personally; their interpersonal intelligence by recording group
discussions and group project notes; and their logical-mathematical intelligence
through sequencing and the use of spectrums, graphs, and charts.
They help students to organize systematically as they learn. Students use
their notebooks to record ideas about every social studies lesson. They use a
variety of organizational techniquestopic headings, color-coding, different
writing stylesto give coherence to what they learn. The notebook also helps
students keep assignments together and in a logical order. Gone are the days of
notes and assignments wadded up and stuffed in backpacks or lockers.
They become a portfolio of individual learning. These personal, creative notebooks become a record of each students growth. Teachers, students, and even
family members can review a students progress in writing, thinking, and organizational skills.

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Hints for Making Effective Interactive

Student Notebooks

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Help Students to See

the Coherent Whole

Teachers use the Interactive Student Notebook in a variety of forms. Some give
their students the consumable workbook that is provided with TCIs core program
materials. Teachers who elect to use this consumable can follow the sequence
exactly as designed, having students complete the specified Preview, Reading
Notes, and Processing assignment for each lesson. This is helpful to teachers who
are new to TCI Approach, since they can rely on the published Interactive Student
Notebook for support while they are learning to use the essential elements and
strategies of the program.
Other teachers elect to supplement the printed workbook with their own handouts
and materials that students bring in. Students use spiral-bound notebooks or
three-ring binders to combine the materials, cutting and pasting as they create
their own unique Interactive Student Notebooks. In this format, TCI materials
serve as the backbone, but teachers have the flexibility to tailor instruction to suit
their needs.

The Interactive Student

Notebook groups assignments by unit, so that students can see a logical flow
from assignment to assignment and begin to understand the coherence of the
unit. Their notebooks serve
as a chronological record of
their work and help reinforce the major concepts
and themes in a unit.

This is where the parts of the

integrated lesson come
togetherthe Preview, the
graphically organized
Reading Notes, and the
Processing assignment.
Using this framework helps
students see how everything
connects.

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It Takes Time
Teaching students how to
use Interactive Student
Notebooks is a complex
task. It takes patience,
good modeling, and
constant reinforcement.
You will discover that your
students notebooks will
improve dramatically over
time.

The notebook allows me to

express my opinions about
what we are learning. I
usually dont get to do
that in my other classes.
Middle School Student

Still other teachers may be developing their own curricular materials based on the
TCI Approach. They wont have a published notebook to start with, but they can
follow the same structure, having students create spiral-bound Interactive Student
Notebooks that include the teachers own lesson Previews, graphic organizers for
capturing content notes, and Processing assignments, plus any additional support
materials. Creating this type of Interactive Student Notebook is labor-intensive,
but many teachers are willing and eager to take on the task because of the tremendous success of this powerful organizational and instructional tool.
Regardless of the format you plan to use, the following hints will increase the
effectiveness of your Interactive Student Notebooks and allow students individual
styles to flourish.
1. Supply materials that inspire creativity. An abundance of materials
colored pencils and markers, scissors, glue sticks, colored highlighterswill
spark creativity for notebook assignments. Some teachers collect a class set of
materials to keep in their room. These can be used by students who dont otherwise have the materials they need for in-class work on their notebook.
2. Let students create their own covers. When you introduce the Interactive
Student Notebook, encourage students to embellish theirs with a colorful cover
that in some way reflects the content you are teaching. This immediately sends
students the message that the notebooks will be their own creations that they can
take pride inand it helps cut down on the number of lost notebooks during the
year.
3. Personalize the notebooks with an author page. Have students create a page
about themselves to include at the front of their notebooks. Their author page
could include a portrait or photograph, as well as personal information or favorite
quotes. (As needed, remind students that any content unsuitable at school is also
unacceptable for use in notebooks.) With both a personalized cover and an author
page, very few notebooks get lost.

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Notebook covers can be as individual as your

students. Its up to each teacher to specify
which information is considered essential for
the cover, such as students name, course
name, class period, date. Beyond that, the
students design treatment may take a wide
variety of forms, from the simple to the complex, from the pictorial to the abstract.

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Interactive Student Notebook Guidelines

What is the purpose of the Interactive Notebook?

The purpose of the Interactive Student Notebook is to enable you to be a creative, independent thinker and
writer. Interactive notebooks will be used for class notes as well as for other activities in which you will be
asked to express your own ideas and process the information presented in class.
What materials do I need?

Spiral notebookwhite paper,

college-ruled, at least 100 pages
Pencil
Blue and black pens

Glue stick and scissors

Colored pens and pencils
Highlighters
Zipper pouch

What goes in my notebook?

Everything we do in class. We will use graphically organized visuals to help you take notes, structuring them so
that key ideas are clear and supported by examples from class activities, discussion, or reading assignments.
Your notebook will also be used for a variety of different activities to preview learning and process new content
to demonstrate understanding. This is where you will record and express all of your well-considered ideas.
How can I earn an A on my notebook?

A student who expects to earn an A- or higher grade on the notebook will be one who keeps a complete, neat
notebook, produces quality work, and has taken the time to consistently extend learning beyond classroom
assignments. You will show this by including Making Connections entries, unassigned work that you complete
in addition to our regular class assignments.
What do you mean by Making Connections?

For Making Connections, you place articles, pictures, or cartoons (from magazines, newspapers, or the
Internet) into your notebook, along with a 45 sentence summary and reflection on how the materials relate to
our topic of study. You might also include original drawings. Making Connections entries should sharpen
(rather than clutter) the visual appearance of your notebook.
How will my notebook be graded?

Notebooks will be graded on thoroughness, quality, organization, and visual appearance. You will know the
value of each major notebook assignment when it is given. About 25 percent of your grade for the course will be
based on the notebook.
An important part of your notebook is its visual appearance. Your notebook should be NEAT! Each entry should
be title and dated. Your artistic talent should be visible throughout the notebook.
Notebooks will be checked periodically for completenessusually about every 34 weeks, except for the first
few weeks of class, when they will be checked more regularly. All class notes and notebook assignments should
be included, even for days you were absent.
What happens if I am absent?

If you are absent, it is your responsibility to obtain notebook assignments from a classmate or from the
Interactive Teacher Notebook.
Share this handout with your parent or guardian. When both of you have read this information, please sign
your names below.
Student Signature ________________________

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4. Give clear guidelines for the notebooks. One of the most important steps for
successful notebooks is to establish clear guidelines. Decide ahead of time what
you expect your students to produce in their notebooks, and then clearly communicate your expectations. Most teachers create a list of criteriahow notebooks
will be graded, what percentage of the class grade will depend on the notebooksand ask students to attach that list to the inside cover of their notebooks.
Some teachers even include directions for specific types of notebook assignments,
class rules, and their grading policy.
You might also send a letter to students and families, explaining the purpose of
the notebook and your expectations. In the sample guidelines shown on page 168,
students and their parents are asked to sign the handout to show that they have
read the guidelines and understand the purpose and importance of the Interactive
Student Notebook.

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Lost Notebooks?
Because students take a
great deal of pride of ownership in their notebooks,
typically very few are lost
during a semester. Most
teachers report that only a
handful of students lose
them each year. If your students do lose their notebooks, consider allowing
them to make up a select
number of assignments so
they may receive partial
credit.

5. Consider adding a table of contents. You may want students to create a running table of contents for their notebooks. This can be as simple as a list of completed assignments and page numbers, or it could include more complex information. Add your comments and scores for each assignment. This will help you
immensely when it comes time to grade the notebooks.
This students contents page
lists each assignment completed and the page number
where it can be found.
A table of contents helps
students stay organized, and
helps you at grading time.

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A simple title page design

with a few bold images can
be extremely effective.

6. Add unit title pages that echo the unit theme. For each unit you study, have
students design a title page for that section of their Interactive Student Notebook.
On this page they would write the title of the unit, and then find and affix pictures
or draw illustrations to represent the units theme. This is an opportunity for students to preview the chapter, as well as to use their creative genius to personalize
their notebooks.

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How to Manage Interactive Student Notebooks

If you have four or five classes a day, each with up to 35 students, that means you
could have 150 or more student notebooks to keep track of. Because so much of
the students work appears in these notebooks, you will need a system for assessing them. Ideally, you will both informally assess the notebooks on a regular
basis, to give students immediate feedback, and also formally collect and grade
the notebooks every three to four weeks.
An earlier section of this book, How to Make Assessment of Student Notebooks
Manageable (pages 125127), gives you further details and tips on effectively
managing this task.
Create an Interactive Teacher Notebook. Another management tool to help
you monitor the use and the effectiveness of the Interactive Student Notebook
throughout the year is an Interactive Teacher Notebook. All you need is a master notebook in which you record each notebook assignment, attach student handouts, store copies of content notes, and make annotations on the activities for
future referencenotes on how they went, which groups or individuals seemed to
have trouble with them and why, and what questions really worked to prompt
good critical thinking.

Spotlight Student
Notebooks
Showcase exceptional
notebooks so students have
the opportunity to gather
ideas for improving their
own notebooks. You might
set up six or eight stations
around the classroom, put
an exceptional notebook at
each, and conduct a
gallery walk. Allow students 15 or 20 minutes to
roam around the room and
collect ideas from the
model notebooks.

By keeping a master notebook, you have a visual record of what took place in
class. If you incorporate details about the lesson objectives, standards addressed,
materials needed, and procedures, the teacher notebook serves as your lessonplanning book as well. It is the ideal place to reflect on the outcome of lessons
and to record ideas about how to make them more effective in the future.
The Interactive Teacher Notebook serves both the teacher and the students. For
the teacher, this tool
functions as the teachers lesson-planning book.
includes a table of contents that becomes the official record of assignments.
provides a place to store extra materials and handouts.
communicates special instructions for students who have been absent.
serves as a journal to reflect on the effectiveness of activities and assignments
and ways to improve them.
For students, the Interactive Teacher Notebook
is a place they can find any information and assignments they missed during
an absence.
serves as a model of how assignments should be title, dated, and arranged.
allows them to check the completeness of their own notebook.

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Preview Assignment

Preview activities are quick

and simple. Students record
responses to short, engaging
assignments in their
Interactive Student
Notebooks.

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Introduction
With the TCI Approach, lessons begin with a Preview assignment, a short,
engaging task that foreshadows upcoming content. Some Preview assignments
challenge students to predict what a lesson will be about; others draw a parallel
between key social studies concepts and students lives. The goal is to spark
interest, activate prior knowledge, tap a wide range of intelligences, and prepare
students to tackle new concepts.
Students generally complete Preview assignments in their Interactive Student
Notebooks, which you will continue to learn about in other sections of this book.
In brief, the Interactive Student Notebook is a powerful classroom tool for organizing student learning. Students use it throughout a lesson, from the Preview
assignment, to the graphically organized Reading Notes, to the final Processing
assignment. Turning to the Preview assignment at the beginning of each lesson
serves as a reminder to students that for this work, they will be using their multiple intelligences and critical thinking skills to organize information in new and
engaging ways.

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Examples of Preview Assignments

PREVIEW 9

There is no single formula for a good Preview assignment. The TCI

Approach encourages a wide variety of paths into a lesson. Following is
a sampling of the variety of ways you might have students preview their
lessons.

Copy the name of each individual or group listed below onto the level
of the pyramid where you think it belongs. For each name, write a short
sentence to explain why you placed it at that level on the pyramid.
Students

Principal

Teachers

Student Council

Office Staff

My Schools Social Pyramid

Analogies Students can respond to prompts that encourage them to

explore a situation in their lives that is analogous to a circumstance or
event they will be studying.
Examples
Before students learn about ancient Egypts social pyramid, have them
draw a social pyramid for their school, arranging several individuals
and groups on their pyramid, including the principal, teachers, and
student council. Ask several students to share their drawings.
Afterward, explain to students that just as their school has a specific
hierarchy, so did the society of ancient Egypt.

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Before a lesson on issues that led to the Civil War, students write responses to
this prompt: In what ways were the conflicts between the North and the South
like a rivalry between siblings? Conduct a class discussion as several students
share their responses. Afterward, explain to students that the tensions between
the North and South were in many ways like the tensions in a rocky relationship, and that they will be learning about the differences between the North
and the South that created these tensions.

Daily Life in Ancient Egypt

65

Students preview the social

hierarchy of ancient Egypt by
completing a social pyramid
of their school.

Reviewing for Previewing Students recall the key points of a previous unit or
lesson to make predictions about or connections to the topic they will be studying.
Examples
Before students learn about the form and function of a mosque, project images
of the architecture of a Gothic cathedral (from a previously studied unit). Have
students recall the names and functions of the parts of a cathedral. After
reviewing the images, explain that students will now be studying the form and
function of a mosque, another place of worship, and that they will look for
similarities and differences between the two types of buildings.
Before students read excerpts from Thomas Paines pamphlet Common Sense,
have them write a one-paragraph response to this prompt: Given what you
know about the American Revolution so far, predict what arguments for independence might be presented in a pamphlet entitled Common Sense. Have
several students share their paragraphs. Afterward, explain that students will be
studying a revolutionary pamphlet that had a tremendous impact on American
colonists and helped convert many of them to the cause of independence.

By reviewing the architectural components of a Gothic

cathedral, students prepare
to learn about the form and
function of a mosque.

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Comparing Personal Experience with Key Concepts Students answer

questions relevant to their life or relate a personal experience that foreshadows
key themes of the upcoming lesson.
Examples
Before students learn about the achievements of Indias Gupta Empire, have
them write a paragraph about a golden age in their own life. You might have
to define the term golden age as a time of special accomplishment. Have several students share their writing. Afterward, explain that students will be learning
about the golden age of the Gupta Empire and the achievements that earned
this age that title.
Students use the Interactive
Student Notebook throughout a lesson, from the
Preview assignment, to the
graphically organized
Reading Notes, to the final
Processing assignment.

Before students learn about the vital role music played in West African culture,
have them respond to this prompt: Describe the differences among the types of
music played at birthday parties, marriage ceremonies, and funerals. Have
several students share their responses. Afterward, explain to students that differences in rhythm, tempo, and tone of music help peoplewhether American
or West Africanto communicate the distinct emotions and feelings associated
with certain events.
Before students learn about the travels of Marco Polo, have them respond to
this prompt: Describe a situation in which someone you know was accused of
lying, even though the person was telling the truth. Have three or four students
share their answers. Afterward, explain that they will learn about and then try
to defend Marco Polo, a man accused of exaggerating what he saw and experienced in China during the 13th century.
Before students study the different approaches taken by Martin Luther King Jr.
and Malcolm X during the civil rights movement, ask them to respond to the
following question: What is the best way to make sure your opinion is heard
when someone does not agree with your ideas? Have students share their
answers and lead a discussion based on their ideas. Afterward, point out to students that they did not all suggest the same way to make sure their opinions
are heard, just as Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X suggested very different courses of action during the civil rights movement.
Creating Simple Prototypes Students create a product that has some personal relevance and is similar tobut smaller or simpler thanthe product they will
be creating in an upcoming activity.
Examples
Before students study the original American colonies and create travel
brochures to attract people to a specific colony, have them do this Preview
assignment: Create a simple advertisement, using both words and visuals, that
city officials might use to encourage people to settle in your community. Ask
several students to share their responses. Afterward, explain that advertisements often reflect only the ideal view of a subject. Tell students to keep this
in mind when creating their travel brochures in the upcoming activity.

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Before students study the use of propaganda in World War I, have them
respond to the following prompt: Describe your favorite advertisement from
TV, radio, magazines, or a billboard. Explain which aspects of the advertisement make it memorable to you. Ask several students to share their answers.
Afterward, discuss the purpose of advertising and the devices used to sell products and shape opinion. Tell students that they will learn about the tools and
purpose of propaganda posters during World War I and apply what they discover to create a propaganda poster for an issue they feel strongly about.

Describe Your Favorite

Advertisement
Describe your favorite advertisement
and what makes it memorable.

My favorite TV commerical is the

one where the soft drink truck
driver tries to sneak a soft drink
from the refrigerator and when
he grabs one can a bunch of cans
come crashing down and everyone
is looking at him. Its memorable
because its funny.

Predicting To foreshadow an upcoming lesson, students predict what, why,

how, or when certain events might have occurred.
Examples
Before students chronicle the development of the Muslim Empire, have them
respond to this prompt: List the challenges you think the Muslim community
might have faced after the death of Muhammad. Have three or four students
share their lists. Afterward, explain that in this lesson they will learn how
Muslims struggled to remain united and to spread Islam beyond the Arabian
Peninsula after Muhammads death.
Before students explore how the Aztec and Inca Empires fell, have them write
a paragraph in response to this prompt: What factors enabled Spanish leaders
like Corts and Pizarro, with armies of only a few hundred soldiers, to conquer the enormous empires of the Aztecs and Inca? Have several students share
their responses. Expect many students to suggest that guns gave the Spanish an
advantage. Afterward, explain that students will explore the role that guns, as
well as a variety of other factors, played in the conquest of the Aztecs and the
Inca.
Provocative Propositions Have students respond to a provocative
proposition. The proposition should introduce a key theme or concept
that will be explored in the upcoming lesson.
Examples
Before students learn about Alexander the Great, have them draw a
figure of a good leader and define the qualities they believe make a
good leader. After students share their ideas, explain that they will
now learn about a figure who is considered one of the great leaders
of all time.
Before students learn about the gold-for-salt trade in West Africa,
have them write a paragraph that supports or refutes this proposition:
Salt is worth its weight in gold. Have three or four students share
their arguments. Expect that most students will refute the proposition.
Point out that the value of most goods is based on how much of the
good is available (supply) and how many people want it (demand).
Afterward, explain that students will learn that salt was as valuable to
people living in medieval West Africa as gold is to Americans today.

In this Preview, students

recall compelling advertisements they have seen. This
helps them link their prior
experience to a lesson on the
use of propaganda in World
War I.

Before a lesson on Alexander

the Great, students express
their personal views on what
makes a good leader.

PREVIEW 30
Draw a figure to represent a good leader. Around the
figure, list five characteristics that you believe make a
good leader. Draw a line from each characteristic to the
part of the figure that symbolizes that characteristic.
For example, if a good leader should be persuasive,
write the word Persuasive beside the figure. Then draw
a line from the word to the figures mouth.

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Alexander the Great and His Empire

Preview Assignment

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Responding to Visual Images Students respond to an image that will be

used later in the lesson. They might quickly sketch the image, record impressions
of it, or predict what they believe is happening.
Examples
Before introducing students to colonial society, have them create a spoke or
web diagram with Colonial Settlers at the center. As they view images of
paintings of colonial life, have them write on the spokes particular words or
phrases that describe the Europeans who first settled in America. Have two or
three students share their diagrams. Afterward, explain that students will learn
about the origins and development of the British colonies in America.
Before students learn about the exploration and settlement of Americas vast
inland empire in the 1800s, have them
view an image of an allegorical painting
of Manifest Destiny, sketch the image,
and respond to this prompt: Label at least
three details in the image that you think
represent important historical ideas that
might be part of this lesson. What topics
do you think we will explore? Based on
the details in this image, what do you
think the title of the lesson might be?
You might allow students to discuss the
prompt in pairs before writing their
answers. Lead a brief discussion.
Afterward, explain that they will be studying the concept of manifest destiny and
how it affected westward expansion.
Preview manifest destiny by
inviting students to analyze
American Progress (1872),
an allegorical painting by
John Gast that depicts westward expansion.

Responding to Music Students record their initial responses to music related to

the activity or lesson. They might describe the tone, connect the lyrics to content
themes, or record their sensory responses.
Examples
Before students learn about resistance to apartheid oppression, have them listen to a South African resistance song and respond to these questions: What is
the tone of the song? What examples of oppression does the song refer to?
What form of resistance does the song urge? Afterward, explain to students
that they will learn about apartheid and various forms of resistance to it.
Before students learn about the reform movements in America in the 1800s,
have them listen to a song from the womens suffrage movement and respond
to these questions: What emotions are expressed in the lyrics? Do the melody
and lyrics seem to go together? Why or why not? Why do you think women
would write and sing a song like this? Do you think this songs message still
has meaning today? Why or why not? Allow students to share their observations. Afterward, explain that students will learn about the reform movements
and the important role women played.

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What If Sketch Given a particular situation, students draw a sketch showing

what might happen next, or what would happen if some key event did not happen,
or if some fundamental idea did not exist.
Examples
Before students learn about industrialization during the second half of the 19th
century, show them an image of an industrial city. Have them sketch that same
city as it might look like if steel and oil did not exist. Have several students
share their ideas. Afterward, explain that students will see how improved techniques in steel processing and oil
refining dramatically changed life in
the United States during the second
half of the 19th century.
After they study Marxist theory but
before they begin a study of the
Russian Revolution, show students an
image of Tsar Nicholas II being
chased by wolves. Have them sketch
what would happen next in this scene
if there were a successful Marxist revolution in Russia. Afterward, explain
that students will learn about what did
happen next: the Russian Revolution.
You Are There Scenarios Students record their responses to a You Are
There scenario that introduces a key theme of the upcoming content.
Examples
Before a lesson in which students recreate a press conference on the eve of the
Civil War, ask them to pretend they are advisors to President Lincoln and to
write a one-paragraph response to this prompt: In response to the bombing
of Fort Sumter, President Lincoln should (1) send in Union reinforcements,
(2) evacuate Union troops, or (3) do nothing. Ask students to justify their
recommendation. Call on three or four students to share their responses with
the class. Then explain that this lesson will enable them to better understand
the various perspectives that surrounded the issues of secession and civil war
in 1861.

Students sketch what they

predict will happen next in
Russia based on their interpretation of this 1905 cartoon
of Tsar Nicholas II.

Before a lesson on the Bill of Rights, show students an image of British soldiers ransacking the belongings of a colonial home with family members present. Ask individuals to assume the role of one of the characters in the image
and share what is happening, why they think it is happening, and how they
feel. Allow several students to share their responses. Afterward, explain that
they will learn about search and seizure, one of the issues that would be
addressed in the Bill of Rights.

Preview Assignment

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Graphically Organized Reading Notes

Recording key ideas in

graphically organized notes
will help students remember
content long after the lesson
is over. Graphic organizers
help students create a lasting
mental snapshot of the
most important information.

Introduction
One of the most powerful ways to improve students comprehension and retention
in any subject area is to have them complete innovative, graphically organized
notes on the reading they do for each lesson. Unlike traditional, outline-style
notes, graphically organized notes inspire students to think carefully about what
they have read as they record main ideas in a form that engages both their visual
and linguistic intelligences. Graphic organizers help students see the underlying
logic and interconnections among concepts. When students record information in
engaging, visual ways, they are better able to recall key social studies concepts
monthseven yearslater. Graphically organized Reading Notes, like Preview
assignments, are recorded in the Interactive Student Notebook (further discussed
in Using the Interactive Student Notebook, page 162).
Illustrated in this section are some of the inventive graphic organizers that have
been suggested for lessons following the TCI Approach. Each will help students
record notes on their reading in a meaningful and memorable way.

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Venn Diagrams Students can use

a Venn diagram as a graphic organizer to compare and contrast key
figures, groups, concepts, or places.
Example
In a lesson about the Constitution,
students play a game in which they
learn how one branch of government can check the power of the
other. In a Venn diagram in their
Reading Notes, they capture key
features of a system in which the
national and state governments
share power.

print and coin money,

control relations with foreign countries

raise taxes,
build roads,
borrow money

make laws concerning schools, marriage, owning

property, licensing doctors and lawyers,
most crimes

Spoke Diagrams As a visual alternative to outlining, spoke diagrams or webs

are a powerful way for students to organize related pieces of information.
Example
In a lesson on Africa, students are introduced to the major features of Kilwa, the
Kongo Kingdom, and the Zimbabwe state. As they view, analyze, and discuss
visual images as a class, each student creates an illustrated spoke diagram to
record the class findings.

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Illustrated Outlines Students can use a more traditional outline form but add
simple drawings and symbols to graphically highlight and organize their notes.
Example
In a lesson on the first people who settled North America, students discover the
relationship between Native Americans and the land. Simple sketches for each
main topic help students create meaningful notes.

READING NOTES

26

Matrices Setting up a matrix is a good way for students to

organize large bodies of information in their notes.

Directions: For each historical figure represented on the Progressive Era panel, read the corresponding section of
History Alive! The United States and record notes.

26.4 Robert La Follette

Whats wrong in
America?
Political bosses choose
candidates for office.
These candidates usually
represent powerful business
interests.

26.5 Mother Jones

Whats wrong in
America?
Young children work long
hours in factories under
unsafe conditions.
Adult workers have terrible
working conditions.

Bosses bribe voters and

stuff ballot boxes.

26.6 John Muir

Whats wrong in
America?
The wilderness is being
destroyed.
Loggers are destroying the
nations forests.
Miners are scarring
mountains and polluting
rivers.
Many species of birds and
animals are nearly extinct.

Reforms Achieved:
direct primaries that allow
voters to choose the
candidates

Reforms Achieved:
child labor outlawed
Oregon law to limit women
workers to ten-hour workday

initiative that allows voters

to enact laws by popular
vote

Maryland program to assist

injured workers

referendum that allows voters to overturn existing laws

56 New York workerprotection laws

Reforms Achieved:
influenced President
Roosevelt to increase the
amount of land set aside
for national forests
influenced President
Roosevelt to double the
number of national parks
and to outlaw logging and
ranching in national parks

recall that allows voters to

remove elected officials
from office

92 The Progressive Era

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Example
For a lesson about important and controversial issues facing the
United States during the Progressive Era, students participate in
a panel debate in which several historical figures discuss the
question, Is something wrong with America? Students record
their findings in an illustrated matrix.

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Annotated Images Simple sketches of powerful images, which students annotate with information they have read in their textbook, can help them understand
difficult content.
Example
In a lesson about reform movements of the mid-19th century and the role of
women in those movements, students annotate images of reformers carrying
protest signs to record facts and ideas they have gleaned from their reading.

READING NOTES

READING NOTES

18

Directions: Read Sections 18.2 through 18.7. Follow these steps to take notes on each section: 1) Find the
figure below whose signs symbol best matches the information you read. 2) Create an appropriate slogan
for the reform movement associated with that figure. 3) Write the slogan next to the symbol on the sign.

Educati
on Reform

ts
Righ
ens
Wom

form
of Re
nings
Begin

nt:
eme
mov
the
efore
s con
ns b vote or
nd
io
a
it
d
usb
Con could not
nd h
rty.
ers a
n
prope
Wome fice. Fath ey and
on
of
ens m
hold
es.
d wom ld
ir wiv
trolle
cou
e the
ands
Husb lly disciplin
t:
a
en
ic
em
ov
phys
the m
of
l
Goa
ry
sh slave
To aboli

nism
Abolitio
rm!
Refo
s of
Seed
t
uting
Grea
Spro
d
n
rm?
co
e Se rage refo save
u
did th
to
Why ning enco uraged orks.
w
ke
nco
d
e
o
o
Awa
re
g
e
le w
ugh
Peop uls thro
so
their

Why
did the
election of
Andrew
Jackson
encourage
reform?
He showed that a
single individual
could change
society.

152 An Era of Reform

Leaders of
the movement:
William Lloyd Garrison
Frederick Douglass
Angelina and Sarah Grimke
Sojourner Truth

18

4) Write the name of the reform movement or event near the figure. 5) Write notes about the reform
movement in the appropriate sections. (The first figure is partially completed for you.)

s
all
aF
nec
Se

s:
ce
an
iev
Gr did
n
a
M
let
not an
m
wo e.
vot did
He give
not
r
he

Leaders
of the movement:
Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Lucy Stone

Teachers Curriculum Institute

ty
per
pro even
,
wn
hts
rig her o He
to ges. w
wa t allo
e
no
tic
did prac ine
o
.
dic
rt
he e me d law
k
an
s li
n
sio
fes
pro

Advances achieved:
New York gave women control
over property
and wages.
Massachusetts and Indiana passed
more liberal divorce laws.
Elizabeth Blackwell started her own
hospital.
Women eventually were given the
right to vote.

Conditi
ons befo
re reform
Few area
:
s ha
Schoolroom d public schools.
s were ove
Teachers
rcrowde
d.
had limite
d educat
little pa
y.
ion and
received
Most child
ren didnt
go to sch
ool.

Reform leader:
Horace Mann
Reforms: New York
set up public elementary schools.
Massachusetts
voted to pay taxes to
build better schools, pay
teachers higher salaries,
and establish training
schools for teachers. By
1850, most white boys
attended free public
schools. Public universities
accepted women.

Teachers Curriculum Institute

Pri
so
nR
ef
or
m
Co
Ja nd
il
it
an inma ion
d
t s
Ch live es w bef
ild d
e or
r
ad en in c re i e r
n
e
Me ult wer age cha for
s.
nt pri e
ins m:
as ally sone in ja
cr ill rs. il w
i
w
m
Ins
ith
u in er
ho ffi als. e t
re
spi cie
at
ta nt
ed
ls.
me
nt
al

Reform leader:
Dorothea Dix
Reforms:
New asylums.
State governments
stopped placing debtors
in prison.
Special justice
systems for children.
Cruel punishments outlawed.

Lesson 18

153

Illustrated Timelines A timeline is an

important organizing tool that helps students
to sequence a series of events in chronological order. Adding illustrations makes the
sequence more memorable.
Example
As students review the major steps in the
evolution of democracy, they create a timeline with a symbol, illustration, or picture
for each of the steps.

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The Reading Notes make

so many connections with
the text that the students
comprehension has
increased dramatically. It
has helped them become
more purposeful in the
reading.
Middle School Teacher

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Mind Maps To better understand the

beliefs of important figures, students
can fill in outlined heads with quotations and paraphrased thoughts
that represent the person they are
learning about.
Example
Students read about and discuss
critical thinking questions related
to the ideas of Thomas Jefferson
and George Washington. They
draw and label a simple outline of the heads of
Jefferson and Washington
and record important quotations and paraphrased
beliefs for each figure
inside the appropriate
outline.

T-Charts Students can use T-charts to compare classroom experiences with key
social studies concepts or events, to contrast advantages and disadvantages of a
topic, or to compare and contrast two different ideas.
Example
Students participate in an activity to simulate the struggle to maintain unity in the
Mauryan Empire and then read about that period in history. Completing a T-chart
helps them connect specific experiences from the activity with historical details
from the period.

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Sensory Figures Students can annotate simple drawings of prominent figures

to show the thoughts, feelings, and experiences identified with certain content or
concepts.
Example
In a lesson about Egypts rival, Kush, students analyze images depicting important events and leaders from four periods. As they read about each period, they
complete a sensory figure of a Kush leader to show what he might have seen,
heard, touched, or felt at the time.

The Reading Notes are

very useful. They help
me organize my thoughts,
which is usually very
difficult for me.

READING NOTES 10
10.3 Kush Conquers Egypt
For the sensory figure below, finish the statements to describe four
important things a Kush leader would have seen, heard, touched, and felt
during this period of Kush history. Be sure to include and underline all
the words from the Word Bank. Use each word only once.

Middle School Student

Word Bank
invaders

With my ears, I hear

the joyous shouts of my Kush
invaders as we take control of
Egypt.

With my heart, I feel

proud that the Kushite pharaohs
tried to revive the past glory of
Egypt.

Kushite pharaohs

Jebel Barkal

Possible answers:

Assyrians

With my eyes, I see

the beauty of the temple we built
at Jebel Barkal.

With my hands, I touch

the trembling ground as the army
of the Assyrians drive us out of
Egypt.

The Kingdom of Kush 165

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Processing Assignment

Processing assignments
challenge students to show
their understanding of new
ideas in a variety of creative
ways. For example, the photo
above shows how a student
represented her understanding of the five main beliefs of
Hinduism by creating a mandala. Students say assignments like these make the
most important information
stick in their memory.

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Introduction
Processing assignments are lesson wrap-up activities that challenge students to
synthesize and apply the information they have learned. Simply recording notes
on a lesson does not mean students have learned information. They must actively
do something with the information if they are to internalize it. In the TCI
Approach, Processing assignments take students beyond low-level regurgitation
of facts and details, instead challenging them to complete tasks that incorporate
multiple intelligences and higher-order thinking skills.
There are many different and engaging ways to help students process new ideas.
They might transform written concepts into an illustration or flow chart, summarize the main point of a political cartoon, or organize historical events into a topical net. They might state their position on a controversial issue, wonder about
hypothetical what if situations, and pose questions about new ideas presented in
the lesson. For each Processing assignment, the intent is to have students actively
apply what they learned in a lesson so that youand theycan assess their
understanding. Processing assignments, like Preview assignments and graphically
organized Reading Notes, are recorded in the Interactive Student Notebook (further discussed in Using the Interactive Student Notebook, page 162).

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Examples of Processing Assignments

Address Multiple
Intelligences

Following are a wide variety of types of Processing assignments, with representative examples linked to specific content. You will notice that some of the formats
are similar to those suggested for graphic organizers in Reading Notes (as discussed on pages 96101). Others replicate the form of writing assignments that
are described for Writing for Understanding (pages 5665), although Processing
assignments are typically less complex than the pieces that students do in Writing
for Understanding lessons.

Processing assignments
can tap into visual-spatial
intelligence by including
graphs, maps, illustrations,
pictowords, and visual
metaphors; musical intelligence by asking students
to compose a song or react
to a piece of music in writing; intrapersonal intelligence by allowing students
to reflect on how concepts
and events affect them;
interpersonal strengths by
serving as a place to record
group discussions and
project notes; and logicalmathematical intelligence
through the use of
sequences, graphs, and
charts.

Advertisements Students can design advertisements that represent migration,

settlement, or the significance of a specific site.
Examples
Create a classified advertisement that would appeal to 19th century immigrants
looking for job opportunities in the United States. Include a title written in
bold letters and at least three job listings. For each job listing, include a catchy
heading, a two-sentence description of the job, and an appropriate visual.
Create a page from a travel book that travelers might use to find information
about unfamiliar customs of India. The page should contain a title, brief
descriptions of three customs, colorful visuals, and other creative touches.
Design a real estate advertisement that would encourage people to move to
Constantinople in the sixth century.

FANTASTIC JOB
OPPORTUNITIES FOR
IMMIGRANTS

No skill necessary!
We will train you.
Steel mill ower needs
hundreds of workers
for all shifts. Carnegie steel
is willing to provide
lodging in company town
for those willing to operate
Bessemer furnaces.

Only Constantinople has:

13 miles of walls for protection!
water on 3 sides of the city!
control of the Bos Porus Straight!
stable sucessions of emperors!
control of the eastern Roman empire!
Im not just a citizen
of Constantinople
Im also the emperor!
Constantine

LOCATION
LOCATION
LOCATION

Custom of India
Pilgrimages: If you are traveling near rivers,
especially the Ganga River, you might notice people
bathing in the water. These are pilgrims, people who have
journeyed to a holy place. Hindus make pilgrimages to
experience God and to make up for their sins.

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Model Assignments
Innovative assignments like
these will be new to most
students. To set students up
for success, model each
new type of assignment.
Before asking them to
create a sensory figure, for
example, model one on an
overhead transparency.

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Annotated Illustrations Students could make annotated illustrations to

recount a story of travel or migration, to represent a moment in time, or to label
architectural features.
Examples
Create a simple illustration of an Inca village. Below your illustration, write a
description of a day in the life of a commoner from sunup to sundown.
Draw a mosque and label its parts.
Make an annotated illustration of an immigrants journey from Europe to settlement in the United States.

Book or Compact Disk Covers Students might design covers for books or
compact disks to highlight and illustrate important concepts.
Examples
Create a compact disc cover for the song La Discriminacin.
The cover should include a title and visuals that illustrate impor
tant themes and issues in the song.
Using both words and graphics, create a cover for an issue of
National Geographic that highlights archaeological discoveries
made at Mohenjo-Daro. The cover must include an imaginative
subtitle, visuals of three artifacts, and brief captions that explain
what each artifact reveals about daily life in Mohenjo-Daro.
Design a cover for Common Sense. Include on the front cover a
two-sentence summary of the life and experiences of Thomas
Paine, a quotation from Common Sense with a one-sentence
explanation of what the quotation means, and three comments
from other revolutionary leaders.

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Caricatures Students could draw a caricature to represent the main characteristics of a group, or to convey how an individual or group is or was perceived by
another group.
Examples
Draw a caricature of a European
immigrant at the turn of the century. Label the immigrants clothes,
possessions, and body parts to
show what a typical immigrant
might have felt or been prepared for
upon arrival in America.
Draw a caricature of Christian
armies during the Crusades from a
Muslim perspective.
Draw a caricature of Alexander
Hamilton. Label aspects of the caricature to show his views on
these topics: the nature of human beings, best type of government, political parties, ideal economy, and the Constitution.

Commemorative Markers Students can design and create plaques or markers

to commemorate and summarize the significance of important places and events.
Examples
Create a historical marker for the Alamo. The marker should
include a drawing of the Alamo, a succinct summary of the
events that transpired there in 1836, and a brief explanation of
the Alamos significance in the history of the Southwest.
Create a historical marker to commemorate the birthplace of
Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha. The marker should include
a picture of Siddhartha from some stage in his life, a brief
summary of his life, and an explanation of the importance
of his life in the history of Asia.

Processing Assignment

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Eulogies Students can write eulogies to extol the virtues of prominent historical
figures or civilizations.
Examples
Write a eulogy for the Roman Empire that summarizes the accomplishments of
the empire and describes how those accomplishmentsin law, architecture,
art, and governmentare seen in the world today.
Write a eulogy for Susan B. Anthony, including an appropriate inscription for
her tombstone.
Write a eulogy for the Ottoman Empire that contains the following words:
millet system, Muslim, sultan, diversity, peace.

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Facial Expressions By drawing heads with pertinent facial expressions and

related thought bubbles, students can summarize the feelings of groups who have
different perspectives on a single topic.
Examples
Draw heads and show the facial expressions of the negotiators from each country represented at the Paris Peace Conference at the end of World War I. Make
thought bubbles revealing each leaders goals for the peace treaty.
Draw heads and show facial expressions to represent the feelings that hawks,
doves, military leaders, and war protesters had about the Vietnam War in 1969.
Make thought bubbles above the heads to show what each group might be
thinking.
Draw heads and show facial expressions to represent the feelings of the
Mongols, the Chinese government, and the Chinese peasants after the Mongol
invasion. Make thought bubbles above the heads to show what each group
might be thinking.
Flow Charts Students can draw flow charts to represent causal relationships or
to show steps in a sequence.

Processing new content

draws kids into social
studies because these
assignments are crafted
with special attention to
all intelligences.
High School Teacher

Examples
Create a flow chart with simple drawings showing how the textile industry
grew.
Create a flow chart that shows the cause of the Russian Revolution.
Create a flow chart that chronicles how the Cold War intensified from 1945
to 1949.

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Forms of Poetry Students might write a poem, perhaps in a specified style or

format, to describe a person, place, event, or the feeling of a moment.
Examples
Using the word depression, write an acrostic that describes the impact of the
Great Depression.
Write a biographical poem on Buddha that follows this format:
Line 1: First and last name
Line 2: Four adjectives describing the Buddha
Line 3: Relative (son, daughter, husband, wife) of
Line 4: Resident of (city, and/or country)
Line 5: Who lived from (year to year)
Line 6: Who searched for
Line 7: Who taught
Line 8: Who is remembered for
Line 9: First and last name

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Illustrated Dictionary Entries Students can explain key terms in a lesson by

making their own illustrated dictionary entries. They define the term in their own
words, provide a synonym and an antonym, and draw an illustration that represents the term.
Examples
Create an illustrated dictionary entry for the term samsara (enlightenment).
Create an illustrated dictionary entry for the term monopoly.

Illustrated Proverbs Students can choose a familiar proverb that helps explain
complex concepts, and then illustrate the proverb to show how it pertains to the
situation they are studying.
Example
Complete this statement: The Loyalist arguments against colonial independence are best represented by this proverb. Choose one of the following
proverbs or another one familiar to you:
Dont bite the hand that feeds you.
Children should respect their elders.
Dont cut off your nose to spite your face.
Below the proverb, make a simple
drawing of the proverb and label the
historical comparisons.

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Invitations Students can design invitations that highlight the main goals and
salient facts of important events.
Examples
Design an invitation that might be sent to prospective participants in a conference held to debate how the resources of the Brazilian rainforest should be
used. The invitation should include information about when the convention
will begin and end, who will be participating, where it will be held, and what
will be accomplished. Invitations should include a bold title, an eye-catching
visual, and other creative touches common in formal invitations.
Design an invitation that might be sent to prospective delegates to the
Constitutional Convention. The invitation should include information about
when the convention will begin and end, where it will take place, who has
been invited, and what will be accomplished at the meeting. Invitations must
include a bold title, a catchy statement to entice delegates to attend, and other
creative touches common in formal invitations.

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Journals Assuming the role of a key figure, students write journal entries that
recount that persons feelings and experiences, using the language of the era.
Examples
Pretend you are a Confederate soldier at the beginning of the Civil War
who has relatives living in the North. Explain why you are fighting for the
Confederacy and what you will do if you encounter a relative on the
battlefield.
Pretend you are an Arab traveler on the Silk Road to China. Write a log that
describes the highlights of your trip.
Pretend you are a peasant, an aristocrat, or a member of the clergy during the
radical stage of the French Revolution. Keep a journal of how the events of
this stage affect you.

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When I have to write as

somebody living in another place and time, it really
helps me figure out what
people were dealing with
back then.
High School Student

Metaphorical Representations Students might illustrate analogies that

metaphorically explain difficult or abstract concepts.
Examples
Complete this statement: The scramble for African territory among European
powers was like. Use one of the following analogies or one of your own:
prospectors racing to stake a claim in the gold country; concertgoers clamoring for the best seats; sharks in a feeding frenzy. Make a simple drawing of
your analogy and label the historical comparisons.
Complete this statement: The three branches of government under the
Constitution are like. Use one of the following analogies or one of your
own: a three-ring circus, a football team, a musical band, a three-part
machine. Make a simple drawing of your analogy and label the historical
comparisons.
Complete this statement: The many changes in communist policies in China
were like. Use one of the following analogies or one of your own: shifting
winds, a seesaw, a tennis game. Make a simple drawing of the analogy and
label the historical comparisons.

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Perhaps the most basic

thing that can be said
about human memory,
after a century of
research, is that unless
detail is placed in a structured pattern, it is easily
forgotten.
Jerome Bruner

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Mosaics Students might create mosaics to synthesize information from a broad

content area. Within the overall design, they can combine visuals and words on
individual tiles to represent similarities, differences, and important concepts.
Examples
Create a mosaic on Latin American demography. The mosaic should include
an appropriate title, at least five colors, tiles whose sizes and shapes match
the importance of the various topics, key words or phrases and a symbol on
each tile, and graphics that show imagination and creativity.
Create a mosaic to summarize key details on how Native Americans adapted to
their environment. The mosaic should include an appropriate title, at least five
colors, tiles containing visuals of various environmental adaptations, key
words or phrases that describe each visual, and graphics that show imagination
and creativity.

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Perspective Pieces Students can make drawings or write newspaper articles to

represent different perspectives on controversial figures, events, and concepts.
Examples
Create a Janus figurea drawing based on the Roman god portrayed with two
opposite facesto represent the English and French perspectives on Joan of
Arc. Label each part of the figure and explain its symbolism.
Design a commemorative plaque for Hernn Corts from the Spanish perspective. Then, design a Wanted poster for him from the Aztec perspective.
Write two newspaper articles summarizing the bombardment of Fort Sumter.
The first article should represent the perspective of a Union journalist, and the
second should represent the opposing Confederate viewpoint.
Draw a simple representation of a pioneer and a Native American and list their
different perspectives on the advantages and disadvantages of westward expansion by white settlers.

Pictowords To help define difficult concepts and themes, students can create
pictowords, or symbolic representations of words or phrases that show their
meaning.
Examples
Create a pictoword for imperialism.
Create a pictoword for escalation.
Create a pictoword for appeasement.
Create a pictoword for fascism.

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Political Cartoons and Comic Strips Students might create political cartoons and comic strips that provide social or political commentary on important
events.
Examples
Create a political cartoon that comments on the relationship between the North
and the South on the eve of the Civil War. As symbols for the North and South,
you may use siblings, a wife and husband, neighbors, or images of your own.
Create a comic strip that depicts the steps involved in the silent trading of gold
and salt in 10th-century West Africa. Captions or voice bubbles for the comic
strip should contain these terms: North African, Wangaran, Soninke, gold, salt,
Sahara Desert, Niger River, Ghana.
Postcards After studying specific content, students could design and write mes-

sages on postcards to summarize information about places or events.

Examples
Assume the role of a colonist who has settled in one of the thirteen colonies in
the early 18th century. Write a postcard to a friend in Europe describing the
colony in which you have settled. Describe the key features of the colony and
the colonists reasons for settling there. Create an image for the reverse side of
the postcard that includes drawings, maps, or other visuals that highlight interesting aspects of the colony.
After taking a bus tour that explores four aspects of life in Mexico Cityits
history, culture, neighborhoods, and environmentstudents can design and
write a postcard summarizing what they learned.
Posters Students can draw posters to emphasize key points about political ideas,

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a key figures point of view, or the reason behind important events.

Examples
Create a campaign poster that might have been used in the election of 1828.
The poster should list Andrew Jacksons qualifications for the presidency,
include a memorable campaign slogan, and employ colorful visuals. At the
bottom of the poster, include graffiti that opponents of Jackson might have
scrawled on such a poster.
Have students design a Wanted poster for King John. The poster should list
grievances the English have against John and the benefit of forcing him to sign
the Magna Carta.

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Learning history this way

was much more than a
bunch of dates and numbers. There was an understanding of history, rather
than a memorization of
isolated dates and
names.
High School Student

Report Cards Graded evaluations are a way for students to assess the policies
of leaders or governments.
Examples
Evaluate the Allies response during World War II. Give a letter grade (A+, A,
A, B+, and so on) and a corresponding written explanation on each of these
topics: policy toward Germany before 1939, effectiveness of military actions,
response to the Holocaust, and concern for enemy civilians given wartime
conditions.
Evaluate Hatshepsuts performance as a pharaoh. Give a letter grade (A+, A,
A, B+, and so on) and a corresponding written explanation on each of these
topics: expanding the empire, fostering trade with other peoples, and balancing
the power among different groups in Egypt.

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Sensory Figures Students make a simple drawing of a prominent figure and

label it with descriptions of what that person might be seeing, hearing, saying,
feeling, or doingto convey significant thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
Examples
Create a sensory figure for Mansa Musas pilgrimage to Makkah.
Create a sensory figure for Lady Murasaki Shikibu that represents daily life in
Japans Imperial Court during the 11th century.
Create sensory figures for Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. that show
how their different backgrounds and experiences shaped their respective
philosophies.
Create a sensory figure for Elizabeth Cady Stanton after the Seneca Falls
Convention.

Spectrums By placing information along a spectrum, students can show their

understanding of multiple perspectives on a topic or express an opinion about an
issue.
Examples
Draw a spectrum ranging from Favors Capitalism to Favors Socialism. Place
along this spectrum the major political and industrial figures from 1890 to
1940 that we have studied: Eugene Debs, Henry Ford, Emma Goldman,
Herbert Hoover, John L. Lewis, Huey Long, John D. Rockefeller, Franklin
Roosevelt, Teddy Roosevelt, and Booker T. Washington. Then write a onesentence response to support your opinions.

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Students develop graphical

thinking skills, and those
who were alienated in the
conventional classroom
are often motivated to
understand and express
high-level concepts.
High School Teacher

Draw a spectrum ranging from Abolish Slavery Now to Keep Slavery Forever.
Use information from the class discussion and your textbook to place John C.
Calhoun, Abraham Lincoln, and Harriet Tubman on the spectrum. Then write a
one-sentence justification for your placement of each figure.
Draw a spectrum ranging from Praiseworthy Motive to Condemnable Motive.
Place along this spectrum each of the five motives for European imperialism:
economic, political, religious, ideological, and exploratory. Then write a onesentence justification for your placement of each motive.

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How to Manage Assessment of Student Notebooks

As part of the TCI Approach, the Interactive Student Notebook is a powerful tool
for organizing student thoughts and notes. However, you must develop an effective system for assessing notebooks to keep the task from becoming burdensome
and time-consuming, or both you and your students will become discouraged.
The following suggestions will help you manage the load of assessing notebooks
while still giving students regular, helpful feedback.

Remember, students do
what teachers inspect, not
what they expect.
Middle School Teacher

Informal Assessment Here are some ways to assess notebooks informally on

a regular basis, thus giving students immediate feedback as well as saving you
time during more formal evaluations of notebooks:
Monitor notebooks aggressively in the first few weeks of the course. Glance
at notebooks each time they are used for the first two weeks of the semester. Walk
around the classroom while students are working, giving positive comments and
helpful suggestions. This is especially important early in the year as you establish
expectations for notebook quality.
Check homework while students are working. While students work on another
assignment, walk around the classroom and conduct a quick check for the previous nights homework. Give each student a special stamp or a mark, such as 0 =
not done;  = needs work; = average work; + = excellent. This helps ensure
that students complete their work on time and allows you to give them immediate
feedback.
Set a clear, high standard. Provide a model of outstanding work for a particular
assignment or set of class notes. Have students, in pairs, assess their own notebooks according to the model.
Allow students to use their notebooks on a quiz or test. This reward comes as
a pleasant surprise to students who have thorough, accurate content information
in a well-organized notebook. If they have done a good job with their notebooks,
their quiz or test grade should reflect this.

A bit of personal encouragement and guidance early on

will help get your students
off to a good start.

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Formal Assessment Some teachers collect and formally assess notebooks

every three to four weeks; others do so less frequently. Regardless of how often
you decide to assess, here are some suggestions for making the process easy for
you and meaningful for students.
Explain the criteria used to grade notebooks. At the beginning of the year,
clearly explain the criteria on which notebooks will be assessed. This may include
the quality and completeness of assignments, visual appearance, neatness, and
organization. Consider creating a simple rubric that identifies the criteria and how
they will be assessed.
Stagger notebook collection and grading. If you use Interactive Student
Notebooks in all your classes, do not collect them all at oncestagger their
collection so that you have only one class set to evaluate at a time.
Grade selectively. Dont feel compelled to grade every notebook entry. Carefully
assess the most important entries, and consider spot-checking the others.
Notebook evaluation sheets
are most effective when tailored to meet the specific
needs and expectations you
have for your students. Use
these sample sheets for ideas
as you design your own.

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Create a notebook evaluation form. To aid in assessing the notebooks, create a

notebook evaluation sheet and distribute it to students to fill out before they turn
in their notebooks. Examples of notebook evaluation forms are shown below and
opposite. Use them as a basis for creating your own evaluation sheet. The form on
page 126 allows you to designate which assignments will be graded. Before using
such a form, make sure students know the assessment criteria for the assignmentssuch as completeness, neatness, aesthetic appearance, organization, and
effective use of color. The form shown below allows for a more holistic assessment of the notebook. Tailor the forms to suit your needs.
Have students do a self-assessment of their work. When students self-assess
their notebooks, it enables them to reflect on their learning and to critically
review their progress. Explain that if your assessment differs markedly from
theirsbetter or worsethey will have the opportunity to discuss with you the
reasons for your assessment. Make it clear that ultimately your grade is binding.

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Student Handout B2: ISN Matrix

Notebook Feature

Two words to
describe feature

Why is this feature

important?

To Do List for You

Notebook Setup

Create a Table of Contents

(TOC) inside the front cover
like the example.
Number the TOC page 1

Materials Used

Create a bag with a glue

stick, pack of colored pencils,
and a pair of scissors from the
supply area.

Previews

Cut out the Buddy Clock

Glue it onto page 2
Add the title to your TOC

Reading Notes

Fold this matrix in half

Glue it onto page 3
Add the title to your TOC.

Process Pages

On page 4 of the ISN, create

a large rectangle on the top
half of the page.
Add the title, Cartoon
About ISN at the top and TOC.

Notebook
Assessments

Glue the Notebook

Expectations and Guidelines
to the inside-back cover of the
ISN.