Scribd
Upload
96 views

Image Enhancement

The document discusses various techniques for image enhancement in the spatial domain. It describes methods like basic gray level transformations including negatives, log and power law transformations. It also covers histogram processing techniques such as equalization and matching. Additionally, it discusses enhancement using arithmetic and logic operations including image subtraction and averaging. The key spatial domain enhancement methods described are based on directly manipulating pixel values.

Uploaded by

Thippeswamy Kh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
96 views

Image Enhancement

The document discusses various techniques for image enhancement in the spatial domain. It describes methods like basic gray level transformations including negatives, log and power law transformations. It also covers histogram processing techniques such as equalization and matching. Additionally, it discusses enhancement using arithmetic and logic operations including image subtraction and averaging. The key spatial domain enhancement methods described are based on directly manipulating pixel values.

Uploaded by

Thippeswamy Kh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

Unit-5

Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain


It makes all the difference whether one sees darkness through the
light, or light through the shadows
David Lindsay

Section 3.1 to 3.4 in Text Book*


* Digital Image Processing by Gonzales

Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

Background

Some Basic Gray Level Transformations

Image Negatives

Log Transformations

Power-Law Transformations

Piecewise-Linear Transformation Functions

Histogram Processing

Enhancement Using Arithmetic/Logic Operations


http://ece756.wikispaces.com

Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

Background

Some Basic Gray Level Transformations

Histogram Processing

Histogram Equalization

Histogram Matching

Local Enhancement

Use of Histogram Statistics for Image Enhancement

Enhancement Using Arithmetic/Logic Operations

Image Subtraction

Image Averaging
http://ece756.wikispaces.com

Why perform image enhancement?

Process images to obtain results more suitable


than the original image for 'specific' apps
Specificity of applications implies no single
standard method of processing
Ex: Enhancing X-ray images and Hubble space
telescope images would not employ the same
methods!

http://ece756.wikispaces.com

Methods of Image enhancement

(1) Spatial Domain -> Image plane itself; Direct


manipulation of pixels
(2) Frequency Domain -> Based on Fourier
transform of images

http://ece756.wikispaces.com

General Theory of Image Enhancement

There is none!
Visual evaluation is higly subjective, and there
can be no general methods that can be
employed!
Ex: Between us, the perception certainly varies!

For machine perception, we could converge to


somewhat standard methods
Ex: Character recognition by machines

http://ece756.wikispaces.com

Spatial Domain?

It refers to the aggregate of pixels composing an


image
Spatial Domain methods are procedures
operating directly on these pixels
g(x,y)=T[ f(x,y) ]

where, f(x,y) & g(x,y) are the input and processed images respectively;
T is the Transform Operator on f, over a defined area (x,y)
http://ece756.wikispaces.com

Defining a neighborhood

http://ece756.wikispaces.com

Simplest form of T

When the neighborhood is of size 1x1


'g' depends only on the value of 'f' at (x,y) and T
becomes a Gray Level Transformation function
s=T(r)
r & s denote the gray levels of f(x,y) and g(x,y)

http://ece756.wikispaces.com

Contrast stretching as an example

* Thresholding function
* Point Processing

http://ece756.wikispaces.com

10

Basic Gray Level Transformations

Linear : Negative and Identity transforms

Logarithmic : Log and inverse log transforms

th

th

Power Law: n power and n root transforms

http://ece756.wikispaces.com

11

Basic Gray Level Transformations

http://ece756.wikispaces.com

12

Image Negatives
s=L1-r

For enhancing white or gray detail embedded in dark regions of an image


http://ece756.wikispaces.com

13

Log Transformations
s = c*log(1+r)

Maps a narrow range of low gray level values


into a wider range of output levels
Opposite is true of higher values of input levels
To accomplish spreading and compressing of
gray levels
Imp: It compresses the dynamic range of
images with large variations in pixel levels
Ex: Fourier spectra
http://ece756.wikispaces.com

14

Log Transformations

http://ece756.wikispaces.com

15

Power law Transformations

s = c*r
Maps a narrow range of low gray level values
into a wider range of output levels, when '' is
fractional
Opposite is true of higher values of input levels.
when '' is higher
The process used to correct the power-law
response phenomena is called GammaCorrection
Gamma correction is important when displaying
images on computer screen
http://ece756.wikispaces.com

16

Power law Transformations

http://ece756.wikispaces.com

17

Gamma Correction

http://ece756.wikispaces.com

18

Power law Transformations

http://ece756.wikispaces.com

19

Piecewise Linear Transformation Functions

A complementary approach to the previous


methods
These functions can be arbitrarily complex
Some important transformations are purely
piece-wise linear transforms
Disadv: Specification requires more user input
Ex: Contrast stretching transform

http://ece756.wikispaces.com

20

Contrast Stretching

Low-contrast images : Poor illumination, lack of


dynamic range in sensor, wrong setting of lens
aperture
Contrast Stretching: To increase the dynamic
range of the gray levels in the image

http://ece756.wikispaces.com

21

Contrast Stretching

http://ece756.wikispaces.com

22

Gray-level Slicing

Highlighting a specific range of Gray-levels:


1. Displaying high values in the range of interest and a low value for
all other values
2. Brightens the desired range of gray levels but preserves the
backgrounds and tonalities
http://ece756.wikispaces.com

23

Bit Plane Slicing

Contribution made to total image appearance by specific bits


Higher order bits contain the visually significant data, the
other bits contribute to more subtle details of the image
Useful for analyzing the relative importance played by each
bit plane
Aids in determining the adequacy of the number of bits used
to quantize each pixel
Also in image compression

http://ece756.wikispaces.com

24

Bit Plane Slicing

http://ece756.wikispaces.com

25

You might also like